Franz Kafka

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Franz Kafka

Franz Kafka in 1906

Born

3 July 1883 Prague, Austria-Hungary

Died

3 June 1924 (aged 40) Kierling near Vienna, First Republic of Austria

Occupation Insurance officer, factory manager, novelist, short story writer

Language

German

Nationality

Austria-Hungary

Genres

Fiction, novel, short story

Literary movement

Modernism, Magic realism,Existentialism

Notable

"Die Verwandlung" ("The Metamorphosis"), Der

work(s)

Process(The Trial), Das Schloss (The Castle), Betrachtung(Contemplation), Ein Hungerknstler (A Hunger Artist), Briefe an Felice (Letters to Felice)

Influenced[hide] Albert Camus, Jean-Paul Sartre, Jos Saramago, Murilo Rubio, J.D. Salinger

Signature

Franz Kafka[a] (3 July 1883 3 June 1924) was an influential German-language author of novels and short stories who is regarded as one of the greatest writers of the 20th century. The term "Kafkaesque" has entered the English language to describe surreal situations reminiscent of those in his writing. Kafka was born into a middle-class, German-speaking, Jewish family in Prague, then part of the AustroHungarian Empire. He was trained as a lawyer. While working for an insurance company, he wrote many stories including "Das Urteil" ("The Judgment"), "Die Verwandlung" ("The Metamorphosis") and "In der Strafkolonie" ("In the Penal Colony"), and he began the novels Der Process (The Trial), Das Schloss (The Castle) and Amerika (Amerika or Der Verschollene). His writing has been associated with existentialism, expressionism, socialism and Marxism. Kafka preferred communication by letter; he wrote hundreds of letters to family and close female friends, including his father, his fiance Felice Bauer, and his youngest sister Ottla. Kafka had a complicated and troubled relationship with his father, which had a major impact on his writing. He was also conflicted over his Jewishness at times, feeling it had little to do with him, although it heavily influenced his writing. Only a small part of Kafka's work was published during his lifetimethe story collections Betrachtung (Contemplation) and Ein Landarzt (A Country Doctor), and individual stories in literary magazines. He prepared the story collection Ein Hungerknstler (A Hunger Artist) for print, but it appeared after his death. Unfinished works, including all his novels, were published posthumously, mostly by his friend Max Brod, who ignored his wish to destroy the manuscripts. His work influenced writers such as Albert Camus and Jean-Paul Sartre, and inspired films, plays, music and computer games.
Contents
[hide]

1 Life

o o

1.1 Family 1.2 Education

o o o o o
2 Work

1.3 Employment 1.4 Later years 1.5 Personality 1.6 Political views 1.7 Judaism and Zionism

o o o o o o o o
3 Legacy

2.1 Stories 2.2 Novels 2.3 Publications 2.3.1 Max Brod 2.3.2 Modern editions 2.3.3 Unpublished papers 2.4 List of selected works 2.5 Critical interpretations 2.6 "Law" 2.7 Translations 2.8 Translation problems to English

o o o
5 Notes

3.1 "Kafkaesque" 3.2 Commemoration 3.3 Literary and cultural influence 4 See also

6 References 7 Bibliography 8 Further reading 9 External links

[edit]Life [edit]Family

Kafka at the age of five

Kafka was born into a middle-class, Ashkenazi Jewish family in Prague, then in the Austro-Hungarian Empire. He was born in a house on the Old Town Square. His father, Hermann Kafka (18521931), was described as a "huge, selfish, overbearing businessman" [1] and by Kafka himself as "a true Kafka in strength, health, appetite, loudness of voice, eloquence, self-satisfaction, worldly dominance, endurance, presence of mind, [and] knowledge of human nature".[2] Hermann's father was Jacob Kafka, a shochet or ritual slaughterer, who came to Prague from Osek, a Czech-speaking Jewish village near Psek in southern Bohemia. Hermann first worked as a traveling sales representative, then established himself as an independent retailer of men's and women's fancy goods and accessories, employing up to 15 people. He used a jackdaw (kavka in Czech) as his business logo.[3] Kafka's mother, Julie (18561934), was the daughter of Jakob Lwy, a prosperous brewer in Podbrady, and was more highly educated than her husband.[4] Both his parents probably spoke a Yiddish influenced kind of German sometimes referred to pejoratively as Mauscheldeutsch, but since the German language was considered to be the vehicle of social mobility they probably encouraged their children to speak mostly High German. [5]

Kafka's sisters, from the left Elli, Valli,Ottla

Franz was the eldest of six children.[6] He had two younger brothers: Georg and Heinrich, who died in infancy before Franz was seven; and three younger sisters, Gabriele ("Ellie") (18891944), Valerie ("Valli") (18901944) and Ottilie ("Ottla") (18921943). On business days, both parents were absent from the home. Franz's mother helped to manage her husband's business and worked up to 12 hours a day. Consequently, Kafka's childhood was somewhat lonely.[7] The children were largely reared by a series of governesses and

servants. Kafka's relationship with his father was troubled, as is evident in his Brief an den Vater (Letter to His Father) of more than 100 pages, in which he complained of being profoundly affected by his father's authoritarian and demanding character,[8] which was in contrast to his mother's quiet and shy nature.
[9]

Kafka's father dominated his childhood, which had a large impact on his writing. [10]

[edit]Education
From 1889 to 1893, Kafka attended the Deutsche Knabenschule, the boys' elementary school at the Masn trh/Fleischmarkt (meat market), the street now known as Masn street. His Jewish education ended with his Bar Mitzvah celebration at 13. He only went to the synagogue four times a year with his father, which he loathed.[2] After elementary school, he was admitted to the rigorous classics-oriented state Gymnasium, Altstdter Deutsches Gymnasium, an academic secondary school with eight grade levels, where German was also the language of instruction, at Old Town Square, within the Kinsky Palace. He also spoke and wrote Czech,
[11][12]

, which he studied for eight years and received good grades in at the Gymnasium, [13] but he never

considered himself to be fluent in it, although others complemented his Czech. [14] Kafka read a lot his whole life.[15] He completed his Matura exams in 1901.[16][17]

Kafka as a student (before 1900)

Admitted to the German Karl-Ferdinands-Universitt of Prague, Kafka began studying chemistry, but switched after two weeks to law.[18] Although Kafka was not particularly enthused about this field of study, it offered a range of career possibilities, which pleased his father, and required a longer course of study that gave Kafka time to take classes in German studies and art history. [19] At the university, he joined a student club, named Lese- und Redehalle der Deutschen Studenten, which organized literary events, readings and other activities. In the end of his first year of studies, he met Max Brod, who also studied law and would become a close friend for life. Brod soon noticed that while Kafka was shy and talked seldom, when he did say something it was usually profound.[20] Together they read Plato's Protagorasin the original Greek, on Brod's initiative, and Flaubert's L'ducation sentimentale (Sentimental Education) and La Temptation de St. Anthoine (The Temptation of Saint Anthony) in French, at Kafka's suggestion.[21] Kafka considered Fyodor Dostoyevsky,

Flaubert, Franz Grillparzer, and Heinrich von Kleist as his "true blood brothers".[22] He took an interest in Czech literature,[11][12] and was also very fond of the works by Goethe.[23] Kafka's circle of friends included the journalist Felix Weltsch, who studied philosophy, the writers Oskar Baum und Franz Werfel, and the actor Yitzchak Lowy who came from an orthodox HasidicWarsaw family.
[24]

Kafka obtained the degree of Doctor of Law on 18 July 1906 [b] and performed an obligatory year of

unpaid service as law clerk for the Civil and criminal courts. [27][26]

[edit]Employment

Kinsky Palace where Kafka attended Gymnasium and his father owned a shop

On 1 November 1907, Kafka was hired at the Assicurazioni Generali, an Italian insurance company, where he worked for nearly a year. His correspondence during that period indicates that he was unhappy with his working time schedulefrom 08:00 until 18:00[28][29]as it made it extremely difficult for him to concentrate on his writing. On 15 July 1908, he resigned, and two weeks later found more congenial employment with the Worker's Accident Insurance Institute for the Kingdom of Bohemia. The job involved investigating personal injury to industrial workers, such as lost fingers or limbs, and assessing compensation. Industrial accidents of this kind were commonplace at this time. Management professor Peter Druckercredits Kafka with developing the first civilian hard hat while he was employed at the Worker's Accident Insurance Institute, but this is not supported by any document from his employer. [30]
[31]

His father often referred to his son's job as insurance officer as a "Brotberuf", literally "bread job", a job

done only to pay the bills. While Kafka often claimed that he despised the job, he was a diligent and capable employee. He was also given the task of compiling and composing the annual report and was reportedly quite proud of the results, sending copies to friends and family. At the same time, Kafka was also committed to his literary work. He and his close friends Max Brod and Felix Weltsch were called Der enge Prager Kreis, the close-knit Prague circle which was part of a broader Prague Circle, "a loosely knit group of German-Jewish writers who contributed to the culturally fertile soil of Prague from the 1880s till after World War I".[32] In 1911, Elli's husband Karl Hermann asked Kafka to help him run the asbestos factory known as Prager Asbestwerke Hermann & Co. Kafka showed a positive attitude at first, dedicating much of his free time to the business. During that period, he also found interest and entertainment in the performances of Yiddish theatre, despite the misgivings of close friends such as Brod, who usually usually supported his interests.

After seeing a Yiddish theater troupe perform in October 1911, Kafka spent the next six months immersed in Yiddish language and literature.[33] This interest also served as a starting point for his growing relationship with Judaism.[34] It was at about this time that Kafka became a vegetarian. [35] Around 1915 Kafka received his draft notice for military service in World War I but his employers arranged for a deferment because his work was considered essential government service. Later he volunteered for service but medical problems associated with his tuberculosis kept him out of the military.[36]

[edit]Later

years

Kafka in 1923

On 13 August 1912, at Brod's home, Kafka met Felice Bauer, a relative of Brod who lived in Berlin and worked as a representative for a dictaphone company. A week after the meeting Kafka entered in his diary: "Miss FB. When I arrived at Brod's on 13 August, she was sitting at the table. I was not at all curious about who she was, but rather took her for granted at once. Bony, empty face that wore its emptiness openly. Bare throat. A blouse thrown on. Looked very domestic in her dress although, as it turned out, she by no means was. (I alienate myself from her a little by inspecting her so closely ...) Almost broken nose. Blonde, somewhat straight, unattractive hair, strong chin. As I was taking my seat I looked at her closely for the first time, by the time I was seated I already had an unshakeable opinion". [37][38] Over the next five years the couple communicated mostly through letters, met occasionally, and were engaged twice. Kafka broke the second engagement in 1917 when he began to suffer from tuberculosis. Kafka's extant letters to her were published as Briefe an Felice (Letters to Felice); her letters do not survive.[37][39][40] During the time that Kafka knew Felice Bauer, Brod claims Kafka had an affair with a friend of hers, Grete Bloch, whom Brod refers to as "Frau M. M.". Bloch was a Jewish woman from Berlin. Brod further claims a son fathered by Kafka was born to Bloch, but Kafka never knew about the child. This son's name is not known. He was born in 1914 or 1915 and died in Munich just before his seventh birthday in 1921. [41]
[42]

However, Kafka's biographer Peter-Andr Alt claims that while Bloch did have a son, she and Kafka were

never intimate, so Kafka could not be the father.[43][44] Kafka also visited brothels most of his adult life. [45][46][47]

Beginning in 1920 Kafka developed an intense relationship with Czech journalist and writer Milena Jesensk. In July 1923, during a vacation to Graal-Mritz on the Baltic Sea, he met Dora Diamant and briefly moved to Berlin in the hope of distancing himself from his family's influence to concentrate on his writing. In Berlin, he lived with Diamant, a 25-year-old kindergarten teacher from an orthodox Jewish family. Diamant was independent enough to have escaped her past in the ghetto. She became his lover, and caused Kafka to become interested in the Talmud.[48] Kafka's tuberculosis worsened and he returned to Prague, where members of his family, principally his sister Ottla, took care of him. He went to Dr. Hoffmann's sanatorium in Kierling near Vienna for treatment, where he died on 3 June 1924, apparently from starvation. The condition of Kafka's throat made eating too painful for him, and since parenteral nutrition had not yet been developed, there was no way to feed him. [49]
[50]

He was aged 40 years and 11 months. His body was ultimately brought back to Prague where he was

buried on 11 June 1924, in the New Jewish Cemetery (sector 21, row 14, plot 33) in Prague-ikov.[46]

[edit]Personality
Despite Kafka's fear of being perceived as both physically and mentally repulsive, he impressed others with his boyish, neat and austere good looks, a quiet and cool demeanor, obvious intelligence and dry sense of humor.[51] Kafka was very sensitive to noise and preferred writing in quiet. [52] His friend Brod compared him to Heinrich von Kleist, noting that both writers had the ability to describe dreams and irrealism in a childlike playful attitude with realism in details.[53]Brod experienced him as one of the most entertaining people he ever met, who liked to laugh and make his friends laugh, but also helped them in difficult situations with good advice.[54] He was a passionate recitator, who was able to phrase his speaking as if it were music. [55] Although Kafka showed little interest in exercise as a child, he later showed significant interest in games and physical exercise,[15] as a good rider, swimmer and rower.[56] He was the planner for long hikes with his friends, frequently Brod and Weltsch, on weekends.[57] He was interested in alternative medicine and modern education systems such as Montessori,[56] also in technical novelties such as airplanes and film. [58] Brod felt that two of Kafka's most distinguishing traits were "absolute truthfulness" ( absolute Wahrhaftigkeit) and "precise conscientiousness" (przise Gewissenhaftigkeit).[56][59] He went after the small and simple with love and precision, discovering aspects that seem strange but are nothing but true ( nichts als wahr).[60] Some sources have claimed that Kafka possessed a schizoid personality disorder.[61] His work, they claim, not only in "Die Verwandlung" ("The Metamorphosis"), but in various other writings, appear to show low to medium-level schizoid characteristics, which explain much of his surprising work. However, a study of Kafka's family and early life by psychoanalyst Alice Miller in her book Thou Shalt Not Be Aware offers a different angle on the sources of Kafka's psychological anguish and his expression of his painful early life in his writings.[62] His anguish can be seen in this diary entry from 21 June 1913: The tremendous world I have in my head. But how to free myself and free them without ripping apart. And a thousand times rather tear in me they hold back or buried. For this I'm here, that's quite clear to me. [63]

Though Kafka never married, he had several girlfriends during his life and held marriage and children in high esteem.[64] There are speculations regarding Kafka's sexuality and a possible eating disorder. In a 1988 paper published by the Psychiatric Clinic of the University of Munich "evidence for the hypothesis that the poet Franz Kafka had suffered from an atypical anorexia nervosa is presented".[65] In his 1995 book Franz Kafka, the Jewish Patient, Sander Gilmaninvestigated "why a Jew might have been considered 'hypochondriac' or 'homosexual' and how Kafka incorporates aspects of these ways of understanding the Jewish male into his own self-image and writing".[66] Kafka is known to have considered committing suicide at least once, in late 1912.[67] While unknown during his lifetime, Kafka quickly became famous after he died. However, fame was not important to him, he considered writing a "form of prayer". [68]

[edit]Political

views

Kafka attended meetings of the Klub Mladch, a Czech anarchist, anti-militarist and anticlerical organization.[69] Hugo Bergmann, who attended both the same elementary and high schools as Kafka, had a falling out with Kafka during their last academic year (19001901) because "[Kafka's] socialism and my Zionism were much too strident".[70][71] "Franz became a socialist, I became a Zionist in 1898. The synthesis of Zionism and socialism did not yet exist".[71]Bergmann claims that Kafka openly wore a red carnation to school to show his support for socialism.[71] In one diary entry, Kafka made reference to influential anarchist philosopher Peter Kropotkin: "Don't forget Kropotkin!"[72] He later stated, regarding the Czech anarchists: "They all sought thanklessly to realize human happiness. I understood them. But ... I was unable to continue marching alongside them for long". [73] East European views of Kafka from the communist era vary from him portraying the bureaucratic bungling of a crumbling Austria-Hungarian Empire to the embodiment of rising socialism.[74] Whether or not Kafka was a political writer is still an issue of debate. [75]

[edit]Judaism

and Zionism

Kafka grew up a German-speaking Jew in a city, Prague, dominated by Czech-speaking Gentiles. [76] He was deeply fascinated by the Jews of Eastern Europe, whom he regarded as having an intensity of spiritual life Jews further west did not have. His diary is full of references to Yiddish writers, known and unknown.
[77]

Yet he was at times alienated from Judaism and Jewish life: "What have I in common with Jews? I have

hardly anything in common with myself and should stand very quietly in a corner, content that I can breathe".[78] According to James Hawes, Kafka, though much aware of his own Jewishness, did not incorporate it into his work; that there are no Jewish characters or nor specifically Jewish scenes or themes in his work. [79][80]
[81]

In the opinion of literary critic Harold Bloom, despite Kafka being uneasy with his Jewish heritage, he was

the quintessential Jewish writer.[82] Lothar Kahn is likewise unequivocal: "The presence of Jewishness in Kafka's oeuvre is no longer subject to doubt".[83] Pavel Eisner, one of Kafka's first translators, interprets the classic, Der Process (The Trial) as the "triple dimension of Jewish existence in Prague is embodied in Kafka's The Trial: his protagonist Josef K. is (symbolically) arrested by a German (Rabensteiner), a Czech (Kullich) and a Jew (Kaminer). He stands for the 'guiltless guilt' that imbues the Jew in the modern world, although there is no evidence that he himself is a Jew". [84]

Kafka considered moving to Palestine with Felice Bauer, and later Dora Diamant. He studied Hebrew in Berlin, and hired a friend of Brod's, Pua Bat-Tovim, a university student from Palestine, to teach him some Hebrew.[77] Kafka attended Rabbi Julius Guttmann's[c] class in the Berlin Hochschule fr die Wissenschaft des Judentums (Berlin College for Judaic Science).[85] In his essay, Sadness in Palestine?!, Dan Miron explores Kafka's connection to Zionism. "It seems that those who claim that there was such a connection and that Zionism played a central role in his life and literary work, and those who deny the connection altogether or dismiss its importance, are both wrong. The truth lies in some very elusive place between these two simplistic poles".[77] Livia Rothkirchen calls Kafka the "symbolic figure of his era". [84] His era included numerous other Jewish writers (Czech, German and national Jews) who were sensitive to German, Czech, Austrian and Jewish culture. According to Rothkirchen, "This situation lent their writings a broad cosmopolitan outlook and a quality of exaltation bordering on transcendental metaphysical contemplation. An illustrious example is Franz Kafka".[84]

[edit]Work
Main article: Franz Kafka bibliography

First page of Kafka's letter to his father

All of Kafka's published works, except several letters he wrote in Czech to Milena Jesensk, were written in German. Kafka's writing attracted little attention during his lifetime.

[edit]Stories
Kafka was a prolific writer of the genre Erzhlung (literally: narrative), mostly called short story. Some stories are rather long, while others are a single paragraph. His oldest surviving story was titled "Der

Unredliche in seinem Herzen" ("The Impure in His Heart"), rendered as "Shamefaced Lanky and Impure in Heart". It was not published but was part of a letter to his friend Oskar Pollak in 1902. Kafka's earliest published works were eight stories, published in 1908 as Betrachtung (Contemplation) in the first issue of the literary journal Hyperion. He worked on the story "Beschreibung eines Kampfes" ("Description of a Struggle")[d] from 1904 to 1909 and showed it to Brod who advised him to continue writing and convinced him to submit it to Franz Blei'sHyperion. He published a fragment in 1908,[86] and two sections in the spring of 1909.[87] On the night of September 22, 1912 Kafka wrote in a creative outburst the story "Das Urteil" ("The Judgment", literally: "The Verdict"). He later described it as "the total opening of body and soul" and "the story evolved as a true birth, covered with filth and slime". He viewed the work as "one of his most successful and perfect literary creations" which he was able to write in a "semi-unconscious state of mind." The story was dedicated "to Miss Felice Bauer", and in subsequent editions simply "for F.". [88] The story "In der Strafkolonie" ("In the Penal Colony"), dealing with an elaborate torture and execution device, was written in October 1914,[88] revised in 1918, and first published in October1919. "Die Verwandlung" ("The Metamorphosis", also "The Transformation") was written in 1912[89] and first published in 1915. The story begins with a traveling salesman waking to find himself transformed into a ungeheuren Ungeziefer, a monstrous vermin, Ungeziefer being a general term for unwanted and unclean animals. The work is regarded as one of the seminal works of fiction of the 20th century. The story "Ein Hungerknstler" ("A Hunger Artist"), published in the periodical Die neue Rundschau in 1924, describes a victimized protagonist who experiences the decline in the appreciation of his strange craft.[90] His last story, "Josefine, die Sngerin oder Das Volk der Muse" ("Josephine the Singer, or the Mouse Folk"), also deals with the relationship between an artist and his audience. [91]

[edit]Novels
Kafka's first novel project, begun in 1912,[92] was named by him Der Verschollene (The Man Who Disappeared or The Missing Man), and became later known as Amerika. Its first chapter is the story "Der Heizer" ("The Stoker"). The unfinished novel is more explicitly humorous and slightly more realistic than most of Kafka's works, but it shares the same motifs of an oppressive and intangible system putting the protagonist repeatedly in bizarre situations.[93] It is the only work for which Kafka ever considered an optimistic ending.[94] When Brod published it after Kafka's death he titled it Amerika. Kafka began the novel Der Process (The Trial) in 1914,[87] the story of a man arrested and prosecuted by a remote, inaccessible authority, with the nature of his crime revealed to neither him nor the reader. The novel was not completed, but the final chapter was finished. Elias Canetti titled his book on Kafka's letters to Felice Kafka's Other Trial, in recognition of their relation to the novel The Trial, described as "a novel ... in which Kafka's engagement to Felice is re-imagined as the mysterious and menacing arrest of the hero".
[95]

Michiko Kakutani notes in a review for The New York Times, Kafka's Kafkaesque Love Letters, that

Kafka's letters have the "earmarks of his fiction: the same nervous attention to minute particulars; the same

paranoid awareness of shifting balances of power; the same atmosphere of emotional suffocation combined, surprisingly enough, with moments of boyish ardor and delight." [95] Kafka planned his novel Das Schloss (The Castle), already in 1914, according to an entry in his diary of June 11, 1914,[87] but began writing on January 27, 1922. The protagonist is the Landvermesser (land surveyor) named "K.", who struggles for unknown reasons to gain access to the mysterious authorities of a castle who govern the village. Kafka had suggested that in the end the castle notify K. on his death bed that his "legal claim to live in the village was not valid, yet, taking certain auxiliary circumstances into account, he was to be permitted to live and work there".[96] Dark and at times surreal, the novel is focused on alienation, bureaucracy, the seemingly endless frustrations of man's attempts to stand against the system, and the futile and hopeless pursuit of an unobtainable goal. Hartmut M. Rastalsky noted in his thesis: "Like dreams, his texts combine precise realistic detail with absurdity, careful observation and reasoning on the part of the protagonists with inexplicable obliviousness and carelessness." [97] Kafka never finished any of his full length novels. It is estimated he burned 90% of his own work. [93]

[edit]Publications

First edition ofBetrachtung, 1912

Kafka's stories were initially published in literary periodicals. The first eight stories were printed in the first issue of the bi-monthly Hyperion in 1908.[98] Franz Blei published two dialogues in 1909 which became part of "Beschreibung eines Kampfes" ("Description of a Struggle"). [98] A fragment of the story "Die Aeroplane in Brescia" ("The Aeroplanes At Brescia") appeared in the daily Bohemia on September 28, 1909.[98]
[99]

Bohemia's Easter edition on March 27, 1910 contained several stories that later became part of the

book Betrachtung.[98][100] In 1913, Brod and Kurt Wolff published first "Das Urteil. Eine Geschichte von Franz Kafka." ("The Verdict. A Story by Franz Kafka.") in their literary yearbook for the art poetry Arkadia (Arkadia. Ein Jahrbuch fr Dichtkunst.) in Leipzig. The story "Vor dem Gesetz" was first published in the New Year's edition 1915 of the independent Jewish weekly Selbstwehr, then in 1919 as part of Ein Landarzt. It became part of the novel The Trial. Other stories were first published in Brod's Der Jude, the periodicals Die neue Rundschau, Genius and Prager Presse, and the paper Prager Tagblatt, among others.[98]

Kafka's first published book was a collection of 18 stories, Betrachtung (Contemplation, also Meditation) written between 1904 and 1912. On a summer trip to Weimar, Brod had initiated a meeting of Kafka and publisher Kurt Wolff,[101] who had it printed at the end of 1912 (with the year given as "1913") in the Rowohlt Verlag.[102] Kafka dedicated it to Brod, in the printed book "Fr M.B.", and added in the personal copy given to his friend "So wie es hier schon gedruckt ist, fr meinen liebsten Max Franz K." (As it is already printed here, for my dearest Max).[103] Kafka's influential story "Die Verwandlung" ("The Metamorphosis") was first printed in the October 1915 issue of Die Weien Bltter, a monthly edition of expressionist literature, edited by Ren Schickele.[102] Another story collection, Ein Landarzt (A Country Doctor), was published by Kurt Wolff in 1919.[102] Kafka dedicated the book to his father.[104] Kafka prepared a final collection of four stories for print, Ein Hungerknstler (A Hunger Artist), which appeared in 1924 after his death in Verlag Die Schmiede. On 20 April 1924, the Berliner Brsen-Courier published Kafka's essay on Adalbert Stifter.[105]

[edit]Max Brod

First edition of Das Schloss, 1926

Kafka left his published and unpublished work to his friend and literary executor Max Brod with explicit instructions that it should be destroyed on his (Kafka's) death; Kafka wrote: "Dearest Max, my last request: Everything I leave behind me ... in the way of diaries, manuscripts, letters (my own and others'), sketches, and so on, [is] to be burned unread".[106][107] Brod decided to ignore this request and went on to publish the novels and collected works between 1925 and 1935. Papers not yet published were taken in suitcases by Brod when he fled to Palestine in 1939.[108] Kafka's lover, Dora Diamant, also ignored his wishes, secretly keeping up to 20 notebooks and 35 letters until they were confiscated by the Gestapo in 1933. An ongoing international search is being conducted for these missing Kafka papers. [109] Brod oversaw the publication of most of Kafka's work in his possession, [27] which soon began to attract attention and high critical regard. He encountered significant difficulty in compiling Kafka's notebooks into any chronological order. One of the problems was that Kafka sometimes started in the middle of a notebook, sometimes wrote from the last page towards the first. [110][111]

Brod prepared for publication the novels The Trial (chapters were unnumbered and some were incomplete),
[111]

The Castle (which stopped mid-sentence and had ambiguity on content), [111] and Amerika, which Kafka

had titled Der Verschollene (The Man who Disappeared). It appears Brod took a few liberties with the manuscripts, such as moving chapters, changing the German and cleaning up the punctuation. The Trial appeared in 1925 in Verlag Die Schmiede, Kurt Wolff published the other two novels, The Castle in 1926, Amerika in 1927. In 1931, Brod edited a collection of unpublished stories and other prose as Beim Bau der Chinesischen Mauer (The Great Wall of China), including the story of the same name. The book appeared in the Gustav Kiepenheuer Verlag. Brod's editions are usually called the Definitive Editions.
[112]

[edit]Modern editions
In 1961, Malcolm Pasley was able to get most of Kafka's original handwritten work into the Oxford Bodleian Library, according to the publisher's note for The Castle.[113][114] The text for The Trial was later acquired through auction and is stored at the German Literary Archives in Marbach am Neckar, Germany.[114][115] Subsequently, Pasley headed a team (including Gerhard Neumann, Jost Schillemeit and Jrgen Born) in reconstructing the German novels and S. Fischer Verlag republished them.[116] Pasley was the editor for The Castle, published in 1982, and Der Proze (The Trial), published in 1990. Jost Schillemeit was the editor of Der Verschollene (Amerika) published in 1983. These are all called the "Critical Editions" or the "Fischer Editions". The German critical text of these, and Kafka's other works, may be found online at The Kafka Project.[117] This site is continuously building the repository. Another Kafka Project is based at San Diego State University (SDSU), which began in 1998 as the official international search for Kafka's last writings. His last companion, Dora Diamant (later, Dymant-Lask) owned 20 notebooks and 35 letters which were confiscated by the Gestapo in Berlin 1933. [109] The Kafka Project's four-month search of government archives in Berlin in 1998 uncovered the confiscation order and other significant documents. In 2003, the Kafka Project discovered three original Kafka letters, written in 1923. Building on the search conducted by Brod and Klaus Wagenbach in the mid-1950s, the Kafka Project at SDSU has an advisory committee of international scholars and researchers, and is calling for volunteers who want to help solve a literary mystery.[118] In 2008, academic and Kafka expert James Hawes accused scholars of suppressing details about the pornography Kafka subscribed to, which was published by the same man who was Kafka's own first publisher, in order to preserve his image as a quasi-saintly "outsider". [79][80][119] In 2010 a series of boxes containing writings, letters and sketches of the author thought to be lost were opened. Among the writings was a story by Kafka.[93]

[edit]Unpublished papers
When Brod died he left Kafka's unpublished papers, which are believed to number in the thousands, to his secretary Esther Hoffe. She only released or sold a few of them, leaving most to her daughters, Eva and Ruth, who also would not release the papers. A court battle began in 2008 between them and the National

Library of Israel, which claims they became the property of the nation of Israel when Brod emigrated to Israel in 1939. Only Eva was still alive as of 2012. [120] A ruling by a Tel Aviv family court in 2010 held that the papers must be released and a few were, including a previously unknown story, but the court battle continued.[121] The Hoffe's claimed the papers are their personal property while the National Library claims they are "cultural assets belonging to the Jewish people". [121] This court battle was ongoing in mid-2012.
[120]

Esther Hoffe sold the original manuscript of The Trial to the German Literary ArchiveMuseum of Modern

Literature in Marbach am Neckar in 1988 for $2 million USD and the National Library claims Brod specified in his will that the papers should go to them.[93][122]

[edit]List

of selected works

Many of Kafka's works have uncertain dates of writing and/or were written over long periods of time. In such cases the year the writing of the work began is used. Year and place of first publication is used. Many works, including all novels, were never finished by Kafka. For many works the German text is available, for several works also an English translation. It is linked in columns "de" and "en".

[show]List of selected [edit]Critical

interpretations

Franz Kafka's grave in Prague-ikov

Critics and academics, including Vladimir Nabokov,[123] regard Kafka as among the greatest writers of the 20th century. W. H. Auden called him the "Dante of the twentieth century".[124] The core theme in Kafka's work is father-son conflict that produces guilt in the son which is resolved through suffering and atonement.
[8][125] [125]

Kafka's short story The Judgement was his breakthrough work that established this core theme of his.

Other prominent themes in Kafka's work are alienation, physical and psychological brutality, characters

on a terrifying quest, and mystical transformation.[126] The multivalent nature of Kafka's prose allows for diverse interpretationand for critics placing his works into a variety of literary schools.[75] The hopelessness and absurdity populating his works are seen as emblematic of existentialism.[127] Some see a Marxist influence in his satirizing of bureaucracy as in The

Castle, The Trial and "In the Penal Colony";[75] others point to anarchism as inspiring his skewering of bureaucracy.[69] Some of Kafka's books drew influences from the expressionist movement, though the majority of his literary output was associated with the experimental modernistgenre. According to Encyclopaedia Britannica Online, his work was centered around the 20th century modernist issue with subjectivity and human limitations.[128] Much of Kafka's work touches on the theme of human conflict with bureaucracy; nevertheless, this has been disputed in an article on The Guardian, where William Burrows claims that such work is centred on the concepts of struggle, pain, solitude, the need for relationship, amongst others; he hence asserts that to view The Castle as a novel on bureaucracy is merely to "trivialise Kafka's artistic project" and "reductive".[129] Others such as Thomas Mann, see his work as an allegory of a metaphysical quest for God.[130] The concept of self-alienation has been a topic of exploration by theorists for hundreds of years. [131] The alienation and persecution found in Kafka's work are emphasized by criticswith good reasonbut overemphasis of these themes inspired counter-criticism by Gilles Deleuze and Flix Guattari. They argue that Kafka's work is more deliberate and subversiveand more "joyful"than may first appear. They point out that reading his work while focusing on the futility of his characters' struggles reveals Kafka's play at humor; he is not necessarily commenting on his own problems, but rather pointing out how people tend to invent problems.[130] Kafka saw the absurdity of human existence and that people could make it meaningful or not.
[132]

Biographers have noted that Kafka would read drafts of his works to his friends, typically concentrating

on his humorous prose. According to Milan Kundera Kafka's surrealist humor was influential in the writing careers of Federico Fellini, Gabriel Garca Mrquez, Carlos Fuentes, and Salman Rushdie.[130] Garca Mrquez noted it was the reading of Kafka's "The Metamorphosis" that showed him "that it was possible to write in a different way".[78][133]

[edit]"Law"
A number of attempts have been made to examine Kafka's legal background and the role of law in his fiction,[134][135] though relatively few compared to the vast collection of literature devoted to the study of his life and works, and marginal to legal scholarship. Mainstream studies of Kafka's works normally present his fiction as an engagement with absurdity, a critique of bureaucracy or a search for redemption, failing to account for the images of law and legality which constitute an important part of "the horizon of meaning" in his fiction. The law in Kafka's works is not usually interpreted to represent any particular legal or political entity. Rather, it is thought to represent the collection of anonymous, incomprehensible forces, hidden from the will and understanding of the individual, that control the lives of the people innocent victims of systems beyond their control. Critics who support this absurdist interpretation of Kafka cite instances in which Kafka describes himself in conflict with an absurd universe, such as the following entry from his diary: Enclosed in my own four walls, I found myself as an immigrant imprisoned in a foreign country...I saw my family as strange aliens whose foreign customs, rites, and very language defied comprehension...though I did not want it, they forced me to participate in their bizarre rituals...I could not resist. [136]

However, James Hawes argues many of Kafka's descriptions of the legal proceedings in The Trial metaphysical, absurd, bewildering and "Kafkaesque" as they might appear are, in fact, based on accurate and informed, though exaggerated, descriptions of German and Austrian criminal proceedings of the time, not well understood by many British or American people, who are familiar with an adversarial rather than inquisitorial system of justice.[137] Similarly, the requirement for the traveler to register with the authorities in The Castle to stay a night in the village seems repressive and odd to the Anglosphere, whereas in the present-day Germans, as with most continental Europeans, are required to register their address and hoteliers are required to register their guests with the local authorities. [138] The significance of law in Kafka's fiction is also neglected within legal scholarship, as Richard Posner pointed out, most lawyers do not consider writings about law in the form of fiction of any relevance to the understanding or the practice of law. Regardless of the concerns of mainstream studies of Kafka with redemption and absurdity, and what jurists such as Judge Posner might think relevant to law and legal practice, the fact remains that Kafka was an insurance lawyer who, besides being involved in litigation, was also "keenly aware of the legal debates of his day".[139][135] In a recent study which uses Kafka's office writings as its point of departure, [140] Reza Banakar argues that "legal images in Kafka's fiction are worthy of examination, not only because of their bewildering, enigmatic, bizarre, profane and alienating effects, or because of the deeper theological or existential meaning they suggest, but also as a particular concept of law and legality which operates paradoxically as an integral part of the human condition under modernity.[135] To explore this point Kafka's conception of law is placed in the context of his overall writing as a search for Heimat which takes us beyond the instrumental understanding of law advocated by various schools of legal positivism and allows us to grasp law as a form of experience".
[135]

Pothik Ghosh states the with Kafka, law "has no meaning outside its fact of being a pure force of

domination and determination".[141]

[edit]Translations
The earliest English translations of Kafka's works, published by Alfred A. Knopf, were by Edwin and Willa Muir. They translated in 1930 the first German edition of Das Schloss to The Castle, published by Secker & Warburg in England and Alfred A. Knopf in the United States. [142] A 1941 edition, including a homage by Thomas Mann, spurred a surge in Kafka's popularity in the United States the late-1940s. Later editions, notably the 1954 editions, included the deleted text translated by Eithne Wilkins and Ernst Kaiser. Known as "Definitive Editions", they include translations of The Trial, Definitive, The Castle, Definitive and other writings. These translations are generally accepted to have a number of biases and are considered to be dated in interpretation.[143] New translations were completed and published based on the recompiled German text of Pasley and Schillemeit The Castle, Critical by Mark Harman (Schocken Books, 1998), The Trial, Critical by Breon Mitchell (Schocken Books, 1998) and Amerika: The Man Who Disappeared by Michael Hoffman (New Directions Publishing, 2004).[143]

[edit]Translation

problems to English

Dependency tree illustrating the syntax of the of the first sentence of Kafka's "The Metamorphosis" in translation by Ian Johnston

Kafka often made extensive use of a characteristic particular to the German language allowing for long sentences that sometimes can span an entire page. Kafka's sentences then deliver an unexpected impact just before the full stopthat being the finalizing meaning and focus. This is achieved due to the construction of certain sentences in German which require that the verb be positioned at the end of the sentence. Such constructions are difficult to duplicate in English, so it is up to the resourceful translator to provide the reader with the same (or at least equivalent) effect found in the original text. [144] German's more flexible word order is not the only problem translating German into English. German also lacks an informal language register, uses modal connectives, and syntactic structures which can be translated in more than one way.[145] Kafka did not write in standard High German, but rather in a Praguean German heavily influenced by the Yiddish and Czech languages. This has led philosophers Deleuze and Guattari to describe Kafka's linguistic style as "deterritorialized", characterized by a "withered vocabulary" and an "incorrect syntax".[146] German sentences also have a different syntactic structure. Linguists see English syntax as "head-initial", meaning that the most important elements of the sentence, the verb and its arguments, usually come first. German syntax, in contrast, is "head-final". The difference can be seen in the contrast between the original German version of the first sentence in Kafka's "The Metamorphosis": Als Gregor Samsa eines Morgens aus unruhigen Traumen erwachte fand er sich in seinem Bett zu einem ungeheuren Ungeziefer verwandelt . (Original) As Gregor Samsa one morning from restless dreams awoke, found he himself in his bed into an enormous vermin transformed. (literal word for word translation) [147][148]

Another virtually insurmountable problem facing translators is how to deal with the author's intentional use of ambiguous terms and of words that have several meanings. One such instance is found in the first sentence of "The Metamorphosis". English translators have often sought to render the word Ungeziefer as "insect"; in Middle German, however, Ungeziefer literally means "unclean animal not suitable for sacrifice",[149] in today's German it means vermin. It is sometimes used colloquially to mean "bug" a very general term, unlike the scientific sounding "insect". Kafka had no intention of labeling Gregor, the protagonist of the story, as any specific thing, but instead wanted to convey Gregor's disgust at his transformation. Another example is Kafka's use of the German noun Verkehr in the final sentence of The Judgment. Literally, Verkehr means intercourse and, as in English, can have either a sexual or non-sexual meaning; in addition, it is used to mean transport or traffic. The sentence can be translated as: "At that moment an unending stream of traffic crossed over the bridge".[150] What gives added weight to the obvious double meaning of 'Verkehr' is Kafka's confession to Brod that when he wrote that final line, he was thinking of "a violent ejaculation".[151][152]

[edit]Legacy [edit]"Kafkaesque"
"Kafkaesque" redirects here. For the Breaking Bad episode, see Breaking Bad (season 3).

Jaroslav Rna's bronze statue of Franz Kafka in Prague

The term "Kafkaesque" is widely used to describe concepts, situations and ideas that are reminiscent of Kafka's works, particularly The Trial and "The Metamorphosis". The term has been described as "marked by a senseless, disorienting, often menacing complexity: Kafkaesque bureaucracies"[153] and "marked by surreal distortion and often a sense of impending danger: Kafkaesque fantasies of the impassive interrogation, the false trial, the confiscated passport ... haunt his innocence."[154] It can also describe an intentional distortion of reality by powerful but anonymous bureaucrats. "Lack of evidence is treated as a pesky inconvenience, to

be circumvented by such Kafkaesque means as depositing unproven allegations into sealed files..".[155] Another definition would be an existentialist state of ever-elusive freedom while existing under unmitigable control. The adjective refers to anything suggestive of Kafka, especially his nightmarish style of narration, in which characters lack a clear course of action, the ability to see beyond immediate events, and the possibility of escape. The term's meaning has transcended the literary realm to apply to real-life occurrences and situations that are incomprehensibly complex, bizarre, or illogical.[156] In Mexico, the phrase "Si Franz Kafka fuera mexicano, sera costumbrista" (If Franz Kafka were Mexican, he would be a Costumbrista writer) is commonly used in newspapers, blogs and online forums to describe the hopelessness and absurdity of the country's situation. [157]

[edit]Commemoration

The entrance to the Franz Kafka museum in Prague

Franz Kafka has a museum dedicated to his work in Prague, Czech Republic. [158] Asteroid 3412 Kafka was named after the author.[159] The Franz Kafka Prize was established in 2001, to recognize the artwork's "humanistic character and contribution to cultural, national, language and religious tolerance, its existential, timeless character, its generally human validity and its ability to hand over a testimony about our times".[160]

[edit]Literary

and cultural influence

Famous writers are often quoted, but Kafka is rarely quoted because his visions and perspective are what he is noted for.[161] Some of the writers influenced by Kafka include: Jorge Luis Borges,
[162]

Albert Camus,[162] Eugne Ionesco,[162] Murilo Rubio, J.D. Salinger, Jos Saramago,[163],

and Jean-Paul Sartre.[164] In 1999 a committee of 99 authors, scholars, and literary critics ranked the The Trial andThe Castle, the second and ninth most significant German-language novels of the 20th century.[165] Literary critic Shimon Sandbank argues that despite Kafka's pervasiveness, his enigmatic style has yet to be repeated.[162] His influence transcends literature and literary scholarship as it still impacts visual arts, music, and popular culture. [166] Kafka created a rigidly inflexible sterile bureaucratic universe. He wrote in an aloof manner full of legal and scientific terms. Yet his serious universe also had insightful humor, all highlighting the "irrationality at the roots of a supposedly rational world".[126] His characters are trapped, confused, full of guilt, frustrated, and lacking understanding of their surreal world. Much of the post-Kafka

fiction, especially science fiction, follow the themes and precepts of Kafka's universe. This can be seen in the works of authors such as George Orwell and Ray Bradbury.[126]

Title

Yea r

Genre

Remarks

Ref

"A Friend of Kafka"

1962

by Nobel Prize winner Isaac Bashevis Singer, about a Yiddish actor called Jacques Kohn who said he knew Franz short story Kafka; in this story, according to Jacques Kohn, Kafka believed in the Golem, a legendary creature from Jewish folklore

[167]

Watermelon Man

1970

film

partly inspired by "The Metamorphosis", where a white bigot wakes up as a black man

[168]

"KafkaFragmente, Op. 24"

1985

music

by Hungarian composer Gyrgy Kurtg for soprano and violin, using fragments of Kafka's diary and letters

[169]

Kafka's Dick

1986

play

by Alan Bennett, in which the ghosts of Kafka, his father Hermann and Brod arrive at the home of an English insurance clerk (and Kafka aficionado) and his wife

[170]

Kafka

1991

film

stars Jeremy Irons as the eponymous author; written by Lem Dobbs and directed by Steven Soderbergh, the movie mixes his life and fiction providing a semi-biographical presentation of Kafka's life and works; Kafka investigates the disappearance of one of his work colleagues, taking Kafka through many of the writer's own works, most notably The Castle and The Trial

[171]

Franz Kafka's It's a Wonderful Life

1993

film

short comedy film made for BBC Scotland, won an Oscar, was written and directed by Peter Capaldi, and starred Richard E. Grant as Kafka

[172]

"Bad Mojo"

1996

computer loosely based on "The Metamorphosis", with characters game named Franz and Roger Samms, alluding to Gregor Samsa

[173]

Kafka's Trial

2005

opera

by Danish composer Poul Ruders based on the novel and parts of Kafka's life; first performed in 2005, released on CD

[174]

Kafka's Soup

2005

book

by Mark Crick, is a literary pastiche in the form of a cookbook, with recipes written in the style of a famous

[175]

Title

Yea r

Genre

Remarks

Ref

author

Kafka's HellParadise

2006

play

by Milan Richter with 5 characters, using Kafka's aphorisms, dreams and re-telling his relations to his father and women, translated from the Slovak by Ewald Osers

[176]

Kafka's Second Life

2007

play

by Milan Richter with 17 characters, starting in Kierling where Kafka is dying and ending in Prague in 1961, translated from the Slovak by Ewald Osers

[177]

"Kafka the Musical" [edit]See

2011

by BBC Radio 3 produced as part of their Play of the radio play Week programme. Franz Kafka was played by David Tennant

[178]

also

Best German Novels of the Twentieth Century

[edit]Notes

1. ^ German pronunciation: [fants kafka] Czech pronunciation: [frants kafka]

2. ^ Some sources list June (Murray) as Kafka's graduation month and some list July (Brod).[25][26] 3. ^ Some sources state Julius Grnthal 4. ^ "Kampf" also translates to "fight".

[edit]References
1. ^ Corngold 1972, p. 11.

2.

^ a b Kafka-Franz 2012a.

3. ^ Brod 1960, p. 3. 4. ^ Gilman 2005, pp. 2021. 5. ^ Gray 2005, pp. 147-148. 6. ^ Hamalian 1974, p. 3. 7. ^ Brod 1960, p. 9.

8.

^ a b Brod 1960, pp. 1516.

9. ^ Brod 1960, pp. 1920. 10. ^ Brod 1960, pp. 15, 17, 22-23.

11. ^ a b Hawes 2008, p. 29. 12. ^ a b Sayer 1996, pp. 164210.

13. ^ Kempf 2005. 14. ^ Koelb 2010, p. 12.

15. ^ a b Brod 1960, p. 14.

16. ^ Corngold 2004, p. xii. 17. ^ Kafka Project 2012. 18. ^ Diamant 2003, pp. 3638. 19. ^ Brod 1960, pp. 4041. 20. ^ Brod 1960, p. 40. 21. ^ Brod 1966, pp. 5354. 22. ^ Gray 2005, pp. 74, 273. 23. ^ Brod 1960, pp. 51, 122-124. 24. ^ Stach 2005, pp. 4370. 25. ^ Murray 2004, p. 62.

26. ^ a b Brod 1960, p. 78. 27. ^ a b Contijoch 2000.

28. ^ Karl 1991, p. 210. 29. ^ Glen 2007, pp. 2366. 30. ^ Drucker 2002, p. 24. 31. ^ Corngold et. al. 2009, pp. 250254. 32. ^ Cliff 2012. 33. ^ Koelb 2010, p. 32. 34. ^ Stach 2005, pp. 3637. 35. ^ Brod 1960, pp. 29, 73-75, 109-110, 206. 36. ^ Brod 1960, p. 154.

37. ^ a b Banville 2011.

38. ^ Khler 2012. 39. ^ Seubert 2012. 40. ^ Brod 1960, pp. 196197. 41. ^ Brod 1960, pp. 240242. 42. ^ S. Fischer 2012. 43. ^ Alt 2005, p. 303. 44. ^ Hawes 2008, pp. 180-181. 45. ^ Hawes 2008, pp. 186, 191.

46. ^ a b European Graduate School 2012.

47. ^ Stach 2005, p. 43. 48. ^ Hempel 2002.

49. ^ Believer 2006. 50. ^ Brod 1960, pp. 209211. 51. ^ Repertory 2005. 52. ^ Brod 1960, p. 156. 53. ^ Brod 1966, p. 41. 54. ^ Brod 1966, p. 42. 55. ^ Brod 1966, p. 97.

56. ^ a b c Brod 1966, p. 49.

57. ^ Brod 1966, p. 90. 58. ^ Brod 1966, p. 92. 59. ^ Brod 1960, p. 47. 60. ^ Brod 1966, p. 52. 61. ^ Prez-lvarez 2003, pp. 181194. 62. ^ Miller 1984, pp. 242306. 63. ^ Project Gutenberg 2012. 64. ^ Brod 1960, pp. 139140. 65. ^ Fichter 1988, pp. 231238. 66. ^ Gilman 1995, back cover. 67. ^ Brod 1960, p. 128. 68. ^ Brod 1960, p. 214.

69. ^ a b Lib.com 2008.

70. ^ Bergman 1969, p. 8.

71. ^ a b c Bruce 2007, p. 17.

72. ^ Preece 2001, p. 131. 73. ^ Janouch 1998, pp. 118119. 74. ^ Hughes 1986, pp. 248249.

75. ^ a b c Socialist Worker 2007.

76. ^ History Guide 2006.

77. ^ a b c Haaretz 2008. 78. ^ a b Kafka-Franz 2012. 79. ^ a b Guardian 2008. 80. ^ a b Harper's 2008.
81. ^ Hawes 2008, pp. 119=126. 82. ^ Bloom 1994, p. 428. 83. ^ Kahn & Hook 1993, p. 191.

84. ^ a b c Rothkirchen 2005, p. 23.

85. ^ Brod 1960, p. 196. 86. ^ Pawel 1985, pp. 160163.

87. ^ a b c Brod 1966, p. 388. 88. ^ a b Brod 1966, p. 389.

89. ^ Brod 1966, p. 113. 90. ^ Gray 2005, p. 131. 91. ^ Horstkotte 2009. 92. ^ Brod 1960, p. 113.

93. ^ a b c d New York Times 2010.

94. ^ Brod 1960, p. 137.

95. ^ a b Kakutani 1988.

96. ^ Boyd 2004, p. 139. 97. ^ Rastalsky 1997, p. 1.

98. ^ a b c d e Itk 2008.

99. ^ Brod 1966, p. 94. 100. ^ Brod 1966, p. 61. 101. ^ Brod 1966, p. 110.

102.

^ a b c European Graduate School 2012a.

103. ^ Brod 1966, p. 115. 104. ^ Leiter 1958, pp. 337347. 105. ^ Krolop, p. 103. 106. ^ Kafka 1988, publisher's notes. 107. ^ Guardian 2009. 108. ^ Butler 2011, pp. 38.

109. 111.

^ a b Kafka Project SDSU 2012.

110. ^ Kafka 2009a, p. xxvii. ^ a b c Diamant 2003, p. 144.

112. ^ Kafka 2009, Publications. 113. ^ Jewish Heritage 2012.

114.

^ a b Kafka 1998, publisher's notes.

115. ^ O'Neill 2004, p. 681. 116. ^ Adler 1995. 117. ^ Kafka Project 2011. 118. ^ Murray 2004, pp. 367, 374. 119. ^ Hawes 2008, pp. 56-70.

120. 121.

^ a b NPR 2012. ^ a b Guardian 2010.

122. ^ Buehrer 2011. 123. ^ Durantaye 2007, p. 317. 124. ^ Bloom 2002, p. 206.

125. 126.

^ a b Gale Research Inc. 1979, pp. 288311. ^ a b c Bossy 2001, p. 100.

127. ^ Sokel 2001, pp. 102109. 128. ^ Britannica 2012. 129. ^ Burrows 2011.

130.

^ a b c Kafka 2009, Critical interpretations.

131. ^ Sokel 2001, p. 216. 132. ^ Rahn 2011. 133. ^ Paris Review 2012. 134. ^ Glen 2007.

135.

^ a b c d Banakar 2010.

136. ^ Preece 2001, pp. 1531. 137. ^ Hawes 2008, pp. 212214. 138. ^ Hawes 2008, p. 217. 139. ^ Ziolkowski 2003, p. 224. 140. ^ Corngold et. al. 2009, pp. xi, 169, 188, 388. 141. ^ Ghosh 2009. 142. ^ Guardian 1930.

143.

^ a b Kafka 2009, Translations.

144. ^ Kafka 1996, p. xi. 145. ^ Newmark 1991, pp. 63-64. 146. ^ Deleuze & Guattari 1986, pp. 22-25. 147. ^ Prinsky 2002. 148. ^ Poulakis 2005. 149. ^ Aurora Theater 2012. 150. ^ Kafka 1996, p. 75. 151. ^ Brod 1960, p. 129. 152. ^ Hawes 2008, p. 50. 153. ^ Infoplease 2012. 154. ^ Free Dictionary 2012. 155. ^ Websters 2012. 156. ^ Wired 2011. 157. ^ Aquella 2006. 158. ^ Kafka Museum 2005. 159. ^ Edberg & Levy 1994, p. 80. 160. ^ Kafka Society 2011. 161. ^ Hawes 2008, p. 4.

162.

^ a b c d Sandbank 1992, pp. 441-443.

163. ^ Financial Times 2009. 164. ^ Tameri 2011. 165. ^ LiteraturHaus 1999. 166. ^ Coker 2012. 167. ^ Singer 1970, p. 311. 168. ^ Elsaesser 2004, p. 117. 169. ^ Opera Today 2010. 170. ^ Times Literary Supplement 2005. 171. ^ Writer's Institute 1992. 172. ^ New York Times 1993. 173. ^ Dembo 1996, p. 106. 174. ^ Ruders 2005. 175. ^ Milner 2005. 176. ^ Kafka 2009, Theatre. 177. ^ Kafka 2009. 178. ^ BBC 2012.

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O'Neill, Patrick M. (2004). Great World Writers: Twentieth Century. Tarrytown, NY: Marshal Cavendish. ISBN 978-0-76147-477-7.

Pawel, Ernst (1985). The Nightmare of Reason: A Life of Franz Kafka. New York: Vintage Books. ISBN 978-0-37452-335-0.

Preece, Julian (2001). The Cambridge Companion to Kafka. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-52166-391-5. Retrieved August 1, 2012.

Rothkirchen, Livia (2005). The Jews of Bohemia and Moravia: facing the Holocaust. Linclon, NE: University of Nebraska Press. ISBN 978-0-80323-952-4.

Singer, Isaac Bashevis (1970). A Friend of Kafka, and Other Stories. New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux. ISBN 978-0-37415-880-4.

Sokel, Walter H. (2001). The Myth of Power and the Self: Essays on Franz Kafka. Detroit: Wayne State University Press. ISBN 978-0-81432-608-4.

Stach, Reiner (2005). Kafka: The Decisive Years. Frankfurt am Main: S. Fischer Verlag. ISBN 978-0151-00752-3.

Ziolkowski, Theodore (2003). The Mirror of Justice: Literary Reflections of Legal Crisis . Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-0-69111-470-5.

Journals

Banakar, Reza (Fall 2010). "In Search of Heimat: A Note on Franz Kafka's Concept of Law". Law and Literature (Berkeley, CA) 22 (2). doi:10.2139/ssrn.1574870.

Butler, Judith (March 3, 2011). "Who Owns Kafka". London Review of Books (London) 33 (5). Retrieved August 1, 2012.

Dembo, Arinn (June 1996). "Twilight of the Cockroaches: Bad Mojo Evokes Kafka So Well It'll Turn Your Stomach". Computer Gaming World (New York) (143).

Durantaye, Leland de la (2007). "Kafka's Reality and Nabokov's Fantasy: On Dwarves, Saints, Beetles, Symbolism and Genius" (PDF). Comparative Literature 59 (4). doi:10.1215/-59-4315.

Fichter, M. M. (July 1988). "Franz Kafka's anorexia nervosa" (in German). Fortschritte der Neurologie-Psychiatrie (Munich: Psychiatrische Klinik der Universitt Mnchen) 56 (7): 231 8. doi:10.1055/s-2007-1001787.PMID 3061914. Retrieved August 1, 2012.

Fort, Jeff (March 2006). "The Man Who Could Not Disappear". The Believer. Retrieved August 7, 2012.

Glen, Patrick J. (2007). "The Deconstruction and Reification of Law in Franz Kafka's Before the Law and The Trial" (PDF). Southern California Interdisciplinary Law Journal (Los Angeles: University of Southern California) 17 (23). Retrieved August 3, 2012.

Horton, Scott (August 19, 2008). "In Pursuit of Kafka's Porn Cache: Six questions for James Hawes". Harper's Magazine. Retrieved August 3, 2012.

Hughes, Kenneth (Summer 1986). "Franz Kafka: An Anthology of Marxist Criticism". Monatshefte (Madison, WI: University of Wisconsin Press Journals Division) 78 (2). JSTOR 30159253.

Leiter, Louis H. (1958). "A Problem in Analysis: Franz Kafka's 'A Country Doctor'". The Journal of Aesthetics and Art Criticism (Philadelphia, PA: American Society for Aesthetics) 16 (3). doi:10.2307/427381.

Prez-lvarez, Marino (2003). "The Schizoid Personality of Our Time". International Journal of Psychology and Psychological Therapy (Almera, Spain) 3 (2).

Sayer, Derek (1996). "The language of nationality and the nationality of language: Prague 17801920 Czech Republic history". Past and Present (Oxford) 153 (1). doi:10.1093/past/153.1.164.

Sandbank, Shimon (1992). "After Kafka: The Influence of Kafka's Fiction". Penn State University Press (Oxford) 29 (4). JSTOR 40246852.

Newspapers

Adler, Jeremy (October 13, 1995). "Stepping into Kafka's Head". Times Literary Supplement. Retrieved August 4, 2012. (subscription required)

Banville, John (January 14, 2011). "Franz Kafka's other trial / An allegory of the fallen man's predicament, or an expression of guilt at a tormented love affair?". The Guardian. Retrieved August 1, 2012.

Batuman, Elif (September 22, 2010). "Kafka's Last Trial". The New York Times. Retrieved August 3, 2012.

Buehrer, Jack (March 9, 2011). "Battle for Kafka legacy drags on". The Prague Post. Retrieved August 29, 2012.

Burrows, William (December 22, 2011). "Winter read: The Castle by Franz Kafka". The Guardian. Retrieved August 27, 2012.

Connolly, Kate (August 14, 2008). "Porn claims outrage German Kafka scholars". The Guardian. Retrieved August 3, 2012.

Kakutani, Michiko (April 2, 1988). "Books of the Times; Kafka's Kafkaesque Love Letters". The New York Times. Retrieved August 8, 2012.

Kenley-Letts, Ruth (1993). "Franz Kafka's "It's a Wonderful Life" (1993)". New York Times. Retrieved August 4, 2012.

McCarthy, Rory (October 24, 2009). "Israel's National Library adds a final twist to Franz Kafka's Trial". The Guardian. Retrieved August 3, 2012.

Metcalfe, Anna (2009). "Small Talk: Jos Saramago". Financial Times. Retrieved August 1, 2012. (subscription required)

Online sources

Aquella, Daniel (November 22, 2006). "Mxico kafkiano y costumbrista" (in Spanish). Daquella manera:Paseo personal por inquietudes culturales, sociales y lo que tengamos a bien obrar.. Daquellamanera. Retrieved August 2, 2012.

Carmody, Tim (August 12, 2011). "Google+ Punts on Kafkaesque Name Policy". Wired. Retrieved August 25, 2012.

Coker, Rachel (January 4, 2012). "Kafka expert links teaching, research". State University of New York Binghamton. Retrieved August 30, 2012.

Frenkel, Sheera (May 30, 2012). "Kafka's Final Absurdist Tale Plays Out In Tel Aviv". National Public Radio. Retrieved August 29, 2012.

Ghosh, Pothik (March 13, 2009). "A Note on Kafka and the Question of Revolutionary Subjectivity". Hindu College Delhi University via Radical Notes. Retrieved August 6, 2012.

Horstkotte, Silke (2009). "Kunst und Knstlerverstndnis in Kafkas "Josefine, die Sngering oder Das Volk der Muse"" (in German). University of Leipzig. Retrieved August 31, 2012.

Kafka, Franz (2012). "Franz Kafka Letter to his Father". Kafka-Franz. Archived from the original on July 13, 2011. Retrieved August 3, 2012.

Kempf, Franz R. (2005). "Franz Kafkas Sprachen: "... in einem Stockwerk des innern babylonischen Turmes. .." (review)". Project MUSE. Johns Hopkins University. Retrieved September 2, 2012.

Keynes, Laura (August 2005). "Kafka's Dick". Times Literary Supplement. Retrieved August 4, 2012.

Khler, Manfred (2012). "Franz Kafka und Felice Bauer" (in German). Protemion. Retrieved August 6, 2012.

Kreis, Steven (February 28, 2006). "Franz Kafka, 18831924". History Guide. Retrieved August 5, 2012.

Lerman, Antony (July 22, 2010). "The Kafka legacy: who owns Jewish heritage?". The Guardian. Retrieved August 29, 2012.

Milner, Cahterine (August 27, 2005). "If Kafka made the dinner...". The Telegraph. Retrieved August 25, 2012.

Miron, Dan (November 24, 2008). "Sadness in Palestine". Haaretz. Retrieved August 1, 2012. Ozorio, Anne (November 18, 2010). "Gyrgy Kurtg Kafka Fragments, London". Opera Today. Retrieved August 4, 2012.]

Poulakis, Victoria (November 11, 2005). "Translation: What Difference Does It Make. The Metamorphosis by Franz Kafka". Northern Virginia Community College. Retrieved September, 2, 2012.

Prinsky, Norman (2002). "Humn. 2002: World Humanities II. Notes and Questions on Franz Kafka's "The Metamorphosis" / "The Transformation"". Augusta State University. Retrieved September 2, 2012.

Rahn, Josh (2011). "Existentialism". Online Literature. Retrieved August 5, 2012. Rastalsky, Hartmut M. (1997). "The Referential Kafka". University of Michigan. Retrieved August 22, 2012.

Samuelson, Arthur. "A Kafka for the 21st Century". Jewish Heritage. Retrieved August 2, 2012.

Seubert, Harald. "Bauer, Felice" (in German). Kulturportal-west-ost.eu. Retrieved August 2, 2012. "Knochiges leeres Gesicht, das seine Leere offen trug. Freier Hals. berworfene Bluse ... Fast zerbrochene Nase. Blondes, etwas steifes, reizloses Haar, starkes Kinn."

Stone, Peter H.. "Gabriel Garcia Marquez, The Art of Fiction No. 69". The Paris Review. Retrieved August 4, 2012.

"Allegory". The Guardian. 1930. Retrieved August 22, 2012. "Disappearing Act". American Repertory Theatre. 2005. Archived from the original on July 25, 2011. Retrieved August 3, 2012.

"Drama on BBC Radio 3, Kafka the Musical". BBC. 2012. Retrieved August 1, 2012. "Franz Kafka". German Literature. Encyclopaedia Britannica Online. Retrieved August 27, 2012.

"Franz Kafka: The Absurdity of Everything". Tameri Guide For Writers. 2011. Retrieved August 1, 2012.

"Franz Kafka Articles". European Graduate School. 2012. Retrieved August 22, 2012. "Franz Kafka Biography". European Graduate School. 2012. Retrieved August 7, 2012. "Franz Kafka and libertarian socialism". Libertarian-Socialism. December 14, 2008. Retrieved August 3, 2012.

"Franz Kafka Museum". Franz Kafka Museum. 2005. Retrieved August 7, 2012. "The Franz Kafka Prize". Franz Kafka Society. 2011. Retrieved August 1, 2012.

"Franz Kafka: Tagebcher 1910-1923 - Kapitel 5" (in German). 21 Juni. Project Gutenberg Spiegel Online. Retrieved August 29, 2012. "Die ungeheure Welt, die ich im Kopfe habe. Aber wie mich befreien und sie befreien, ohne zu zerreien. Und tausendmal lieber zerreien, als in mir sie zurckhalten oder begraben. Dazu bin ich ja hier, das ist mir ganz klar."

"Franz Kafka Writing". Kafka-Franz. 2011. Archived from the original on December 20, 2010. Retrieved August 1, 2012.

"Franz Kafka: writing of the systems despair and alienation". Socialist Worker Online. March 17, 2007. Retrieved August 6, 2012.

"Faksimiles der Kafka-Drucke zu Lebzeiten (Zeitschriften und Zeitungen)" (in German). ITK Institute fr Textkritik. 2008. Retrieved August 28, 2012.

"Grete Bloch" (in German). S. Fischer Verlag. Retrieved August 24, 2012. "Kafka". New York State Writer's Institute. State University of New York. Retrieved August 4, 2012.

"Kafka: A Life in Metamorphosis". Aurora Theater Company. Retrieved August 4, 2012. "Kafka's Life (1883-1924)". Franz Kafka Society. 2012. Retrieved August 4, 2012. "Kafka's Works in German According to the Manuscript". Franz Kafka Society. 2011. Retrieved August 4, 2012.

"Kafkaesque". Free Dictionary. 2012. Retrieved August 3, 2012. "Kafkaesque". Websters Online. 2012. Retrieved August 7, 2012. "Kafkaesque". Infoplease. 2012. Retrieved August 3, 2012. "Lothar Hempel". Atlegerhardsen. 2002. Archived from the original on July 17, 2011. Retrieved August 2, 2012.

"The Metamorphosis and Other Stories". Cliff's Notes. 2012. Retrieved August 2, 2012. "Musils "Mann ohne Eigenschaften" ist "wichtigster Roman des Jahrhunderts"" (in German). LiteraturHaus. 1999. Archived from the original on Feberuary 21, 2009. Retrieved August 22, 2012.

"Poul Ruders Biography 06/2005". Poul Ruders. June 2005. Retrieved August 4, 2012. "Solving a Literary Mystery". Kafka Project, San Diego State University. 2012. Retrieved August 25, 2012.

[edit]Further

reading

Adorno, Theodor (1967). Prisms (Studies in Contemporary German Social Thought) . Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press. ISBN 978-0-26251-025-7Khler.

Begley, Louis (2008). The Tremendous World I Have Inside My Head, Franz Kafka: A Biographical Essay. New York: Atlas & Co.. ISBN 978-1-93463-306-9.

Bloom, Harold (1988). Franz Kafka's The Metamorphosis. 2. New York: Chelsea House. ISBN 978-1-55546-070-9.

Brod, Max (1947). The Biography of Franz Kafka. London: Secker & Warburg. OCLC 2771397.

Calasso, Roberto (2005). K.. New York: Alfred A. Knopf. ISBN 978-1-4000-4189-3. Citati, Pietro (1987). Kafka. New York: Alfred A. Knopf. ISBN 978-0-39456-840-9. Coots, Steve (2002). Franz Kafka (Beginner's Guide). London: Hodder & Stoughton. ISBN 978-0-34084-648-3.

Corngold, Stanley; Gross, Ruth V. (2011). Kafka for the Twenty-First Century. New York: Camden House. ISBN 978-1-57113-482-0.

Czech, Danuta (1992) (in Polish). Kalendarz wydarze w KL Auschwitz. Owicim: Wydawn. Engel, Manfred; Auerochs, Bernd (2010) (in German). Kafka-Handbuch. Leben Werk Wirkung. Stuttgart: Metzler. ISBN 978-3-476-02167-0.

Engel, Manfred; Robertson, Ritchie (2010) (in German). Kafka und die kleine Prosa der Moderne / Kafka and Short Modernist Prose. Knigshausen & Neumann: Wrzburg. ISBN 978-3-8260-4029-0.

Engel, Manfred; Robertson, Ritchie (2012) (in German). Kafka, Prag und der Erste Weltkrieg / Kafka, Prague and the First World War. Knigshausen & Neumann: Wrzburg. ISBN 978-38260-4849-4.

Glatzer, Nahum Norbert (1986). The Loves of Franz Kafka. New York: Schocken Books. ISBN 978-0-8052-4001-6.

Gordimer, Nadine (1984). Letter from His Father in Something Out There. London: Penguin Books. ISBN 978-0-14-007711-7.

Greenberg, Martin (1968). The Terror of Art: Kafka and Modern Literature. New York: Basic Books. ISBN 978-0-465-08415-9.

Hayman, Ronald (2001). K, a Biography of Kafka. London: Phoenix Press. ISBN 978-184212-415-4.

Heller, Paul (1989) (in German). Franz Kafka: Wissenschaft und Wissenschaftskritik . Tbingen: Stauffenburg. ISBN 978-3-923721-40-5.

Janouch, Gustav (1971). Conversations with Kafka (2 ed.). New York: New Directions Books. ISBN 978-0-8112-0071-4.

Kafka, Franz (2005). Kafka's Selected Stories. New York: Norton. ISBN 978-0-393-92479-4. Major, Michael (2011). Kafka...for our time. San Diego, CA: Harcourt Publishing. ISBN 978-09567982-1-3.

Suchoff, David (2012). Kafka's Jewish Languages: the Hidden Openness of Tradition . Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press. ISBN 978-0-8122-4371-0.

Thiher, Allen (2012). Franz Kafka: A Study of the Short Fiction. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press. ISBN 978-0-8057-8323-0.

Zard, Philippe (1999) (in French). La fiction de l'Occident: Thomas Mann, Franz Kafka, Albert Cohen. Paris: P.U.F.. ISBN 978-2-13049-743-1. OCLC 300690785.

Zard, Philippe (2007) (in French). Sillage de Kafka. Paris: Le Manuscrit. ISBN 978-2-74818610-9.

Journals

Danta, Chris (April 2008). "Sarah's Laughter: Kafka's Abraham". Modernism/modernity (Baltimore, MD) 15 (2): 343 359. doi:10.1353/mod.2008.0048. (subscription required)

Ryan, Michael P. (1999). "Samsa and Samsara: Suffering, Death and Rebirth in The Metamorphosis". German Quarterly (Durham, NC) 72 (2): 133152. doi:10.2307/408369.

[edit]External

links

German Wikisource has original text related to this article: Franz Kafka Find more about Franz Kafka on Wikipedia'ssister projects: Definitions and translations from Wiktionary Images and media from Commons Learning resources from Wikiversity News stories from Wikinews Quotations from Wikiquote Source texts from Wikisource Textbooks from Wikibooks

The Album of Franz Kafka, Franz Kafka receives a tribute in this album of "recomposed photographs".

Deutsche Kafka-Gesellschaft "End of Kafkaesque nightmare: writer's papers finally come to light" by Kate Connolly, The Guardian (9 July 20O8)

Finding Kafka in Prague Trying to find Kafka in today's Prague Franz Kafka at the Internet Movie Database Journeys of Franz Kafka Photographs of places where Kafka lived and worked Kafka-metamorphosis, public wiki dedicated to Kafka and his work Kafka Society of America Letters to Felice at Archive.org

Literature by and about Franz Kafka in the German National Library catalogue Oxford Kafka Research Centre information on ongoing international Kafka research Spolecnost Franze Kafky a nakladatelstvi Franze Kafky Franz Kafka Society and Publishing House in Prague

Works by Franz Kafka at Project Gutenberg Works by or about Franz Kafka in libraries (WorldCat catalog)