Kyle Husband 6) If R is a commutative ring with identity and f=an xn +...

+a0 is a zero divosor in R[x], then there exists a nonzero bR such that ban =ban1 =...=ba0 =0. Proof (assuming that R has no nonzero nilpotents): Since f is a zero divisor in R[x] then there exist a nonzero g R[x] such that f g = 0 where g = bm xm + bm1 xm1 + ... + b0 . = a0 b0 = 0 Also, a1 b0 + a0 b1 = 0.Multiplying by b0 on both side yields a1 b2 0 = 0. +1 Assume ai bi = 0 holds for i k and consider a b + a b + ... + a0 bk+1 = k+1 0 k 1 0 +2 0.Multiplying by b0 k+1 and applying the induction hypothesis yields ak+1 bk = 0 0. +1 +1 +1 Thus, a0 bn = a1 bn = ... = an bn = 0 as desired. 0 0 0 7) a) If D is an integral domain and c is an irreducible element in D, the D[x] is not a proncipal ideal domain. [Hint: conside the ideal (x, c) generated by x and c.] b) Z[x] is not a principal ideal domain. c) If F is a eld and n 2, the F [x1 , ..., xn ] is not a principal ideal domain. [Hint: show that x1 is irreduciple in F [x1 , ..., xn ].] Proof: a) Assume D[x] is a principal ideal domain. Then(x, c) = (f ) for some f D[x]. = x = f g and c = f h for some g, h D[x]. Since c is irreducible then f is a unit or h is a unit. If f is a unit then 1 (f ) = 1 = xy + ck = c is a unit, which contradicts the assumption that c is irreducible. So, f is not a unit. Assume h is a unit. Then, f and c are associates = (f ) = (c) = (x, c) = x = cb for some b and C (x) = 1 together imply that c divides 1 and we know 1 divides c which implies that c is a unit but, c is not a unit. So, h is not a unit and then, D[x] is not a principal ideal domain. b) 5 is irreducible in Z. So, by a) (5, x) is cannot be generated by a single element in Z[x] so, it is not a principal ideal domain. c) Let f, h F [x1 , ..., xn1 ] where f and h are nonzero nonunits and x1 = f h. Then, deg f h 1 = deg f = 0 or deg g = 0 since deg f g = deg f + deg g since F [x1 , ..., xn1 ] is a UFD. Assume deg f = 0 = f is constant f is a unit. So, x1 is irreducible in F [x1 , ..., xn1 ] and by part a) it is not a PID. 8) If D is a unique factorization domain, a D and f D[x], then C (af ) and aC (f ) are associates in D. 1

Proof: Let f = bn xn + ... + b1 x + b0 . Then C (af ) = gcd(abn , ..., ab0 ) = a gcd(bn , ..., b0 ) = aC (f ). 9) Let f = ai xi Z[x] have degree n. Suppose that for some k (0 < k < n) and some prime p : p an ; p ak ; p | ai for some 0 i k 1; and p2 a0 . Show that f has a factor of degree at least k that is irreducible in Z[x]. Proof: f = C (f )f1 where f1 is primitive. We may consider f1 in replace of f to assume f is primitive. Note that if n = k , then f is irreducible by Eisensteins criterion. We shall prove the statement for n > k by induction on n. If f is irreducible, we are done. If f is not irreducible then f=gh where g, h are not units for some g, h Z[x]. g = bi xi and h = cj xj where deg g, deg h>0. a0 = b0 c0 = p | b0 c0 = p | b0 or p | c0 say b0 . p2 b0 c0 = p c0 . p | a1 = p | b1 c0 + b0 c1 = p | b1 . . . ai = bi c0 + ... + b0 ci = p | bi p ak = p bk p an = p bdeg g So, k deg g < deg f and g is irrreducible by induction hypothesis.