Sirena Gutierrez Government 12.

7 September 14, 2012 Unit 1 Supplementary Reading John Locke Second Treatise of Civil Government 1. The state of nature is a state of equality in which no one has power over another, and all are free to do as they please. This liberty does not equal license to abuse others, and that natural law exists even in the state of nature. Each individual in the state of nature has the power to execute natural laws. Men leave the state of nature to form a political society for the preservation of their property. 2. People need a governing force or it will result in some chaos. He viewed all people are inherently equal and free to pursue "life, liberty, health, and property." To do this, they engage in a social contract in which they consent to give up a certain amount of power to a government dedicated to maintaining the well-being of the whole. However, individuals' right to freedom of thought, speech, and worship must be preserved. As well as preserving the citizens' private property. Locke believed that the government is the trustee of the people's power and that it exercises power specifically for the purpose of serving the people. 3. Locke justifies the concept that when the state ceases to function for the people, it is dissolved, and may be replaced. This occurs when the legislative is changed or usurped by a tyrannical executive power. When the legislative or executive over steps its trust, or when the executive enforces meaningless laws. A society that is induced to chaos and

unjustness. When the government is dissolved, the people are free to reform the legislative in order to re-create a civil state that works in their best interest before they fall under tyrannical rule. 4. The first paragraph of the Declaration of Independence states the purpose of the document and uses Lockes fundamental concept of natural law as the reason. When in the Course of human events it becomes necessary for one people to dissolve the political bands which have connected them with another and to assume among the powers of the earth, the separate and equal station to which the Laws of Nature and of Nature's God entitle them. Another similarity is the use of the basic, natural rights including life and liberty. As well as protection of protection of property. A big difference is Jeffersons emphasizes to the citizens right to the pursuit of happiness something never touched by the Lockes philosophy. James Madison Federalist #10 1. A faction was a number of citizens, whether a majority or minority, who were united and activated "by some common impulse of passion, or of interest, adverse to the rights of other citizens, or to the permanent and aggregate interests of the community." Basically, political parties that create tension and division between the government. Common day examples include the Republicans and Democrats. 2. According to Madison the principle cause of factions is the various and unequal distribution of property. I believe it is accurate at his time, because the uneven distribution of property was a principal feature in the differences between the Federalists and Anti-Federalists. The causes for factions now include differences in views and

morals. But money will always be considered a key element in factions, but not just solely the only element. 3. There are two methods of removing the causes of faction. Either by destroying the liberty essential to its existence. Or by giving to every citizen the same opinions, the same passions, and the same interests. Both of these options are impossible nobody can experience the same emotions and thoughts to avoid disagreements and therefore factions. The proposed constitution would check the power of factions by balancing one against the other. 4. The Constitution has a series of checks and balances to check that each branch isnt just completely in control of just one faction, therefore controlling the government. By being a federalist union this two layer government safe guards factions consisted of a majority from becoming in control of the entire cake. 5. Madison would feel distressed with our current two-party political system that we have established for decades. The strong differences between the Republicans and Democrats would make Madison paranoid of the future of the Union.