CHAPTER 2: CELL STRUCTURE AND CELL ORGANISATION

Cellular Component Cell membrane Cell wall (plant cell only) Cytoplasm Nucleus RER (with ribosomes) Function -controls the movement of substances into and out of cell -gives support and a fized shape -protects the plant cell -supplies the organelles with necessary substances -controls all the activities in the cell -carries hereditary information -synthesises & transports proteins made by ribosomes (present in large amount in gut cells. Pancreatic cells) -synthesises and transports lipids (present in large amount in liver and testes) -synthesises protein -produces ATP, energy source for cell (sperm cell, flight muscle, meristemic cell, liver cell, kidney cell) -transport and stores lipids -produces digestive enzymes -forms lyosomes -storage of food -digestion and waste removal -involved in cell division -has chlorophyll to absorb sunlight (abundance in palisade mesophyll cell)

CELL STRUCTURE

Comparison between the structure of animal and plant cell Similarities - Both have a nucleus, cytoplasm, a plasma membrane, Golgi apparatus, mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum and ribosomes.
DENSITY OF CHLOROPLAST IN PALISADE MESOPHYLL CELL

SER (without ribosomes) Ribosomes Mitochondria

Golgi apparatus

Vacuole Centriole Chloroplast

Waxed cuticle Upper epidermis Palisade mesophyll cells Spongy mesophyll cells Guard cells Vascular bundle

Reduce water loss through transpiration Transparent thin layer of cells which allows sunlight to reach mesophyll layer Densely packed with chloroplasts for absorption of sunlight Large air spaces between cells allow gaseous exchange between the cells and the surrounding air Control the closing and opening of stomata Xylem-transport of water Phloem- transport of food and mineral salts

Made by: MYRAMEL KLARIS

CELL ORGANISATION

Characteristics
Habitat Features

Paramecium
-Fresh water

Characteristics Habitat Features

Amoeba -Fresh water 2

Tissue fluid is an organisms internal environment Homeostasis: is the maintenance of optimal environments is: - Temperature: circulatory, integumentary, and skeletal system - Osmotic pressure: nervous and endocrine system - Glucose level: endocrine and circulatory system

Locomotion

Feeding

Reproduction

-By the rhythmic beating of its cilia causes the Paramecium to move forward as it rotates on its axis -Sweeping movement of cilia moves the food along the oral groove into the gullet and the cytostome, food vacuoles form and circulates while the food is being digested. -Any undigested food goes at the anal pore -Under right condition: asexually. Binary fission -If conversely, by conjugation

Locomotion Feeding

Reproduction

-By flowing its cytoplasm forward, forming a pseudopodium --(phagocytosis) -extension of two pseudopodia -pseudopodia encircle the food -food is trapped within a vacuole -indigestible material is expelled -Right condition: asexually, binary fission -Conversely: spore formation (no food and dry condition)

5 LEVEL CELL ORGANISATION

cells tissues organ

STAGES CELL HUMAN -muscle cell, w.b.c, r.b.c, epithelial cell

TISSUE -connective tissue, muscle tissue, epithelial tissue, nervous tissue 1-ground tissue

ORGAN -heart, liver, lung, stomach, intestine -leaf, flower, stem, root

PLANT
organism organ systems

1-parenchyma, sclerenchyma, collenchyma

SYSTEM ORGANISM -digestive -human system, endocrine system, respiratory system -shoot -plant system, root system
Made by: MYRAMEL KLARIS

Made by: MYRAMEL KLARIS