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;

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Athencey/m.

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[21

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{To be continued.)

[3]

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[4]

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THE STUDENT'S COMPARATIVE GRAMMAR

OP THE of the

FRENCH LANGUAGE.
Formation of
French.

For

With an Historical Sketch

the use of
Schools.

(With copious Exercises.) By G. Eugene-Fasnacht. Or, separately, the Grammar, 3s, the Exercises, 2s 6d Eleventh Edition, improved and enlarged.

From
advance

the " Educational Times."

of a Grammar like this is in itself a sign that great in the teaching of modem as well as of ancient languages. Instead of tlie old empirical rules and lengthy tables to be learnt by heart, the rules and observations are all scientifically classified and explained. The book commences with a brief sketch of the language and its growth, sufficient to explain many apparent anomalies and difficulties. The accidence is then treated, the diiferent parts being each traced back to its derivation, Latin or other, and the reason for the various inflexions given.

"The appearance is being made

Difficulties are explained by showing how they have arisen, and it is hardly needful to say that one reasonable explanation is worth half a dozen mere statements of fact. The constant reference to Latin is specially useful to English schoolboys, who generally learn the ancient before the modern language, while it is absolutely necessary, if we are to get a clear idea of the genius of the French tongue, etc. etc. Mr. Eugene's book is one that we can strongly recommend for it is rather over the head of nse in the higher forms of large schools, and we should he glad to see other modern languages taught beginners in the same scientific and scholarly way. We have every belief that experience will confii-m the truth of our remarks, and we commend the book "VNith some confidence to the practical trial, which alone can safely test the value of a new schoolbook."

From
In
itself this is

the ^'Athenceum.'"

in many ways the most satisfactory French grammar for beginners that we have as yet seen. Not only does it state clearly and intelligibly the various peculiarities of French, giving, as far as possible, a rational explanation instead of a blind rule of thumb, for such matters as the position of the adjective, the use of ce and il, the number and gender of participles compounded with avoir (a frequent stumbHng- block to Frenchmen themselves), and the like, but it also does good service by presenting Latin forms, wherever possible, side by side with their French derivatives. ... The book is likely to be useful to all who wish either to learn or to teach the French language."

"Williams and Norgate, 14, Henrietta Street, Co vent Garden, London; and 20, South Frederick Street, Edinburgh.

V^

^fc'

EUGl^NE'S

FRENCH METHOD
OP.

ELEMENTARY EEENOH LESSONS

BBINa A COURSE OF EASY RULES AND EXERCISES INTRODUCTORY TO THE AUTHOR'S
''

STUDENT'S COMPARATIYE FEENCH GEAMMAE."

TENTH EDITION.
THOROUGHLY REVISED.

By

G?^

EUQENE-FASNACHT,

Assistant Master, Westminster School.

WILLIAMS & NORGATE,

14,

HENRIETTA STREET, CO VENT GARDEN, LONDON; AND 20, SOUTH FREDERICK STREET, EDINBURGH.

1889.

<7

1^

^
4

PREFACE.

This Elementary Course of French Lessons

is

founded on
It differs,
its

Ahn's well known and well tried synthetical method.

however, from Ahn's original work and from the host of

tations in

imi-

a few important distinctive features

difficulties

Gramfor instance,

The

of pronunciation (and not only those of

mar) are graduated

the

first

and second Exercises,

containing only words with simple vowels; Ex. 3

6,

words with

accented vowels; Ex. 9

12,

words with diphthongs; Ex. 13 and

etc.;

14 words with nasal sounds

The Conjugation
outset (Ex. 21),

of Verbs

is

introduced almost from the

and continued

to the

end of the book; so that a

pupil

who has gone

carefully through the

work

will

have acquired

a sound knowledge of the regular grammatical forms, and will

thus be prepared to enter

upon the systematic study of the ad-

vanced Grammar;

The Exercises are headed by easy Kules and

trations

practical Illus-

which

set forth in strong contrast the differences of idiom

VI

PREFACE.
in the

and constrnction
37, 83,

two languages,
etc.)

(see, for

example, Ex. 31,

125129, And last, but

145 148,
not least,

the greatest

care

has been taken

important but
If

in the selection of type, to

adapt the book, in

to the

this

hitherto sadly
this little

disregarded point,

wants of beginners.
it

work
its

offered no other improvement,

would bear on

every jiage

own

justification for

appearing in print.

TABLE OF CONTENTS.
(In Grammatical Order.)

NB.

The numbers

refer to tlie Exercises.

PRONtTNCiATiON:

Simple vowels, 1; Accented vowels, 3, 5; Diplithongs, 9, 11; Nasal sounds, 13; Final consonants, Liaison, 17;
C,

19; g, 21;

s,

27; h, 31;

-ill-, -il,

69; -gn, 71;

-ti, 73.

Abticle:

Definite, 1; P, 7; Plural, 23; Declined, 49; Partitive, 101,

105; Indefinite, 13.

Substantive:

Irreg. Plur. 99 ; Declined

Eegular Formation of Plur., 23, 25; Plur. in x, aux, 95, 97; 4349; Partitive Gen. 101105.
Demonstrative, 23; Formation of
en, on, er, 41;

Adjective:

Possessive, 13, 15, 25;

Plural, 23, 25, 59; Comparison, 89, 91; Eegular Feminine,

29; Adj. in f and x, 39; Adj. in

eil, el,

Adj. of three terminations, 107; Irreg. Fern., 109.

NuMEEALS:
Pronouns:

Cardinal, 51, 57;

Ordinal, 75.
en, 121;

Possessive, 83;
y, 123;

Personal, 115119, 125129;

Disjunctive Pers. Pron., 151; Relative 143;

monstr., 145

148.

De-

Veebs:

Aroir,

Pres., 21, 35, 37; Indefinite

45; Imperf., 53; Preterite, 61; Future, 63; Conditional, 67; Imperat., 73; Future Past 77; Conditional Past, 79; Subjunctive Pres. & Imperf
Subjunctive Perf.

&

Pluperf., 159.

vin
Vbbbb:

TABLE OF CONTENTS.

tre, Pres., 27, 33, 35; Indefinite, 45; Imperf. 55; Preterite, 61; Future, 65; Condit., 67; Imperative, 73; Future Past 77;
Condit. Past, 79; Subj. Pres.
Pluperf., 159.

&

Imperf., 157; Subj. Perf.

&

First Gonjugration: Parler, Pres.

terite,

& Imperat.,

81; Imperf., 85; PreTenses, 113.

87; Future

&

Condit., Ill;

Compound

Second Conj.: FInIr, 131, 133; Third Conj.: RecevolP, 135; Fourth Conj.: Vendre, 137, 139;
Conjugation of a Verb with Stre, 141; Passive Voice, 149; Reflect. Verb, 153; Impersonal Verb, 155; Sequence of Tenses, 159;
Subjunctive of the four regular Conjugations, 161, 163.

Advbebs:

Formation and Comparison of Adverbs, 93; Adverbs of Quantity, 103.

Appendix:

Formation of Tenses,
p.

p. 94;

The

four regular Conjugations,

96103; Passive

Voice, p. 106; Eeflective Verb, p. 108.

page

page

Eeadings:

L'Arabe et son cheval Mieux que 9a

Petit Pierre

....

...

110 Ill 113

Le Montagnard emigre . Le rat de ville et le rat des champs .

.
.

113

114

VooABULABii-^

English-French, p. 116;

to the

Reading Lessons,

p. 125.

The Alphabet.
A, B,
C,

D,

E,

F,
f,

Gt,

H,
U,
ti,

I,

J,

K, L, M,
1,

Name:

ah, bay, say, day, ay,

zhay, ash, ee, zhee, kah,

m,
Z.
z.

N,
n,

0,
0,

P, Q, pay, kuh,

R,
airr,

S,
s,

T,
tay,

Y,
vay,

X,

T,

eex, eegrek,

1.

VOWELS.
a:

la,
11,

ma,
mil,

ta,
fil,

mal, lae, par, canal, fatal, parla;

midi,
flni,

1:

parti,

ami;

e (mute): le, me, te, ne; rare, barbe, dire, e (sound.): bee, see, miel, sel, Alfred, elle;

dame;

o: u:
y:

or, rose, coq, sol, total, sorti, parole;

la,

bu, su, th, perdu, rue, une, lune, culture;

tyrannic, pyramide, lyre, Tyr.

le, the, stands before la, the, stands before

Masculine nouns

in the Singular: in the Sing.:

Feminine nouns

le

coq,

la lune.

There
either

is no Neuter gender in French, Masculine or Feminine

fini,

All nouns are

la rose, the rose le canif, the penknife le mur, the wall la lune,

malade
il,

est, (st mute) is finished il a, he has ill, sick midi, twelve o'clock {noon) elle a, she has

the

moon

he, it
{it)

il

est,

he

is

le coq, the cock

sUe, she
a,

elle est,

she is

vu, seen
1.

has

sur, on,

upon.

4.
7.

3. Elle a vu la lune. 2. Alfred a le canif. Le coq est sur le mur. 5. II est malade. 6. Elle a le canif. II est midi. 8. Elle a fini. 9. Elle a vu la rose.

a la rose.

1.

cock.
7.

He

Alfred has the rose. 2. He has the penknife. 3. She has seen the He is on the wall. 5. He has seen the moon. 6. She is ill. has finished. 8. It is twelve o'clock. 9. She has the rose.
4.

^ugfene. French Method.

^^

ACCENTED VOWELS.
3.

ACCENTED VOWELS.
e
(e with

an acute accent, accmt aigu) called e ferm^

words of more than one donner, papier, pied,

d6, 6i6, bl^, y^rit^, donn^, ^cole,

Obs.
syllable)

The terminations

-ez, -ed, (also -er in

(e

have the same sound as 6

ferme):

as,

avez, nez, nier.

e * e

e) x> called eouyert (open %j ux. t a / \ i' (e with a circumflex, accent circonflexe) J
)
'

(e with

a graye accent, accent grave)

-t

p5re, mere, fr<^re, s^y^re, tres, apr^s, module; fdte, tete, m^me, etre, fenStre, pr6t.
Obs. The termination -es, (also e in -er) in words of one syllable pronounced like e oavert: as, les, mes, tes, ses, ees; fer, mer.
le pere, the father le frere, the brotJier
ia

la mere, the mother le fer, the iron la fenetre, the window la porte, the door, gate le livre, the hook le the (th=t), the tea

spoken ferme, shut, closed donne, given lu, read

parle,
fidele, faithful

pret,

ready

et (t always silent) dur, hard

a, to, at.

and

apporte, brought

la porte.

Le pere a parle. 2, Le frere est fidele. 3. II a ferm6 5. Le frere a lu la lettre 4. La mere a vu le frere. mere a ferm6 la fenetre. pret. La the est 7. Le 6. livre. le et livre mere. 9. Le pere est malade. donne le a la 8. Alfred a 10. EUe a fini le livre.
1.

4.
1.

The

mother has spoken.

4.
7.
is

2.

The

father has read the letter.

3.

(The)

iron

is

hard-

has the book.

9.

The brother

The mother is faithful. 5. It is ready. 6. The brother The father has shut the door. 8. He has shut the window. ill. 10. She has given the letter to the mother.

ACCENTED VOWELS.
5.

a,a(likeainj2;a?m): pMe, ame, ^ne, m^le, IbMme, Isi; 11 parle, ami, finira, capital; a (like a in larh): trone, pOle, le notre, le Totre; 6 (like in hope): eomedie5^cole,notre9Totre, parole, poli; O (like in hot): or, il adore, il honore, cor, 11 dort (t mute). O (sonorous)

metal la patrie, /lena^zve COM Wirt/ la dame, the lady sorti, gone out la lecture, the reading
le metal, the
if

honore, honoured
parti,

pale, 'pale

departed

perdu, lost
poli, polite,

blame, blamed superbe, splendid timide, timid, shy

polished

notre, our votre, your.

a ferme la porte. 2. Votre ami est parti. 3. II a parl^ 4. Elle a fini la lecture. 6. Le 5. Le metal est poli. livre est superbe. 7. Elle a honore la mere. 8. Votre pere est 9. La dame est p^le. sorti. 10. Elle a ferme la porte et la
1. II

la mere.

fenetre.

6.
has honoured the country. 3. Our father has (is) departed. 4. Your brother is shy. 5. He has blamed our brother. 7. Your mother has given the 6. Our father has spoken to your mother. 8. The lady has lost the book. letter to our brother. 9. The father is gone out. 10. Your brother has finished the reading.
1,
is

The moon

pale.

2.

He

7.

stands instead of le or la hefore a word beginning with a vowel or silent li:

rami I'homme

Tame
rhabitude
I'etude,
I'or,
f.

instead instead instead instead

I'ete,

of of of of
/".

le ami, the friend. le homme, the man. la ame, the soul. la habitude, the habit.
la

the study m. the gold rhomme, m. the man rhabit, m. the coat I'arbre, m. the tree I'animal, m. the animal
1.

m. the summer

the grass Vane, m. the ass le sable, the sand la fable, the fable
I'herbe,

pomme, the apple mortel, mortal

facile,

rare, rare

easy

sec,

dry

dormi, slept
2. II

bu, drunk.

4.

3. Emilie est pale? L'or est rare. 5. L'ami est fidele. 6. L'homme est mortel. 7. L'habit est superbe. 8. La pomme est sur I'arbre. 9. L'ete est sec. 10. L'ane est timide. 11. L'animal a dormi.

L'etude est

facile.

a lu la

fable.

DirnTnoxGS.
8.

The friend has the coat. 3. The man our brother. 4. The coat is ready. 5. She has given the prass to the animal. 6. The man is pale, he is ill. 7. The summer is splendid. 8. Our 10. Yonr friend has the gold. 9. He has given the grass to the donkey. 12. Our friend has departed. 11. She has read the fable, it (she) is easy.
1.

The cock

is

on the tree.

2.

is

sister is timid.

9.

DIPHTHONGS,
ai, ei,

(ais,

alt, ay)
le

are pronounced like h (e ouvert):

il

as,

mai, mais,

palais, la lainc, Taide, fiiire, clair,

plait

la reine, la peine,

Madeleine,
liJce

la Seine, la baleine.

But
(Preterite

ai is pronounced

(e

ferme) in the endings of Verts

and Future):

as,

je donnai, jc parlerai, pronounce donnd, parlerd.

an, ean, are pronounced like 6: as, le marteau, i'eau, beau, le tableau, le bateau, Taune, Tautrc;
il

aura, I'aurore, I'autel,

le bateau, the

la

beauts.
I'autel,

boat

m. the altar
ship

Teau,

f.

the icater

le vaisseau, the

le palais, the

le le tableau,

jmlace gateau, the cake

le maitre, the

master

the picture la reine, the queen

le marteau, tJie hammer Obs. Substantives ending in a diphthong are Masculine; Exception.

le roc, the rock beau, beautiful, fine frappe, struck admire, admired.
I'eaTi, f.,

is

an

2. Le palais est beau. 3. II a doim6 1. Le bateau est sur Teau. gateau a Tami. 4. Le marteau a frappe le fer. 5. Votre ami a admir^ le tableau. 6. Madeleine a tu la reine. 7. L'autel est superbe. 8. Le vaisseau est parti. 9. Le roc est dur. 10. La lecture est facile.

le

10.
2. The man has lost the the vessel on the Seine. hammer. 3. The master has admired the palace. 4. The ship is on the 7. Your 6. The picture is on the wall. 5. The palace is magnificent. rock. mother has given the cake to Paul. 8. The queen has admired the picture. Your ship has (is) departed. 10. It is on the water.
1.

He

has

seen

',).

DIPHTHONGS.
11.

DIPHTHONGS

(continued).

eu, ceu : le feu, peu, le lieu, l)leu ; neuf, seul, Ic Jboeuf, I'oeuf la peur, la fleur, leur, le docteur, le coeur, le beurre.

oi:
ou:

le roi, la loi, la fol, inoi, toi, I'i^toile, la soif;

noir, la poire, le miroir, le soir.

iii:
:e feu,

ou, oui, le clou, le trou, trourd, louc, la route; pour, la tour, I'amour. lui, rhuile, la tuile, la ruine, la pluie, fuir.
the fire

Tceuf,
le

m. the egg roi, the king

I'oiseau,

la fleur, the flower masc. the bird la poire, the pear le voile, the veil

la voile, the sail Tetoile, f. the star le lac, the lake le docteur, the physi-

le beurre, the butter

clair, clear bleu, blue neuf, neto

dan
le

malade, the patient

tlie

trouve, found loue, praised

fui,

la soeur,

sister

fled

le couteau, the knife

pour, for.

Obs.
1.

Names

of fruits and flowers are feminine.

3. L'ceuf est dur. feu est clair. 2. Le lac est bleu. 5. Le roi a donne la fleur a la 4. Le docteur a vu le malade. 6. L'oiseau est sur I'arbre. 7. Louise a trouv6 la poire. reine. 10. L'oiseau a fui. 8. Louis a vu I'etoile. 9. Le couteau est neuf. 12. La voile est sur le vaisseau. 11. Votre soeur a le voile.

Le

13.
2. Your father has praised our friend. has brought the for your friend. 4. The butter is for Louisa. 5. The pear is for your mother, and the egg is for your sister. 6. The bird has fled. 7. Your brother has found the boat and the sail. 8. Our sister has lost the veil. 9. Our friend has the flower. 10. Our bird is blue. 11. She has found your knife. 12. It is new.
1.

The doctor has seen the

3.

Our

sister

king. knife

13.

NA^AL SOUNDS.
1.

2.

3.

am, en, em : le plan, Milan, Adam, la tante, la lampc, encore, le temple, la tente, Tempire. ain, aim, in, im, ein, ien: sain, le pain, la main, lafaim, la fin, impur ; le sein, plein ; le mien, le tien, le sien. on, om: mon, ton, son, nom, ombre, le ballon, le monde.
an,

4.

nn, urn,

eun: un,

lundi, aucun, brun, le parfum,

jt

jeun.

NASAL SOUNDS.
These sounds are not nasal when followed ly a vowel
^

or.

when
Tan,
le

or

is

double: thus,
not Nasal

Nasal

Nasal
infidele, impoli,
incivil,

not Nasal
inutile,

Tane,
la

image,

Komain,
cousin,

Romaine,

innocent,
le

\g lion,
fin, le

la lionne,
fine, la cousine.

loin,

moine,

un.

une, la lune.

nneaa.oe)
ton, son,

%
his,

Masculine
her
I ]^ouns, singular.

ta,'% sn,hiher
as.

l-cmininc
nouns, singular,
\

un

roi,

Mng
brother
cousin, m,

nne

reine,
soeur,

a queen

mon

frere

my
thy
his,

ma

my
thy
his,

sister

ton cousin, son pere.

her

father

ta cousine, sa mere,
la

cousin,

f.

her mother
,

roncle, the uncle la tante, the aunt le pain, the bread le vin, the wine le jardin, the garden la maison, the house
1.

le crayon, the lead

a la maisoD, at home pencil la main, the hand le train, the train Londres, (silent s) London la Tamise, the Thames

plume the pen feather arrive, arrived propre, clean, fit bon, good
aussi, also.

the

Ton

frere a lu

mon
tante.

livre.
4.

2. II

a vu ton frere
est bon.
et

et ta sceur.
5.

3.

Ta

sceur a
aussi.
7.

vu
6.

ma

Ton pain

Mon

vin

est

bon

Ton

oncle a une maison,

ta tante a
train

ww

jardin.
9.

Votre cousin a bu
est bon. 10.

mon

vin.

8.

Le

est parti.

Ton crayon

Ma
14.

main

est propre.

11.

Londres

est sur la

Tamise.

12.

Ton

frere a

admire 7non jardin.

cousin lias my pencil. 2. He has seen ray brother and my sister. 3. My aunt has seen thy pencil and thy pen. 4. Our train has (is) started. 5. Your hand is on the book. 7. My 6. *My bread is good. uncle has given the wine to your aunt. 8. My cousin has seen London. 9. Your house is clean, and your garden is magnificent. 10. My brother has found your lead pencil and your pen.
1.

Thy

POSSESSIVE ADJECTIVES.

15,

His
TT

hrofher is HI
1-

Her
His

orother ts tU

.7

-77

1 Son
i

t^

fr^re

-a

i j est malade.
,.

sister is ill
sister is ill
I

Her
In French
in English,
Tile,

Sa

soenr est malade.

the Possessive Adjectives

mon, ton,

son,

ma,

ta,

sa agree with the thing possessed,

and not with

the Possessor as

f.

the island

einc^re, sincere
.

le negre, the
le cceur, the

negro

heart

severe, severe appris, learnt

la foi, the faith le violon, the violin

dans
triste,

(s

mute) in sad

I'ouvrage, m. the worTz

vendu, sold,

1.

Mon ami a vu

son pere et sa mhxQ.

3.

2.

Louise a perdu
et sa

son frere et sa soeur,

4. Elle

II

a perdu son crayon

et

plume.
oncle a

a aussi perdu son crayon

et

sa plume.

5.

Mon
ile.

vu sa soeur
frere.
foi
7.

son frere.
;

6.

Ma

tante a aussi

vu sa

soeur et son
8.

II

a lu un livre
9.

Robinson Crusoe dans son

est

Sa
est

est

sincere.
11.

Son coeur
fini

bon.

10.
elle

Son maitre
a aussi
fini

severe.

Votre soeur a

sa lecture,
violon.

son

ouvrage.

12. L'ltalien a

perdu son

16.
1. My consin has lost his uncle and his aunt. house and his garden. 3. His wine is good. 4. Emily
ill.

2.
is

He

has sold his

sad, her father is

5.

Alfred
7.
9.

is

sad,

his

mother

is ill.

6.

My

friend is faithful, his faith

8.

is

sincere.

his island.
is clean.

My My

sister is faithiul,

her faith

is sincere.

brother has found his pear and his knife.

is

Rohinson is in 10. His hand

11.

His reading

easy; her reading is easy.

MUTE FINAL CONSONANTS.

17.

MUTE FINAL CONSONANTS.

b, d, g, p, s, t, X, z, are generally mute
of a

word

at

the

end

dans, petit,

ploml), froid, long, sang, coup, trop, les, nos, Paris, fait, Yoix, nez, assez.

LIAISON.

The consonant
silent

at the

end of a word, however,

is

generally

carried on to the following if the latter begins with

a vowel or

h:

as,

Vous^arez (pron. voo^-zahvey). H estv^arrir^. Tin grands liomme (pron. granv^tom). Lesv-lial)its. SiX'-ans. Son^^ami. Obs. 1. The t of et is never sounded: Un pdre et line mdre; but
le p6rc est^arriv^.

Obs. 2. Double consonants are generally pronounced like single consonants (except ss): arriver, elle, appeler, parrain.

between two words indicates that the drawn over and sounded with the second.

final

consonant of the
en, dans,

first is

La

le pays, the

France, France country

I'enfant, m. <& f. the child le canal, the canal

I'argent, m. the silver

1.

money,

treasure Italy grand, great, large, tall, hig petit, little, small ou, where, ou, or \a.ga.Te,iherailway station
le tresor, the
I'ltalie, f.

in

assez,* enouc/h

long, long
utile,

very useful Marie, Mary. *before the noun or adj.

tres,

La France
est

3.

Ou

ton
8.

2. est^un grand pays. petit^arbre? 4. Mon'-ami a

Le pere
parle
9.

est'^arrive.

a
7.

tonv^oncle.

5.

Florence est^^en
10.

Italic.

6.

Paul est^un'^enfant.
11.

Marie estw
est

une enfant.
maison.
long.
14.

Ton

livre

est^assez grand.

L'enfant estv^a la

Ton^^ami a un petitv-enfant.

Le canal
metal

tres

12. Berlin est^^une ville.

13. L'or est'^un

tresv-utile.

Le

train estv-arrivd

a la gare.
18.

little

(is) arrived, 3. Where is your silver is a metal. 5. (The) child is in the garden. 7. The friend has given the gold to my 6. The bird is on the little tree. 10. (The) uncle. 9. A friend is a treasure. 8. Your garden is long enough. 12. My coat is useful. iron is very useful. 11. Thy oird is on the tree.

1.

Paris child?

is

a city.

2.

The

train has

4.

My

CONSONANTS.
19.]

<

c sounds

hefore a, o,
lefore a

k: canal, caisse,
like
(exce;pt li)
:

c sounds
hefore e,
i,

like ss:

y: ce, cet, ces, ceel,

ciel,

coq, coiir, culture, culr.

cymbale,

France, cire,

consonant

cinq, cent, lance, Cc^sar.

Clair, croix.
at the

when
a

end of a word

vowel:
cli

after lac, bee, due.

like the

has a cedilla (q): frauQais, (ja, IcQon, rcQii,

it

sounds

English

sli {not

commen<jons. ch) : chapeau, chaise,

cliez, clieyeu, clioc, cliute.

qu sounds
quel, quand.

like

(u not sounded):

quatre, qui, que,

masc. ce, cet; fem. cette, this, that; f ce, lefore a consonant: masc. { ^^1. ^ ^ ., , ^ ^ \ cet. More a yowel or silent h:-

Ce roi, this king cet ami, this friend [ ^^^ ^^^^.^^ ^^^-^ ^^^^ fem, cette; as, cette reine, this queen; cette amie, this friend^ f. cette habitude, this habit.
f

le

the heaven, the sky la le^on, the lesson le prophete, the prophet le (la) domestique , the
ciel,

(subst) the qui? who? whom? quel? which? ivhat? cc\si,that (standing alone) fraufais (adj.) French le concert, the concert c'est, it is, this is re9u, received oui, yes
le

Fran9ais,

Frenchman

le

servant cadeau, the present

commence, begun fait, made, done

de, of, from raais, but.

1. Le ciel est bleu. 2. Charles a regu cette lettre. 3. Qui a commence la legon? 4. Le maitre a commence la legon. 5. Qui a fait cela? 6. Mon frere a fait cela. 7. Quel homme a parle? 8. Cet homme a parle. 9. Qui a donne ma lettre a ton cousin? 10. C'est monv^ami qui a donne cette lettre a ton cousin et a ta cousine. 11. Qui a frappe ce roc? 12. C'est le prophete qui a frappe ce roc. 14. II a regu ce 13. Qui a apporte cette eau? crayon, cet habit, cet argent et cette fleur de cet enfant.

30.
has hrought this letter? 2. What man has lost this book? 3. This coat is new. 4. This money is for this child. 5. This man has (is) arrived from that town. 6. This lesson is easy. 7. Who has received this present? 8. Which child has begun this lesson? sky is clear. 9. The lO. This Italian has begun the concert.
1.

Who

10

PRESENT OF AVOIE.
31.

g sounds hard

before
,

g sounds
i,

a, 0, u : gaiitj gond, goutte, gai, Onstaye, guerre, aigu; ard consonants (except n):

y:
il

soft before

afflig^,

sage,

genou, germe, gibier, gymnase, niangea, nous sonvowel

gloire^gris, grare, anglais. Obs. In gne, gu^, gui, {as

guerre,

geons.
langiie, guerir, guise) the

is

not sounded.
leisure):

J sounds like soft g (liJce s in Jeune, je, projet, joli, jour, jus.

jar din, jalonx,

Present Tense of avoir,

to have,

have tu as, thou hast 11 (elle) a, he (she) has on^a, one has nous^ayons, tve have vousv-ayez, you have lis (elles)v^ont, they have
j'ai,
le gant, the glove

ai-je? have I? as-tu? hast thou? a-t-il (elle)? has he (she)? a-t-on? has one? arons-nous? have tve? ayez-vous? have you? ont-ils (elles)? have they?

deja, already le gilet, the tcaistcoat la glace, the ice Texercice, f. the exercise le gibier, the game

monsieur, sir, gentleman joue, m. played messieuTs, gentlemen, Messrs. mange, eaten madame, my lady, Mrs. anglais, English mesdaraes, my ladies VAngls^is, the Englishman
leur, their grec, Greek mis, placed,
afflige,

sad

la guerre, the
1.

war As-tu mon gant?

4.

put on
5.

wise, good (as to conduct) joli, pretty.

sage,

2.

Oui, yai ton gant.

3.

Jean a mx

joli jardin.
6.

Charles est tres-afflige.

As-tu. mis ton gilet?

yai mis mon gilet. 7. Oil as-tu joue? 8. J'ai joue dans 10. Oui, 9. Aves-Yons deja mange votre gateau? madame, nons^avoiis mange notre gateau. 11. Avez-Yous parle anglais? 12. Oui, messieurs, nons^avons parle anglais. 13. Ont14. Oui, mesdames, elles^ow^ parle frangais. elles parl^ frangais?
Oui,
le jardin.

33.
"Where bast thou found this glove? 2. Have you seen the palace? 4. Have they sold the game? 5. Did S. The donkey has eaten the grass. you speak (have you spoken) French? 6. No (sir) but I have spoken Italian. 9. Has he learned his 8. I have the money. 7. Who has the money? lesson? 10. Yes he has already learnt his lesson. 11. Have they seen their brother ? 12. Yes, they have seen tlieir brother.
1.

FOEMATION OF THE PLURAL.

33.
Singular {Singulier).
Plural (Pluriel).

ill

le frere,

the brother

la soeur, the sister

les freres, the brothers les soeurs, the sisters

ce chien,

this

dog

ces chiens, these dogs

ces^arbres, these trees ces plumes, these pens.

cet^arbre, this tree cette plume, this pen

Greneral Eule. Sul)stantiYes and Adjeetiyes used in the Plural number take s; but those which end iw s, x or z do not change in the Plural,
la tete, the head le pied, the foot la cerise, the cherry I'orange, f. the orange
le bas, the stocking

le bras, the

arm

Jean,

John

sont, are achete, bought

la prairie, the meadow la faute, the fault,

ouvert, opened, open deux, two

la botte, the boot la noix, the nut

1.

mistake trois, three derange, put out of order quatre, four oublie, forgotten quand, when.
2.

Charles et Jean, avez-vousv-^^crit ?e5^exercices?

3.

Qui
trois

a derange ces livres ?

Monv^ami Henri a quatre crayons,

4.

plumes wet
5.

deux
7.

canifs.

Ont-elles
6.

mange

les

cerises?
les

Quandwontv^ilsvacbete

cesv-oranges ?

Avez-vousv^ouvert

fen^tres?
8.

Oui, nousv^avonsv^ouvert
ces cerises?
9.

les

fenetresv^et les portes.

Pour qui sont

Elles sont pour ^esv-^enfants et

10. Ont-ils

ces
les

pommes
jardins?

sont
11.

pour

les^Simies.

Avez-vous mis les bas? bras, deux mains^et deux pieds.

24.

12. J'ai

vu les palais^et une tete, deux

2. Has he put on these stockings? Yes, he has put on these stockings and these boots. 4. Have you learnt the lessons? 5. Who has eaten the nuts? 6. Charles has found these ilowers in the meadows. 7. You have made three mistakes in these exercises. Where have 8. you bought these trees? 9. You have forgotten the letters and the books. 10. Has she corrected these exercises? 11. Have you admired the palaces and gardens? 12. I have received three nuts from my friend.
1.

Have they read these books?

3.

12

FORMATION OP THE PLURAL

25.
Singnlier.

PlurieL

mon frere, mp brotJier ma sceur, my sister

ton
cousin, m.
f.
1 .,

mes mes

freres,
soeurs,

tny brothers

my

sisters

ta cousine,

cousin ^^

son ami,

his (her) friend

sa plume, his (lier) pen notre canif, our penknife votrc maitre, your master leur fils, tlieir son
la musique, the music

tes cousins, on. 1 ,, cousins tes cousines, f. / ^^ ses amis, his (her) friends scs plumes, his (her) ptens

nos can if s, our penknives YOS maitres, your masters

leurs
fils,

their sons.
\ .^
.

le voisin,

m.
/.

r?

the bookseller la librairie, the booksellers shop or

le libraire,

la voisine,

r'^^^^*^^^^"'-

manque, missed, failed

attendu, waited, expected entendu, heard, learned, understood longtemps, a long time ici, here la, there f at the house (shop) of, chez, . 's. \ at the
. .
.

business le parapluie, the umbrella le bagage, the luggage

la cloche,
le
tJie

bell

voyageur, the traveller amene, led, brought

1.

Oil as-tu
acliete
3.

acliete

ton papier,

ta

2.

J'ai

mes
leurs

canifs,
a-t-il

ma

plume

et

regu m^n livre, exercices? 5. Ont-elles commence leurs 6. Vos cousins ont apporte leurs violons et vos cousins lectures ? ont amend leurs amies. 7. Les voyageurs ont perdu leur bagage. 9. Nos voisins et nos 8. Mes soeurs ont trouve leurs parapluies. 10. Tes amis sont aussi mes voisines ont ferme leurs maisons. 11. Votre tante et vos cousins ont manque le train. amis. 12. Notre oncle et nos cousines ont attendu longtemps.
libraire.
4.

Quand

plume et tes crayons? mes crayons cliez le ma lettre et mes papiers?

Ont-ils

fini

26.
cousins have brought their ancle, my aunt and 3. Have you eaten your cake and your 2. His friends (f.) are hero. have eaten our cake and our apples. 5. Have they brought their 4. 7. 6. Yes, they have brought their gloves and their umbrellas. 8. Our neighbours have brought their have brought their books.
1.

My

my

friends.

We

apples? gloves?
friends friends.

My

9.

Where
bell?

luggage?
tl?e

are your umbrellas and your gloves? 10. 11. These travellers have missed the train.

Have they found their 12. Have they heard

CONSONANTS.
27.
s

13

sounds

nice ss

s sounds like z,

la at the beginning of a word; in (1) between two vowels: maison, saisir, le cousin. the middle after consonants les^ only: (2) in liaisons (see 17):

sage, le sel, siffler, le sol, absolu, obserye, constant.

amis,

mesv^ habits,

ces^

hommes.

(initial)

sounds as in English:

le z^ro, le zele, la zOne*

to be,

Present of etre,
je suis, I am tu es, thou art 11 (elle) est, he (she) is on est, one is nous sommes, we are vous tes, you are lis (dies) sont, they are.
Practice:

suis-je? am I? es-tu? art thou? est-il (elle)? is he (she)? est-on? is one? sommes-nous? are we? Stes-vous? are you? sont-ils (elles)? are they?

am
I

Am
le soir, the
le zele, the zeal

at school, thou art at church, etc. young? Art thou tired? etc.

evening

parce que, hecause

jeune,

le devoir, the duty, tasJc

young

a a

I'ecole, f. at school

I'eglise,

f.

at church

riche, rich 1.

fatigue, tired cher {fern, chere) dear, expensive content, contented, satisfied la table, the table.
2.

cher Gustave, je suis ton arrive ce soir. 5. Mon 7. -fi^es-vous 6. J?^e5-vous content? cousin est aussi arrive. sage? 8. Je suis content parce que je suis sage. 9. Est-\\ riche? 12. ^o^^elles 11. Est-Q\\Q jeune? 10. Non, mais il est content. a Tegiise? 13. Non, elles sont a I'ecole. 14. jE's^-il a la maison? 15. Oui, il est a la maison.
Es-iVi

mon ami?

Oui,

mon
il

ami.

3.

^s^-il arrive?

4.

Oui,

est

1. I

am

young.

2.

One is contented. 6. in Paris? 9. Are you my friend? 10. Is she your friend? 11. Are they your cousins? 12. Are they (/.) your cousins. 13. Are they at home? 14. Are they from London. 15. Is she at school?
5.

38. Thou art tired. 3. He is satisfied. 4. She is rich. Your are at home. 7. They are at church. 8. Is he

14

ADJECTIVES.
39.
Mascnline.

Feminine,

Masculine.
franQais,

Feminine.

grand,
petit,

great
little

grande,
petite.

French
tired

frangaise,
fatiguee.

fatigue,

Gfeneral Rule. The Feminine of Adjectiyes (and Suhstantives) is formed by adding e mute to the masculine termination;
hut Adjectives ivhich end in e mute in the Masculine remain

unchanged in
Masculine.
utile,

the

Feminine Singular:
Feminine.
utile,

as,

Masculine.
difficile,
riclie,

Feminine.
difficult
difficile,

useful

timide,

timid

timide.

rich

riche.
the Substantive or

Ayi Adjective agrees in

Gender and Number with

Pronotm
(1)

to

which

it

relates; that is

An

tive or

Pronoun which

Adjective takes the Sign of the Feminine when the Substanit qualifies is in the Feminine: as,

Masc.

Ton
(2)

petit cousin est fatigu^.

Fem. Ta

petite cousine est fatiguee.

when
Sing.

Adjective takes the Sign of the Plural (generally s, see 23) the Substantive or Pronoun is used in the Plural: as,

An

Le bon chien
Obs.

est utile.

Plur.

Le bons chieus sont

utiles.

If the Feminine Substantive is in the Plural, takes the Sign of both Feminine and Plural:
Slasculinc Singular.

the Adjective

Feminine Plural.

Ton

petit cousin est fatigue.

difficile, difficult

Tes
le

petites cousines sont fatiguees.

fort,

strong (Scrit, written

1.

amusant, amusing, entertaining theme, the exercise

si,

so.

2. Mon cousin est grand. Es-tu maJade? 5.fites-vous malades? 6. Le voyageur est fatigue. 7. Les voyageurs sont fatigues. 8. Mon 9. Ta lettre anglaise est amusante. livre anglais est amusant. 10. Tes livres anglais sont amusants. 11. Tes lettres anglaises sont amusantes. 12. Sont-elles riches'^ 13. Non, mais elles sont conientes.

Les bons

livres

sont utiles.
4.

3.

Ma

cousine est grande.

30.
3. Your 2. My cousins are young. neighbours are rich. 4. We are your faithful ^ friends.^ 5. Have you \vritten your exercises? 6. Are they difficult? 7. No, they are easy. 8. My dear 10. Your French 2 books* friends, are you tired? 9. Yes, we are very tired. are very amusing. 11. These readings are usefuL 12. My little friends are timid.
1.

(Tlie)

good dogs are

faithful.

CONSONANTS,
31.

15

is

silent

in

derived from Latin:

most words

is

aspirate in most words

not derived from Latin:

rhomme,
Obs.
le

Thistoire, I'herbe,

la ^haine, le 'hasard, la ^honte, la 'harpe, la ^hate, 'liaut.

is

habile, Thabitude.

th

is

never pronounced as in English; t alone

sounded:-^

thd (pron. tay) the tea.

Kemember
before

that
before

a word beginning with

li

a silent

(as before

a vowel)

a word beginning with an aspirate li (as hef other cons.)

vowel:
(2)

(1) le, la, the,

drop their voI'habitude.

wel (1'):

rhomme,

(2) ce, (m.) this, talces a t cet homme, cet habit. (cet):

le ^hasard, la ce, (masc.) never at: ee 'hasard, ee ^areng.

(1) le,

la

never

drop

their

^honte.
taJces

(3) the final consonant

of the

preceding word
{liaison,

is

drawn
8):

see

JExpl.

(3) the final consonant of the over preceding word is never drawn les grands ^hasards, les over:

grandsvhommes, mesv-habits.
I'histoire, f. the history, story

les

'harpes.

I'hiver,

m. the lointer
hero

la colline, the hill 'hardi, hold

vert,

le 'heros, the

green

la 'hauteur, the height la 'haie, the hedge la 'liarpe, the harp la 'HoUande,
le froid, cold

*haut, high

considerable, considerahle

combattu, fought
raconte, related devant, before (as to place) avant, before (as to time and order).

Holland

'hame9on, the fishhook

1. L'hiver est froid. 2. Cet hiver mon cousin a ete a Paris. As-tu mis ton habit neuf? 4. Ou as-tu achete ton hame^on? 5. Le heros a combattu pour sa patrie. 6. Qui a raconte ces 9. La histoires? 7. Cet arbre est haut. 8. Ce heros est hardi. haie devant la maison est tres haute. 10. La hauteur de cette

3.

colline est considerable.

33.
have read the history of this hero. 2. Have you read the history of (the) Holland? 8. I have lost my book. 4. They are on the high hill. 5. This hedge is green. 7. This coat is new. 6. This harp is splendid, 8. This grass is very high. 9. This man has been in (en) Holland. 10. This hero is honoured in his country.
1. I

li>

VERB tTRE.
33.

Present of etre,
je

to he,

negatively and interrogatively.

ne

suis pas,

I am
etc.

not,

ne

suis-je pas,

am I

not?

etc.

tu n'es i)as,

n'es-tu pas,
n'est-il (elle) pas,

ils

n'est pas, on n'est pas, nous ne sommes pas, vous n'etes pas, (elles) ne sont pas.
(ellc)

n'est-on pas,

ne sommes-nous pas,
n'etes-vous pas,

ne

sont-ils

Bead and
heureux, happy

translate all sentences in

(elles) pas? Ex. 28 negatively.

la lettre, the letter

malheureux, unhappy

appliqu^, diligent pourquoi, why toujours, always.

Obs. The following Past Participles of Verbs (most of which express going or coming), are conjugated ith French with the Auxiliary Verb Stre,
to he:

alle,

gone

reste, stayed, parti,

sorti,

remained
set

arrive, arrived

come in retonrne, returned, gone hack

entre, entered,

departed, gone out

out,

left

tombe, fallen

vena, coine revcnu, come hack.

1. iV'es-tu pas mon ami, Charles? 2. Oui, mon cher Gustave, 3. iV^etes-vous pas notre voisin? 4. Non, monje suis ton ami. sieur, je ne suis pas votre voisin. 5. Ne sommes-nous pas heureux quand nous avons fait nos devoirs? 6. Oui, nous sommes tou7. Qui est le jours heureux, quand nous avons fait nos devoirs. mattre de cette ecole ? 8. C'est monsieur Albert qui est le maitre de cette ecole. 9. Sont-elles a la maison? 10. Non, madame, 11. Pourquoi etes-vous si tristes, elles ne sont ^;as a la maison.

mes chers amis?

1.

12.

Nous ne sommes pas

34.

tristes.

not your neighbours (m. & f.)? 2. No, they are not our neighbours, but they are our friends (m. & f.). 3. Are you the master of 5. Is she not at this school? 4. No, I am not the master of this school. home? 6. Why are you not diligent, my children? 7. "We are diligent 9. No, they are not our friends, but they 8. Are they not your friends? are our neighbours. 10. Is he not satisfied? 11. No, he is not satisfied. 14. No, they are 13. Are they not unhappy? 12. Are they not very bold? not unhappy, they are happy.

Are

lliey

VEEB AVOIR.
35.

17

Present of Avoir,

to have,

negatively and interrogatively.

je n'ai pas,

have not,

etc,

n'ai-je pas,

have

not? etc

tu n'as pas, il (elle) n'a pas,

n'as-tu pas,
n'a-t-il (-elle) pas,

on n'a pas, nous n'avons pas, vous n'avez pas,

ils (elles)

n'a-t-on pas,

n'avons-nous pas, n'avez-vous pas,

n'ont-ils (-elles)

n'ont pas;

pas?

Bead and
le

translate all the sentences of

Ex. 22 negatively.

temps, the time, the pas meme, not even weather aujourd'liui, to-day dine, dined le cheval, the horse dejeune, hreaTcfasted bon, m. 1 pas encore, not yet bonne, /. J ^

l2i.sevYa.nte,themaidservani la chambre, the room la saison, the season

comment? how? what!

mais, hut.

1.

As-tu deja dine?

2.

Non

je w'ai

pas encore dine, je

w'ai

pas meme dejeune. 3. Comment, tu w'as pas encore dejeune? 4. Je *^'ai pas eu le temps. 5. iV'a-t-il pas assez mange? 6. Non, il w'a pas encore assez mange. 7. Nous n'avons pas encore appris
nos legons aujourd'hui.
monsieur,
tique?
la
8.

Avez-vous un beau jardin?

prairie.

mais nous avons une

10. A-t-il

9. Non, un domes-

11.

Non,

il

a une servante.

12. Ont-ils

un tableau dans

chambre?

13. Oui, ils ont

un tableau superbe dans la chambre.

36.
3. Has 2. Hast tbon not a good horse? he not a large house? 4. Has she not a pretty child? 5. Have we not a good season? 6. Have you not two dogs? 7. Have they not a useful* booki? 8. Has he not a lesson to-day? 9. Has she not yet breakfasted? 10. Have you received a letter? 12. Has she 11. Has he not three books?
1.

Have I not your

letter?

a friend?

Answer

the

ahove

questions

in

French ,

loth

affirmati-

vely and negatively.

Eugfene, Frepch Method.

18

DJTEREOGATIVE
37.

VEIiB.

beau? Votre sant^ est-elle bonne? Les arbres sont-ils hauts? Les etoiles sont-elles nombreuses? Ton frcre a-t-il un cheval? Tes soeurs ont-elles una legon?
est-il
the health rencre, f the ink la viUe, the town
la santc,

Le temps

Is the iveatlier fine?

Is your health good?

Are Are

the trees high? the stars

numerous?
a lesson?

Has thy Have thy

m.

Ir other a horse?
sisters

I'artiste,

&

f.

the artist

aimable, amiable
,

en

ville,

in town (out

"^^"^', '''''"'
,
,

I'ecolior

r^colir/e." I
1.

ml, ^^^
4.

voyage, travelled
le

'^^^^^'^

*'^^

P^P^

vmage,

the village.
3.

Est-il fort?

2.

Ton

frere est-il fort?

Ta

sceur est-elle

Tes amies sont-elles aimablcs? 6. A-t-il voyage? 7. Ton ami a-t-i^ voyage? 8. Ta cousine a-t-clle voyage? 9. Vos voisins ont-ils voyage? 10. Leurs 11. Notre frere n' est-il pas venu? voisines ont-elles voyage? 13. Ces ecoliers ne sont12. Votre tante n*est-elle pas partie? 14. Leurs fleurs ne sont-elles pas jolies? ils pas appliques?
forte?
sont-j7s
5.

Tes amis

aimables?

15. Votre saute est-elle bonne,

elle est

madame?

16. Merci,

mon

enfant,

bonne.
full,

In the following sentences supply tive for Subject, and give an answer in
negatiye :
17. Est-il (elle)

an appropriate Substanboth affirmatiye and

a la maison? 18. Sont-ils (elles) a T^cole? pas a Teglise? 20. Ne sont-ils (elles) pas en 21. A-t-il (m. & f. sing. & plur.) fait son (leur) devoir? ville? 22. N'a-t-il (m. & f sing. & plur.) pas voyag6 en Hollande?
19. N'cst-il (elle)
.

38.
good? 2. Is not this ink very pale? 3. Are the doors and windows not open? 4. No, they are not open. 5. Have the tra1.

Is

their health

6. Is not the Tellers lost their luggage? not cold? 8. Is this artist rich or poor?

duty?
12.

10.

Has

Has (is) your brother the scholar a lesson?

summer warm? 7. Is the winter 9. Has not the scholar done his arrived? 11. Have your friends travelled?

ADJECTIVES.
39.

19

ye

Adjectives ending in f in the Masculine cJiange this f into change this x into so in the Feminine; those ending in

in the

Feminine;

as,

actif,

actiye,

active,

actif,

actires.

heureux, heureuse,

happy,

heureux, lieureuscs.
Grammar",
33).

(See "Eugene's Comparative French

Adjectives denoting names after the Substantive:

of nations and

colours stand

la langue franQaise,

the 'French^ language,

un habit noir,

a 'Uach^

coat.

the feminine of the following Adjectives: laborieux, simple, neuf, glorieux, modeste, court, avide, attentif, fameux,

Form

mauvais,
le

vif,

africain, asiatique, victorieux.

le guerrier, the

warrior latin, latin vertueux, virtuous allemand, German laborieux, industrious la version, the translation mauvais, had voici, here is la Eussie, Russia delicieux, delicious veneneux, poisonous voila, thei'e is populeux, populous lecoidonmer, the shoemaker studieux, studious la, grannmdiiTC, the grammar.
le prince, the

prince

pardon, the pardon

1.

Ce jeune homme

est-il

actif et laborieux?

2.

Non,

il

n'est pas actif,

mais sa soeur est tres active et laborieuse. 3. Oil avez-vous achate cette grammaire allemande ? 4. J'ai achete cette grammaire allemande chez ce libraire. 5. Ces pommes ne sontelles pas mauvaises? 6. Non, elles sont delicieuses. 7. Oil avezvous trouve cette fleur bleue? 8. Nous avons trouve ces fleurs hleues dans votre petit jardin. ecrit ces 9. Quand avez-vous
lettres frangaises?

10.

Le cordonnier
latinos

a-t-il

apporte

mes

bottes

neuves?
sont-elles

11.

Vos versions

sent -elles

faciles?

12.

Les

villes anglaises sont-elles

amusantes?

populeuses? 13. Vos histoires anglaises 14. La Russie est-elle un grand pays?
40.

Are you happj^, Louisa? 2. No, I am not happy. 3. Why are you unhappy? 4. We have lost our sister. 5. Why is your cousin (m. & f._) not active? 6. Pardon [me], he (she) is very active. 7. The Black Prince* was a courageous warrior. 8. Is your young cousin (f.) studious? 9. Are their boots new? 10. Are your neighbours (m. & f.) virtuous? 11. Thero is an unhappy child. 12. Is this plant poisonous?
1.
"^

2*

20

ADJECTIVES.

41.
cruel, cruelle, cruel
pareil, pareille, like,

itaKen, italienne, Italian

such

quel? quelle? which? what?

bon, bonne, good bas, basse, low.

Adjectives ending in el, eilj en, on and most adjectives in s double their final consonant and add e in the feminine.

In

like

maimer Substantires may

he

made feminine:

le juif, the Jeio la juive, the Jewess

le lion, the lion

la lionne, the lioness.

Adjectives ending in er, et, taJce a grave accent:'^

cher, chere; complet, complete.
la langne, the tongue, the language la religion, the religion la montre, the watch
la

chretien, christian consolant, consoling

las, tired

maladie { Jj^ '^J!'^^^ \ the disease

honteux, disgraceful ancien, ancient, old

interessant, interesting etndie, studied, learned

f. the avarice la passion, the passion

I'avarice,

la connaissance, { J?^ tfie acquaintance I

Jcnowledge

nemieite Henrietta
la conduite, the behaviour.

1. Avez-vous etudie la langue italienne? 2. Non, monsieur, mais j'ai etudie la langue frangaise et la langue latine. 3. Cette eau est tres bonne. 4. La religion chrdtienne est consolante. 5. Quelle montre avez-vous la? 6. C'est une montre anglaise. 7. Est-elle wewi-e? 8. Non, elle n'est pas neuve, mais elle est encore bonne. 9. Mes sceurs ne sont pas encore lasses. 10. La lionne est cruelle. 11. Quelle maladie a-t-il? 12. Quel bomme a amene ce cbeval? 13. L'avarice est une passion honteuse. 14. Les montres anglaises sont tres bonnes.

43.
(The) ancient history in interesting. 2. Is your aunt tired? 8. I nave seen a liou and a lioness. 4. Such'^ (a)i behaviour is disgraceful. 5. The Italian language is very easy. 6. Are you tired, Henrietta ? 7. These houses are very low. 8. Which book have you lost? 9. The water is low. 10. What lesson have you for this evening? 11. The knowledge of the French language is very useful. 12. You are not happy, my cousins (f.), because you are not industrious.
1.

DECLENSION.
43.
<l? ofy

21

from;

hy to, at, in.

de Londres, of (from) London; h Londres, to (at, in) London de Bruxelles, of (from) Brussels; h Bruxelles, to (at, in) Brussels
d'Athenes, of (from) Athens;
d' stands instead of

^ Athenes,

to (at, in)

Athens.

de defore words heginning with a vowel or silent h

The English in, (at) is rendered in French by (1) hy h before names of towns or places: ^ Paris, h la maison, ^ I'eglise;
(2) hy en before names of countries without en France, en Amerique; (3)

it,

en or dans:^-

article:

dans

la

by dans before names of countries & places with the Article:^ France meridionale, dans FAmerique du Nord.
irlandais, Irish

Douvres, Dover la rue, the street Yenise, Venice le peintre, the painter r^tudiant, m. the student Vienne, Vienna
Geneye, Geneva
la Suisse, Switzerland

a present,

at presenty

now
le

Mosgou, Moscow
I'Angleterre,
d' oh.?
f.

England

le

negociant, the merchant marchand, the trades-

Genes, Genoa
1,

whence, where from?

2.

man

Notre maitre est de Bordeaux. 4. Elle est a present a 5. Votre ami est-il alle a Genes? Dublin. Non, il n'est pas alle a Vienne, mais il est alle a Venise. 6. Ou sont vos jeunes soeurs? 9. Geneve 7. Elles sont encore a Geneve. 8. Ou est Geneve? 11. Non, 10. Monsieur Albert est-il de Rome? est en Suisse. 13. Les il est (^'Atbenes. 12. Ce peintre est revenu c^'Italie. rues de Londres sont-elles grandes? 14. Les maisons de Paris sont-elles hautes? 16. Oui, 15. Avez-vous 6te en Angleterre?

D'ou

est votre maitre ?

3.

Ou

est

votre

servante

irlandaise?

j'ai

ete.a Londres.

44.
"Where is this student from? student is from Dover. 2. This 3. Where is he now? 4. He is now at Caen. 5. Have (are) the travellers not come* from Berlin? 6. No, they have come* from Moscow. 7. Where is Moscow? 8. Moscow is in Russia. 9. Has** your master returned from Paris? 10. No, he is now at Rome. 11. Have (are) the merchants arrived* in England? 12. Yes, they are now in London. 13. Where have (are) these young painters come* from? 14. They have come* from Italy. 15. From Genoa or from Rome? 16. No, they have come* from Florence.
1.

plural.

**Ex.

33. Obs,

VERBS AUXILIAEY.
45.

Avoir,
j'ai eu,

PAST INDEFINITE,
I have
hadj
etc.

tire,
6t^, been.
j'ai ete,

Past Part.: eu, had;

tu as eu
il (elle,

I have been, etc.

tu as ete
il

on) a eu nous avons eu vous avez eu ont eu.

(elle,

on) a ete nous avons ete vous avez ete

ils (elles)

ils

(elles)

ont ete.

n'ai pas eu, I have not hadj etc. Je n'ai pas ete, I have not been, etc. Ai-je ete? Have I been? etc. Ai-je eu? Have I had? etc. N'ai-je pas eu? Havel not had? N'ai-je pas 6te? Have I not been?

Je

For practice form sentences ly adding appropriate Suhstantives to the Verbs in the first column, and Adjectives or names of places to those in the second: as,
J'ai eu

un ami, etc. Ai-je en une le^on? etc.

Je
n'ai

J'ai 6i6

malade,

etc.

pas eu

le livre, etc.

N'ai-je pas eu votre encrier? etc.

le prix, the prize, the

Ai-je ete recompense? etc. Je n'ai pas ete a Bordeaux, etc. N'ai-je pas ^te a Paris? etc.

Edimbourg, Edinburgh

price Vienne, Vienna le dejeuner, breakfast le medecin, the physician I'officier, m. the officer I'an, m. I'annee, f the year la medecine, the medecine puni, punished la semainc, the week
1.

recompense, reioarded hier, yesterday

le dernier,

the last

I'enerier,
le

m. the iyikstathd matin, the morning.

2.

As-tu deja eu ta legon,

mon jeune ami?

Oui, monsieur,

fal eu

le^on ce matin. 3. Votre maitre a-t-il ete ici? 4. Non, madame , il n'a pas ete ici. 5. Qui a eu le^ prix ? 6. Mon ami Henri a eu le prix. 7. Quand aves-vous ete a Edimbourg? 8. Nous

ma

avons ete hier a Edimbourg. 9. Les officiers ont-ils ete a Chalons? 10. Non, les officiers ont ete a Versailles. 11. Pourquoi avez-vous 12. J'ai ete puni parce que je n'ai pas ete sage. t6 puni?

46.
Have you already been in London, Sir? 2. Yes, Sir, I have been 4. Yes, 3. Has he had a lesson with his brother? in London this week. he has had two lessons. 5. Have you not been in Venice this summer? 8. No, 7. Have they not been punished? 6. No, I have been in Vienna. 10. Yes, 9. Has the physician been here? Sir, they have been rewarded. 11. Have the children been at school? he has been here this morning.
1.

12.

No, they have been to church.

DECLENSION.
47.

23

Nom.

& Ace. Alfred, Alfred Gen. d'Alfred, of {from) Alfred,

Alfred's

un ami, a friend
d'un ami, of {from) a friend,

Bat

^Alfred, to Alfred
Decline thus:

fimilie,

a friend's h un ami, to a friend. Charles, une fleur, ce couteau,

etc.

Observe that the English Possessive case can be rendered in French in one way only that is by putting the preposition de before the possessor: as, The looks of my friend 1 t i,n.-h ;i ^r.^ o^; ^^^ ^^^"^^ ^ "^^^ ^"^^ My friend's looks

1 received
Practice:

this look

from

my

friend

J'ai re9u ce livre

de men ami.

a father's love, the king's palace, my friend's gloves; Byron's poem's, your cousin's house; their mother's death; your child's hat.
la tache, the task la tache, the spot, stain avec, with
le
(/". silent) the key poeme, the poem le martyr, the martyr de qui, of (,'rom) whom

I'amour, vi. the love, affection I'oeuvre, f the work la mort, the death le cahier, the copylook
1.

la clef,

Francois, Francis la regie, f. the rule

2. As-tu donne ton Non, j'ai donne mon livre a Frangois. 4. A-t-il prete son cahier a Emile? 5. Avez-vous ecrit a votre frere? 6. La tache de Louise est-elle difficile? 7. Qui etes-vous, mon-

As-tu regu ce cadeau de ta cousine?

3.

livre

a Charles?

sieur ?
cin

Je suis le cousin de votre ami. 9. fites-vous le medetante? 10, Avez-vous appris les regies de votre grammaire? 11. De qui as-tu regu cette belle montre? 12. qui as-tu montre la clef? 13. Le livre c? Alice est-il amusant? 14. Les lettres de votre tante sont-elles interessantes?
8.

de

ma

48.
2. No, I have not read Byron's poems, but I have read Fox's Martyrs. 3. Is Henry's Latin book easy? 4. Has* your lather's friend come? 5. Yes, he has come with our physician's son. 6. Have you written to your master? 7. No, Sir, but I have written to our bookseller. 9. Has 8. Has your brother's lesson been easy? your friend seen our neighbour's garden? 10. William's sister has not written to our cousin. 11. Our gardener's son has not yet come. 12. From whom have you received these letters? *ex. 33. Obs. 1.

Have you read Byron's poems?

24

DECLENSION.

49.

de le ^ le
into

= ^ au,

(lu,

of {from) the
to {at) the

de les
k les

= des, =

aiix.

When de or k stand hefore le or les, they are contracted one word, as ahove. (See Eugene's French Grammar, Introd. 31.)
But de and h
are never contracted with either la or V,
les freres, the brothers

Norn.

Ace
Gen.
Dat.

jg

JJ.^JJ.g^

^^g brother

da au

frore,

^"^^
{

%yi'^J^,
to the brother

des

freres,

of {from) the brothers

fr^re,

aux

freres, to the brothers

I'ami,

de

the friend ^^ (from) the friend I'ami, | the friencVs to the friend rami,

les amis, the friends

des amis, of {from)

tJie

friends

aux

amis, to the friends

Phomme,
fle
Ik

the
<

man
man man

les honunes, the

men

I'homme,
I'homme,
la soenr,

of (from) the the man's

to the

des hommes, of (from) the men

aux hommes,

to the

men

the sister

les scenrs, the sisters

de la
ii

soeur

{of
'j

(from) the sister

the sister's
to the sister

des

soeurs,

of {from) the sisters

la scenr,
I'eau,

aux

soBurs, to the sisters

the icater
?/"

les eaux, the waters

^"^'''

de "

I'eau, I (^^r^*'^^ ' \ the waters

des eaux, of {from) the waters

I'eau,

to the

water

aux

eaux, to the ivaters.

le soldat, f7ie soldier

Dieu,
le

God

monde, the world

gout, the taste

le

le teint, the complexion la rive, the bank, shore le conseil, the advice,

la paix, i/ic jjeace

le Prussien, the

Prussian
the

la biere, the beer le fruit, the fruit

counsel
le chasseur,

I'ennemi

masc.

enemy the hunter le trace, <7ie trace, trade la tour, the tower le nom, tJie name le tour, the turn, la princesse, the princess le lievre, </ie hare suivi, jfollowed la vie, iAe Zi/e le colonel, */ie colonel
captain la capitale, the capital rinstitutrice, the governess le Portugal, Portugal
le capitaine, </ie

round

la
le

la France, France bonne , the nursery I'empereur, the emperor maid, servant commerce, the commerce la faim, the hunger

Lisbonne, Lisbon observe, observed expose, exposed joint, joined

mur, ripe.

DECLENSION.
1.

25

du frere, de Toncle et de la du monde et le roi des rois. 3. Le maitre a parle de la le^on de Z'eeolier. 4. Le gotit du vin et de 5. Les fruits des arbres du jardin sont la biere est agreable. 6. Edouard est le nom du prince et Henriette est le nom mtirs. de la princesse. 7. A-t-il observe les regies de la grammaire? 9. Nous avons parle 8. Louis Philippe a ete le roi des Frangais. ecrit au frere du capitaine ? Avez-vous 10. des amis du colonel. 11. Non, monsieur, nous avons ecrit une lettre a la soeur de Vm12. Ont-ils stitutrice, et deux lettres a ?'amie de la bonne. montre leurs tbemes aux maitres du college? 13. N'avez-vous pas admire le teint des Anglaises? 14. Les rives du EhCne et 15. Avez-vous suivi les conseils de la Seine sont cbarmantes.
Avez-vous apport^
2.

les livres

tante ?

Dieu

est le maitre

du medecin?
des lievres.

16.

Les chiens des chasseurs ont

suivi les traces

50.
1. Has she not admired the palaces of the king and of the queen? the capital of (the) France, and 3. Paris is 2. The life of man is short. Lisbon is the capital of (the) Portugal. 4. The merchant has spoken of (the) commerce, and the soldier of (the) war and (of the) peace. 5. I have not found the physician's son at home. 6. The poor [man] is exposed to (the) hunger and (to the) cold. 7. The Prussians are the enemies of the French. 9. The soldiers of 8. The tower of the church of the village is very high. the Emperor of the French have joined the soldiers of the Queen of England. 10. Francis is my brother's name. 11. Is your friend's health good? 12. The emperor's soldiers have joined the enemy.

51.
comDien
il
,
.
-,

ae,
^

much I'automne, {m mute) m. dimanche, Sunday lundi, Monday ^^^ ^^^^^ ^j^^ autumn
Tiow
I'hiver,

a,

there is, there are

m. the winter

J Si-t-il? is there ?arethere?

fois,

le jour, the
le

font*, malce, are time (in multiplicatj le printemps, the spring I'ete, m. the summer

day mois, the month

mardi, Tuesday mercredi, Wednesday

jeudi,

Thursday

la classe, the class le doigt,t the finger la chaise, the chair

^gt mute.

vendredi, Friday samedi, Saturday le pont, the bridge.

Sd p.

plur, Indicat. Present of faire.

The days

of the

week

are Masot

26
1,
2,

NUMERALS.
un, une,
f.

8, huit 9,

deux
quatre cinq
sept

neuf

15, quinze 16, seize

17, dix -sept 18, dix-buit
19, dix-neuf

3, trois

10, dix
11, onze

4,
5,

12, douze
13, treize 14, quatorze

6, six

7,

20, vingt 21, vingt et

un

The
(1)

final consonants of cinq, six, sept, huit, neuf, dix, are pronou/nced when these numhers are standing alone:

il

y en^a cinq,

six,

sept,

huit,

neuf, dix.

(2) before

a Towel or

silent

{see

Lesson 17):^

cinq^arhres, sept,heures.

The final consonant is not pronounced before a Substantive or cinq maisons, sept harpes. jective beginning with a consonant:

Ad-

Pronounce the following numbers in French:

10, 14, 9, 2,

13, 8, 19, 11, 20, 15, 1, 14, 3, 17, 5, 12, 6, 16, 7, 4.

1.

L'annec a quatre saisons:

2.

le

printemps, Tete, raiitomne et

Combien de maisons y a-t-il dans cette rue ? 3. H y 4. Combien de jours y a-t-il dans une semaine? maisons. a vingt 5. Combien font quatre et douze; cinq et neuf; huit et onze; 6. Nous sommes douze dans notre treize et cinq; trois et seize? trois fois six? deux 7. Combien font quatre fois cinq? classe. 8. Combien de doigtsas-tu? 9. Combien de fautes fois huit? y 10. La semaine a sex)t jours: dimancbe, a-t-il dans votre tbeme?
I'hiver.

luudi, mardi, mercredi, jeudi, vendredi et samedi.

52.
This town has three churches, twenty streets and four gates. 2. The year has twelve months, the month has four weeks, the week has seven days. 3. How many are 9 and 8, 7 and 13, 8 and 11; 4 times 4, 3 times 5, 3 times 6? 4. We are eighteen in our class. 5. There are five bridges and four gates in this town. 6. How many rooms are there in this house? 8. In this room there are three tables and eight 7. There are twelve rooms. 9. There are twenty of them (they are twenty) in the French class. chairs. 10. I have two hands and ten fingers.
1.

VERB AVOIR,
53.

27

Imperfect (Imparfait) of Avoir, to have:

j'avais, I had tu avais, thou hadst (elle) avait, he (she) had
1.

etc.

Avais-je?

had I?

etc.

avais-tu? etc.

il

ils

nousv^avionS; we had vousv^aviez, you had (elles)^avaieiit they had.

Je n'avais pas, I had not, tu n'avais pas, etc.

N'avais-je pas? had n'avais-tu pas? etc.

not?

etc,

II
II

avait, there

n'y avait pas, there

not,

was (were) was (were)

Y avait-il? was (tvere) there? NV avait-il pas? was (tvere) there

not?

la bonte, tJw le dessin, the

le verre, the le

hindness

drawing

le dessein, the design

la foret, the forest, ivood cherche, looked for, sought la rame*, the oar pris , taken la poesie, the poetry

glass

Eomain, the
f.

Eoman
army

I'armee,

the

maintenant, now autrefois, formerly apprendre, to learn

par,

hy aToir raison, to be right avoir tort, to be wrong

*la rame de papier, the ream of paper.

For
1.

practice

put the verb avoir in all sentences of Ex. 21

in the Imperfect Tense.

la paix.

maintenant nous avons une legon de dessin? 3. Mon 4. JVa^;a^^elle pas une oncle avait autrefois une grande maison. legon a apprendre? 5. Avaient-ils raison ou tort? 6. Mon voisin avait raison, mais mon cousin avait tort. 7. Avais-tw appris tes legons? 9. II 8. Non, je n'avais pas appris mes legons. avait un verre a la main. 10. Autrefois il y avait vingt eglises dans cette ville. 11. Guillaume avait-il fini son theme? 12. Henrietta avait-Q]lQ appris sa poesie par cceur?
;

L'an derrier nous avions la guerre

2.

N'avies-^ovi^

pas

pris

2. Had they not taken a music lesson? 3. Formerly there were seven kings in tliis country. 4. He had always a great kindness for me. 5. I have found my dog. 6. Where had you sought him? 7. In the meadow. 8. Had you not a French exercise? 9. Was she right or wrong? 10. She was right, but my brothers were wrong. 11, had five mistakes in our exercise and our cousins had seventeen mistakes. 12. There were fifteen boats on the lake. 13. How manj oars had you? 14. had eight oars?
1.

54. The Eomans had a large army.

We

We

28

VERB

]&TEE.

55.
Imperfect (Imparfait) of 6tre,
j'etais,
to he:

etc.

tvas

etais-je?

was I?

tu etaiS; thou wast

il

etais-tu? etc.

(elle) etait,

he (she) was

nous^etioiis,
vousv^etiez,

we were

je n'etais pas, tu n'etais pas,

n'etais-je

tvas not, etc.

etc.

you were

ils^(elles) etaient, they were.

n'etais-tu

pas? pas?

tvas
etc.

I not?

etc.

Practice : Put the Auxilia/ry Verhs in

all sentences

of Exs. 87 and

29 in the Imperfect tense. hier le premier, m. 1 ., n

.

'^ la premiere, f.\ les parents, the parents, the relatives

(an) soir, yesterday evening Salomon, Solomon gai, gay, cheerful

le

victorieux, victorious
1.

nom,

tlie

name
2

presque, almost, nearly puissant, powerful lorsque, tchen dites-moi, tell ine meilleur, hest.

Hier yetais chez

mon

oncle.
4.

Oil etais-iu hier matin?

Dans quelle classe etais-ta? dans la premiere Quand nous avions encore J'etais classe. 6. 5. nos parents, nous etions tres-heureux. 7. Ton frere etait mon
3.

Hier matin ystais a

I'ecole.

meilleur ami,

nous etions toujours gais

suivi

et contents.
9.

8.

Pourquoi

n'avez-vous pas
bon. 10. Les

mon
les

conseil?

Parce

qu'il

n^etalt

pas

Romains quoi n'etiez-\0Vi^ pas

14. Quels sont les

etaient presque toujours victorieux. 11. Pour-

premiers de la classe?
13.

12.

Parce que

nous n'avions pas etudie.

Rome

etait autrefois tres puissante.

noms

frangais des jours de la semaine?

56.
Last week I brother William was poleon was emperor the Jews. 5. "Where
1.

of France.

7.

Were
10.
ill

in London, and my brother was in Paris. 2. Your formerly my friend, but now he is my enemy. 3. Naof the French. 4. David and Solomon were kings of were in the capita] were you yesterday evening? 6. you not tired? 8. No, we were not tired. 9. Was he

was

We

not wrong?

Was
15.

cousin were very

window open?
Louis-Philippe.

14.

not your sister ill yesterday? 11. Yes, she and her and sad. 12. Why was she so pale? 13. Was not the The Palais-Boyal belonged (was) formerly to the kiiig Why were the doors not shut? 16. Because the win-

dows were

shut.

NUMERALS.
57.
21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 10,

29

vingt et un Tingt-deux
vingt-trois

41, quarante
etc.

et

un,

vingt-quatre vingt-cinq vingt-six vingt-sept vingt-huit vingt-neuf

trente trente et un, etc.

50, 60, 69, 70, 71, 72, 73,

cinquante

quaraute

soixante soixante-neuf soixante-dix soixante-onze soixante-douze soixante-treize 74, soixante-quatorze 75, soixante-quinze 76, soixante-seize

77, 78, 79, 80, 81, 82,

soixante -dix- sept

soixante-dix-liuit

soixante-dix-neuf quatre-vingts qnatre- vingt-un quatre-vingt-deux,

etc.

90, quatre-vingt-dix 91, quatre-vingt-onze

100, cent 101, cent (et) un 200, deux cents

s)

2000, deux mille (no 250, deux cent cinquante 300, trois cents, etc. 1,000,000, un million 2,000,000, deux millions 1000, mille (in dates mil) 1872, mil huit cent soixante-douze.
le

point, the marJc /'. the pu^nl m. la livre, the pound I'heure, f. the hour la minute, the minute
I'eleve,

bon

&

la dent, the tooth le schelling, the shilling le centime, the cent le sou, the sou, halfpenny

avant-demier, last hut one

vaut, is worth (Inf. yaloir) valent, are worth environ, about a peu pres, nearly le jardinier, the gardener.

la seconde*,

the second

demi, half (*c pronounced

et

liTce

g.)

1.

N'aviez-vous pas vingt

ecole?
livre
4.

un bons
3.

points?

2.

Non, moneleves.

sieur, j'avais trente-neiif

bons points.

Combien

d'eleves etiez-

vous
5.

dans votre

Nous

etions
6.

cinquante-cinq

Combien vaut tme

sterling?

Une

livre sterling

vaut

vingt-cinq francs. 7. Combien de francs valent deux livres sterling? 8. Combien de florins valent trois livres sterling? 9. L'heure a soixante minutes, et la minute a soixante secondes 10. Un franc vaut vingt sous. 11. Combien de sous valent deux francs et
.

demi? 12. L'homme a trente-deux dents. 13. Un franc vaut a peu pres dix pence et un penny vaut dix centimes. 14. Combien font trois Ibis dix-sejpt? quatre fois quinze? cinq fois treise? six iois six?
58.
1.

2.

last
4.

in shillings

days are there in this month? 3. There are thirty days, but month there were thirty-one days, and in the last but one twenty-eight days. How many hours are there in two days and [a] half; how many minutes this hours? 5. How many shillings are two pounds sterling. 6. Four
are
8.

How many

How many are 3x23, 6x11, 7x9, 3x23,4x12,5x8,2x29?

worth

five francs.
is

7.

How many

francs are 16, 24, 32, 48, 52

shillings.

This French book

worth two francs.

so

NUMERALS.
59.

Janvier, m.

January fevrier, m. February mars, m. March

avril,

m. April

mai, m.
juin, m.
juillet,

May
June
m. July

Thabitant, m. the inhabitant le comte, the county le comte, the count, earl le compte, the account
le conte, the tale

lorsque,

when
born

aout (a mute), m. August septembre, m. September octobre, m. October

ne, (Past Part, of naitrc) ordinaire, ordinary

bissextile, leap (yearj

novembre, m. November decembre, ni. December le g:rand-pere, the grandfather la grand' mere, the grandmother

suivant, following Bruxelles, Brussels Page, ?n. the age Anvers, Antwerp la Nouvelle Orleans, New Orleans plus que (de), more than.

Quel age aTez-vous?

J'ai quinze aus

How old are you? I am fifteen years

old.

1. Mon grand-pere a quatre-vingt-dix-neuf ans. 2. Quel age votre grand' mere avait-elle, lorsqu'elle etait chez vous? 3. EUe avait 78 ans. 4. Quand etes-vous ne? 5. Je suis n6 en Janvier mil huit cent cinquante cinq. 6. Quatre fois vingt font quatre7. Deux fois quarante et un font quatre-vingt-deux. 8. Combien de jours a Tannee ordinaire? 9. Combicn de jours a Fannee bissextile? 10. Combien d'habitants y a-t-il dans les villes suivantes: Lyon, Bruxelles, Douvres, Anvers, La Nouvelle Orleans? 11. Combien font quatre-vingt-dix-huit moins vingt-deux? 12. L'annee a douze mois Janvier, fevrier, mars, avril, mai, juin, juillet, aoilt, septembre, octobre, novembre, decembre. 13. La France

vingt%.

a 36

millions d'habitants.

60.
222, 365, 3 861, 936, 1872, 2488, 15, 815, 24,999. 108 691 583. 410. 388 410

Pronounce in Frencli:

499, 501, 678, 789, 82 71 21.3, 5 798.

was your grandfather in January? 2. He was 91 years grandmother was 89 years old. 3. How many days are there in the mouths of February, April and May? 4. How many counties are there in England? 5. When was (is) your brother born? 6. He was born iu August 184i>. 7. A French metre is more than* three feet. 8. There 9. Berlin has now more than* 600,000 inhabitants, are 69 boys in this class. 10. [One] hundred pounds sterling are two thousand five hundred francs.
1.

How

old

old,

and

in July

my

de.

AVOIR AND tTJm.

31

Aroir,
j'eus,
(elle) eut,

61.
Preterite (Passe Defini).

fitrc,

I had
il

il

tu eus, thou hadst he (she) had

(elle) fut,

nous eumes, we had vous elites, you had Us (elles) eurent, they had.

thou wast he (she) was nous fumes, we were

fiis,

je tu

fiis,

I was

On the difference between the Comparative French Crram7nar, 135.

la visite, the visit, call la pension, the hoarding-school I'inventeur, the inventor

vous futes, you were furent, they were. Imperfect and Preterite, see Eugene's
ils

(elles)

la le^on d'ecriture, the writing lesson la geographie, Geography

Azincourt, Agincourt

rimprimerie,
fixe,

f.

the printing

la quantite, the quantity

nomme,
le
.
.

fixed called

mal a la tete, head ache mal aux dents, tooth ache Stre enrhume, to have a cold
plusieurs, several

conquerant, the conqueror surpris, surprised tue, killed que, only ne la le9on de fran^ais, the French lesson beaucoup de, many, much.
.

iV'm^es- VOUS pas hier la visite de votre ami Albert? monsieur, j'ms sa visite. 3. Charles n^eut-il pas beaucoup de fautes dans son theme? 4. Non, il n^eut que trois fautes. 5. N'eumes-nous pas raison? 6. Non, mes amis, vous eutes tort. 7. Ou le roi Richard fut-il tue? 8. Ne futes-Yons pas tres fatigues? 9. Combien de legons d'allemand eutes- yous la semaine derniere? 10. Vos cousines eurent-elles un maitre de musique? 11. Combien de temps vos soeurs fure72t-e\les a la pension? 12. Qui 13. C'est Guttemberg qui fut fuf I'inventeur de Fimprimerie? I'inventeur de I'imprimerie. 14. Dites-moi les noms frangais des mois de Tannee? 15. Qn' eutes -yous? 16. Je fus enrhume. 17. J'eus mal a la t^te. 18. Eutes-Yom mal aux dents?
1.

2. Oui,

63. Eomulus was the first king of Kome. 2. Last j'ear we had a large quantity of pears and apples. 3. Were you not very much surprised? 4. Last week I had three music lessons. 5. What lessons had you in (the) school? 6. We had a writing lesson, a French lesson and a lesson in* Geography. 7. Had they a letter from Antwerp or from Brussels this morning? 8. They had two letters from Dover. 9. Were they not satisfied? 10. Was
1.

not (the) king William called the conqueror. 11. Had he not several sons? 12. Were the English victorious in the battle of Agincourt?

32

VERB AVOIR.
63.

Future (Fufur) of Aroir, to liave. j'aurai, / shall have je n'aurai pas, I shall not have, tu auras, thou wilt have tu n'auras pas, etc. il (elle) aura, he (she) will have aurai-je, shall I have? etc. on^-aura, one will have nousv^aurons, we shall have auras-tu? etc. vous<-aurez, you will have n'aurai-je pas? shall I not have? ils^(elles) auront, they will have n'auras-tu pas? etc.
Compare the terminations
le plaisir, the

of tho Future with the Pres.

Tense of ayoir.

peu

(de), feio,

pleasure le mantean, the cloak little, {adv) sage, range, orderly

trop,

too, too

much, too

many

nephew I'apres-midi, f. the after- prochain, near, next ia niece, the niece noon avoir faim, to be hungry avoir soif, to be thirsty. VQ.&s,\d,\niQ,f. the industry demain, to-morrow the day ^r.^ A^rrr^x^c .^ j the dutics apres-demain, devoirs, m. les to-m^row | ^^^ ^^^^^^
le neveu, the

\^^^ From Ex. 26 and 30 form 12

etc.

sentences with
as,

Future and with appropriate adverbs:

demain

avoir in the instead of

Mer,
1.

Waurai-JQ pas ce plaisir? 2. Oui, raon ami, tu auras ce demain. 3. II aura faim quand il aura pris un bain. 5. Oui, il aura un prix, s'il 4. Votre ami Jean awra-t-il un prix? 6. Aurons-noiis la visite de notre neveu? est applique. 7. Oui, madame, vous aurez demain la visite de mon neveu et de ma 8. Y a^tra-t-il beaucoup de fruit cette annee? 9. Non, il niece. J aura peu de fruit. 10. Les Fran^ais auront-ih la paix ou la guerre? 11. lis auront la paix; ils ont eu la guerre assez longtemps. 12. II aura faim et soif ce soir. 13. Waurez-Yous pas 14. Waura-t-il pas chaud avec ce froid dans cet habit d'dte? manteau? 15. Non, il n'aura pas trop chaud.
plaisir

64.
[The] next 2 week* I shall have two writing lessons, but I shall not have a drawing lesson. 2. Tou will have (Sing.) a reward for your industry. 3. The day after to-morrow my nephew will have his writing hook, his 4. Your nieces will be hungry and thirsty. pencil, his pen and his inkstand. 6. Next Monday we shall have a 5. To-morrow you will have a fine day. 7. Why? Because we have been very industrious and orderly. holiday. 9. No, we shall not have 8. Shall you have a music lesson [on] Thursday? a music lesson, but we shall have a German lesson on Friday.
1.

FUTURE OF
65.

fiTRE.

33"

Future (Futur) of Stre,

je serai, I shall he tu seraS; thou wilt he (elle) sera, he (she) will he on sera, one will he nous serons, we shall he
je

to

he.

ne serai pas,

I shall not hej etc,

be?
etc,

tu ne

seras pas, etc.

il

serai-je Shall

seras- tu? etc.

vous serez, you will he

ils(elles) seront,

they will he

ne serai-je pas? Shall 1 not he? ne seras-tu pas? etc.

For
in the
la

practice form 12 sentences from Exs. 45 Future and substitute appropriate Adverbs:

& 46
as^

with

the.

verb Stre
etc.

semaine prochaine, demain, instead of la semaine derniere, hier,

la Belgiqne,

Belgium

beige, Belgian la route, the road, way en route, on the way

Jacques, James les vacances, f. the vacations

du monde, company
la fete, the feast,

holyday

certainement, certainly la societe, the society midi, twelve o'clocTc (noon) minuit, (midnight) I'esclave, m. <& f. the slave obtenu, obtained, got point de, not any ne donc,*^ew;alors,(Aen(referringtotime).
. . .

1. Ou seras-tu demain, mon ami? 2. Je serai demain matin a Paris. 3, Et ou sera ton frere Jacques ? 4. Mon frere Jacques sera en route pour la Belgique. 5. Quand sera-t-i\ a Bruxelles? 6. II sera a Bruxelles a trois heures du soir et a Cologne a huit heures du matin. 7. Q\isind-sere0 vous contents? 8. Nous serons contents quand nous aurons nos habits neufs. 9. Combien serezvous dans votre classe apres les vacances? 10. Nous serons quarante-quatre. 11. Votre cousine sera -t- elle heureuse, quand elle sera a la maison? 12. Oui, elle sera tr^s contente. 13. II n'y aura point de fetes cette semaine. 14. A quel jour a-t-il fixe son depart? A vendredi matin. 15. A quelle heure seront-\[ a Milan? A midi.

66.
^ then 2? 2. When I (shall) have obtaiWill my cousin Alice have company to-morrow evening? 4. No, she will not have company. 5. Will not the soldiers be too tired? 6. Will your father also be of our company? 7. Wilt thou be at home [on] Wednesday next? 8. Will our master be satisfied with (of) our exercises? 9. He will certainly be satisfied, if there are no mistaken 10. At what o'clock will you be in school to-day, my dear little friend?

1.

When

shall

you be
3.

satisfied

ned

the

first

prize.

Eugfene, French Methor

M
Aroir:
1.

AYOIB AND tTREL

67.
Conditional (Conditionnel).

tre:

W.

should have tu aurais, thou wouldst have (ellej aurait, he (she) would have nous aurions, we should have
j'aurais,

11

je serais, I should he tu serais, thou wouldst he (elle) sera it, he (she) would he nous serions, we should he

vous auriez, you would have

ils(elle3) auraient, they

vous seriez, you would he

lis (elles)

would have.

seraient, they would

he.

Compare the

inflections

of the Conditional with the Imperfect of avoir. je ne serais pas; etc., I sfunUd not be, etc. serais-je? should I be? etc.

je n'auraia paa, etc., I should not have, etc. urais-je? etc., shovid I have? etc. n'aorais-je pas? etc, should I not

have?

etc.

ne serais-je pas? be? etc.

etc.,

should

not

le general, the general les tronpes, f. the troops la promenade, the waJk Bans, without, but for

mSootttetti, dissatisfied
r prudent,

^nome,

economical, saving
\

la complaisance, la bont^, tranqnille, quiet

1.

the kindnesM

matth/6t marched, walked prudent, cautious charm^, delighted oocnp^, occupied si, (conjunction) if, whether si, (adverb) so voyage, travelled.

2. J'aurais cela? 4. Oui, yaurais fait cela, si j'avais eu le temps. 5. Votre niece aurait6. Non, elle n' aurait elle raison, si elle avait donn^ son argent? pas eu raison. 7. Le general serait-'S victorieux, s'il avait assez de troupes? 8. Si finule etait applique, aurait-il vingt fautes

Ma

soeur serait contente,

si elle

avait ces fleurs.

fait

tort,

si

j'etais

mecontent.

3.

Auriez -Yona

dans son theme? 9. -^aurte^r- vous pas faim, si vous aviez marche? 11. Votre voisin ne serait -H 10. Oui, nous aurions faim et soif. pas riche, s'il avait et^ econome? 12. Cela serait -\\ vrai?
68.
should have taken (made) a walk, if the weather had been fine, 4. But for your kindness 2. You would be wrong. 3. They would be right. 5. My nephew would not be so ill, if he had "WC should be very unhappy. "been more cautious. 6. Our neighbour would be rich, if he were less prodigaL 7. We should be in London to-morrow, if we were not so busy. 9. They 8. We should be hungry and thirsty if we had walked so long. would be cold if they were in that country. 10. You would be warm if you had a cloak. 11. Would you have this kindness?
1. I

LIQUID SOUNDS.
69.
-ill-

3&

in the middle,
is

and

-11

at the end of
(to

a word,

generality

have what
master)

called

a liquid sound

he

learned from the

paille,

bouteille, conseilla, bataille, trayailler, fille, feuille;

soleil,
Obs.
the

famille,

^yeil, orgueil, ceil, detail, trarail, brillant.

The vowels a and

in -ail

a must he sounded separately: hataille, pronounce hata-ye.

travail,

and -aille do not form a diphthong;

trava-ye.
la feuille
,

the leaf, sheet travaille , worlced brillant, brilliant (of paper) le feuillet, the leaf (of a eveille, awakened, awake la bouteille, the bottle cueilli, culled, gathered book) la paille, the straw mouille, wet, wetted le tailleur, the tailor la famille, the family couvert, covered, cloudy Torgueil, m. the pride, joue, played le gar9on, the boy, wat- sale, soiled, dirty. haughtiness ter, the bachelor la fille, the daughter
le papier, the
le soleil,

paper the sun

1. 3. 5.

As-tu travaille
soleil etait

ce matin?

2.

Le
Les

brillant hier matin.

j'ai

bouteilles sont sur la paille.

travaille et jou6. sont les bouteilles? 6. Avez-vous vu sa famille ?

j'ai
4.

Oui,

Ou
8.

7. Oui,

mademoiselle,
10.

vu sa
tailleur

famille.

II

est sans orgueil.

a apporte votre gilet. 11. Ou 13. Ou as-tu sont vos filles a present? 12. EUes sont a Tecole. 14. J'ai cueilli ces fleurs dans la prairie. cueilli ces fleurs? 16. Les feuillets de votre 15. Pourquoi as-tu mouille la feuille? 17. Voici une feuille de papier. livre sont sales.
9. Est-il eveille?

Le

In
1.

this Exercise

70. answer in French

all

the sentences

which are

interrogative.

last

Have you worked or played this morning? 2. Were the stars bright 4. Will your family 3. Have the waiters filled the bottles? be in Edinburgh next week ? 5. Where were their daughters and nieces last Thursday? 6. Are the leaves of the trees not green? 7. Have you not two sheets of this paper? 8. Has the gardener gathered the fruit? 9. The sun would be very bright this morning, if the sky were not so cloudy. 10. The sun is the eye of the world. 11. Would you have this kindness? 12. Would
evening?
niece not be delighted,
if

my

she had this veil?

3*

S6

UQUID SOUNDS.
71.

agneaii,

gn has a liquid sound (to he learned from compagnon, espagnol, Champagne,

,

the master):

signe, gagn6,

Cologne, Alleniagne, soigner, cigogne, Pologne.

la

Pologne

I'Espagne,
la

if.

Poland Spain
f.

la province, the province

le

TAllemagne,
la

Germany Champagne, Champagne

la

compagnon, m. compagne, f.

\ the
J

the

companion mate

campagne, the country la Bretagne, Brittany la, Grande-Bretagne, Great Britain I'Ecosse, f. Scotland rirlande, f. Ireland la vigne, the vine, vineyard le terme, the term le fermier, the farmer
le citoyen, the citizen

defendu, defended, forbidden la difference, the difference

royaume, the kingdom digne, worthy entre, between uni, united, smooth catholique, Catholic protestant, Protestant situ^, situated I'Espagnol, the Spaniard
le

la niontagne,

the

Obs.
1.

Names

mountain forment (3** p. pi.) form. of countries ending in e mute are feminine.

Avez-vous ^t^ en Pologne? 2. Non, monsieur, mais j'ai Allemagne et dans la Grande-Bretagne. 3. Les Espagnols sont-ils catholiques ou protestants? 4. Votre compagnon est-il a Cologne? 5. Non, mademoiselle, il est a Boulogne. 6. II y a beaucoup de vignes en Espagne et en Champagne. 7. Votre niece est-elle a la campagne? 8. Qui, madame, elle est partie 9. Quelle difference y a-t-il entre les hier avec sa campagne. termes pays, patrie et campagne? 10. Les citoyens ont defendu 11. La Russie est un grand pays. leur patrie. 12. Le fermier n'est pas dans la ville, mais a la campagne. 13. L'Angleterre, rfoosse et rirlande forment le Royaume -Uni de Grande6t6 en

Bretagne.

72.
he worthy of that reward? 2. How many pounds has he earned? 8. In what country is Cologne situated? In Germany. 4. Is your companion in the town or in the country? 5. England is the native country of Nelson. 6. "Would they be in the country, if the weather was fine? 7. BritGreat tany is a province of France. 8. Ireland is a part of Great Britain. Britain is more powerful than Spain. 9. Have you travelled in the mountains of Scotland? 10. You would not be so unhappy, my dear companions, if you were not so dissatisfied.
1. Is

CONSONANTS.
^3.]
aie,

37
fitre:
be thou soyons, let us he he ye, soyez,
sois,

Avoir
have thou ayons, let us have ayez, have ye
like ssi or

Imperative.

ti saunds mercj)
:

cy

{as:

tl sounds Engl, tea):

1) in the terminations tial, tiel, tieux: partial, essentiel,

the terminations tier, tieme: amiti6, moitid,

1)

nice

ti

hard

(as

in

ti6,

portier, liuitieme. 2) in tion preceded by s or question, mixtion. s, x): action, consolation, r^Yoltttion. 3) in tie (if the feminine of prophetic, ari- ti): partic, b^tie, sortie. 3) in tie: common of tien stocratic, HelT^tie. 4) in 4) in tien of proper nouns: nouns: le tien, je tiens, lo maintien. v^nitien, hely^tien Most Substantives ending in tion, ti^, tie, t6 are feminine. (Sco Eugene's Comp. French Gram. 113.)
2) in tion (if not preceded

ambitleux.

by

x:

la prononciation, the pronunciation

Helvetia I'Helvetien, m. the Helvetian I'amitie, /. the friendship la chose, the thing le bagage, the luggage, baggage
THelvetie,
f.

la Suisse, Switzerland la revolution, the revolution la question, the question

ambitieux, ambitious precieux, precious

correct, correct
essentiel, essential
eclate, bu/rst out abandonne, abandoved.

la consolation,

{
I'affliction, f.

^ Ztt"

the affliction

prononciation anglaise est-elle difficile? 2. Oui, elle 3. Napoleon etait tres ambitieux, 4. Helvetie est Tancien nom pour la Suisse. 5. Aout est le huitieme mois de Tannee. 6. La vraie amitie est une chose precieuse. 7. Le portier a-t-il apporte mon bagage? 8. L'amitie est une consolation dans les afflictions. 9. Une prononciation correcte est essentielle.
1.

La

est tres difficile.

74.
learnt his German pronunciation? 2. The Helvetians had abandoned their native country. 3. He is not worthy of your friendship. 4. This question is essential. my question. 5. He has not understood 6. The history of the English Revolution is very interesting. 7. Cromwell was very ambitious. 8. Your friendship is my consolation. 9. Let us have a good book. 10. Be [thou] prudent. 11. Be [ye] satisfied.
1.

Where has he

38

ORDINAL NUMBERS.
75.

OKDINAL NUMBERS,
le premier,
1
) .7

n
'^

le dixieme, the tenth

la premiere,
le (la)

le second, la seconde,* the

deuxieme,2

le troisieme, the third

le quatrieme, the fourth le cinquieme, the fifth

*le onzieme, the eleventh second le viDgtieme, the twentieth le vingt et unieme, the 21st ,, le vingt-deuxieme, the 22d
le trentieme, the thirtieth le centieme, the

hundredth

^le huitieme, the eighth le neuvieme, the ninth

^pronounce c
les

le dernier, la derniere, the last

Favant-demier, the last hut one.

= g.
f.

=z e

not elided.
quel

le rang, the rank, place

mathematiques,
thematics

ma-

la honte, the

shame

Jean, John Noel, m., Christmas paresseux, idle honteux, shameful, asTia
I

quantieme,

which

the month? le conge, the holiday

day of

mort, {adj.) dead

la raort, death

med BToirhonte, to be ashamed lesvLccessenr, the successor fi done for shame! tant mieux! so much Henri, Henry
Edoiiard,

ne,

horn

Frederic, Frederick,

Edward

tfie

better!

Cardinal Numbers are used in French instead of Ordinal with names of SoTcreigrns and the days of the month, except the first

tlie

Fran9ois premier, Francis the first;

le
le

Henri deux, Henry the second; Louis quatorze, Louis the fourteenth;
1.

le

premier mai, the first of May deux juin, June the 2"** vingt et un fevrier, February
the

2V\

Es-tu le premier de la classe? 2, Non, monsieur, je suis 3. Quel est ton rang en classe, mon fils? 4. Je suis a present le deuxieme en latin, et le neuvieme en 6. En frangais je suis le mathematiques. 5. Et en frangais? onzieme. 7. Comment, le onzieme? mais, n'etais-tu pas \q premier? 8. Oui, mon pere, I'annee derniere j'etais le premier.
le vingt et unieme.

76.
the first in (of) his class, Charles the second, Edward the fifth, Frederick the eleventh, John the twenty-first, Alfred the last but one, and James the last. 2. Which is your place in mathematics? 3. I am the thirtieth. 4. That is disgraceful; for shame, you idle fellow! 5. What day of the month have we to-day. 6. To-day is the 31st of March. 7. To-morrow 8. [On] the first of next month we shall have a holiis the first of April. day. 9. So much the better! 10. James was born [on] the 21st of June 1851.
1.
is

Henry

FUTUEE PAST.
77.

39

Aroir:
j'aurai eu,

Future Past (Futur Passe),

fitre:

shall have had,

etc.

j'aurai dte,

I shall
etc,

have been,

tu auras eu

tu auras etd
il

a aura eu
nous aurons eu
vous aurez eu
ils

aura ete

nous aurons ete vous aurez 6te

ils

auront eu.

auront

^te.

Observe the following use of the Future Past,

proJbalbility or

to

express

supposition:pas venu?

Pourquoi
II

n'est-il

Why

did he not come?

ill.

aura ^te malade.

y, there

He probably has been

le boulanger, the

taker

pendant, during
Tedition,
tard, late
1.
f.

the edition

Tantre, the other nn (une) autre, another le pharmacien, the chemist.

et6

venu deux heures trop tard. 2. Ou awra-t-il 3. H aura ete a Tdcole. 4. Pourquoi le maitre n'est-il pas venu? 5. H n^aura pas eu le temps. 6. Serezvous a Lyon demain? 7. Non, pas demain, mais nous y serous apres-demain, et samedi prochain nous aurons deja ete k Mar8. Pourquoi n'ont-ils pas achetd du pain blanc? seille. 9. Le

Adolphe

est

pendant ce temps?

boulanger n'aura eu que du pain noir.

cesseur
11.

de Henri

trois

de France?

10.

Quel
fut

roi fut le suc-

Ce

Henri quatre.
Louis
treize.

Et qui

fut le successeur

de Henri quatre?
78.

has your nephew bought this edition of Shakespeare? 2. The bookseller [probably] had not (Fut. past) another edition. 3. "Why did (is) he not come? 4. He [probably] has not had time. 5. Will they have been at school? 6. They will have been at church. 7, Will they have had (the) time? 8. They will not have had time. 9. He died (is dead) this morning. 10, Christmas is always on the 25th of December. 11. Henry the Eigth died on the 28th of January 1547.
1.

Why

40

CONDITIONAL PAST.
79.

Ayoir:

Conditional Past {Conditionnel Passe),

fltre:

j'aurais eu,

tu aurais eu il aurait eu

should have had, etc.

j'aurais ete,

should have
been, etc.

tu aurais ete

nous aurions eu vous auriez eu

ils

aurait 6te nous aurions ete

il

vous auriez ete

ils
^
> t J ,

auraient eu.

auraient et6.
,
j ^^^'

Aurais-je eu? etc. Should I Je n'aurais pas eu, I should not N'aurais-je pas eu? Should I not

"'"'^'

lAurais-je ete? Should I \ Je n'aurais pas ete, I should not > N'aurais-je pas eU? Should I not J

For practice conjugate in all persons sing, J'aurais eu le premier prix, si j'avais 6t6 applique,
la distance,* the distance
le theatre, the theatre

and

plur.:

le danger, the danger la piti^, the pity

la bataille,

tJie

battle

humain, human, humane imprudent, imprudent, rash la recompense,* the reward la compagnie, the company I'examen, m. the examination
indispose, u/nivell le malheur, the misfoHwne.

Tavantage, m. the advantage tant de, so many

* Substantives 1.

ending

-ence, -ance are feminine, except le silence.

eu beaucoup de plaisir k la campagne, si le temps 2. y aurais ete au concert, si je n'avais pas et6 avait 6t6 beau. 3. Wauraient-W^ pas eu pitid de ces malheureux, s'ils indispose. avaient ete humains? 4. N'aurait-\\ pas eu le premier prix, s'il avait travaill6? 5. N^auraient-ih pas ete charmes de votre visite? 6. Nous aurions ete en grand danger, si les ennemis avaient gagne la bataille. 7. Vous auriez eu un grand avantage sur 8. Vous auriez ete bien nous, si vous aviez eu le premier prix. imprudent, si vous etiez parti avec lui. 9. Nous n'aurions pas 10. S'ils avaient et^ eu cet argent sans votre complaisance. appliques, ils rCauraieni pas eu tant de fautes.
80.
should have had much pleasure in Paris, if we had had a friend in that large city. 2. If we had been at home we should have had the pleasure (of) [to] be in his company. 3. Would you have friends, if you were not so rich? 4. If the master had had (the) time, the examination would have taken place. 5. They would have been very unhappy. 6. Would you not have had pity on* this man, if you had known his misfortune? 7. Yes we should have had pity on* him. 8. You would not have been in danger if you had not been imprudent.
1.

y aurais

We

THE FIRST CONJUGATION.

81.

41

THE FIRST CONJUGATION.

comprises all Verbs ending in -er in the Infinitive.
to speak Infinitive: parl-er, Present Participle: parl-ant, spealdng spoken. Past Participle: parl-^, For the Formation of Tenses from the Principal Paiis

see

Appendix^

je parle,
tu parleSj
11

Present Indicatiye: I speak, I am speaking, I do speak,

ils

thou speakest, thou art speaking, he (she) speaks, he (she) is speaking, one speaks, one is speaking, on parle, nous parlons, we speak, we are speaking, vous parlez, you speak, you are speaking, (elles) parlent, they speak, they are speaking.
(elle) parle,

Imperatiye:
1.
2.

_ _ _
parle, speak thou

Sing.

Plur.

parlons,
her speak

let

us speak

parlez, speak ye
qu'ils parlent, let

3. qu'il, elle parle, lethim,

them speak.

Je ne parle pas, tu ne paries pas,

Parle *-je? Bo parles-tu? etc.

do not speak; or

I am

not speaking,
etc.

etc.

speak? or

Am

I speaking?

Ne

parle *-je pas? ne parles-tu pas?

Do I
etc.

not speak? or

Am

not speaking?

*See Observation below.

verb may also be made interrogative by putting est-ce que that") before the affirmative: Do I speak? etc. Bo we speak? etc. Est-ce que je parle ? Est-ce que nous parlons? est-ce que tu paries? est-ce que vous parlez? est-ce qu'il parte? est-ce qu'ils parlent? est-ce qu'elle parle? est-ce qu' elles parlent?

"is

it

(literally

Est-ce que je ne parle pas? etc.

Bo I

not speak?

etc.

This latter construction is preferred especially in the Prest. Indie, of many verbs for the sake of euphony:

Obs.

1"* p. sing.

Est-ce que je corrige? instead of Corrigo-je? Est-ce que je vends? vends-je?

42
To be conjugated
trouver, to find aimer, to love

THE FIRST CONJUGATION.

like parler:

travailler, to

fermer, to shut, dose montrer, to shoio

work

doimer, to give.

Practice:

je
til 11

parle fran(;ais, paries italien, parle espagnol, etc.

j

je ne parle pas mal, tn ne paries pas haut,

il

ne parle pas bien,

etc.

le chapean, the hat, bormet le piano, the piano

mademoiselle, Miss la demoiselle, the you/ng lady

la carte, the card, map correct em ent, correctly distinctenient, distinctly eh bien I %cell! ce qui (Subject) 1 that which, ce que (Object) J what de bonne heure, early an lieu de, instead of

oner de,<ojp7a2/ (a musical instrument) jouer h, to play (at a game) chanter, to sing
etudier,
to stildy

commencer, to begin honorer, to honour

regarder, to regard, to look (at) chercher, to search, to look (for)
ecouter, to listen babiller, to chatter oublier, to forget apporter, to bring.

1. Je joue et tu travailles, 3. Farles2. II aime a etudier. V0U8 anglais, mademoiselle? 4. Non, monsieur, je ne parle pas anglais, mais je parle allemand. 5. Eh bien, parlous un peu

allemand. 6. Mes freres travaillent , mon cousin travaille aussi. 8. Fermez la porte, et 7. Ecoutez, le maitre commence a parler. 9. Regardez bien I 10. iJcoutons au lieu de apportez les livres. 11. Mon oncle joue aux cartes et mon cousin joue du babiller. 13. Non, nous 12. N'ouhliez-Yon9 pas votre legon? violon. n'ouUions pas nos leQons. 14. Nous parlous correctement et vous parlez distincteraent. 15. Est-ce que vous etudieZy mes Aleves? 17. Est-ce quHls 16. Oui, monsieur, nous etudions assidument. vCapportent pas leurs livres? 18. Non, madame, mais ils apfpoHeiit
leurs cabiers.

trouvons ces

19. Comment trouvez-yow.^ pommes excellentes.

ces

pommes?

20.

Nous

83.
speak French to my cousins (f.) and they speak Italian to their 3. No, they do not (speak Spasisters. 2. Do they also speak Spanish? 5. We are not playing, we are 4. Are you working or playing? nish). working. 6. We often ^ forget 2 what we have learnt. 7. Do you not think 8. We esteem and honour a child that honours (find) my hat too small? 10. I am looking his father and (his) mother. 9. What do you look [for]? [for] my dog. 11. You speak very well, but you do not study enough. 13. No, she is not (working) she is playing on 12. Is your niece working? 14. Let him shut the window and (let him) bring a chair. (of) the piano.
1. I

POSSESSIVE PRONOUNS.
83.
Possessive Pronouns (Pronoms Possessifs).
SiDgrular.

43

Plural.

Masc.
le le le le le le

Fern.

Masc.

Fern.

la la tien. la sien, nOtre, la vOtre, la la leur.

mien.

mienne,
tienne, sienne, nOtre, vdtre, leur,

mine,
thinej
his, herSj its,

ours.

yours,
theirs.

les miens, les iniennes, les tiens, les tiennes, les siens, les siennes, les nOtres, les votreSj les leurs.

sive Adjectives^ see

Observe that in French Possessive Pronouns Qihe PossesEx. 15) agree in Grender and Number with the Object possessed; (and not with the Possessor as in English):

mon crayon, il a perdu le sien. Louise a mon crayon, elle a perdu le sien. Jean a ma plume, il a perdu la sienne. fimilie a ma plume, elle a perdu
Charles a
la sienne. Mes amis ont mon livre, ils ont vendu le leur. Mes amies ont mon livre, elles ont vendu le leur. Mes amis ont ma poire, ils ont mange la leur. Mes amis ont mes plumes et mes crayons, ils n'ont pas trouve les leurs (m. & f.). Elle a mes gants, elle aegar6 les siens. II a mes noix, il a mange les

Charles has
lost

my

pencil.,

he has

Ms

(own).
pencil, she has
lost

Louisa has my
lost

John
his.

hers. has my pen, he has

Emily has my pen,

lost

she has hers. My friends have my looJc, they have sold theirs. My friends (f.) have my hooTo, they have sold theirs. My friends have my pear, they have eaten theirs. My friends have taJcen my pens and pencils, they have not

siennes.

found theirs. She has my gloves, she has mislaid hers. He has my nuts, he has eaten his (own) etc.

Possessive Pronouns must he carefully distinguished from the Possessive Adjectives mon, ma, ton, ta, son, sa, etc. (see Ex. 15).

44

POSSESSIVE PRONOUNS.

Mon, ton, son, stand, for the sake of euphony, instead of ma, ta, sa, before feminine substantives beginning with a Towel or silent h:
mon^ame, ton^habitude, instead of ma ame, ma habitude.
le bienfait, the blessing la carte, the map, card
le

monument,

the

monument

bientot, soon

the empress , la raison, the reason

rimperatrice

mais non, why, no!

les mceurs,
f.

the

manners

agrandi, enlarged la langue, the tongue^ language

ancien, ancient, old, acheve, finished est-ce la? is that? sont-ce la? are those? tout a Theure, jicst nowy
sently.

pre-

mon

Alfred? 2. Oui, mon ami, j'ai lu Est-ce la ta plume? 4. Oui, c'est la mienne. 5. Est-ce la votre crayon? 6. Mais non, c'est le voire. 8. Oui, ma sceur; avez-vous aussi 7. Avez-vous ecrit votre lettre? 10. Oui, c'est le 9. Est-ce la mon parapluie? ^crit la voire? 12. J'ai porte la 11. As-tu port6 ma lettre a la poste? tien. mienne, mais je n'ai pas vu la tienne. 13. Sont-ce la vos bottes? 15. L'imperatrice Cathe14. Oui, monsieur, ce sont les notres. rine a agrandi son empire, mais Napoleon a perdu le sien. 16. Le portier a-t-il apportd vos bagages? 17. Oui, et il a aussi apporte 18. Emile a ^crit sa lettre, mais Jean n'a pas ecrit les leurs. 19. Guillaume a fini son theme ce matin, et Jules a la sienne. commence le sien cette apres-midi. 20. Marie aura bientot achev6 son ouvrage, mais Emilie n'a pas encore commence le sien, 21. Sophie cherche sa montre et Julie cherche aussi la sienne.
1.

As-tu

lu

mon

livre,

livre

et le tien.

3.

84.
2. They (ce) are ours. 3. Am 1 1. Are these your letters or theirs? not thy friend and art thou not mine? 4. Thy sisters and mine would have 5. My sister is o.^ (be) departed (fern, pi.) if they had not been too late. the same age as yours. 6. You have your reasons and I have mine. 7. The manners of (the) ancient nations were very different from (of) ours. 8. Your 9. This officer is my friend, is letters are much longer than mine (sing.). 10. James is bringing his books, but John is not he not also thine? bringing his. 11. Edwaid is looking [for] his pen, Edward has lost his, and Emily has forgotten hers. 12. The first house in (of) the street is mine, the second is yours, the third is his, and the fourth is theirs. 13. D& you think (find) my garden larger than yours? 14. Yes (Sir), but I find my meadow larger than yours.

FIRST CONJUGATION.

45

85.
Imperfect (Imparfait).
je parlais, tu parlais,
il

ivas speaking, I did speakj I used

to speak, etc.

parlais-je?

was I speaMng?
etc,

etc.

parlait,

parlais-tu? etc. / was not speaJcmg,

nous parlions, vous parliez,

lis

je ne parlais pas, etc. Was I not speaking ?

etc.

parlaient,

penser, to think,

Conjugate like "parler" demeurer, to reside,

ne parlais-je pas?
dessiner, to

etc.

Practice:
I'etude,
le

je parlais de la guerre, tn parlais du voisin, etc.

je

draw, danser, to dance. ne parlais pas du roi, tu ne parlais pas a mon ami, etc,
manger, to eat habiter, to inhabit adorer, to worship bruler, to

de bon appetit, with good f. the study Grec (f. Grecque) the appetite, heartily Greek la rue, the street Dieu, m. God Jeanne, Jane le dieu, the (heathen) god absent, absent la deesse, the goddess vrai, true sous, under I'appetit, m. the appetite preferer, to prefer
TJie following questions to he translated
1.

hum

empecher, to prevent pendant que (conj.) while pendant (prep.) during

and answered
2.

in French:

Cherchiez-Yous votre crayon ou le mien ? 3. iV'aimiez-vous pas a danser, lorsque vous etiez jeune ? 4. Pourquoi preferiez-YOUS le fran^ais a I'allemand ? 5. Dans quelle rue demeuriez-Y oxx^y lorsque vous etiez a Paris? 6. Qui habitait votre maison pendant que vous etiez absents? 7. Quand vous etiez a Tecole, aimiez-YOVi^ I'etude de la geograpWe? 8. Oui, monsieur et nous dessinions souvent des cartes. quoi pensais-iw. tout a Theure? 10. Autrefois tu aimais le 9. travail, maintenant tu aimes le jeu. 11. Les Remains brulaient leurs morts. 12. Pendant que nous jouions, ils travaillaient.
cherchais-tvL tout

Que

a Fheure?

86.
Charles was looking for his friends, and Alice was looking for hers. 2. The ancient Greeks and Komans adored (used to adore) a great number of gods and goddesses. 3. Were you not looking [for] your hat just now ? 4. Why did you not study when you were young? 5. Because I was often ill, I often 2 had^ the head-ache. 6. Yet you used to eat very heartily. 7. That is true, but the head-ache did not prevent the appetite. 8. When they were in Germany, they used to sing with their friends. 9. The sisters were playing the piano, and the brothers were listening. 10. What language did the ancient Romans sneak? 11. They used to speak (the) Latin.
1.

46

FIEST CONJUGATION.
87.
Preterite {Fasse Defini).

je parlai,
tu parlas
il

spoke

etc.

parlai-je? did

I speak?
etc.

etc

parla

parlais-tu? etc. I did not speaJc,

nous parlames vous parlates

ils

je ne parlai pas, etc. Did I not speak ? etc.

parlereiit.

ne parlai-je pas?
continuer, to continue

etc.

Conjugate like *'parler"

quitter, to leave
visiter, to visit

commander,

to

command

remporter, to carry off retourner, to return.

chanson, the song de fer, tlie railway la Grece, Greece Tarquin, Tarquinius Neron, Nero le lendemain, on the following day e), on <^ WJay chemin faisaut (pron. ai la gare, the railway station
la
le cherain

aussitot que, as soon as dejeuner, to breakfast

aller (irr.), to

go

Bonner, to ring, to strike (clock)^ frapper, to strike, to heat chasser, to expel, to hwnt neiger, to snow fonder, to found.

The

Englisli preposition

on

hefore dates

is

not translated

in French.
2. Futes-vous 1. Nous arrivdmes assez t6t pour ddjeuner. 3. Non, nous ne fumes pas au theatre, hier au soir au theatre? mais nous fumes au concert, oil Madame Malibran chanta une

4. Nous quittdmes le concert a dix heures. nous eumes dejeun^, nous alldmes a I'ecole. 6. Nous arrivdmes a la gare du chemin de fer a neuf heures du matin. 7. Aussitot que mes freres arriverent a Londres, ils visite8. Quel roi remporta la victoire de Crecy? rent I'exposition. contre le roi Thedore? 9. Quel general commanda les Anglais 11. Dieu crea Tunivers. 10. Qui fonda la ville de Rome?

belle
5.

chanson. Aussitot que

88.
Yesterday evening I studied my lesson and then I drew a head. 3. The Romans 2. As soon as they had breakfasted they visited the town. expelled (the) king Tarquinius and founded a republic. 4. Were you at the railway station yesterday? 5. Which Roman^ emperor* burned Rome? Nero. 6. Did Xerxes continue the war, when he had lost the battle of Salamis? continue the war, but he left Greece and returned to 7. No, he did not (en) Asia. 8. Last^ Friday * we left the town and visited the country. 10. On Sunday we visited 9. On the following day we continued our journey. the cathedral, and on Monday we returned home.
1.

DEGEEES OF COMPARISON.
89.
Positive,

47

Comparative.

Superlative,

grand

plus grand
]

le plus

grand
|

IrS: y-^ XI
graudesj

plusgrandesj

S^ y-'- lesS &t ^^^-'^^

lesplusgrandesj

The Comparison of Superiority is formed ly putting plus {more) before the Positive, and the Superlative fcy putting the defluite article hefore the Comparative. The Comparison of Inferiority is expressed hy moins, that of Equality by aussi, si: grand, great; moins grand, (less great), not so great; le moins grand, the

least; aussi grand, as great; pas si (anssi) grand, not so great.

Le pays le plus grand. The largest cowntry. In after Superlatives is generally translated by de (of), cathedrale, the cathedral le Ehin, the Ehine les Pyrenees f. tJie Py- la renees I'education, f. the eduEurope rEurope, cation genereux, generous I'Asie, f. Asia Le
plus grand pays, or

Obs.

/'.

I'Afrique,

f.

I'Australie,

f.

Africa Australia

I'Amerique, f. America I'Egypte, f. Egypt les Alpes, f. the Alps

1.

comparisons) le cuivre, the copper le plomb, the lead -peui^lQ, populous, inhabited le silence, the silence la nuit, the night pesant, heavy. le bruit, the noise

que

(after

than

L'Angleterre est plus grande que la Hollande, mais elle

est plus petite

que rAllemagne.
3.

2.

Quel

est le

de I'Europe?
TEurope.
5.

C'est la Russie qui est le plus

plus grand pays grand pays de

4. Quels sont les plus hauls monuments du monde? Les pyramides d'Egypte sont les plus Jiauts monuments du monde. 6. La Belgique est plus petite que le Portugal, mais elle est plus peuplee. 7. La cathedrale d'Anvers est une des plus Jiautes de TEurope. 8. Quel est le metal le plus precieux? 9. L'argent est-il plus pesant que le fer? 10. Oui, Targent est plus pesant que le fer, mais il n'est pas aussi pesant que Tor.

90.
heavier than (the) silver. 2. Are the Alps higher than the Pyrenees? 3. The Danube is longer than the Rhine, but the Volga is the longest river in Europe. 4. The silence of the night is more pleasant than the noise of the day. 5. The richest ^ man^ is not always the happiest. 6. Francis is the most obedient and the most attentive scholar in the^ whole 1 class. 7. Why have you not waited longer? 8. A good education is the greatest of blessings. 9. (The) silver is more precious than the copper. 10, London is the largest city in the world
1.

(The) gold

is

48

DEGREES OF COMPAMSON.
91.

IREEGULAE COMPAEISON.
"ben
\

bonne

^^^j. ^ood;

mcilleur

-,

..

le

mcilleur

.7

^eiUeure

^'^^'''^

}
1
.

la
'

meiUeure

^^' ^''^
i

luauvais(e) lad; pire*

or plus mauTais, /
petit(e), little;

le (la) pire* le (la) plus

I
J

the worst

mauYais(e)

moindre,

less;

le (la^
(la)

moindre,

^^e ?eas^

plus petit(e), smaller; le

*pire worse in a moral plus mauTais physical
la temperance, <e/|>e?'ance lo la traduction, the trans- le lation la le le remede, the remedy le^OMS QUIT, the recollectionlt le mensonge, the false- le
sense^

plus petit(e), the

smallest.

hoolf lying
1.

reproche, the reproach vent, the wind tempete, the storm raoyen, the means roseau, the reed mal, the evil Tacier, w. the steel

revenement, m. the even deraciner, to uproot

attrister, to grieve severe, strict violent, violent

conserver,
to keep.

to

preserve^

La biere anglaise est meilleure que la biere allemande. vin de Bordeaux est meilleur que le vin de Rousillon, mais 3. La traduction de mon le vin de Cbampagne est le meilleur, cousin est meilleure que la mienne, mais la votre est la meilleure. 5. C'est cet eleve 4. Qui est-ce qui a fait le meilleur theme? 6. Le remede est souvent applique qui a fait le mcilleur theme. 8. Ce pire que le mal. 7. Quels sont les pires des ennemis? 9. Ou trouvesont les flatteurs qui sont les pires des ennemis. 10. Dans quels pays fait-on le meilleur t-on le meilleur fer? 11. C'est en Angleterre qu'on fait le meilleur acier. acier?
2.

Le

12. Je n'ai pas le

moindre souvenir de cet evenement.

93.

2. The English steel is better than (the) German steel. remedies are often worse than the diseases. 3. Be better, and you will be happier. 4. Charles' exercise is not worse than thine. 5. His reasons are 7. Your paper better than yours. 6. Th least reproach grieves my niece. is not so good as theirs. 8. The strictest * laws * are not always the best. 10. John 9. (The) Temperance is the best means of preserving* (the) health. is my best friend. 11. The best pupils have done the best exercises. 12. The distance from Lond'Nn to Brighton is less than that** from London * Infinitive. **celle. to Dover.
1.

(The)

FORMATION OF ADVEKBS.
93.

49

FORMATION OF ADVERBS.
formed from Adjectives by adding -mcnt Adv. fidelement, faithfully. the Adjective ends in a consonant, -meiit is added to If the feminine: m. heureux, f. heureuse, fortunate; heureusement, fortunately,
he

Adverbs may
Adj.

fidele, faithful,

m.

actif,

active, active;

activement, actively.

Adjectives in nt change this nt into m: constant, cotistant; coDstamment, constantly, patient, patient; patiemment, patiently.

COMPARISON OF ADVERBS.
The
Adjectives:

degrees

of comparison

of

Adverbs are

formed

like

those

of

pleasantly, agreablement,

more pleasantly, plus agreablement,

their degrees
better

the most pleasantly.

le

plus agreablement.

The following Adverbs form mieux, Men, well

of comparison irregularly:
le
{

mieux,

best

ma,
pen,

ladly
little

PJ^^

^^

worse

f^^ ^^j

worst

beaucoup, much
Obs.

moins, less plus, more

le moius, least le plus, most.

pis, worse in a moral sense. (See Exc. 91.) plus mal, worse in a physical sense.

plant Tambassadeur, m. the ambassador Tambassadrice f. the ambassadress I'accueil, m. the reception, zvelcome tant pis, so much the worse
la plante, the
,

he who en effet, in fact, indeed rendu, rendered, given bach imprime, printed, impressed
celui qui,

egal, equal.

bien ecrit. 2. Cette plante plante. 3. Ton theme est mauvaiSj il est tres mal ecrit. Tant pis! 4. Le theme de cet ecolier, qui est beaucoup plus jeune que vous, est meilleur que le votre, il est beaucoup mieux ecrit. 5. Notre ambassadeur a ete rcQU mieux que le votre; il a regu un meilleur accueil. Tant
1.

Ce

livre

est bon^

11

est tres

est rare;

on trouve rarement

cette

mieux! 6. J'ai tres peu c^'arais; j'ai moins cZ'amis que vous. 7. Regardez bien votre traduction, elle est bien ecrite, mais mal rendue. 8. Vous 8tes tres patiente, mademoiselle, vous avez patiemment ecoute.
Eugfene, French Method.

..

50

FOEMATION OF THE PLUEAL.

94.

These flowers are rare. 2. We rarely* find* these flowers. 8. Yonr translation is good, it is better than this one*, in fact it (ce) is the best translation. 4. It is better written than the others. 5. This book is bad, it is badly printed; it is worse than yours, it is worse printed. 6. It (ce) is the worst of all. 7. So much the worse. 8. Does your aunt speak English* well 1 ? 9. She speaks English very badly, she speaks worse English than her son and (her) daughter. 10. He has been very fortunate. ceUe-cL
1.

95.

FORMATION OF THE PLURAL OF NOUNS

Singular.
le
le

(conf*.

from Ex.

23).

Plural.
the fine castle; les
les

beau chateau,
jeu nouveau,

the

new game;

beaux chateaux. jeux nouveaux.

add

Substantives ending in -eau, -eu, and Adjectives in -eau in the Plural. The following six Substantives also take x
jewel
le

le bijou, the

genou, the knee

le caillou, t?ie pebble

le hibou, the le joujou, the

owl
plaything
"

le chou, the le

cabbage

chameau, the camel

f.

faux, false
flechi, bent brun, brown, dark

le desert, the desert

I'enveloppo,
le

the envelope

le drapeau, the

banner, standard cheveu, the hair allume, lighted charge, loaded

1.

arbore, hoisted rouge, red bruyant, noisy supporte, endured.

Avez-vous admir^ les chateaux de Douvres? 2. Oui, ils beaux. 3. Les chameaux ont supporte longtemps la 5. Oil avez4. Les cailloux sont plus utiles que les bijoux. Boif. vous achete les chapeaux de vos enfants? 6. Les jeux de vos 7. Les Frangais ont arbore les dra-enfants sont trop bruyants. peaux rouges. 8. Athalie a flechi les genoux devant les faux 10. Vos cheveux 9. Nous avons deux nouveaux maitres. dieux. 12. Voici vos joujoux. 11. Qui a allume les feux? sont bruns.
sont tres

96.
In these castles there are several beautiful pictures. 2. The camels have bent their knees to* be loaded (pi.). 3. The camels are the ships of the desert. 4. They have lighted the fires and hoisted the banners. 5. What beautiful games! 6. Your nephew's hair (pi.) is dark. 7. Your jewels are 9. These 8. (The) jewels are not so useful as (the) pebbles. precious. playthings are amusing. 10. Our two new masters are very strict. 11. Her 12. Mine is (are) dark. pour. hair is (are) red.
1.

FORMATION OP THE PLURAL.

97.
Sin^lar.
le
le

61

Plural.

cheval, the horse mal, the evil

les
les

chevaux, the horses

maux,

the evils

le travail, the worJc

le corail, the coral

les travaux, the

works

les coraux, the corals

general, (adj.) general

gendraux, general.
-ail,

into

Most Nouns in -al, and a few in -aux in the Plural.

change this ending

(For Exceptions see Eugene's Comp. French Gr. 19-21.)

la patience, patience le journal, the newspaper tout, TO. (Z. tons) \^i,T,7- 77

-,,^^,. thewhole,all,every touli,f.(^Z.toutes)} r^caille, f. the scale (of fish etc.)

Tamiral, the admired avantageux, profitahle nomii, fed, nourished ^^^^^^^^ ^^^^^^^ la laine, the wool.

Les chevaux sont [desj animaux tres utiles. 2. Y a-t-3 des canaux dans ces pays? 3. Quand aurez-vous fini vos travaux? 4. Quels sont les metaux les plus utiles? 5. Vos neveux 6. Les amiraux anglais ont-ils ont-ils vendu leurs chevaux? 7. Votre pere a-t-il lu les pris ces drapeaux sur* Tennenii?
1.

journaux d'aujourd'hui?
soufifert

Les coraux sont rouges. 9. lis ont 10. Ces travaux sont tres avantageux au commerce. 11. Les journaux du soir ne sont pas 12. Dieu a donn6 des plumes aux oiseaux, des ecailles arrives. aux poissons et de la laine aux brebis.
8.

ces

maux avec

patience.

from.

98.
commerce. 2. (The) men are equal hefore God. 3. Have you read the evening papers*? 4. No, hut I have read the morning papers*. 5. (The) English 2 horses ^ are hotter than (the) French a horses *, they are hotter fed. 6. (The) iron is the most useful of all (the) metals. 7. These hirds are very fine. 8. There are many animals in this forest. 9. Have they finished their works? 10. No, they have not yet finished their works. 11. Spain is nearly as large as France. 12. The port of Marseilles is the largest port in (of) France.
1.

The

canals

are

profitahle

for (the)

papers of the evening, morning.

52

PLUBAL OF NOUNS.
99,

PLUEAL OP NOUNS
le ciel,
Tceil, the

(IrregnlaT).
sJcies,

the

sJct/j

heaven

les
les
/

cieux,

the heavens

eye

i'vi

^*..,^A,/7.o laleul, /i.^ the grandfather

yeux, the eyes 1^8 aieux, the ancestors

regularly
{see

{ ,^^ ^^^^^^^ ^^^ grandfathers.

also

Obs.

ciel

and
21).

cell

form

their plural

Eugene's

Camp. Gram.

raconter, to relate, to teU la neige, the snow la gloire, the glory le grain, f^ grain, seed la moutarde, the mustard Taction, f. the action I'oreille, f. the ear la bouche , the mouth
1.

la vertu, virtue

bleu {plur. bleus) hlu4 leve, h/<e(i, raised simple, plain, simple semblable, similar, like mal aux yeux, sore eyes comrae, as tout ce qu'il faut, all that is required.

Les cieux racontent la gloire de Dieu. 2. Vos a'ieuls parde la gloire de leurs aieux. 3. Voire neveu a mal aux yeux. 4. Les cheveux de mes awuls sont blancs comme la 6. Le roy5. Les malheureux ont leve les yeux aii ciel. neige. aume des cieux est semblable a un grain de moutarde. 7. Les generaux ont perdu deux batailles. 8. L'or n'est pas le plus utile de to us les nietaux,
lent toujours

100.
2. (The) Italy is under one of the finest skies of Europe. 3. His eyes are blue. 4. We have honoured the virtues of our ancestors by our actions. 5. Have you still your two 6. (The) gold is more precious than all the other metals. grandfathers? 8. The English admi7. (The) man has two eyes, two ears and one mouth. 9. Our grandfather has sore eyes. rals have captured three Spanish vessels. 1.

Our ancestors were more simple than we.

101.

le pain,

THE PAETITIVE GENITIVE (compare Ex. some du pain, the bread

de la viandc, de I'eau de Therbe
des livres, des amis, des poires,
-

49).

or

any bread
-

la viande , the meat I'eau, the water I'herbe, the grass les livres, the books les amis, the friends ies poires, the pears.

meat water grass

books
friends pears.

THE PARTITIVE GENITIVE.

Bear in mind that in English some or any are often not Olbs. Translate for practice: pressedy but simply understood.

53

eoj-

the the the the

butter, some (or any) butter, beer, some (or any) beer, ink, some (or any) ink, horses, some (or any) horses,

of of of of

the the the the

butter, beer, ink, horses,

to to to to

the the the the

butter, beer, ink, horses,

butter; beer; ink; horses;

some evils, the evils, evils; gold, the gold, any gold; the shame, any shame, to the shame; the heroes, of the heroes, to the heroes, any heroes; the silver, of the silver, some silver.
la la la la la la
soie, the silk

le lait, the le cafe,

milk

le papier

mine, the mine

houille
,

the coffee

a lettres, letter-paper

the

the coals linen salade, the salad vache, the cow I'huile, f the oil le vinaigre, the vinegar le betail,* the cattle retain, m. the tin le cuivre, the copper la laitue, the lettuce
toile, the

le cafe a la creme, coffee

le timbre-poste, postage-

atid cream le sucre, the sugar le petit pain, the roll le poivre, the pepper
le sel,
tJie

stamp
exporter, to export

on y va, coming! que desirez-vous? what

will

salt

you have?

enfin, at last,

in short

moi, me,

le chocolat, the chocolate

le
il

bonbon, the sweetmeat

fait,

s^ilYOVLs^laXt, if youplease faut, want il

les soieries, the silk-stuffs la

I me gomme elastique,
india-rubber.

the

*pi. les bestiaux.

he makcs

1. L'ltalie exporte de la soie, de Thuile et des fruits. 2. On trouve dans les mines de TAngleterre du fer, de la houille, de Z'etain, du cuivre et beaucoup c^'autres metaux. 3. L'Irlande exporte de la toile, du beurre et des ceufs (/! silent). 4. Garden! 5. On y va, monsieur! 6. Que desirez-vous, monsieur? 7. Apportez-moi du cafe a la creme, du sucre, du beurre et des petits pains. 8. Apportez-moi aussi du sel, du poivre, de la moutarde, de Z'huile, du vinaigre, des laitues, des ceufs, enfin, tout ce qu'il faut pour faire de la salade. 9. Papa, donnez-moi, s'il vous plait, de Z'argent. 10. Pourquoi de ^'argent? 11. Pour aclieter des bonbons et des joujoux. 12. E me faut de Tencre, des plumes, du papier a lettres, des enveloppes et des timbres -poste.

103.
exports cheese, butter, cattle, silk-stuffs and watches. 2. Give me, if you please, some milk. 3. Do you want wine or beer? 4. I want some water. 5. Have you any friends? 6. Have they given grass to the cows? 7. Has the servant bought any eggs? 8. The shoemaker makes shoes and boots. 9. Will you have tea or coffee? 10. I want some chocolate and eggs. 11. There is iron, lead, copper, and tin in the mines of England. 12. (The) silver is heavier than (the) copper.
1.

Switzerland

64

ADVERBS OF QUANTITY.
103.

beanconp de vin. much* wine; peu de viande, little meat; plus d'argent, more money; moins d'huile, less oil;
too much salt; d'ean, how much tcater; autaut de fruit, as much fruit; pas taut (autant) de sucre, not so

trop de

sel,

combien

beaucoap de livres, many* hooks peu de pomraes, few apples plus d'amis, more friends moins d'hommes, fewer men trop de frais, too many expenses combien de francs, how many francs
autant de poires, as many pears pas tant (autant) de noix, not so

much sugar;
pas de poivre, no (not any) pepper; point d'argent, no money {at all); assez de the, enough tea;

many

nuts

pas de cerises, no {not any) cherries point de Suisses, no Switzers assez de lettres, enough lettres. * Observe the difference heticeen Singular and Plural in English. Adverbs of quantity and negation take simply de {and not du, de 1% de la, des). Except bien {in tJie sense of beaucoup, much, many) which
takes the Partitive article. bien du bruit, much noise, bien des hommes, many men, le raisin, the grapes
,
.

beaucoup de bruit beaucoup d'hommes.

des raisins sees, raisins

I'etranger, the stranger, foreigner

une grappe de
grapes

raisin,

a bunch of

un grain de
Obs.
1.

raisin,

a grape

produit, produces le ble, the corn.

Than and

as after adverbs of comparison are translated by que.

produit-elle du vin et du ble? 2. La France produit beaucoup de Yin et de bid. 3. Ddsirez-vous des pommes? 4. Comlien de pommes ddsirez-vous ? 5. Je desire deux pommes. 7. Avez-vous du 6. Je desire autant de pommes que mon frere. pain, de Z'eau, de la viande et des poires ? 8. Nous avons assez de pain, cTeau, de viande et de poires. 9. Ont-ils du vinaigre, de Thuile, de la moutarde, et des petits pains ? 10. Non, monsieur, ils n'ont pas de vinaigre, tZ'huile, de moutarde et de petits pains. 11. Avezvous de Fargent sur vous? 12. Non, mon ami, je n'ai point d'argent. 13. La Belgique exporte moins de liouille que TAngleterre. 14. N'y a-t-il pas trop de sel dans la soupe?

La France

104.
There are many foreigners in (a) Paris. 2. How many inhabitants are there in London? 3. There are more inhabitants in London than in (the) Switzerland. 4. This scholar has no mistakes in his exercise. 5. They have less money than the banker, but they have also fewer cares than the banker. 6. You have given too much wine to his child. 7. Have you bought grapes or raisins? 8. I have bought grapes, but I have not bought any raisins. 9. This poor woman has many children but little money. 10. Do you want some wine, sir? 11. No, I have had too much wine.
1.

ADVERBS OP QUANTITY.
105.

55

une tasse de th6, une douzaine de crayons,

un verre
une une une

d'eau,

corbeille
livre

de

cerises,

livre d'huile,

de

raisins sees,

a a a a a a

cup of tea dozen of pencils glass of water

hasJcet

of cherries

pound of oil pound of raisins.

After Substantives denoting quantity or capacity, the Partitive Genitive is (as after Adverbs of quantity) expressed by de, (and not by du, de la, de T, des). Similarly only de is used before a Substantive taken in a par-01t)s. titive sense, if preceded by an Adjective: as, du vin, some wine, de bon vin, some good loine
de la
salade,

some salad,

des amis, friends, le jambon, the ham the sausage la. saucisse,
la terre, the earth, the_ estate le produit, the product I'espece, f. the kind la foule, the crowd, great quantity le poisson, the fish
la plupart (de), 1.

d'excellente salade, excellent salad de vrais amis, true friends.

la bagatelle, the trifleTaune, f. the ell la couverture, the cover, the blanket la carafe, the decanter la plume m^tallique, the steel pen le morceau, the piece, morsel, hit la tranche, the slice la cave, the cellar.

most

Desirez-vous du jambon ou de la saucisse? 2. Donnezmoi une tranche de jambon, s'il vous plait. 3. Voici un verre de 4. La terre que nous avons en vin et une bouteille de biere. France est riche en produits de toute espece il y a de tres bons vins, cZ'excellents fruits, de grandes forets ou il y a beaucoup de gibier, de petites rivieres, et des lacs ou il y a une foule de 5. Voila bien du bruit pour une bagatelle. poissons. 6. Nous avons achete vingt et une aunes de toile et une paire de couvertures. 7. Gargon, une tasse de cafe a la cremel
;

106.
have yon not given a piece of bread to this child? 2. He does not want bread, he wants money. 3. How many pounds of grapes have you bought (fern, plur.)? 4. I have not bought any grapes. 5. There are fewer mountains in Holland than in Switzerland, but there are more canals in Holland. 6. Bring me a glass of wine and a slice of ham, if you please. 7. We have good wine in the cellar. 8. Here are excellent pears and fine nuts. 9. There are very large cities in England. 10. Here ia a cup of
1.

Why

coffee

and a glass of water.

66

ADJECTIVES WITH THREE TERMINATIONS.

107.

ADJECTIVES WITH THREE TERIVIINATIONS.

Masculine. before a Cons.; bef.avowelorsU.h.;
T?^,it *minine.

beau fou

bel,
fol,

belle,
folle,

fine, beautiful

foolish
soft

mou
nouveau Tieux
le le

mol,
nouvel,
Tieil,

molle,
noiiyelle,
vieille,
porte, ivorn,

new
old.

gendarme,

the policeman

home, carried

la cire, the

wax

volume, the volume

1

different, different

auparavant (adv.)

7,-^^^^

' avant, (preih) j a la mode, in fashion, fashionable rivrogne', m. the drunkard rhopital m. the hospital a droite et a gauche, right and left souhaiter, to wish

laid,

ugly
1.

Tavenir, m. the future a Tavenir, for the future la nouvelle, the news avoir des nouvelles de, to hear from tons les jours, every day tout le jour, the whole day toujours, always I'orage, m. the thimderstorm Tabricot, m. the apricot surpris, surprised, overtaken quel! what (a) i
. .

la telle jardiniere.

2. Chez Chez le vieux tailleur. 4. Ce nouveau vohime des ceuvres de Walter Scott est tres-intercssant. 5. Un nouvel habit est un habit different de celui qu'on 6. Un habit neuf est un habit qui n'a pas avait auparavant. encore ^te porte. 7. Un habit nouveau est un habit a la mode. 9. Quel hel enfant! 8. Cette poire est molle. 10. Qui, il est tres 11. Quels heaiix enfants! heau. 12. Mais non, ils ne sont pas

Ou

as-tu achet^ ce
3.

heau chien

et ce hel oiseau?

Et ce

hel habit?

heauXj ils sont tres laids. 13. Ce vieux soldat et ce vieil ivrogne 14. La ville de Chester est tres ansont maintenant a I'hopital. cienne. 15. Ce gendarme est un ancien soldat.

108.
(has) put on a new coat every day. 2. This new fashioned coat is very expensive. 3. Henry has been surprised by a storm, he has put on another coat. 4. What [a] fine apricot! 5. What fine apricots! 6. I wish (to) my brother a happy new year. 7. These two gentleman are old friends. 8. This old man is a retired soldier. 9. Has your cousin heard from his fiither? 10. The city of Marseilles is very old; it is the oldest ^ city* in France. 11. This wax is very soft. 12. Have they heard from their old aunt? 13. Yes, they have heard from their old aunt; she has a new ser* 14. What a beautiful new hat you have there! vant.
1.

He

ADJECTIVES.

57

109.
Adjectives which form their feminine irregularly,

doux,
faux, blanc,
franc,
public,

douce,
fausse,

sweet, soft

sec,
frais,

seclie,

dry
fresh

false

fraiche,

blanche,
franclie,

white franhj candid

benin, malin,
lon^,
favori,

grec,

publique, puUic grecque, Greeh

benigne, maligne, longue,

favorite,

benignant malignant
long
favourite.

(Compare Eugene^s French Gram. 29, 34, 35 for planation of these seeming irregularities.)
la vanite, vanity la modestie, modesty le linge blanc, clean linen la fraise, the strawberry la groseille, the currant lagroseille a maquereau, the gooseberry la chemise, the shirt la couleur, the colour la crevette, the shrimp
Olbs.
le miel, the

an ex^

la blanchisseuse, the laundress

honey

boire, to drink .^jisit? ts it ,

.

not? are they? \arethey not? have they? d;c. une demi livre, half a pound tme livre et demie, a pound and a half

"

nu-pieds, pieds-nus,

hnrefoot
'

demi and nu

are invariable before the Substantive, but yariablo

after it:
1. Ma poire est plus douce que ta pomme. 2. Le bleu est couleur favorite. 3. Cette biere est encore tres fraiche, elle n'est pas lonne a boire. 4. Votre traduction est longue^ n'est-ce pas ? 5. Une franche vanite deplait moins qu'une fausse modestie. 6. La neige est blanche. 7. La blanchisseuse a-t-elle apporte le linge blanc? 8. Cette nouvelle n'est-elle pas fausse? 9. Apportez-moi, s'il vous plait, un verre d'eau fraiche. 10. Les fraises sent plus douces que les groseilles. 11. Vos chemises ne sont pas encore seches. 12. Ma traduction grecque est tres longue,

ma

110,
Here is a pretty rose, it is your favourite flower, is it not? 2. Tlie way from here to London is very long. 3. Your clean linen is not yet dry. 4. This fish is fresh, but these shrimps are not fresh. 5. I have not yet seen your new house. 6. Have you any sweet ^ pears ^ to sell? 7. Yes, and I have also excellent raisins. 9. One 8. How (much) do you sell the pears? franc a* dozen and the raisins 90 cents a* pound. 10. Well, give me two dozens of pears and half a pound of raisins. 11. Have you any grapes? Yes sir! 12. Bring me a glass of fresh* water , if you please. *the.
1.

68

FIRST CONJUGATION.
111.

FIKST CONJUGATION.
Future.
Conditional.

Je parlerai,
il

shall speak
il

tu parleys, thou wilt speak

(elle) parlera,

he will speak nous parlerons, we shall speak vous parlerez, you ivill speak

Je parlerais, I should speak tu i^2ir\QY^\%jthouivouldst speak (elle) parlerait, he would speak nous parlerions, we should speak vous parleriez, you would speak

(ils)elles

parleront, they will speak. ils(elles) parleraient, they would

parlerais-je? etc. Should je no parlerais pas, etc. ne parlerais-je pas? etc.
to

paiierai-je? etc. Shall I speak, ]e ne parlerai pas, etc. ne parlerai-je pas? etc.

speak,

Like parler conjugate: accomp^gner,

bateau a vapeur, the steamboat le cap de la Bonne Esperance, the Cape of Good Hope
le
le debarcadere, the landing-place

accompany;

rester, to stay.

rentrcr, to

go in again j

to

return home

abandonner, abandon

comme

il faut, pi'operly, gentlemanly obstine, obstinate.

Practice:

j'accompagnerai mon frfere lundi prochain, etc. accompagneras-tu ton cousin demain? etc. je travaillerais co soir, si je n'etais pas malade,

etc.

qui apporterez -Youa ces fraises? 2. i'apporterai ces 3. Accompagnera-i-Q\\Q sa tante ^ fraises a notre vieille voisine. Berlin? 4. Parleras-ta a ton oncle? 5. Vous porterez cette lettre k la poste. 6. Quand elles rentreront, je serai sorti. 7. Le train arrivera a cinq heures. 8. Les bateaux a vapeur du cap de la Bonne Esperance arriveront jeudi prochain, le quinze aotit. 9. Travailleront-Q)\Q^ ce soir? 10. Jq recompenscrais ce gargon, B'il meritait une recompense. 11. Le maitre recompenserait les 12. Qui n'aimeraii Aleves, s'ils avaient travaill6 comme il faut. pas ses parents? 13. Elles ahandonneraient leur projet, si elles
1.

n'^taient pas si obstinees.

113.
2. Will he give any money to the old laundress? 3. Two trains will arrive at half-past eleven. 4. Will you think of your duties? 5. I should inhabit this house, if I had enough money. 6. When you (will) return, you will find tJie house shut. 7. We shall accompany our mother to the railway station. 8. We should also accompany our cousin to the pier, if we had (the) time. 9. These studious young ladies will work the whole evening. 10. My old neighbours would not work, if they were tired. 11. Would you reward the pupils, if they had not deserved a recompense? 12. He would study, if he were not so idle.
1.

I shall

not abandon this child.

COMPOUND TENSES.
113.

59

Compound Tenses
(see pp.

(with avoir).

Learn the Compound Tenses (Indicative Mood) of aimer 9697).

supper
sonper, io swp demander, to asTc, to hegy to order banni, Vanished
assidtiment, assiduously.

le soaper, the le facteur,

the postman la depeche, the dispatch, message jusqu'a, until f as far as

Practice:

de la guerre, etc. N'avais-je pas trouve des noix?

J'ai parle

Aussitot que j'eus

etc.

fini,

etc,'

Quand

j'aurai travaille,

etc

Tai mange assez de cerises. 2. II a travaille assez long3. Mes amis n'ont-ils pas voyagd depuis trois semaines ? 4. Pourquoi le maitre w'a-t-il pas puni ces eleves paresseux? 5. Parce qu'ils ont promis de travailler assidtiment a Favenir. 7. Ave^-Yons demands 6. Des que j'eus dine, je quittai la maison. a Monsieur Jacques si sa soeur arrivera ce soir? 8. Nous avions deja soupe quand vous efes arrive, 9. Nous aurons deja quittS Bordeaux quand vous arriverez. 10. Les gargons auront apporte du vin et de I'eau. 11. Us auraient aussi apporte de la bi^re,
1.

temps.

si elle

dtait

bonne a

boire.

12. AussitSt

que vous
13.

elites

envoys

votre depeche, le facteur apporta une lettre.

Les Grecs ont

visite lo

souvent hanni leurs grands hommes.

palais,
s'il

14.

Nous aurions

avait ete ouvert

114.
In
1.

this

Indefinite:

Exercise render the English Imperfect ty the French Past

Did you speak? 2. No, I did not speak. 3. Did he see my father? 4. No, but he saw your mother. 6. They brought 5. What did they bring? a fish. 7. Did you play this morning? 8. Did he accompany his sister?
9.

Yes, he accompanied his sister as far as Bedford.

10.

We

sold our house.

your exercise, when we came (are come). have finished their book. 13. We should if we had met our master. 14. He would have worked longer, if it had not been too late. 15. I should have left this country long ago, if I had not so many friends.

11. You had already finished 12. If they had worked, they would

have brought our books,

60

PERSONAL PR0N0UN8.
115.

Personal Pronouns (Pronoms Personnels).

Singular.
First Pers.

Second Pers. tu, thou

te, thee

Third Pers,
il, elle,
Jie,

Subj. or

Nom.

je,

Bir. Ohj. or Ace. Ind. Obj, or Bat.

I me, me
me,
to

she, it

le, la, hinij her, it

me

te, to thee
Plural.

lui (m.

& f.)

(y) to him,
it.

to her, to

Nom. nons, we
Ace. Bat.
Charles

tous, you lis, elles, they nons, us yous, you les (m. & f.) them nous, to us vous, to you leur (m. & f.) y, to them.
Dative

Accusatiye :

me *

Charles praises me Jean me* parle, John speaks tome te* trompe, te* donne, deceives thee gives to thee Wames him, her lui (m.f^/".) donno le*, la* blame, tohim,her nous quitte, nous repond, leaves us replies tons TOUS aime, you ^ vous prete, lends to you loves les {m.d;f. )\ovie, praises them leur donne, gives to them. Before a verb beginning with a vowel m% t', 1': as 11 m'aime, 11 t'aime; 11 I'aime (him or her).
lo ue,
A (.
f

Practice:-

Alfred me trouva, etc. Mon ami m'abandonna.

-^

f
'

elle
11

me montra le chemin, etc. m'ordonne de rester, etc.

le filou, the pickpocket

rinjustice,

f.

the injustice, torong

to

deranger, to disturb,
blamer, to

put out of
[oi'der

tromper, to deceive preter, to lend conseiller (a), to advise

confier, to confide, entrust

pardonner

Name

(a), to forgive repliqner, to answer, to reply.

Obs. Demander, to ask for, takes a dative of the person, and an occusative of the thing: as, II lui a demande son nom. He asked him for his name.
2. Je te regarde. 3. II le loue et elle Je le donne a votre pere. 5. Je te donne Pargent 6. Tu me donneras ces livres. 7. Elle lui confie son argent 9. Ces filous te tromperont. 8. Vouz m'avez trompe. 10. Est-ce que vous aimez ces enfants? 11. Oui, je les aime. 12. Vos soenrs nous ont ecrit samedi dernier. 13. Vous w'oubliez. 14. Ayez la boute de nous preter votre livre. 15. Votre frere rSsL ecrit, je lui repondrai demain. Farse all the Personal Pronouns in the Exercise above. 1. 4.

Vous me derangez.

la blame.

PEKSONAL PRONOUNS.
116.

61

You will forgive me. 2. I lend you this book. 3. He gave thee 6. We were 5. We were looking for you. 4. You deceive him. 8. We 7. You shall reply to them (to him) this evening. listening [to] you.
1.

money.

find
11.

them.

9.

advised

(to)

him
12.

to

stay.

10.

She
(a)

You

will

soon 2 forget* me.

14.
[for]

We

bring you
(the)

praises you much. good news. 13. He

15. Yes,

forgave us all our wrongs.

Do you

like

ham?

I like

it

much.

16.

Look

your niece, you will find her in the garden.

117.

PERSONAL PRONOUNS
Accusative

(continued).

Me
Te

loue-t-il?

or

Est-ce qu'il

me

loue?

Does he praise me?

deceive thee ?

trompe-t-il?

te trorape?
le, la

Le, la blame-t-il?

blame?

hlame
love

him, her?
VLS%

Nous Vous

aime-t-il? honore-t-il?
trouve-t-il?

nous aime? vous honorc?

les trouve?

honour you?
find

Les (.(]&/".)

them?

Dative.

Me

(te)

parle-t-il ? or Est-ce qu'il

me (t e) parle ? Does he speak to me, to thee ?

lui

'Luiim.dtf.)

? ?

Nous (vous)

?
? ?

Leur (m.f^/:)

nous, (yous) leur

to him, to her? tons, to you?

to

them?

Negative and Interrogativ

Ne me

(te, le, etc.) frappe-t-il

pas?
frappe pas?

w Est-ce

}Does

he not strike
etc.

me,

thee,

qu'il

ne

me

(te, etc.)

him?

rinspectcur, the inspector negligent, careless Paiguille, f. the needle I'epingle, f. the pin taquiner, to tease

admirer, to admire examiner, to examine rdcompenser, to reward approuver, to approve

imiter, to imitate cependant, yet, meanwhile crier, to cry. se donner de la peine, to take trouble.

62
1.

PERSONAL PRONOUNS.
Admirez-vous notre theatre?
le

2.

Z^admirez-vous?
4.
6.

3.

Oui,

nous Tadmirons, mais nous ne

^tudie sa legon?
5.
il

visiterons pas.

Est-ce qu'il
il

Est-ce qu'il Z'etudie?

Z'etudiera ce soir.
7.

Non,

ne Tetudie
les cher-

pas a

present, mais

Pourquoi ne
9.

chent-ils

pas?

8.

Us ne

la quitteront pas.
10.

(Est-ce qu'elle vous aime?)

Non,

elle

Vous aime-t-elle? ne nous aime pas,

11. Pourquoi ne vous aime-t-elle

pas?

(Pourquoi est-ce qu'elle

ne vous aime pas?)

13. Jl/'aimez-vous?

12.

Parce que nous la taquinons toujours.

14.

(Est-ce que vous m'aimez?)

Lui mon-

trerez vous ce livre? (Est-ce que vous luiy etc.)?

15. Oui, je lui

livre.

montrerai ce

livre,

mais je ne

lui donnerai

pas ce

Un
Mon

voleur^ entra une nuit par la fenetre dans la chambre d'un

et

pauvre bomme,

se mit^ a

tatonner^ a droite

et

a gauche.

ami," lui crie celui-ci, qui ne dormait* pas, ne vous donnez

pas la peine de chercher plus longtemps; vous ne sauriez* rien trouver, pendant la nuit, dans un lieu^ ou je ne trouve rien

pendant

le jour.
2)

1) thief;

began;

8) feel;

4) slept;

5) can;

6) place.

118.
ATI interrogative sentences to be translated both ways.
1. Will the inspector examine the pupil? 2. Yes, he will examine him; tut he will not reward him. 3. Do they admire her? 4. Yes, they admire 5. Why do they not love her? her much, yet they do not love her. 7. Do your cousins approve [of] your 6. Because she does not love them. conduct? 8. Yes, they approve [of] it, yet they do not imitate it. 9. Why do they not imitate it? 10. Because they are too careless. 11. Will yoa 13. Would you give (to) him 12. Yes, I shall shut it. shut the door?

the book?

14.
(to)

Would you
to

give (to) her the needles

16. Yes,

you show

us the pictures?

we

shall

and pins? show you the

15.

Will

pictures;

we

shall also

show them

your friends.

PERSONAL PRONOUNS.
119.

63

PERSONAL PRONOUNS
Accusatiye.

(continued).

n
II

m'

(t% P) a recompense.

He

a recompensee. II nous (vous, les) a recompenses II les (/".) a recompensees.

(/".)

has rewarded me, (tbee, him), her. us, (you, them [w]),

them
Datiye.

(/.)

(f) a parle. II lui (w. d; f.) a parM. II nous (vous) a parle. II leur {m. & f.) a parie.
II

m'

He

has spoTcen to me (to thee)* to him, to her.

>
)9

to us, (to you) to them.

Has

he

left

me?

etc.

M'a-t-il quitte? Nous a-t-il quittes? etc.

Est-ce qu'il

(us), etc.
etc.
etc,

m'a quitte? nous a quittes?

etc.

He
II

has not struck

me

II

ne m'a 'pas frappe. ne nous a jpas frappes,

Has

he not struck me, (us)?

Ne m'a-t-il pas frappe ? Ne nous a-t-il pas frappes?

etc.

Est-ce qu'il ne t'a pas frappe? ne nous a pas frappes?

The Past Participle Gender and Nnmber with

that

conjugated
the

with ayoir agrees in Object (Accusative only) when

the sentence:

Object stands before the Past Farticiple in

No agreement.
J'ai
J'ai
J'ai

Agreement.
Voici la fiUe que j'ai recompensee; Je I'ai recompensee. Voici les gardens que j'ai recompenses; Je les ai recompenses; Voici les fllles que j'ai recompensees;

recompense cette

flUe.

recompense ces gar9on8.

recompense ces
{See
also
the
fiUes.

Je les ai recompensees.
the

Paradigms above, and %% 160164.)

Eugene's French Gram.

la bibliotheque, the library le bibliothecaire , the librarian la librairie, the booksell&r's

shop or

business
le libraire, the bookseller

I'estampe, f. the engraving, print la boite, the box plusieurs fois, several times ressembler ^, to resemble, to be like obei h, obeyed.

^4
1.

PEESONAL PRONOUNS.
Je ne vous
deja
ai

pas encore montrd

livres,
4. II est

ma

bibliotheque.

2.

Je

vous aurais
3.

montrd mes

si

j'avais

eu
5.

le

temps.

Ou

est votre cousin ?

dit

chez

le libraire.

Lui avez-

k souper? 6. Je we lui ai pas dit cela, je ne lui ai jms parle. 7. Cos estampes sont tres belles, de qui les avez-vous (de qui est-ce que vous les avez) rcQues? 8. Je ne les ai pas revues, mon cousin les a pretees a
Vsl invite

vous

que

mon

oncle d'Amerique

mon
11.

frere.

9.

Ne

Icur as-tu

pretes?

10.

Ce

filou
il

Non, monsieur,
14.

recommanddes ?
sa cousine.
ressemble.

13.

pas rendu les cabiers qu'ils f avaient a-t-il pas trompes plusieurs fois? ne nous a pas trompes. 12. Vous a-t-elle Oui, madame, elle nous a recommandees a
ne vous
obei avec plaisir.
15. Elle lui

Nous vous avons

^tait

Un

certain comte

connu* pour un mauvais d^biteur*

qui amusait ses creanciers*

par de vaines* promesses.

Un

de

ses amis prit^ occasion de lui dire^: Vraiment, c'est bien

dommage^
6) to

que
sa-y;

la fortune
1)

ndglige^ un
2) debtor;

homme

qui promet^ tant."

4) vain, idle; 9) promises.

known;

3) creditors;

5) took;

7) great pity;

8) should neglect;

120.
Have you found 2. Yes, I (have) found it 3. Have you shown (to) them your fine garden? 4. I should have shown them our garden if they had visited us. 5. Have you accompanied her? 6. No, I have not accompanied her. 7. Has the waiter brought
1.
,

my

English grammar?

in the garden.

that bottle of wine which you have ordered?

it.

8.

No, he has not yet brought

10. I did not

9.

Where

did you buy (Indef.) these beautiful books?

buy

(Indef.)

them, I received them from

my

aunt.

11.

She also gave

(Indef.)

me
us.

a box of steel-pens.
12. "Will

not your friends forget you? 13. They have already forgotten have praised him. 15. We have obeyed him (dat.). 16. Did you obey her (dat.)? 17. Did you see (Indef.) them? 18. Do you resemble them (dat.)? 19. Did you speak (Indef) to them? 20. Have you spoken to them? 21. No, we have not spoken to them.
14.

We

PERSONAL PRONOUNS.
131.

65

PERSONAL PRONOUNS

(continued).

En,

of

it,

of them J

with them;

some,

any

(expressed

or

understood).

Avez-vous de I'argent? Oui, j'en ai. Non, je n'en

Desirez-vous des pommes? Oui, j'en desire. Non, je n'en desire point.

ai point.

Have you any money? Yes,Ihave{^ome). No I have not smj,

Do you want apples? Yes, I do {want some).

No, I do not loant any. Has he a pen?
Yes, he has one; he has several, JDo you doubt (of) his fidelity? Yes, I do {doubt of it). No, I do not {doubt of it).

A-t-il une plume? Oui, 11 en a une; il en a plusienrs. Doutez-vous de sa fidelite?

Oui, j'en doute.

Non, je n'en doute pas. ;6te8-vous content de sa conduite?

Oui, j'en suis content. Non, je n'en suis pas content.

Are you
Yes,

satisfied

I am No I am
50,

with his conduct? with it). not satisfied with it.

{satisfied

{See also Eugene's

French Gram. %%

193

195.)
etc.

Practice;

J'en ai, tu en as, etc.

En

aurais-je? etc.

Je n'en avals pas,

le besoin, the

etc.

N'en aurais-je pas?

want, need car, (conj.) for avoir besoin de, to want, to be in need of pour, {prep.) for au lieu de, instead of la paire, the pair fache (de), sorry for emprunter, to borrow [room, facbe (contre), angry {with) le buffet, the sideboard, refreshment'
1. Si vous avez besoin d'argent, je vous en donnerai. Oui, yen ai besoin. 3. Avez-vous des poires? 4. Oui, j'en ai encore six douzaines. 5. Et des abricots? 6. Non, je n'en ai plus; je les ai tous vendus. Tant pis! a-t-il encore de 7. I'encre dans I'encrier? 8. Oui, i\ j en a encore, mais bientot il n'y en aura plus. 9. Combien de lettres avez-vous regues? 10. J'en ai regu trois ce soir, mais je n^en ai pas regu ce matin. 11. Ou sont mes bottes? 12. EUes sont chez le cordonnier. 13. Tant pis, car je n'en ai qu'une paire.

2.

133.
1. Has the gardener any fruit? 2. Yes, he has (some). 3. Are thera chairs enough in this room? 4. Yes, there are (enough of them). 5. Do you want any ham? 6. No, I don't want any now, but 1 shall eat some

fiugfene, French Metho

66
this evening.
8.

PERSONAL PRONOUNS

7. Will the Jew give you a thousand francs for* your horse? No, he will not give me so much for* it 9. I have two grammars, how many (of them) have you? 10. I have three, but my brother has not any. 11. We shall borrow some money, we are in need of some, for we have [none left] (no more of it). 12. We have lessons to learn this evening; have you also (of them)? 13. How many children has she? Seven. of.

123.

PERSONAL PRONOUNS
Y,
to it,

(continued).

at

it,

in

it; to

them, at thenij in them; there, thither

(expressed or undei-stood).
Consentirez-vous a
proposition? Shall you consent to my proposal? n'y I shall consent to it, hut my brother will not consent to it. Will he contribute to these expenses? Will he contribute to them? He will contribute to them; hut we shall not contribute to them. Have you been in London? avez vous ete? Nous y avons et^. Hare you 6ee there? Wehaveb.thtvQ. I have not been there this year, Je n'l/ ai pas ete cette ann^e, hut I teas there during the J'Jxhibition. mais yy fus pendant FExposition, and I shall return tliere next year^ et yy retoumerai Tannee prochaine.

ma

consentirai, mais mon frore consentira pas. Contribuera-t-il a ces frais? contribuera-t-il? y contribuera; mais nous n'w contribuerons pas. Avez-vous ^to d Londres?

Ty

Y
Y

{See also Eugene's

French Gram. %%

50, 194, 195.)

124.
le billet,
tlie

ticket,

note

le pujiitre, the

desk
^j^.^^j.

bureau, the desk, the office an Iwur ago il y a une heure hier au soir, yesternight
le

regarder, to look, to concern

penser h songer a

\
J

^^

^^' ^^ consider.

2. No, they have 1. Have your sisters been to the concert to-day? not been there to-day, but they have been there yesternight. 3. If they have no tickets, I will give them some. 4. Have you considered your proposal? 5. I am considering it now. 6. Have the pupils been to church? 7. Yes, they have (been there); they will return there this evening.^ 8. If you are in want of paper, my father will give you some. 9. Is he in (at) the office? 10. He was there an hour ago, but if he is not there now, you 11. Are you speaking of our festivities? will find some on his desk. 13. Are you thinking of (to) your 12. Yes, we are (speaking of them). journey? 14. Yes, we are (thinking to it).

PERSONAL PEONOUNS.
135.

67

PEESONAL PRONOUNS
Accusative.
Quittez-moij
quittez-le quittez-la

(continued).

Leave

me
liim

Ne me
ne ne ne ne
Dative.

quittez-nous
quittez-les

her us

(m.& f.)

them
to me to him (her) to us to them.

quittez pas, Do not leave me him le quittez pas, her la quittez pas, us nous quittez pas, them les quittez pas,

Speak Parlez-moi, parlez-lui* (m. & f.) parlez-nous parlez-leur*(m.&f.)

parlez pas. Do not speak to me ne lui* parlez pas, to him (her) us ne nous parlez pas, them ne leur* parlez pas, * stands for the Dative, especially with reference to Things: Consentez-y, Consent to it. N'y consentez pas. Bo not consent to it.

Ne me

Obs. En stands for the Genitive, especially with reference to Things: Parlez-en, Speak of it. N'en parlez pas, Do not speak of it (of them).

With the verb in the Imperative affirmative, the objective Pronoun stands after the verb (as in English), and in that case moi and toi are used instead of me and te. depenser, to spend (money etc.) allez (Imperat. of aller) go (ye) plutot, rather passer, to spend (time etc) plus tot, sooner, earlier enfermer, to shut (keep) in, up consoler, to console, to comfort ennuyer, to annoy, to bore 'haut, high, loud le pen sum, the task le diner, the dinner. tout de suite, at once
consolez-?e

Allez chez notre pauvre voisin, i^ovtez-lui ces vingt francs, / 2. Aime-mo^, et je f aimerai. 3, Ne lui donnez pas d' argent, 11 (elle) en depense trop. 4. Montrez-nous le chemin de Bedford. 5. Je vous montrerai le cliemin avec plaisir. 6. Vos eleves ont bien travaille; recompensez-?es; dormez-leur une recompense. 7. Mais leurs eleves ont ete paresseux; ne les recompensez pas. 8. Ne leur donnez pas de recompense. 9. Enfermez-?es plutot, donnezleur un pensum. 10. Quittez-nous! 11. Je ne vous quitterai pas,
1.

136.
you please. 2. Look [at] me. 3. Don't look [at] me. 4. Here are twenty-five francs, but don't spend them at once. 5. Let us visit our old neighbour (f.), let us take (bring) her some wine, ham, cake and cherries. 6. Let us comfort her, don't let us forget her. 7. Emily has been very industrious, let us reward her. 8. These boys have not written their exercises; keep them in, give tliem a task instead of dinner. 9. Leave me! 10. Don't bore me! 11. Show (to) him your translation. 12. Give (to) them some money, they have none left (no more of it).
1.

Lend me your grammar,

if

5*

68

PEESONAL PRONOUNS.
127.

PERSONAL PRONOUNS
0) Jean
f

(continued).
it (her,
it (her,

me le (la, lesf) donne,

le (la, les)

John gives him,

him,

M Jean te
Jean

(*)

le (la, les)

donne, lui donne,

hiiUy it

them) to me them) to thee (her, them) to him,

her.

nj Alice nous le(la^ les) prete, Alicelends^m, it (her, them) to us (A Alice Tous le(la, les) prete, him, it (her, them) to you
(^;Alice?e(?a, Ze5)leurprete,
*

him,

it

(her y them)

tothem.

The DatiTe

is

in fat type; the AccusatiTe in Italics.

Verb may have two objects, a nearer (Ace.) and a remoter one (Dat), and then (^) The pronoun in the !* or 2^ person stands before the Pron. in the 3**.

(*)

If both are of

the

3**

person, the

Pronoun in

the Accusative stands

"before the

Pronoun in

the Datire.

Obs. 1. TJie Beflective Pronoun se (himself, herself, itself, themselves), however, ahcays stands first: II se le reproche. He reproaches himself with it.

Obs. 2.

Two
il

objective

Pronouns cannot stand

(le,

before the
les,

same Verb,
etc.

unless at least one of them is of the 3d person

la,

se, en, y).

Practice:

me

le refuse, etc.

Alfred

me

la

recommande,

Emile

me

les rend,

etc.

Jean

me
In

With Verbs in compound Tenses: Ta donn^, etc.; Alice les leur a

interrogrative le donne-t-il?
Ta-t-il

prete, etc.

Sentences:
or or Est-co que Jean Est-ce que Jean
Alice Alice

Jean Jean

me me

donn6?

n
II

In negrJitive Sentences: ne me le donne pas, etc.; ne me Ta pas donne, etc.;

In Sentences
le

me me

le

/'a

donne? etc. donne? etc.

ne ne

le

le

leur prete pas. leur a pas pret^.

Ne me Ne me

both negative and interrogative: or Est-ce qu'il ne me le donne pas? etc. Ta-t-il pas donne? or Est-ce qu'il ne me Ta pas donne? eto.
donne-t-il pas?
assurer, to assure
refuser, to reftise,

la v6rit6, th^ truth le portefeuille, pocket-booTc, portfolio dit (P. P. of dire), said

deny

Catherine, Catherine, Kate a condition, on condition

tantot,
il

by and by

remercier, to thank rendre, to render, to give bach expliquer, to explain renvoyer, to send back, dimiss

y a longtemps, long ago Paques, (masc.) Easter

compris, understood, comprised remis, delivered, put off.

PERSONAL PRONOUNS.
1.

69

Voici une poire, je te la donne.

3.
5.

2.

Je

te

remercie
je
6. le

infini-

ment.
prSte.

Lui

as-tu prete ton dictionnaire ?

les
lettres

4. Oui,

lui ai

Avez-vous remis
remises.
7.

au facteur?

Oui, je

les lui ai

Est-ce que vous leur preterez vos parales

pluies?

8.

Non, nous ne

leur preterons pas, parce que nous

9.

en aurons besoin nous-memes.

10.

Est-ce que tu
11.

me

le

refuses?
dit la

Non, je ne te
12.

le

refuse pas.

Vous ne m'avez pas

Z'ai dite.

verite.

Je vous assure que je tous

14.

13. Avez-vous
15. Est-ce

lu son livre?

Non, mais

je

le

lui

ai

demands.
le

que vous

le

leur avez-donne?
le

16.

Non, nous ne

leur avons

pas encore donne; mais nous

mettent de nous
le

leur donnerons

tantdt, s'ils pro-

rendre avant NoSl.

Malgre^

les services
lui

que I'amiral Duquesne avait rendus a

refusa les titres^ et les honneurs qu'il

Louis XIV, ce prince

meritait parce qu'il etait protestant.

Sire,

Le

roi

meme

le lui

avoua.^

repondit Duquesne, quand j'ai combattu pour la gloire de

j'ai

vos armes, quand

vaincu* vos ennemis je n'ai pas songe^ quo

vous

6tiez d'une autre religion

1)

que moi."
3) confessed,

in

spite

of;

2) titles;

owned;

4) conquered;

5) considered.

128.
1. it to

What an

interesting book! will you lend

it to

me?

2.

I shall lend

you with pleasure when I have* read it. 3. Has your cousin Kate read it? 4. No, she has not yet read it. 5. But I shall lend it to her, if she wishes it. 6. Why do you not give me my money? I have given it to

you long
it to her.

ago.
10.

7.

Tell

it

to him.

8.

Tell it to her.

9.

have already told

told
it

They have not

told

me
it.

the truth.

11.

They have

to

you.

12.

Have ycu explained the new

14.

rule to her?
15.

13. Yes, I

have explained
it.

it to her.

Didf

she understand

Yes, she didf understand

Future

past,

f Indefinite.

70

PERSONAL PRONOUNS.
129.

PERSONAL PRONOUNS
Imperative.
Afflrmative.

(continued).

Neg^atire.

Do
Montrez-7e-mol,
montrez-Ze-lul
montrez-?c-iious,

not shoio him

(it)

to

me, etc

Slww him

(it)

to to

me,

him

(her)

to us,

montrez-Ze-leur,

to
{it)

them
me,
her

ne me le montrez pas, ne le lui montrez pas, ne nous le montrez pas, ne le leur montrez pas.

Do
to
to (him)

not give (her)

it

to

me, etc

Donnez-Za-moi, Give her

donnez-?a-lui,

donnez-Za-nous,
donnoz-Za-leur,
Pretez-Zes-mol,
pretez-?es-lul,

to us,

to
to

them

ne me la donnez pas, ne la lui donnez pas, no nous la donnez pas, ne la leur donnez pas.

Do
Lend them

r)ot

lend them to
les

me,

efc

me, to him,

etc.

no no

me

pretoz pas, les leur pretez pas.

relier, to

le service, the service rclieur, le the hook-

le coin, the corner

le plan, the

plan

hinder
la faveur, the favour la poste, the post office le poste, the post, place
1. Oil est

la pour, the fear envoyer (Fut. enverrai)

to

send

cacher, to hide, conceal

2.

hind (hooks) garder, to guard, to keep accorder, to grant volontiers, willingly vrairaent, truly, really prodigae, prodigal.
s'il

votre grammaire?

Pretez-?a-moi,

Tons

plait.

Je Tous la preterai voloDtiers; mais ren(lez-?a-iiioi demain. 4. Accordez-lui cette faveur, il la merite, ne la lui refusez pas. 5. Parlez-iiioi de vos affaires, ne me les cachez pas. 6. Montremoi ton nouveau dictionnaire. 7. Je te le montrerai, quand le relieiir Taiira relie. 8. H y a des lettres a la poste, apportezZes-iious. 9. Je tous les aurais deja apportees, si on me les
8.

avait donndes.

130. Lend ns your French -English dictionary. 2. We shall lend it to you, but do not keep it too long. 3. Show them your new book, but do not give it to them. 4. Grant us this favour, we deserve it, do not refuse it to us. 5. We have ordered several books at the bookseller's at the comer of the street, tell him to* send them t us. 6. Bring us some flowers and plants. 7. We have lent you some money, return it to us. 8. Why do you
1.

hide
10.

it

from

(to)

me?
[for]

9.
it.

I assure
11.

Ask him

(dat.)

Do

you that I do not hide it from you. not ask her for it. 12. I have asked
*de.

him

for it yesterday.

SECOIH) CONJUGATION.

71

131,

SECOND CONJUGATION:
Learn
of finir
batir,

Yerl)s ending in -ip.

the

{see

Present, Imperfect, Preterite and Imperatire page 98), and conjugate like finir :

remplir, to
trahir,

fill,

fulfil,

jouir,

to enjoy,

obeir (a),

to ohey,

to huild, to hetray,

punir,

to

punish,

reflechir (a), to reflect,

choisir, to choose.

Practice:

j'y reflechis, etc.; je

ne
,

lui obeis pas, etc.; j'en jouis, etc.

V kxiiTiQ\iieTi, the Austrian la circonstance

la colline, the hill
le miserable, the
la.

wretch

ciimstance la forme, the

the eir- embellir, to embellish former, to form

form

abuser de, to misuse

cherlr, to cherish

le^uhlique, the republic le gouvernement, the government la monarchie, the monarchy TAthenien, the Athenian la version*, the version^ I'ingratitude, f.f the untranslation* gratefulness rornement, m. the orna- la paresse, the idleness

obtenir

(irr.) to

obtain

franchir, to cross abolir, to abolish etablir, to establish attaquer, to attach

ment
la saute, the health

vider, to empty agir, to act

encourager,
rage.

to

encou^

From
1.

fMost Substantives
feminine.

a foreign language into the vernacular. in -ude, -nre, -une (Lat. -udo, -ura, -una)
finire0-YOViH votre version?
2.

are

Je la finis a prdsent. 4. Les fleurs enihellissent les jardins et les prairies, elles en forment le principal ornement. 5. Si nous oMissons a la raison, nous oheissons a Dieu. 6. Voici deux tables, choisisse^-YOUB la grande ou la petite? 7. Re3.

Quand

Vous

agisse0

mal envers moi, mes amis.

flechissez-j bien.

8.

Qui, j'y

reflechis.

9.

Jouissez des bienfaits

de Dieu, mais n'en abusez pas. 10. Quand nous n'oheissions pas, on nous punissait. 11. Ne jouissait-^MQ pas d'une bonne sante? 12. Vous agites mal dans cette circonstance, agissez mieux a Tavenir. For Practice but the Sing. Verbs in the Plu/r., and vice versa.
133.
(the) idleness and (the) ingratitude. Whilst we were finishing our work you were reflecting. 3. We cherish our parents, and we obey them. 4. But you did not cherish yours, and (you) did not obey them. 5. At what o'clock did you finish your work? 6. We finished it at eleven o'clock. 7. Why did that wretch betray your secret ? 8. He betrayed it to* obtain some money. 9. They are building a hospital on that hill. 10. Napoleon crossed the Alps by the St. Bernard and attacked
1.

The Athenians used

to punish

2.

the Austrians in Italy.

to

in the sence of in order to

pour.

72

SECOND CONJUGATION.
133.

SECOND CONJUGATION
Learn
the

(continued).

Future, Conditional and

salir, to soil,

the

Compound
:

of finir (see page 98), and conjugate

roiigir, to hlush^

like finir

tenses

rdussir (a), to succeed (in)

le citoyen, the citizen

Tentreprise, f. the widertaking le climat, the climate I'ordre, m. the order le pavilion, the flag, the garden-house le sommelier, the butler

B^rieusement, seriously
peut-etre,

perhaps

babiller, to talk

avant de (conj.), before,

2. Vous reflechirez 1. Tu oheiras k ton pere et a ta mere! avant d'agir et vous reussirez dans votre entreprise. 3. Mais les hommes qui agissent avant de rd/lechir ne reussiront pas. 4. Quand vous aurez franchi les Alpes, vous jouirez du beau climat de 6. lis 5. Mes neveux reflechiront- ils a leur conduite? ritalie. n'y out pas encore refUchi^ mais lis y reflechiront. 7. On vous puniraitj mes enfants, si vous ne finissiez pas vos themes. 8. lis rougiraient de leur conduite, s'ils y reflechissaient serieusement, 9. Ne puniriez-Y.ovi^ pas vos enfants, s'ils salissaicnt leurs habits V 11. y avals 10. lis ne les saliraieyit plus, si vous les punissiez. ddja choisi ce parapluie, quand votre ami me conseilla d'en 12. Vous ne reussirez jamais, si vous ne renichoisir un autre. plissez pas vos devoirs plus assidument.

For

Practice pat

tlie

Sing, Verbs

the Plural,

and

vice versa,

134.
should punish our servants, if they did not obey our orders 3. You would embellish your garden, if 2. Shall you build a new house? you built a garden -house in it. 4. He will never finish his work. 5. We should enjoy this beautiful climate, if we were not so ill. G. Here are two horses, which* would you choose if you were in (at) my place? 7. Will the French succeed in (to) establishing f a republic? 8. I should obey him, 10. Yes, he 9. Has the butler filled the bottles? if he were my master. has filled them, but he has emptied them himself; he was very thirsty. 12. He 11. If you were wise you would have acted instead of talking.** 13. He had already finished it, will have finished his exercise before you. when 1 began. t 14. A good citizen will obey the laws.
1.

Wo

*lequel.

*^ Infinitive.

fconunencai.


TIIIED CONJUGATION.

73

135.

THIED CONJUGATION: Terbs ending in -oir. Learn the Verb receroir (see page 100) and conjugate
receToir:
apercevoir, to perceive,
to conceive.
le

like

devoir, to owe, to he oUiged,

concevoir,

an lointain, in the distance temeraire, bold new year's gift desagreable, disagreeable I'idee, f. the idea trembler, to tremble la lettre de change, the bill of exchange il fait froid, it is cold (lit. it maizes cold) la politesse, the politeness minuit, (m.) midnight I'adresse, /. the addresSj the skill convaincu, convinced
projet,
the project
la comete, the comet les etrennes, (f.) the

la-bas,
le

yonder

depuis longtemps, long ago

la

banquier, the banker

1.

somme, the sum.

quand nous demeurions a Lisbonne. 2. Tu congois un projet temeraire, mon ami, et tu apercevras trop tard que tu as eu tort. 3. Je regois tous les matins des lettres de mon ami. 4. Apercevez-yous le feu la-bas? 5. Non, nous ne Vapercevons pas. 6. Donner est un plaisir, recevoir est souvent desagreable. 7. Je dois partir encore* ce soir. 8. Vous devez aller a Fecole. 9. Vous me deve0 vingt francs. 10. Apergoivent -ih ces montagnes au lointain? 11. Ce sont les Alpes. 12. Je congus ce projet deja Tannee derniere. 13. En recevant votre lettre, je tremblai de joie. 14. Nous resumes avant-hier une lettre de notre ami. 15. J'apergus hier une comete.
recevions tous les jours des visites,
*this very.

Nous

For

Practice put the Sing. Verbs vn

tlie

Plwr.,

and

vice-versa,

136.
1. You owe me one pound, eleven shillings and seven pence. 2. I beg your pardon, I only^ owe^ you* one pound, seven shillings and eleven pence. 3. When I lived in Brighton, I received every day letters from my cousins. 4. It^ is warm. 5. He conceived really a brilliant idea. 6. Did you not perceive that he cheated you? 7. I soon perceived that the wretch betrayed me. 8. They received your answer [on] Thursday last at twelve o'clock. 9. To-morrow you will receive a bill of exchange from your banker to * pay the sum which you owe your tailor. 10. He shall receive his money, don't be afraid (have not fear). 11. They would receive their friends better, if they were not so poor. 12. You would not owe your^ banker ^ so inuchi if you were a little less prodigal. 13. Eeceive everybody with politeness. pour.

74

FOUKTH CONJUGATION.
137.
Terbs ending \n -re. Learii the Present, Imperfect, Preterite and Imperatiye yeiidre (seepage 102), and conjugate like yendre:

FOURTH CONJUGATION:-

o/*

attendre,

to

wait

for, to expect,

entendre, to hear, to understand,

Obs. Interrogatively: vends-je? perds-je?

defendre, to defend^ to forbid, repondre, to reply, answer.

etc.,

Est-ce que je vends, perds? (See Exc. 81.)

servir,

and not

le joug (g sounded), the yoke le chat, the cat

le toit, the roof la distinction, the distinction

to serve proniettre (je promets), to promise je vous en prie! prmj!

immediatemeut, immediately
le signal, the signal
ainsi, thus, so;

delivrer, to deliver, to free battre (je bats\ to heat, to defeat battro en retraite, to retreat

en vain, in vain

confondre, to confound

le

bon point, the mark

to

comprendre

(irr.), to

understand

la riviere, the river

posseder,

possess

descendre, to descend, come perdre, to lose.

down

1. Nous vendons tout ce que nous possedons. 2. Entends-tu. musique? 3. Oui, yentends les chats sur le toit. 4. Attendezvous votre frere? 5. Oui, je \ attends ce soir. 6. Ne confondes pas les verbcs entendre et attendre. 7. Comment rendez-Yon^ le verbe anglais to attend on en frangais? 8. Par le verbe ser9. N'oubliez done pas cette distinction. yir. 10. J'y penserai, je vous le promets. 11. Attendes un peu, je vous en prie! 12. Pourquoi ne me rcpondez-\OM^ pas? 13. Mais, je vous ai repondu depuis longtemps (II y a longtemps que je vous ai repondu). 14. Celui qui ne repond pas a mes questions, perdra ses bons 15. Nous attendions en vain, personne ne repondit a points. 16. Nous descetidimes le Rhin en bateau a vapeur; notre lettre. et nous attendimes une beure a Mayence. 17. Nous y entendimes

la

les cloches qui sonnaient,

18.

Je perdis patience.

138.
Does he hear me? 2. Yes, ho hears you. 3. Why then does he not vait [for] me? 4. Because he is expecting his brother. 5. They are losing patience. 6. Formerly I always used to confound these two verbs. 7. Did you hear the bells? 8. Answer him at once! 9. I (have) answered him the other day. 10. Did you answer my last questions? 11. Yes, we answered as soon as we heard you. 12. They descended from the mountain, when they
1.

heard the signal.

13. TWiey

waited only

five

minutes at the railway station.

FOUETH CONJUGATION.
139.

75

FOURTH CONJUGATION
Learn
of yendre
the
{see

(continued).

Future, Conditional and the Compound tensc3 page 102) and conjugate like yendre:

mordre,
la perte,

to hite;

comprendre,

to

understand.
enrage, mad gare! beware,

the

loss

la csm^psigiie, the

countryj musele, muzzled

looJc

a perte, at a loss tout le monde, everybody

le gout, the taste

the country seat

meme meme

same, self (adv.) even

(adj.)

out!

esperer, to hope.
2.

1.

Je ne vendrai pas
3.

ma

maison a perte.
vous
lui

Vous defendres

votre patrie.

Me
11

rendront-'M bientot Targent que je leur ai

sera descenduy

prete?
jeuner.

4.
5.

Quand
6.

apporterez son desi

Auries-Yous attendu aussi longtemps,

vous aviez ete

la lettre

ma

place?
7.

Us repondront aujourd'hui meme a

du

ministre.

Lui vendraient-ils leur chevaux pour cent livres

ster-

ling?

8.

H y

a longtemps que je vous aurais rendu vos

9.

livres, si

vous m'aviez donne votre adresse. nous n'avons

tout le
fait

En

defendant notre patrie,

que notre devoir.

n'etait
latine, si

monde,

s'il

pas museld

dHapprendre la langue
12.
13.

Ce cWen enrage mordrait 11. Vous perdriez le gotit vous n'aviez pas un si bon maitre.
10.

Nous vendrions notre maison, si nous trouvions un acheteur. Nous esperons que vous ne perdres pas courage. 14. Bendez^
je

moi Fargent que

vous

ai prete

Tannee derniere.

140.
Will the banker sell his country seat? 2. No, he will not sell it, but he will sell his house in town. 3. I would not sell my faithful^ dog^ for [a] hundred pounds. 4. I would not give you five shillings for* it. 5. We shall learn German and Italian, and we should also learn Greek, if we had (the) time (of it). 6. Look out (beware)! that dog will bite you. 7. _We shall return your books to you to-morrow. 8. Would they have waited so long, if they had been in your place? 9. Would you come down, if your father had not forbidden (it to) you? 10. We had replied to you long ago. 11. Would they not lose patience, it they had waited as long as we? 12. Our troops would defeat the enemy, if they had good officers.
1.

*of.

76

CONJUGATION OF A VERB
141.

AVITII ETllE.

CONJUGATION OF A VERB WITH tRE

Infinitive:

(see Ex.

33 Obs.

&

p. 107).

Pres.

Part:

partir, to set out, to start. Past Part.: partant, parti.

1
j

Like partir conjugate:

(lormir, to sleep

sortir,

to

go out (with Stre). of use

-fVi n'v\ avoir;. ^^"'^
.

sentir, to feel, smell

mentir, to

lie

servir, to serve, to be

rhomme

de bien, the honest le fer, the iron le fers, the fetters la doulcur, the grief, pain le dessert, the dessert

man

lo pied, the foot

ordinairement, usually entrer, to enter sentir bon, mauvais, to smell nicet had
repartir, to start

again

Hambourg, Hamburgh
le tyraii, the tyrant

permettre, to permit, to allow

desservir, to clear the table

ecrire, to write

ecriTant, toriting

manquer,

to

miss

consentir (a), to consent le bras, tJie arm

f^liciter, to

congratulate au contraire, on the contrary.

2. Oui, monsieur, j'y 1. Consented '\ous a ma proposition? 3. A quelle heure vos nieces sor^ew^ - elles conscns avec plaisir. ordinairement? 4. Elles sortent a trois lieures, et ma soeur sort a quatre heures. 5. L'homme de bien dort en paix. 6. Vos soeurs Xmrtent-aWo,^ aujourd'hui? 7. Non, c'est ma cousine qui part 9. Elle sortait 8. Je pars ce soir pour I'ltalie. aujourd'lmi. quand nous entrames. 10. Nous sommes deja sorties deux fois. 11. Quand nos voisines seront parties^ nous n'aurons plus d'amies dans cette ville. 12. II y a longtemps que ces demoiselles sont 13. Ces messieurs sowMls deja sortis? 14. lis seraient repatiies. deja sortis si le temps le leur permettait. 15. Sente^-Yous des douleurs? 16. Qui, nous scntons des douleurs aux genoux.
J

142.
started
for Hamburgh? 2. I should have already if I had not missed the steamer. 3. We were going out when they entered. 4. Does he consent to your proposal? 5. No, he does not consent to it. 6. We shall not consent to obey a tyrant. 7. Do you 8. On the contrary, I feel that I am right. feel that you are wrong? 10. No, they have not yet 9. Have your aunts gone out this morning? gone out, but they will go out this evening. 11. This rose smells very sweet. 13. Has your niece 12. Does your friend feel any pain (pi.) in his* arm? 14. No, she has not slept* welP, she felt (a) great pain (pi.) slept well? *his, her the. in her* foot.
1.

At what

o'clock

shall

you depart

RELATIVE PRONOUNS.
143.

77

(Pronoms relatifs). The man who has come. The man whom we have seen. Ace. rhomrae que* dous avons vu, G'ew.rhommedoiit(dequit)nousparlons, The man of whom we are speaking, Dat. rhomrae ^quif nous avons parle, The man to whom we have spoken.

EELATIVE PEONOUNS
est veuu,

JVbw.rhomme qui*

Always

qui (and never que) after prepositions:

de qui, of zvhom; pour qui, for whom, etc. fde qui and h qui only with reference to persons, not

to things.

The The Ace. le livre lu, G'en. lelivredoiit(notdequi)nousparlons, The [le livre auquel The \ lies livrea auxquels Ije donne la The jj jla fleur ^laquelle (preference, The The llesfleursauxquelles J
le livre

Nam.

qui est la, que nous avons

book which is there. took which we have read. hook of which we are speaking, hook \ hooks I to which I give the
flower flowers
preference.
|

le dictionnaire, the

la la
le

dictionary le garde-manger, the safe, pantry by except) the gram- recomraander, to recommend bourse, the purse, exchange \mar dieter, to dictate musee, the museum aller chercher, to fetch, to send for

grammaire,

(f.

eprouver, to experience, try mepriser, to despise

1.

publier, to publish
je sais {from savoir)

I know.

Void le cheval qui a ete vendu que j'ai vendu hier. 3. Apportez - moi

Voici le cheval les pommes qui sont au

hier.
2.

garde-manger. 4. Apportez-moi aussi les pommes que nous avons cueillies la semaine derniere. 5. Voici la femme dont les enfants 6. Voici aussi la femme dont nous avons (subj.) sont si malades. admire les enfants (obj.) 7. Je vous montrerai ce soir la grammaire dont je vous ai parle et que je vous recommande. 8. Je ne sais pas de qui vous parlez. 9. Montrez-moi done Thomme dont (de qui) vous parlez. 10. Je sais a qui vous dcrivez.

144.
the exercise which has been dictated this morning. 2. Show me also the exercise which you wrote * yesterday. 3. Here is the boy who was so lazy and whom I shall punish. 4. It is the same boy to whom I gave a task not later than yesterday, and whose conduct is generally so bad. 5. Send for the girl whose parents I have seen yesterday evening. 6. I do not know for whom you have bought that. 7. The gentleman to whom you are writing is not at home. 8. Antwerp, the museums* of which* we admired^ so much^, is in Belgium. 9. The servant (f.) whom you (have) recommended to us has come this morning. 10. There are five boys in this class with whom we are satisfied. * indefinite.
1.

Show me

7a

DEMONSTRATIVE PRONOUNS.
145.

DEMONSTRATIVE PRONOUNS
fn.

celul;

f.

celle, that, he, she, the one

f.

m. celui-ci ; m. celui-lii;

celle-ci, this one

celle-lJl,

f.

that one

(Pronoms d^monstratifs). m. ceux; f. celles, those, they, the ones m. ceux-ci; f. celles-ci, those m. ceux-l{\; f. celles-1^, those.

Celui qui est content est heureux, Cclui que vous recompenserez sera
content, De tons ce themes,

He who is cojitented He ivhom you will

happy.

is

happy.
will

reward

he

.'^1 celui ^^
f
I
*

Of

all these exercises.

^^^^ ^f y^^""" ^^^^^^''^ 1 P^^i^ r)rt>f<>r I \celui dontvousm'avezparU. \ that of which you spolceto

de voire frere,

Singular.
Voici deux abricots, prenez celui-ci Non, je prendrai celui-1^. Voici deux poires, prenez celle-ci. I \Non, je prendrai celle-lft.

'

Here are two apricots, take this one. No, I shall take that one. Here are two pears, take this one. No, I shall take that one.

Plural.
Voici des livres, prenez ceux-ci. 'I Non, je prendrai ceux-1^. jVoici des plumes, prenez celles-ci. fem. \Non, je prendrai celles-l&.

Here are some hooks, take these. No, I shall take those. Here are some pens, take these. No, I shall take those.

Ohs.

Cet

arbre-ci, this tree

cette fleur-ci, this flower ces arbres-ci, these trees ces fleurs-ci, these flowers

cet arbre-lft, that tree cette flenr-li\, that flower ces arbres-ia, those trees ces fleurs-ia, those floioers.

The distinction between the English Demonstrative adjectives this and that, these and those is expressed in French by affixing ci to the nearer object and \h to the remoter object. Cet arbre-ci est plus haut que cet arbre-iii, (or, to avoid repetition,

que

celui-lil).
(f.)
tJie

Torange,

orange

la retenue, the detention

la bible, the hihle la fabrique, tlie factory le gamin, the hoy, urchin le berger, the shepherd le laboureur, the hushandman la confiance, tlie confidence le sort, the fate la tragedie, the tragedy le poete, the poet Tantiquite, f. antiquity

mis en retenue, kept in detention

parmi,

among

plait (3* p. Sing, of plaire) pleases 11 pent (3"* p. Sing, of pouvoir) he can goiter, to taste

comparer, to compare rien a faire, nothing to do ne a plaindre, to pity, to he pitied

. . .

occupe

a,

occupied in

Homere, Homer
est a, belongs to, sont Virgile, Virgil
a,

belong to

verser, to pour out traduire, to translate meriter, to deserve, to merit

surtout, above all.

DEMONSTIiATIVE PRONOUNS.
1.

79
2.

Celui qui travaille sera recompense.

3.

deux
XII.

ecoliers? Celui que je prefere est occupe

Voyez-vous ces a traduire Charles

6.

qui sont Oui, j'aime 7. J'aime les surtout ceux que vous m'avez donnes a gouter. 8. J'aime aussi celui donf vins d'Espagne et ceux du Rhin. vous m'avez verse un verre. 9. Cette bible -ci a 6t6 imprimee a Londres, celle-la a Boston. 10. Cette fabrique-1^ est a mon 11. Ces hommes-ci sont frere, celle-ci a Monsieur Howard. heureux; ceux-1^ sont malheureux. 12. Ces prairies -ci sont a Monsieur Dubois, celles -la sont a la corporation.
les

Aimez-vous
5.

oranges?

4. Oui, j'aime celles

Men

mtires.

Aimez-vous aussi

les

raisins?

146.
Those who are not contented are not happy. 2. He who does not work will be poor. 3. My friends and those of your brother [your brother's] have come. 4. He who cannot keep a secret does not deserve our confidence. 6. How do you 5. Those who have nothing to do are much to be pitied. 7. This one pleases me better than that. like' (find) these two pictures? 9. We prefer these to those. 8. What do you say of these drawings? take these or those. 11. Compare thy lot 10. Choose among these flowers with that of those wretches. 12. We prefer the tragedies of Shakspeare to those of Byron. 13. Homer and Virgil were the greatest poets of (the) antiquity, the latter was [a] Eoman, the former [a] Greek.
1.
,

Table showing the different meanings of ways of rendering that.

fee cet homme-lk,

eette plume-1^.
that^ demonstrative Pro- f Mon cheval est meilleur que eelui de mon frere, noitn, followed by a\ eelui que vous avez acheto. Genitive or by a Ee-\ Votre plume est meilleure que eelle de ma soeur, lative Pronoun: eelle que j'ai trouvee. [

canif-ia,

that (one), demonstrative Pronoun without complement:

Mon

\Ma

plume
f

cheval est meilleur que eelui-lll, est meilleure que eelle-lii.

J'ai dit cela (Ace.) Cela n'est pas vrai.

that, demonstrative Pronoun, referring to something pointed at but not named

\
f

(Nora.)

that, neutral demonstr. Pronoun before the Verb ^tre or before a Belat. Pron.:

C'est un malheur. \Ce qui m' amuse.

that, Melative ,

Pronoun:^M/
.

^^^ ^^t venu. (Nom.) [Y^^"^"^^ ^ L'homme que nous avons vu venir. (Ace.)

that, Conjunction:

J'ai dit

que

c'etait

vrai

80

DEMONSTRATIVE PRONOUNS.
147. DE]\IONSTEATIVE PEONOUNS.

cccf, this;
(a) to

cela, that,

refer

at, but not named : Ceci est bon, cela n'est pas bon, This is good, that (b) to a whole preceding: sentence: cela. a whole folloTTingr sentence: ceci: as,

something pointed

is

not good.

II est parti;

cela ne m'etonno pas. astonish me.

He

has

set

out,

that does not

ce, thiSy that {it, he, she, they) used generally (in the S^ person only) before the Verb 6tre: as, c'est, ce sont, c'etait, ce furent, ce sera, etc.

Cost un malheur.
C'est pour vous que je travaille, Ce sont dcs Italiens.

That
It
is

is

They

for you that I are Italians.

a misfortune work

Acc^ ce que

'^"*
I

^(^hich,

what; referring to a sentence:

me.

Je sais ce qui me plait, Je sais ce que je dis,

la joie, the joy, pleasure conscience, the conscience fort (adj.) strong

I know what pleases I know what I say.

fort (adv.) very
inutile, useless

la,

vous dites, you say un jeu d'enfants, chiWs

play.

possible, possible

1. Je n'aime point ceciy donnez-moi de cela. 2. Que ditesvous de cela? 3. Cela est fort beau. 4. Cela ne me regarde 5. Ceci est a moi, cela est a vous. pas. 6. Ceci n'est pas un jeu d'enfants. 7. Ce fut une grande joie pour nous. 8. (7est 10. (?est mon frere. vrai. 9. Qui est ce monsieur? 11. Ce qui est utile est toujours bon. 12. Ce que j'ai dit, est vrai. 13. Comment trouvez-vous mon cheval? 14. J'aime mieux celui de votre 15. Vous preferez cclui-ci a celid-la. frere. 16. Celui qui a une bonne conscience est beureux.

148.
has done that? 2. That is not possible. 3. How do you like 4. Why do you buy that? 5. I have spoken of this and of that> (find) this? 7. That which is useless is always too 6. I have done that with pleasure. 9. Those who have a good conscience are happy. dear. 8. That is useless. 11. Who is this lady? 10. Have you heard Avhat we have said? 12. She is my sister. 13. To whom belong these two dogs? 14. This one belongs to William, that one to Paul. 15. Paul's dog is finer than William's, but William's is more faithful than Paul's.
1.

Who

PASSIVE VOICE.
149.

81

PASSIVE VOICE.
and
Learn the passive Voice of the Verb conjugate like it:

aimer

(see

page 106)

examiner,

to

examine;

recevoir, to receive;

proteger, to protect;
regiment, the regiment la cavalerie, the cavalry le voleur, the thief le vol, the theft, the flight le secours, the succour, the help
le

entendre, to hear.
se conduire, to hehave defait (Past Part, of d^faire) defeated flatter, to flatter arreter, to stop affranchir, to free, to prepay estimer, to esteem, to value soutenir, to help, to support
St. Petersbourg, St.
satisfait, satisfied.

au secours! help!
le

paquet, the pacJcet, parcel

le concitoyen, the fellow citizen

Petersburg

Pierre, Feter

es

1. Ta sceur est aimee et lome de ses Udme des tiens. 2. Un homme de bien

est estime

maitres; mais toi, tu de ses con-

pas

3. Ces eleves ontAls ete punis ce matin? 4. lis n'ont puniSy mais ils seront punis. 5. Notre ambassadeur a-t-il 6. Oui, il a ete tres bien regu. (Oui, on Ta tres ete bien regu ? 7. N'e^es-vous pas cliarm6s di avoir ete invites par bien regu). madame Dorand? 8. Vous seriez aimes de vos maitres, si vous 9. II aura ete puni comme il 1'* a merite. etiez plus attentifs. 10. Ces dames ont ete attaquees hier soir par des voleurs. 11. Mais elles crierent au secours, leurs oris furent entendus par les gendarmes, et les voleurs auraient et6 arretes, si les gendarmes etaient arrives assez tot. 12. Pourquoi ces paquets u'ont-ila pas ete affranchis?

citoyens.
ete

*it.

150.
This letter has not been prepaid. 2. All citizens are protected by (the) law. 3. St. Petersburg, the capital of Eussia, was (has been) founded by Peter the Great. 4. You were expected here (one expected you here). 5. You have been praised and flattered, and yet you are not satisfied. 6. Our troops would have been defeated, if they had not been supported by a regiment of cavalry. 7. These men will not be esteemed, if they continue to act thus. 8. Shall you be examined to-morrow? 9. We have already been examined yesterday. 10. I have been invited to visit him.
1.

Eugfene, French Jlethod.


tt2

DISJUNCTIVE PEKSONAL PEONOUNS.

151.

DISJUNCTIVE PERSONAL PRONOUNS.

moi,

/,

me
him
soi,
itselfJ

toi, tJiou, thee

nous, we^ us vons, you

lui, he,

eux, m.
elks,
/".

.,

,,

elle, she, her

^^^^' ^''^'^
i

one's self.

(1)

Disjunctive Personal Pronoims are used standing alone, as subject or object to a verb understood: Qui a ecrit cela? Moi. TT^o has written that? I have.

(2) after

Prepositions: Cela

That is for thee. est pour toi. Je suis venu avec Ini (elle). I came loith Iiim (lier). Nous parlous malgre eux (elles). We speak in spite of tliem.
at Iiome;

Je sals cliez mol,

I am
lie is

tu es cliez toi, thou art

elle est

chez chez on est chez

11

est

lui,
soi,

elle, she is

one

is

sommes cliez nous, We are at vous etes cliez vous, home, etc, ils sont chez eux, elles sont chez elles, mes soeurs sont chez elles.
nous
is

Cela est h nous, that Ceci est h moi, this is mine,* thine, ii vous, & toi, \ lui, his, h eux, 1 ii (lie, hers, h elles, / *or: This belongs to me, to thee, etc.
(3)

ours yours
. ,
.

it^^irs.

emphatically: it is we C'est moi. It is I, (I am he), c'est nous, thou, vous, you toi, he, ce sont eux,w.\ lui, ^. ^^^^' elles,/"./" she, elle, Ce n'est pas moi. It is not 1^ etc. Est-ce moi? It is II etc. Moi, jo pretends que c'est vrai. As for me, I maintain it is true.
(4)

With m6me":

moi-meme, myself
toi-meme, thyself lui-mcme, himself
elle-menie, herself

nous-memes, ourselves
vous-memes, yourselves

eux-memes,
elles-memes,
le maire, the
^

\
j

themselves.

Boi-mcme, one's self Taimant, m. the loadstone

la glace, the ice, the looking-glast le miroir, the mirror, the lookingglass

mayor
To whom hdongs?

attirer, to attract

a qui

est.

.?

(whose is?)

DISJUNCTIVE PERSONAL PRONOUNS.

1.

83
3.

Qui a

fait

cela?

2.

Est-ce vous,

mon ami?
4.

Non, ce
dit
7.

n'est
5.

pas moi, ce sont

elles

qui ont fait cela.

Qui a
dit.
8.

cela?

C'est
est

moi qui Tai

cette

dit.

6.

C'est nous qui I'avons

lui

Pour

qui

pomme, pour

ou pour elle?
9.

Elle n'est ni

pour
10.

lui ni

pour elUy

elle est

pour moi.
luiy

Qui

te

Ta promise?
est-il chez

Ce

sont eux qui

me

Tout promise.

11.
il

Ton pere

lui?

12.

Non,

il

n'est

pas chez

est sorti;

je crois qu'il
lui.

est alle

chez le libraire qui a regu des livres pour

14. Cela n'est pas
cliez

13.
15.

qui est cela?

cousins

a moi,

c'est

elle.

Mes

ne sont pas
19.

eux,
attire

16.
le

Nous
a

finirons notre

travail

sans

elles.

17. L'aimant

fer

soi.

18.

Chacun pense

soi.

Nous sommes
petits gargons,

partis

apres eux.

20. II dit qu'il est

malade, moi je dis

qu'il est

en bonne sante.
car c'est moi

Deux
qui
I'ai

ayant trouve une noix/ se la dispute-

rent vivement.2

Elle est a moi, dit I'un d'eux,

vue

le premier.

Non, mon
lis

cher, elle n'est

pas a

toi,

car c'est moi

qui

I'ai

ramassee.^

en venaient deja aux mains*

les

lorsqu'un jeune

homme

se plaga entre

deux

petits gargons,

cassa^ la noix et dit: L'une des coquilles^ est a celui qui le pre-

mier a vu la noix,

I'autre

sera

pour

celui

qui

I'a

ramassee.
j'ai

Quant a Tamande,*^ je
rendu. ^
5)

la

garde pour prix^ du jugement que

2) contended for it fiercely; 4) came to blows; 1) nut; 8) picked up; broke; 6) shells; 7) kernel; 8) reward, fee; 9) given.

153.
3. "Who has Is your mother at home? 2, No, she is not at home. done that, you or they? 4. It is we who have done it. 5. Whose is this money? 6. It is mine, it is not yours. 7. Shall you be at home this evening? is there? 10. It is I. 9. 8. No, we shall be at our cousin Alice's. 12. They are ours. 11. Whose are these books? 13. Who has related this story? 14. It is they. 15. went out (are gone out) after them. 16. I went* yesterday to the mayor, but I did not find him at home. 17. At what o'clock shall we find your aunts at home? 18. Is it she who has broken my looking-glass? 19. have had fewer mistakes than they, but he {emphatic) has had still fewer (of them). 20. I have spent several daya with them in the country. *have been.
1.

Who

We

We

6*

84

EEFLECTIVE VEEB.
153.

REFLECTIVE VERB.
Learn
conjugate
the Reflective
it

Verb se larcr"

(see

page 108) and

se defendre,
to

like

s'habiller,

to dress one's self;

defend one's

self.

B'amnser, to amuse one's self e'approcher de, to approach se baigner, to bathe se coucher, to go to bed se decider a, to determine
s'ecouler, to flow^ to pass away e'^garer, to go astray s'exiioser a, to expose one's self to 86 facher centre, to get angry ici h se fier a, to trust

se bo se se se se se se

cacher, to hide one's self

lever, to rise, to get

up

moquer

de, to

laugh at

peigner, to comb one's self porter, to be (in health)

promener, to take a ivalk presser de, to hasten rejouir de, to rejoice at se repentir de, to repent se reposer, to rest.

Obs. All Reflective Verbs in French are conjugated in the Compound Tenses with Stre, to be.
le bal (pi. les bals), the ball
le banc, the bench,

form

la rentr^e des classes, the re -opening Tester, to stay [of school

parfaitement, perfectly^ quite ensuite, then, thereupon a droite, to the right

a gauche, to the

left.

1. Comment vous portez -Yons? 2. Nous nous portons par3. Comment mademoiselle votre soeur se portefaitement bien. 4. Elle ne se porte pas tres bien, elle a mal aux dents. elle? 6. Nous nous 5. A quelle heure vous levez-NO\x^ tous les matins? levons a six heures, ensuite nous nous lavonSy nous fious peignons 7. Qu'as-tu fait ce matin, mon ami? et nous 710US hdbillons. 8. Je me suis proynene toute la matinee, puis je me suis haigiiiy et c'est ainsi que les heures se sont ecoulees. 9. 11 s'est expose a un grand danger. 10. Approchez-vous de lui. 11. II se fdche.

12.

A
1.

quelle heure vos servantes se couchent-eWQS?

154.
this evening,

They are quite well. 3. If they go out they will expose themselves to a great danger. 4. Go to bed early and rise early. 5. They will laugh at you, if you go astray. 6. Let us rejoice, to-day is* the re-opening of the schools. 7. We should rest a little, ^'f we had walked as long as you. 8. How did you amuse yourselves (f.)? 9. I shall go to bed early, because I rose at three o'clock this morning. 10. We have walked the whole day in the forest. 11. Hide yourseS. 12. Don't get angry. 13. Don't trust that man, or you will repent of it.
are your
sisters?
2.

How

c'est aujourd'hut.

IMPERSONAL VERBS AND EXPRESSIONS.

155.
il 11

85

il
11

fait fait fait fait

froid, it is cold

il il 11

chaud, it is ivarm beau temps,* it is fine weather

mauvais temps,* it is bad il weather 11 *or: Le temps est beau, mauvais.

faut une

fait des Eclairs, it is lightning fait du brouillard, it is foggy fait jour, it is daylight raut mieux, it is better faut, it is necessary,

II

me

grammaire grecque

U
11 11 il
il

II
11

te faut une ardoise lui faut de I'encre nous faut du papier vous faut de la patience leur faut des assiettes me faut* retourner te faut* travailler, etc.
.

I want (must have) a GreeTc grammar Tliou wantest (must have) a slate He (she) wants (must have) some ink We want (must have) some paper You want (must have) patience They want (must have) plates. I must return Thou must worJc

*or simply il faut retourner," etc., when no mistake can arise from the omission of the pronoun. Obs. For the construction of il faut, when the Subject Is a Substantive, see Ex. 161.
le mal, the evil U pleut, it rains, it is le drap, the cloth raining tout de suite, immediately combien y a-t-il de . a ., how far is it from ..to 11 neige , it snows, it la cuiller, the spoon combien y a-t-il que, how is snowing la fourchette, the fork long is it since payer, to pay. soufifrir, to suffer
. .

1.

Quel temps
fort.
5.

fait-il ce

matin .^
4.

2.

pleut tres

3.

Neige-t-il?
7.

Non,

II fait mauvais temps; il il ne neige pas dans ce

6. II vaut mieux souffrir le mal deja longtemps que monsieur votre avait-ilheaMGou]^ de monde frere est revenu de son voyage? 8. au bal d'hier? 9. Combien de milles t/ a-t-il d'ici a Londres? 10. II me faut un parapluie pour sortir par ce mauvais temps.

moment. que de*

fait des eclairs.

le faire.

Y a-t-il

11. Combien de metres** de drap leur faut-il? 12. II leur faut douze metres et demi. After a comparative the second verb in the Infinitive is generally
preceded by de.
** 1 metre

iVio yard.

156.
1.

What

o'clock is it?
4.

2. It Is

five o'clock,
It

it is

daylight.

3. Is

the

snows and it rains. 5. It is better [to] stay at home. 6. Has your cousin been living here a long time? 7. How far is it from here to Brighton ? 8. He wants a dictionary. 9. They want several books. 10. He must set off to-day for Dover. 11. It is necessary to obey. 12. Is it necessary to pay at once? 13. What do they want? 14. They want some coffee and (some) sugar
weather fine?
it

No,

is

bad weather.

o6

SUBJUNCTIVE OP AUXILIARY VEEBS.

157.

Learn
(1)

the

Pres.

&

Imperf. Subj. of aroir and Stre

The Subjunctive mood is used in dependeut clauses: When the Verb in the principal clause expresses a wish, command, order: desirer, to desire; ordonner,

(pp. 90-93).

to order; TOtiloir,

want. a doubt, negation*:^- douter, to dovbt; ne pas croire, not to believe, joy, sorrow, fear, astonishment: se rejouir, to rejoice, etre fach^, to
to wish, to

be sorry; craindre, to fear; s'et)nner, to be astonished. il faut, it is necessary; (2) after many Impersonal Verbs:
it is

11

convient,
it is

convenient;

11

impoi-te,

it is

important;

11

vaut mieux,

better.

(3) after

Superlatives:

le plus

grand, le premier, le dernier.

(4) after certain

Conjunctions : quoique, although; afin que, in order that; quoi que, whatever; a moins que, unless.

Obs.

*Verbs of thinking and believing used Interrogatively or negatively. Que (Relat. Pron. and Conjunction) is never omitted in French
:

Le cheval que vous avez

Je crois qu'il a
i-aison.

achete.

The horse

(that) you have bought, think (that) lie is right.

to believe, to think

Vouloir je veux, tu veux,

il

to wish, to

want

Croire
je crois, tu crois,
11

veut,

nous voulons, vous voulez, lis Teulent.

nous croyons vous croyez

lis

croit,

croient.

reconnaissant, grateful la depense, the expense

obeissant, obedient impossible, impossible.

1. Dicu veut que tous les hommes soient bons. 2. Le mattre desire que nous soyons attentifs. 3. Je doute que cela soit vrai.

4.

Nous doutons

qu'il ait raison.

5. II est

juste que les enfants

6.

soient reconnaissants envers

soit

leurs parents.

Croyez-vous

qu'il

heureux? 7. Non, je ne crois pas qu'il soit lieureux. 8. Mais je crois que son frere est heureux. 9. Je m'etonne que 10. II faut qu'ils soient riches tu aies moins de fautes que moi. pour faire tant de depenses.
158.
brother has (the) time to accompany you. 2. It is just that you should be obedient to your parents. 3. Do you think (that) they are rich? 4. No, I do not think (that) they are rich, but we think they are happy. 5. It is better that you should be here this afternoon. 7. I 6. They have been disobedient, it is just that they should be punished, do not think (that) he has your letter. 8. Although he has money, he is not satislied. 9. Our parents wish us to be (wish that we should be) attentive. 10, I do not think that you are right.
1.

I doubt if (that)

my

SUBJUNCTIVE OP AUXILIARY VERBS.

159.

87

SUBJUNCTR^ OF AUXILIARY VEEBS

Learn
II

(see

pp.90 93).

the

Perfect and Pluperfect of avoir and ^tre.

Sequence of Tenses. I must have
(be).

faut que j'aie, (que je sois), II faudra que j'aie (que je sois),
II fallait (fallut)
II fallait (fallut)

shall he obliged to have (to he)*

que j'eusse, que je fusse,

I was
I I

obliged to have. tvas obliged to he.

II faudrait

que j'eusse,

ought to have,

etc.

II faut
II

II faudra

que je travaille, que je travaille, fallut que je travaillasse,

I have to work I shall have to

(I must worTc) work.

I had

to

work.

Elle veut que j'aie (je sois), Elle veut que tu aies (sois), Elle voulait que j'eusse (je fusse),

She wishes me to have (be). She wishes thee to have (be), She wished me to have (be).
all persons,

For practice conjugate the above in

jusque (prep.) \ jusqu'a ce que (conj.) j
1.
..,

tot,

"

de bonne heure,

^'
J

faut que nous ayons patience. 2. II fallut que nous 3. Je suis content de ton theme, quoiqu'il y ait quelques fautes. 4. Je fus content de son theme, quoiqu'il y eut quelques fautes. 5. Aye0 patience jusqu'a ce que le train 6. lis attendirent jusqu'a ce que le train fut arrive. soit arrive. 7. Sois obeissant et reconnaissant afin que tu sois digne de tes parents. 8. Elle ne fut pas heureuse, quoiqu'elle fut riche. 9. Tu n'etais jamais content, quoique tu eusses toujours assez d'argent. 10. Le msLitre d^sirait que vous /^<ss^e^ attentives. 11. Je regret" tai que tu n'eusses pas le temps de m'accompagner.
II

eussions patience.

160.
1.

You must have

patience.

2. I shall

wait until the trains have arri-

They were not happy although they were very rich. 4. He was never satisfied although he had money enough. 5. Your parents wish you to be happy. 6. We were borry that they had not time to accompany us.
ved.
3.

7.

We

did not doubt that they were right.

satisfied.
9.

you may be

It

should) have a dictionary. worthy of the affection of our parents. have arrived early enough.

8. I tell you that in order that would have been necessary for me to (that I 10. Let us be obedient in order that we may be

11. It

was impossible that we should

63

SUBJUNCTIVE OF THE FOUR EEQULAR CONJUGATIONS.

161.

SUBJUNCTIVE OF THE FOUR REGULAR CONJUGATIONS. Learn the Present Subjunctive of parler, finir, rceeToir and vendre {see i^p. 96 102) and conjugate

accomplir, to accomplisli; apercevoir, to perceive: defendre, to defend, to forhid.

II

travailler, to worJc;

faut que je travaillo (que j'aie travaille),

I
I

must work (have worlced)

II

faudra que je travaille,

II faut (faudra)

que

I'ecolier travaille,
is

When
two ways:

the Subject

shall have to worTc, etc. The scholar must (will have to) work. a Pronoun, il faut" can be construed in
^. ,-j, '^"'^2//

II (me) faut etudier (see Ex. 155) 1 , _. ^ '""^^ or II faut que j'etudio ]

But

if the Subject is

admissible:

a Substantive, the
TI.e pupil

latter construction

only

is

II faut

que

I'eleve etudio,

must study.

le voeu, the vote, le bien, the good,

vdsh property

de maniere que (Suhj.) so that

s'accomidir, to be fulfiUed partager, to divide, to share le proces, the law-suit.

bien, well, very d^sirer, souhaiter, to wish

1. II

mes themes ce soir. 2. II faut qu'il que nous chantions. 4. Nous souhaitons que vos voeux s'accomplissent. 5. Je crains que vous ne receviez de mauvaises nouvelles. 6. Tu exiges qu'il te rende tes livres. 7. Le niaitre ordoune que vous finissiez vos themes. 8. Je veux que vous me repondiez francheraent 9. II est juste que vous partagicz votre bien avec les pauvres. 10. Je ne crois pas qu'il 11. Dieu vcut que nous aimions finisse son theme avant moi. nos ennemis et que nous leur pardotmions. 12. Nous sommes
faut
3.

que je

finisse

descende.

II

desire

dtonnes qu'ils entendent

si

bien Tanglais.

163.

am glad that you enjoy (of) such a* good health. 2. I wish that their wishes may be fulfilled. 3. We do not think that they will finish their work before you. 4. I am astonished that he understands German so well.
1. I

They wish you to (wish that you) sing. 6. Is it possible that you should spend so much money in books? 7. Do you think that I may succeed? 9. It is necessary that we obey our pa8. My master wishes me to work. rents. 11. Speak so 10. Our friend wishes that we receive our reward. that every one may understand you. *8ucii a = a so.
5.

SUBJUNCTIVE.

89

1G3.

SUBJUNCTIVE

(continued).

Learn the Subjunctive Imperfect, Perfect and Pluperfect of the four Regular Conjugations, (pp. 96 103) and conjugate: etudier, to study; choisir, to choose; devoir, to owe; repondre,

to
le

answer
snr-le-clianip,

rempart, the rampart plut a Dieu, would to God etonnant, astonishing davantage {never followed

immediately
to order,

ordonner

(a),

command

by que)

more

defendre, to defend, to forbid avant (prep.) ^ 1 before ' ' avant que (conj. with subj.) ]

1. Le general ordonna que la garnison defendit les remparts de la ville. 2. Je desirerais qu'il arrivdt ce matin. 3. J'avais peur que nous ne regussions de mauvaises nouvelles de Londres. 5. Pliit a Dieu qu'ils eiissent 4. li faillait qu'il partU sur-le-champ.

fait

leur
8.

devoir.
II

6.
7.

Nous accompagnames mon

II

frere,

afin qu'il

ne s'egardt pas.
suite.

souhaitait que je

lui

fut

bien

etonnant
finissie^

qu'il

perdU

repondisse tout de son proces. 9. II

10.

etait

temps que vous

votre lettre.

Kous

desirions

qu'il etudidt

davantage.

164.
The master ordered that the pupil should finish his exercise. 2. I was afraid that he would receive had news from his parents. 3. Would to God that he had left the town. 4. They accompanied their friends in order that they might not go astray. 5. It was astonishing that he should betray 6. They wished that we should rsply to them by return his best friends. 7. The generals ordered the troops to (that the troops should) cross of post. 9. We studied much, 8. You went* out before we arrived. the bridge. though we were ill. 10. My brother did not find his book, although ha
1.

looked for

it

every v^hero.

findef.

yo

YKJiBS.

The

Verl)s.

AUXILIARY VEKBS.

AVOIR,
Tres.
avoir, to have.

to have.

INFINITIVE.
Pres. Past. Past.

PARTICIPLE.
ayant, having,
eu, had.

avoir eu, <o have had.

INDICATIVE.
g
N
j'

SUBJUNCTIVE.
[{should) have, etc.

ai,

Jiave, etc.

tu
il

as

que j* que tu
qu'il

aie,

that

I may

nous avons vous avez

ils

1
(k

aies ait

out

que nous ayons que vous ayez qu'ils aient

j'

1 g

avais, avais il avait nous avions vous aviez

had,

etc.

tu

ils

avaient
[{should) have, etc.

j'

s & g
1

eus,

had, etc

tu
il

eus eut

H H g
Pi

que j' que tu

qu'il

eusse, eusses
eflt

that

I might

nous eumes vous eates

ils

eureut

que nous eussions que vous cussiez qu'ils eussent

VERBS.

91

INDICATIVE.
that
j'

SUBJUNCTIVE.

I may

have had,

etc.

tu
il

ai as

en,

I have had, etc.

P^

a nous avons vous avez ils out

j'

eu eu eu eu eu
eu^

que j' que tu

(k

eu eu aies qu' il eu ait que nous ayons eu que vous ayez eu qu' ils aient eu
aie

eu eu il nousavions eu vous aviez eu ils avaient eu

tu
that
j'

avals avals avait

I hadhad, etc.

I might have
eusse eusses

had,

etc,

i 1

eu eu nous eiimes eu vous efttes eu eurent eu ils

tu
il

eus eus eut

en,

I had had, etc.

i i
1^

que j' que tu

eu eu qu' il eilt eu que nous eussions eu que vous eussiez eu qu' ils eussent eu

CONDITIONAL,
3*

aural,

I shall have,

etc.

j'

aurais, Ishouldhave, etc

tu
il

auras
02

aura nous aurons vous aurez auront ils

[had, etc.
j'

aurais aurait nous aurions vous auriez

tu
il

ils

aui'aient

eu aura eu nous aurons eu vous aurez eu ils auront eu

tu
il

aural auras

eu,

I shall have

j'

should have aurais aurais tu il aurait nous aurions vous auriez

ils

had, etc

eu eu eu eu eu auraient eu

IMPERATIVE.
ale,
n'il ait,

h^ve (thou)
let

him

hav>e

ayons, let us have have {ye) ayez, qu'ils aient, let them have.

92

VERBS.

flTRE,

to le.

INFINITIVE.
Tres. Past.
Stre, to he

PARTICIPLE.
Pres.

^tant, being
6t6, been

avoir ^t^, fo have been

Past.

INDICATIVE.
that
je tu
C/J

SUBJUNCTIVE. I may (should) be,

sois sois soit

etc.

suis,

I am,

etc.

il

es est

nous sommes vous gtes

ils

1 1
(k

que je que tu
qu'
il

soiit

que nous soyons que vous soyez qu' ils soient

j'

g
Pc<

tu

^tais, ^tais
<:'tait

teas, etc.

nous ^tions vous <^tiez ils ^taient

that

I might

(should) be, etc.

s
W
Ol

je

fas,

teas, etc.

fi C4

il

fus fut nous filmes vous filtes

tu

ils

furent
been, etc.
.

fusse fusses fat qu' u que nous fussions que vous fussiez fusscnt qu' ils
that

que je que tu

I have
j'

I may have
aie aies
il

been, etc.

EH

g
P^

^16 ^t6 tu as ^t6 il a nous avons ^t6 vous avez 6t6 t6 ils ont
ai

g i
Ah

que j' que tu

qu'

^U

6t6 616 que nous ayons 6t6 6t6 que vous ayez aient 6t6 qu' ils
ait

I had
j'

been,

etc.

avais tu avais il avait nous avions vons aviez avaient ils

^t6 6t6 i6 ^t6

H6
6t6
1

VERBS.

93

INDICATIVE.

SUBJUNCTIVE.
that
ei

I had
j'

teen, etc.

I
il

s
EH

^
.

P4

eus tu ens U eut nous eftmes vous edtes ils eurent

6t6 6t6 6t6 6t6 6t6

que j' que tu

qu'

might have been, eusse 6t6 t6 eusses

etlt

etc.

i
i

M
J

que nous eussions H6 que vous eussiez 6t6 qu' ils eussent 6t6

i ^
ft

je

serai,

shall he, etc.

je

&H

i P
^

seras sera nous serous vous serez ils seront

il

tu

tu

serais, serais

CONDITIONAL. I should be, etc

m ^
(k

il

serait

nous serious vous seriez ils seraient

I
j'

shall have been, etc.

I should have
j'
,

been, etc.

i
1
p
1^

^t^ ta t6 il aura 6t6 nous aurons ^t^ vous aurez ^t^ ils auront 6t6

aurai auras

03

aurais tu aurais it aurait nous aurions vous auriez ils auraicnt

H6
6t6 t6 ^t^ t6 ^te

IMPERATIVE.
soyons,
sois, be (thou)
qu'il soit, let
let

us be
them
be.

soyez,

be (ye)

him

he

qu'ils soient, let

94
OS

VERBS.

^o 'a
tJO

-*2

pd Is

^
.

^ s

fc-M
.-.

2 q3

S ^ 5 i2 S.2*3 Ill iTl

SI

t2

2^. ^ '*

-V

"T *T

! Ill
xn
'j:

rt

u rt > P

i
CO

en

.M MM .^

-^
:S

1^.

C3
;::
I I

O 5 V
>

QD

^1
.53.2^

>

a
1
s ps

;3

V
a

a>

a>2

N O S3 c^ M 3

-^ S3

^
So

M
OQ

P3

^
'^
-S

"

S O ^ GC

.53

.S3 .Si>- rt^

-u

^
C5
1

SI s:

ions

iez
1

aien

A ? >
O o
^

o O -*3

^
*J

93

S
i

es
1

^ -S
c
guished
recevoir,
conjugations

1
rep
Persona

-evoir

2
"*
5J

(
distin

and

'TTtTTTT
.22

S SI a tK m a!a3j/jtjcci/jM ^
I I I I
I

a 2 e N o

-oir

in

.S.S-5
gular

3.

'enses

'erbs

^
i

**

s,

aC-IE*-

"5

aT
si

il rt^*5S*3*S
.22 .22

a>
vi 03

o
I

52

.2
seven
several

j V3

"7 'T cd

as J

txi

"T
ca

TT
a

M 00

finish).

three

.13

%
es

Conjugatio

to

the
only in

r,

h
n

,-^

as
.i-H

W3

a N

^
J2

III III
HH

S
-]
2.
there

-^J
dr is

o
Pi^

fcn J:!

ot o

^1 "
cs

d .^ oT",. .25 -2 .-=

tH JM CO

Re;

i-H

c3

e3 rt c3

four
love).

ceording

-M CO

iH 5S1CO rH Ol

c^ CO

ing
speak

nn
st(

a
ined,

O
k^
DO

are

"

to

eir

r,
th
reta

-2 42

>

^*

.2

S ^.2 rt 1 S ^ N
tS

^
o

::-

2 2 ^-s g

II
I

Strictly

of

is
rt
c3

.?a

^H

tK
'*=^

^--^S
-, s c3 O O 'k M

q
O
-^ -*^

:g

^ S oT H .5
N^

c?

rt

.r;

fis

cc

^JC ...

> U^ Pi
.5

GQ

is 'O

^
rt

a o

txrt

bo

rt

rt

VEEBS.

\)b

f?
a
fa

1
-issions

-isseut
-issiez

, , ,
n3

^~> /*

1'
CO

I"
^

1
o

1
9

O fi o N <p >.

si

1?
>>

OQ fl

III
02 Ul

1
* O

t
>H

rs

>

^i
'^S *

'?'??
1
1

^ ??? 1
f^
CC

CC VI

.22 .25 .25

o o

i
r-1

CO CO PS P!

-^id

?S
1

!/2

+S

^ ^
1
o
o o ^
ca

(^^

CO

1
O
1

<M rd

O OD
V3 '^
tri

CO P^

N
0^ CO

^
?j OJ CO rn
I

o
t

CO

^ ^
S

M
'

.2h .23

r "T -r
tpjcpj
.

V'T-r
^

S-22
CN
1

.2.S tjl rji

W.
TfX

'XI

^
n3
03

~^'"

S
^

w ^
1

rn
1

N -^
1

c
>

.fH .iH

E3

PH .lH .fH

Xn

Ttl-tfi)

Vi ^ ^.l5^
CC
(/3

1
o
,3

+s

i;^:
^

1 ^
^

-u

O
*,-
i

^3

III
3
I
I

1 .2 o
1

1
-S

1
/^~

i-i

o
r. cc
<;

S5

c3

m ^ m
1^
^
^^
t-t

oa

T-l

.r-t

? ? ?
a,

lis
S3

^ 2 o1
1
1
xrx

*c3

i-s >JT-J-l-i 1 'is r-ST-5'iS'ls

'

o o o tH
^

(n'

CO ^oi
^

v_^

^^

1 ?

c
T-i
'

i""
oi CO
"
'

iHC^CO
""

M
".2
.

.r

"^

Tenses

a5

1
79.(e)fr.thePastPart.

li
II

.a

S5

-s

s i
"
>-

Compownd

o OQ

1
all

S3
^ s< .^ .s
o
:r

B
/
N

ft

1)

96

VEEBS.

A.

ACTIVE VOICE.
to love.

First Conjugation: aim-er,

INFINITIVE.
Pres.

PARTICIPLE.
Pres.

Fast

aim-er, to love avoir aim-^, to have loved

Past.

aim-ant, aim-^, f.

1)

loving

-ee,2) loved

INDICATIVE.

I love, lam
g
t^

loving,

do

love.
[etc.

that

SUBJUNCTIVE. I may (should) love,

aime aimes aime

etc.

j'

ta
il

aime ) aimes aime

i ^
P4

que j* que tu
qu'
il

nons aimons vous aimez

lis

aiment
loved,

que nous aimions que vous aimiez aiment qu' ils

I
e;

I was

loving,

did

j'

aimais*) aimais tu aimait il nous aim ions vous aimiez

[love, etc.

lis

aimaient
that

I might

^
3
g s

j'

aimai,*^)

loved, etc.

tu
11

aimas aima

H Q
p3

que j' que tu

(should) aimasse*) aimasses

love, etc.

nous aimaraes vous aimfttes aimerent lis

aim&t qu' il que nous aimassions que vous aimassiez aimassent qu' lis
that I may have loved, etc que j' aie aime, que tu aies aime, etc

i
i
j*

ai aim^, I have loved, etc. tu as aime, etc.

^ g g

VERBS.

97

INDICATIVE.

SUBJUNCTIVE.

j'

SLYSiis Siime,

I had loved,

etc.

tu avals aime, etc.

j'

eus aim^,

I had
etc.

loved, etc.

tu eus aimc,

I might have loved, que j' ensse aime que tu eusses aime, etc.
that

etc.

j'

airaerai,

I shall love, etc.

C4

j'

1 p b

aimeras il aimera nous aimerons vous aimerez ils aimeront

tu
[loved, etc.
j*

tu
il

aimerais, aimerais aimerait

CONDITIONAL. I should

love,

[etc

nous aimerions vous airaeriez aimeraient ils

I
i S
j'

aarai aim^,

I
etc.

shall have

should have loved, anrais aime

etc.

etc.

1^

tu auras aime,

tu aurais aime,

IMPEEATIVE.
aime, (love thou) aime, let him love)

(qu'il

aimons, let us love aimez, love (ye) (qu*ils aiment, let them love).

1.

From
From

the Lat. Introd. 19).

Part.

Pres.

ace.

amantem

(not

from the Nom.;

see

2.

the Lat. Part. Perf. Pass, amatus.

==

(TheLat. ending -atus becomes

6 in Ft., comp. clericatus

3. 4.
5.

clerg^.)

6.

From From From From

the Lat. Pres. Indicat. the Lat. Imperf. -a(ll))am, a(b)a8.

the Lat. Perf.
-a(T)i,

see Introd.
I

21.

by the dropping OfT.

i

the Lat. contracted Pluperf. Subj. -assem*

98

VEKBS.

Second Conjugation:
INFINITIVE.
Tres.
fin-Ir, to finish

finir, to finish.

PARTICIPLE,
Pres.
fin-iss-ant, finishing
fin-i,
f.

Past.

avoir fin-i,

to

have finished

Part.

-ie,

finished

INDICATIVE.

I
je tu
il

finish,

I am

finishing,

I do
1

that

SUBJUNCTIVE. I may (should) finish, etc.

finisse

finis

[finish, etc.

finis flnit

nous finissons vous finissez

ils

finissent

finisses qu' il finisse que nous finissions que vous finissiez qu' ils finissent

que je que tu

I
i 1

je

finished, I was finishing, I finissais [did finish, etc. tu finissais il finissait

nous finissions vous finissiez

ils

finissaient

that I might (should) finish,

je
finis, finis finit

etc.

finished, etc.

tu
il
H

que je que tu
qu'
il

finisse
finisses
fintt

nous finlmes vous finites

ils

i 1

que nous finissions que vous finissiez

qu'
ils

finirent

finissent

i
j*

that

I may have
fini
fini,

finished, etc.
etc.

ai tu as

fini,

Ihave finished,

etc.

fini, etc.

que j' aie que tu aies

I had
5
j'

finished, etc.
fini
fini,

avais

tu avais

etc.
I

VEEBS.

99

INDICATIVE.

SUBJUNCTIVE.
that I might have finished etc que j' eusse fini que tu eusses fini, etc.

j'

ens ^m,
fini,

I had finisTied, etc.

etc.

tu eus

je

finirai,

I shall finish, etc.

je

finirais,

CONDITIONAL. I should

finish,

tu
il

finiras finira

tu

nous finirons vous finirez

ils

finirais il finirait nous finirions

[etc

vous finiriez
ils

finiront

finiraient

I
j'

shall

have finished, aural fini

fini,

etc.

I
j'

should have finished, aurais fini

fini,

etc.

tu auras

etc.

tu aurais

etc.

IMPERATIVB.
finissons, let
finis, (qu'il finisse,

us

finish

finish (thou)
let

finissez,

finish (ye)

him

finish)

(qu'ils finissent, let

them

finish.)

The regular form of the Second Conjugation is derived from Lat. Olbs. Inchoative (Inceptive) Verbs, as flor-csc-o, the character esc of which became
in French iss,

the character of the regular Second Conjugation.

other

The
cases
it is

ss of -iss- is retained before vowel-inflections only; in all

dropped:
fin-iss-ons,
il

fin-iss-ant,

fin-iss-ais,

que je

fini-ss-e, etc.

but fini-r, je fini-s,

fini-t,

je fini-rai, etc.

A great many Verbs which are not derived from Lat. inchoatives or from Latin at all, take the Character -iss. For the few which do not take it see 93 and 94.
7*

i'

100

VERBS.

Third Conjugation:
INFINITIVE.
Tres.
rec(eY)-oir, <o receive

receroir,

to receive,

(see Obs.)

PARTICIPLE.
Pres.

rec(ey)-ant,
re9-u,
f.

receiving

Past

avoir ref-u, <o

Tiat'c

received

Past.

-ue, received

INDICATIVE.

SUBJUNCTIVE.

I receive, lam
je

receiving,

I do
H H 1
tk

re^ois rcQois U rcQoit nons reccTons V0T18 recevez

tu
ils

[receive, etc.

that I may (should) receive, etc. que je re9oiye que tu re9oiyes qu' il re90iye

que nous recevions que vous receviez

qu'
ils

re9oiTeiit

re9oiyent

^
M
0}

I received, I was receiving, I did je receyais [receive^ etc.

tu
il

recevais receyait nous receyions vous receyiez ils receyaient

that
je

I
il

might (should) receive.

re9nsse
re9iisse8
re9(lt
[etc.

reQus, tu re9US 11 re9ut nous re9(lme9 vous re9fltes

ils

received, etc.

que je que tu
qu'

re9ureiit

que nous re9assion8 que vous re9ussiez re9ussent qu' ils

that

.l
j'

ai

rec^Ji,

I have received, etc.

etc.

s H i

tu as re9u,

I may have received, que j' aie re9u que tu aies re9u, etc.

etc.

5 S h
H P4 g O S S

i^

I
j'

have received,

etc.

ayais re9u tu avais re9U,

etc.

I had
j'

received, etc.

eus re9u

tu eus re9u, etc

g^ 5 2 u g^
t-t

that

I might have received, eta que j' eusse re9u que tu eusses re9U, etc.

YERBi:

101

INDICATIVE.

je

recevrai,

I shall

receive,
[etc.

je

recevras recevra nous recevrons vous recevrez recevront ils

tu
il

tu
il

recevrais, recevrais recevrait

CONDITIONAL, I should receive,

[etc.

nous recevrions vous recevriez recevraieut ils

is

I
j'

shall have received, etc.

I should have
j'

received, etc.

aurai refu

aurais re9u

tu auras re9u, etc.

tu aurais re9u, etc.

IMPEEATIVE.
refois, (qu'il re9oive,
Olbs. 1.

receive (thou) let him receive)

recevons, recevez, (qu'ils re90ivent,

let us receive receive (ye) let them receive)

Tliree stems must be distinguished in Verbs of this Conju-

gation

recev-

for the Pres. Part,

and

its

derived Tenses:

recevr-ais, etc.)

recev-ant, recev-ons, recev-ais, etc.j

{but recevr- for the Fut.

*re<joi(v)- for the

and
and

Condit.:
3^.

recevr-ai,

Sing,

p.

plur.

of the Pres. Indie,

re9oi-s,
etc.

and Subj,

and of the Imperative:

je re9oi-s,
il

re9oi-t,

que je re9oiv-e,

rcQ- for the Past, Part. Preterite and Imperf. Subj.:

re9-u,

je re9-us, je re9-usse,

etc.

is that reeev- stands before sonorons inflections only ant, ons, ais, etc.; whilst the strengthened stem recoi(v)- stands before mate inflections e, es, ent; s, t; (v dropped before consonants: re9oi-(v)s, -(v)t), on the same principle as

The

real difference between these

two stems

ten-ir == tien-s, tienn-ent ;

men-er

= men-e, men-ent

appel-er

= appell-e,

etc.

Verbs ending in -eyoir only are conjugated

devoir, to owe, to be obliged;

like

recevoir

as,

decevoir, to deceive;

apercevoir, to perceive; concevoir, to conceive; percevoir, to collect, {taxes etc.)

dft,

Obs. 2, devoir, takes a circumflex in the Past. Part, but fern, due, and plur. dus without circumflex. Obs. 3.

masc.

In Verbs ending in -evoir the c takes a cedilla before o and u.

102

VEEBS.

Fourfh Conjugation: rendre,

INFINITIVE.
Pres.

to sell.

PARTICIPLE.
Pres.
Part.

Tend-re, to
avoir vend-u,
^o

sell

vend-ant,

selling

Past.

have sold

vend-u,

f.

-ue, sold

INDICATIVE.

I
g
pa

seU,

I am

selling,

I do

seU,
[etc.

that

SUBJUNCTIVE. I may (should) seS,

vende vendes il vende nous vendions vous veudiez vendent ils

etc.

je

i p

vends ta vends il vend ) nous vendons vous vendez ils vendent

que je que tu
qu'

1 g

que que
qu'

hi

je

p
1

Isold, I was selling, vendais tu vendais il vendait

I did sell,
[etc.

nous vendions vous vendiez ils vendalent

that

I
il

S H
H
Pi

je

tu
il

vendls, vendls vendit

soldy etc.

^ W
rt

P4 Pi

nous vcndlmes vous vendttes lis vendirent

g s

vendisses vendtt que nous vendissions que vous vendissiez vendissent qu' ils
qu'

que je que tu

might (should) seU, etc vendlsse

P ^ i

H
j'

that

al vendu, I have sold, etc. tu as vendu, etc.

f4

I may have sold, etc. que j' ale vendu que tu ales vendu, etc.

Ph

1.
11

j'

avals vendu, tu avais vendu,

I AacisoZd, etc.
etc.

YEEBS.

103

INDICATIVE.
that
j*

SUBJUNCTIVE
I might have sold, etc que j' ensse vendu que tu eusses vendu, etc.
CONDITIONAL. I should

1 1

ens vendu,

I had
etc.

sold, etc.

tu eus vendu,

03

je tu

vendrai,

shall

sell, etc.

je

vendras il vendra nous vendrons vous vendrez ils vendront

tu
ils

vendrais, vendrais vendrait

sell,

[etc

nous vendrions vous vendriez ils vendraient

[sold, etc.

is

j*

anrai vendu,

shall

have
f-,

j'

tu auras vendu, etc.

should have sold, etc aurais vendu, tu aurais vendu, etc.

IMPEEATIVE.
vendons,
vends,
(qu'il
sell (thou)
let

let

us

sell

vendez,
(qu'ils

sell (ye)
let

vende,

him

sell)

vendent,

them

sell.)

1)
after c:

The

person-inflection

t is aiways dropped after dentals

(d, t)

'ind

perd-re;
vainc-re,

il il il

perd-,
vainc-

but romp-re,
plai-re,

il

romp-t
plai-t

il

mett-rej

met-,

construi-re.

11 constroi-t)

etc

104

VERBS.

a. The rules for conjugating Verbs interrogativehj and negatively are the same as those given for Auxiliary Verbs,

74

76:

Obs. For the sake of euphony the 1"* pers. sing, of the Pres. Indie, takes an acate accent on the final e: j'aime, interrogatively aim6-je?

J do
Je tn

not love, n'aime n'aimes il n'aime nons n'aimons vous n'aimez n'aiment ils

etc.

Do I

love?

Do I not

love ? etc.

pas aime-je?
pas pas pas pas pas

aimes-tu?
aime-t-il ?

N'aime-je n' aimes-tu

aimons-nous ? aimez-vous ?
aiment-ils ?

pas? I have not loved, etc. pas? Je n'ai pas aime, etc. Have I loved? pas? n'aime-t-il &i-je aime? etc. n'aimons-nous pas?
n'aimez-vous
n'aiment-ils

pas ?

Have I not

loved ? etc.
etc.

pas? N'ai-je pas aime?

fi.

EEMAEKS ON SOME PECULIARITIES OP THE FIRST AND SECOND CONJUGATIONS.

In Verhs ending in -ger: as, manger, to eat, an e mute is inserted 1) between the stem and the inflection, whenever the latter begins with a
or o; as,
je mang-e, mang-er mang-e-ant tu -es, mang-e il -e,
n.
v.
ils

mange-ons je mange-a!s, - -e-ais, mang-ez tu

-

n.
v.
ils

mang
-

-ions
-iez

-ent
:

il

-e-ait,

-e-aient, etc.

tracer, to 2) In Verbs ending in -cer, as whenever the inflection begins with a or o ; as,
trac-er tra(j-ant trac-e

trace, the

o takes a cedilla

je trac-e,

n.
v.
ils

traQ-ons
trac-ez - -ent

tu
il

-es,
-e,

je traQ-ais, n. trac-ions - -lez -ais, V. tu - -ait, ils traQ-aient, etc. il

Obs. to 1 and 2. The Final stem consonants g and c thus retain their soft pronunciation throughout the whole conjugation.
8)

throw, the t or 1
appel-cr appel-ant appel-e
jet-er
j'

In Verbs ending in -eler and -eter, as appeler, to is doubled before an e mute: as,
appell-e,
-

caJl,

jeter, to

n,
ils

appel-ons
-

tu
il

-es, V.

-ez

appell-eral -erons -eras -erez

-

appell-erais, etc

-e,

appell-cnt
jet-ons
-

-era -eront
jett-erais, etc

je

jet-ant
jet-e

tu
il

jett-e, -es,
-

n.
V.
ils

jett-eraJ -erons
-

-ez

-e,

jett-ent

-eras -erez -era -eront

VERBS.
Exceptions
:

105

Ibourreler, celer, geler, harceler, peler; acheter, colan r.d their compounds, instead of doubling the consonant, take an accent grave over the e before 1 or t, as: il g^le, j 'achate etc.
leter, ^tiqueter,

4) Verbs with an e mute or 6 in the Penultima, as: mener, to lead, c^der, to yield, take a grave accent whenever the vowel of the following syllable is an e mute, (in the Fut. and Gondii, however, is retained): as,

men-er men-ant men-^

ced-er ced-ant ced-e

mSn-e,
tu
11 -

n.
V.
ils

men-ons
-

m^n-erai -erons
-

m^n-erais,

eto.

-es,

-ez

-e,

m6n-ent
c^d-ons
-

-eras -erez -era -eront

cSd-e,
tu
il

n.
V.
ils

- -es,

-ez

but

Fut &

Condit.

-e.

c^d-ent

unchanged
all

cederai, cederais, etc.

Exceptions: Verbs ending -6ger retain the in

prot^ger, to protect, je protege,
5)
etc.

Tenses: as,

Verbs ending in -ayer, -oyer, -nyer, change y into

as,

before an

e mute:

ess ayer, to try, ployer, to fold, essuyer, to wipe.

Olbs. 1.

essaie,

ploie,

essuie.

nous essayons, nous ployons, nous essuyons,

(also grasseyer)

essaierai, etc. je ploierai, etc. j' essuierai, etc.

j'

Those in -ayer,
je paye
etc.

may

be conjugated without

changing y, as:

Obs. 2. Verbs in -ier are spelt with 11 in the 1"* and 2* Per. PI. of tho Imperf. Indie, and Pres*. Subj., as: nous ^tudiions, tous prilez, etc.

6) HaYr (Old Germ, hatjan) to hate, retains the diaeresis throughout except in the Sing, of the Pres^ Indie, and Imperat. as,
:

je hais,

tu hais,
This
is

11

halt,

but,

nous haYssons,

etc.

Obs.

the only verb which does not take an accent circumflex

in the 3^ P. Sing. Imperf. Subj.

7)

B6nir

(Lat. benedicere) to bless, has

two forms for the Past Part.:

b^nite, consecrated:
as,

b^ni, fem. b^nie, blessed; eau b^nite.

and b^nit,

fern,

Fleurir (Lat. floresco) in its literal sense to blossom, is always 8) regular; but in the figurative sense to be prosperous, to flourish, it forms the Pres. Part, and Imperf. Indicat. thus: florissant, je florissais, etc.

106
B,
Strc aim^, to le loved.

VERBS.

PASSIVE VOICE.
INFINITIVE.
Fast,

Tres.

aroir ^t^ aim6, to have heen

loved.

PARTICIPLE.
Pres,

^tant aim6, Idng loved.

PRESENT.

Past,

ayant
p.

H6

aim^, having been

loved.

INDICiLTIVE
(aimde)

INDEFINITE.

tu
elle

suis es est est

a!m6
aim^ aim^
aira^e

I am
[laved,

ai

6U

tu
il,

as
on,

elle

a a
aTons avez
\

aim^, 6t6 aim^ 6t6 airae ^t^ aim^e

have been
{loved,

nous vous
lis

sommes aimes
^tcs

(aimees)

elles

sont sont

aimes aimes
aimees.

nous vous
ils

H6 U

elles

ont ont

aimes aimes ^t^ aimes

^t^ aimees.

IMPERFECT.
j'

PLUPERFECT.

^tais

aime,

etc.,

teas loved,

j'

nous ^tions aimes,

etc.

aTais 6t6 &\m6, nous arions t6 aimes,

etc.,

I had heen
[loved,

etc.

PRETERITE.
je
ftts

ANTERIOR.

airae,

etc.,

I was

loved,

j'

nous fdmes aimes,

etc.

eus ^t^ aime, tic, nous eCLmes ^t^ aimes, etc.

I had heen
[loved,

TUT. PRE3.
je

FUTURE PAST.
j'

serai

aim^,

etc.,

I shall he loved,

nous serons aimes,

etc.

anrai ^t^aim^, etc., I shall have nous aurons 16 aimes, etc. [been loved,
CONDITIONAL PAST.

CONDITIONAL PRES.
je

serais aim^, etc., nous serions aim^s, etc.

should he
[loved,

aiirais6t6 aime, etc., 7 s^owZtf /tare nousaiirions6t6 aimes, etc. [beenloved.

IMPERATIVE.
sols aim^, be (thou) loved,

soyons aimds, let us be loved soyez aimes, be (ye) loved.

PRESENT.
aimd, etc., (que) je sois (que) n. soyons aimes, etc.

SUBJUNCTIVE.

perfect.

I may

he

(que)j' aie

[loved,

^t^ aime, etc., Jmaj/^rc (que)n. ayons^t^ aimes, etc. [beenloved,

IMPERFECT.

PLUPERFECT.
(que)

(que)jefusse

aime, Jm^/^^^sAor^^ be loved, (que) n. fossions aim^s, etc.

I might t6 aim^, (should) have heen loved, (que) n. eussions t aim^s, etc.
j'

easse

VERBS.

107

INTRANSITIVE VERBS (VERBES NEUTRES).

Intransitiye Verbs are generally conjugated with avoir, except the following, which are conjugated with Mre:
aller arriver
to

go

to arrive

deceder

mourir

to die

Colore entrer naitre partir

to

he hatched, to blow

to enter to he horn to

retourner to return sortir to go out

tomber
\

depart

venir

to fall to come.

Obs. 1. Two compounds of venir: contrevenir ^, to contravene, subvenir ^, to relieve, are conjugated with avoir. Obs. 2. WTienever an intransitive Verb be conjugated with avoir, as,
II
is

nsed transitively,

it

must

a sorti

le cheval

de recurie;

He

has hrought the horse out of the

stable.

87. Some Intransitive Verbs avoir and 6tre:

with avoir to denote the action:

may be

conjugated

with

with tre to denote the result of the action, the actual state or condition.

La

riviere a baisse aujourd'hui. The river has fallen to-day.

La

riviere est bien baissee.

\The river

is very low.

The
accourir apparaitre disparaitre baisser

following are the principal of these Verbs:

to hasten

changer
croitre

dechoir to decay deb order to overflow to appear to disappear monter to ascend to sink descendre^o descend to change echapper to escape

embellir

empirer grandir
rajeunir
rester
vieillir

to embellish to grow worse

^^^^' |^ \to increase

^choner

to^^"^

to grow to grow young again ito remain, (etre) \to reside, (avoir) to

grow

old.

108

VERBS.

D.

REFLECTIVE VERBS (VERBES REFLfiCHIS.)

to be,

Compound

All Reflective Verbs are conjugated with 6tre, Tenses.

INFINITIP.

in the

Prisent: se layer, to

wash

one's selfAPassi: s'Stre lav6,

I

to

have washed
one's self.

PARTICIPE.
Prisent: se lavant, washing one's
self.
I

Passi: s'^tant lay^,

having washed
one's self.

INDICATIF.
A. Je tn
11

Affirmatif.

PEisENX.
Je
tn

B.

Nigatif
lave laves lave lave lave

me
te se

lave,
ilavcs,

I wash

lave,
lave, lave,

on
elle

se se

myself thou washest thyself he washes himself one washes one's self
sTie

ne

me
te se se se

waslies herself

nous nous lavons, we wash ourselves vous Yous lavez, you wash yourselves
ils

se

elles se

lavcnt, they lavent, they

wash themselves wash themselves

ne U ne on ne elle ne nous ne vous ne ils ne elles ne

D.

pas pas pas pas pas nous lavons pas Tous lavez pas lavent pas se lavent pas se
c&

C.

Interrogatif.

Nigatif

Interrogatif,

Me
te se

lav^-je?*
laves-tu ?
lave-t-il (-t-elle, -t-on?)

Ne me
ne ne ne ne ne
te se

lave -je pas?* laves-tu pas?

lave-t-il (-t-elle, -t-on)

pas?

nous lavons-nous? vous lavez-vous?

se
lavent-ils (-elles)?

nous lavons-nous pas? TOUS lavez-vous pas I lavent-ils pas! se

FIJTUB PRESENT.

DIPAKPAIT.

Je

me
me

lavais,

I was

washing myself. Je
Je

me

laverai,

shall

wash

myself.

pr6t6rit (d^fini.)

conditionnel present.

Je

lavai,

I washed
wash
let

myself.

me

laverais,

I should wash
NSgatif

myself.

A.
lave-tol,

Affirmatif
thyself

IMPl^RATIF.

B.

Nete
ne nous

lavons-nous,
lavez-Toas,

us wash ourselves

^2is, lave lavons pas,

Do not wash thyself

let

us not wash ourselves

wash yourselves

ne yous lavez pas, do not wash yourselves.

or

Est-ce que je

me

lave?

etc.

st-ee que je ne

me

lave pas? etc

VERBS.

109

PASS^ INDEFINI.
J have washed
Je tu
il

(been washing)
etc.

B.
Je tu

I have

not washed myself, etc.

me
t'
s'

eUe s' on s' nous nous sommes vous Tous etes ils se sont elles se sont
C.

snis es est est est

lav4 (on lavee) lave lave lavee lave laves (ou lav^es) laves laves lavees
etc.

ne me suis pas lave (ou -c) ne t' es pas lave il nes' est pas lave elle ne s' est pas lavee on ne s' est pas lave nous nenous sommes pas laves (ou es) vous ne vous Stes pas laves ils ne se sont pas laves elles ne se sont pas lavees
D.

Have I washed myself?

suis-je es-tu
est-il (-elle)

Have I

not washed myself?

Me
t'

s'

nons sommes-nous vous Stes-vous

se se
sont-ils sont-elles

lave (ou lavee)?* pas lave (ou-e)?* suis-je lave ? pas lave net' es-tu ? ? lave nes' est-il (-elle) pas lave? ? laves (ou lavees)? ne nous sommes-nous pas laves (ou -es)? laves pas laves ? ne vous gtes-vous ? sont-ils pas laves? laves? ne se lavees ? sont-elles pas lavees? ne se

Neme

*or Est-ce

que

je

me

suis lav6? etc.

Est-ce que je ne

me

suis pas lav^? etc

PLUSQUEPAEFAIT.
Je m'^tais lave, 1 had washed myself

FTJTTJR PASS6.

Je

me

serai lave,

I shall have washed myself.

ANTiRIETJB.

CONDITIONNEL PASS6.
myself.

Je

me

fus lave,

I had washed

Je

me

serais lave,

I should have washed myself.

The Subjunctive

is

conjugated in the same manner:

je

Que

me

lave (lavasse), etc.

Reciprocal Verbs are conjugated

like Reflective Verbs: thus

Us

se trompent, can signify

They

deceive each other or themselves.

The ambiguity

is

avoided by adding

Fun

Tautre, les uns

les autres, one another

(71

&

228).

BEADING LESSONS.
L'AEABE ET SON CHEVAL.
Lcs cavaliers du pacha d'Acre ayant recontr^ un Arabe
et

ga tribu qui s'en retournaient charges de butin, fondirent sur eiix

a rimproviste, en tu6rent un grand nombre,

sonniers,
et,

firent les autres pri-

les

ayant attachc^s avec des cordes, les emmenerent

faire

a Acre pour en
un chameau
et

present
le

an pacha.

L'Arabe ayant 6t6

grievement blessd dans

naient dgalement.

combat, les Turcs I'avaient attach^ sur

s'dtaient

Lc
liees

soir

leurs prisonniers dans les

empards de son cheval qu'ils emmedu deuxi^me jour, ils camperent avec montagnes de Japhad; TArabe bless6
cuir, et dtait

avait les

jambes

ensemble par une courroie de

oil

^tendu pres de la tente

couchaient les Turcs.

11

Pendant

la nuit,

tenu eveilld par la douleur de sa blessure,

entendit hennir son

11

cheval parmi les autres chevaux attaches autour des tentes;

reconnut sa voix, et, ne pouvant rdsister an ddsir d'aller parler

encore une fois a ce fidele compagnon,
jusqu'a
lui.

"Pauvre ami,
et

lui dit-il,

il se traina p^niblement que feras-tu parmi les Turcs?

Ma femme
meau;
til

mes
te

enfants ne t'apporteront plus le lait du chale

ils

ne

donneront plus Forge dans

libre

creux de la main;
le

ne courras plus

dans

le ddsert,

comme

vent d'Egypte;

tu ne fendras plus

Teau du Jouardain qui rafraichissait ton poll aussi blanc que ton dcume; qu'au moins, si je suia esclave, tu restes libre. Retoume a la tente que tu connais; vs
poitrail

du

READING LESSONS.
dire a

Ill
plus, et passe la

ma femme
enfants."

que ton maitre ne reviendra

parlant ainsi,

tete entre les

rideaux de la tente pour lecher la main de mes

petits

En

FArabe avait ronge avec ses

qui lui servait d'entraves,
et

dents la corde de poil de chevre

Tanimal

etait libre;

mais, voyant son maitre blesse et encbaine

et

a ses pieds,
instinct, ce

le

fidele

intelligent

coursier comprit,
lui expliquer;

avec son
il

qu'aucune langue ne pouvait

baissa

la tete, flaira son maitre, et,

le saisissant

avec

les dents

par la

qu'il avait autour du corps, il partit au galop jusqu'a En arrivant et en jetant son Temporta ses tentes. et sur sable, aux pieds le de sa femme et de ses enfants, le maitre fatigue. Toute la tribu I'a pleure; les poetes cheval expira de

cemture de cuir

I'ont chante,

et

son

nom

est

constamment dans

la

bouche des

Arabes de Jericho.

A. do Lamartine.

MIEUX QUE
L'empereur Joseph
pareil,

gA.

II

n'aimait ni la representation ni Tap-

temoin ce

fait

qu'on se plait a citer:

Un jour que, revetu d'une simple redingote boutonnee, accompagn6 d'un seul domestique sans livree, il dtait alle, dans une caleche a deux places qu'il conduisait lui-meme, faire une promenade du matin aux environs de Vienne, il fut surpris par la pluie, comme il reprenait le chemin de la ville.
II

en

etait

encore 61oign6, lorsqu'un pi6ton, qui regagnait

aussi la capitale, fait signe au conducteur d'arreter : ce que Joseph

fait aussitot.

Monsieur,

lui dit le militaire (car c'etait

un

ser-

gent),
c6t6

aurait-il

de

vous?

de I'indiscretion a vous demander une place a Cela ne vous generait pas prodigieusement,
fois.

puisque vous Ues seul dans votre caleche, et menagerait

uniforme, que je mets aujourd'hui pour la premiere

mon

Mena-

geons votre uniforme,

mon

brave,

lui dit

Joseph, et mettez-vous

112
la.

READING LESSONS.

garde-chasse

Ah! D'ou venez-vous? de mes amis, Qu'avez-vous done maDge de

dit le sergent, je viens

oil

de chez un

j'ai

fait

si

bon?

Ah! bien oiii, une soupe! mieux que ga. Une longe Mieux que 9a, vous dit-on. Oh! ma foi! je ne Un faisan, mon digne homme, un puis deviner, dit Joseph. faisan tir6 sur les plaisirs de sa Majeste, dit le camarade en lui Tire sur les plaisirs de Sa Majeste, frappant sur la cuisse. Je vous en reponds.* il n'en devait etre que meilleur. Comme on approchait de la ville, et que la pluie tombait toujours, Joseph demanda a son compagnon dans quel quartier il
moi...

Une soupe a
Qa.

mieux que de veau?

la

biere?

im

fier

dejeflner?

Devinez.

Que

sais-je,

De

la choucroute ?

logeait, et

ou

il

voulait qu'on le descendit.

Non, non, dit Joseph; de bont6, je craindrais d'abuser de... votre rue? Le sergent, indiquant sa demcure, demanda a connaitre celui dont
dit
il

Monsieur, c'est trop

A votre Monsieur sans doute? monsieur. Lieutenant Ah lieutenant; Comme Capitaine? Mieux que Colonel, mieux que peut-etre? Mieux que 9a, vous dit-on. Comment diable!
recevait tant d'honnetetcs.
tour,

Joseph, devinez.
dit

est militaire,
!

bien, oui,
9a.

ga.

dit I'autre

en se rencognant aussitot dans la caleche, seriez-vous

feld-marechal ?

Ah mon Dieu, c'est I'EmMieux que 9a. Lui-meme, dit Joseph, en montrant ses decorations. pereur! II n'y avait pas moyen de tomber a genoux dans la voiture;
!

I'invalide

se

confond en excuses et supplie I'Empereur d'arreter

pour
avoir

qu'il

puisse descendre.
faisan,

Non

pas,

lui dit

Joseph; apr^s

mange mon

vous

seriez

trop

heureux de vous

debarrasser de moi aussi promptement; j'entends bien que vous

ne

me

quittiez qu'a votre porte.

Et

il

I'y descendit.

*1 should think sol

de Levis.

READING LESSONS.

113

LE PETIT PIERRE.
Je
suis le petit Pierre

Contre un bel Edifice

J'ai

Du

faubourg Saint-Marceau,

placd

mon

comptoir,

Messager ordinaire,
Facteur et porteur d'eau.
J'ai plus d'une ressource

La, sans parler au Suisse,

Ou
Je

pent toujours

me

voir.

Pour n'oublier personne

Pour faire mon chemin: Je n'emplis pas ma bourse, Mais je gagne mon pain.
Je
n'ai ni bois, ni terre,

me
la

leve matin,

Et

journee est bonne

je gagne

Quand

mon

pain,

Comme
Feu

le disait Blaise,

Ni chevaux,

ni laquaisj

Blaise,

mon

parrain,

Petit proprietaire,

Mon

fonds est deux crochets.

a False Lorsque Ton n'a pas faim.

est toujours

On

Je prends

comme

il

arrive

Dans
II

les jours

de misere,
voisin,

bon grain. Dieu veut que chacun vive, Et je gagne mon pain.
L'ivraie et le

Je m'adresse au
a
pitie

de Pierre,
Boucher de Perthes

Et je trouve mon pain.

LE MONTAGNARD EMIGRE.
Combien
j'ai

douce souvenance

Du Ma

joli lieu

de

ma

naissance!

soeur, qu'ils 6taient

beaux ces jours

De
mon
Te

France!

pays, sols mes amours

Toujours.

souvient-il que notre

mere

Au

foyer de notre cbaumiere

pressait sur son sein joyeux,

Nous

Ma chere? Et nous baisions ses blonds cheveux Tous deux.

Engine, French
Method.

114

READING LESSONS.

Ma Du

soeur, te souvient-il

encore

chateau que baignait la Dore, Et de cette tant vieille tour

Du
Ou

More,

rairain sonnait le retour

Du
Te

jour?
tranquillo

souvient-il du lac

Qu'effleurait Thirondelle agile,

Du

vent qui courbait

Mobile,

le

roseau

Et du

soleil

coucbant sur I'eau

Si

beau?

Te

souvient-il de cette amie,

Douce compagne de ma vie? Dans le bois, en cueillant la fleur

Jolie,

Helene appuyait sur

mon

coeur

Son

coBur!

Oh! qui rendra mon Helene,

Et ma montagne, et le grand chcne? Leur souvenir fait tons les jours

Ma
Mon pays

peine:
sera

mes amours
I

Toujours

Chateaubriand

LE RAT DE VILLE ET LE RAT DES CHAMPS.

Autrefois le rat de ville
Invita le rat des champs,

Sur un tapis de Turquie

Le convert

se

trouva mis.

D'une faQon

fort civile,

Je laisse a penser la vie

des

reliefs d'Ortolans.

Que

firent ces

deux amis.

HEADING LESSONS.

115

Le

regal fut fort honncte,

Le
Et

bruit cesse,

on se

retire:

Rien ne manquait au festin:

Rats en campagne aussit6t;

le citadin

Mais quelqu'un troubla la fete Pendant qu'ils etaient en train.

de dire:

Aclievons tout notre r6t."

C'est assez, dit le rustique,

la porte

de la

salle

lis entendirent

du

bruit:

Le rat de ville detale; Son camarade le suit.

Demain vous viendrez chez moi. Ce n'est pas que je me pique

De

tous vos festins de roi:

Mais rien ne vient m'interrompre, Je mange tout a

loisir.

Adieu done.

Fi du plaisir

Que

la crainte peut corrompre."

Lafontaino.

ENGLISH-FRENCH VOCABULARY.
ambassador,am6assa<Zeur. ambitious, ambitieux. ft, un, une. America, Atnerique, f. to abandon, ahandonner. amiable, aimable.
to abolish, abolir. about, environ. absent, absent.
to
to attack, attaquer,

August, AoUt,

in.

among, parmi. amusing, amusant.

aunt, tante. Au>tria, Autriche, f. Austrian, autrichien.

autumn, automne, m,

accompany, accompag-

ancient, ancien. avarice, avarice, f. angry with, fdchi centre. awakened, eveilU.
to annoy, ennuyer.

ner. action, action, f. to act, agir. active, actif. address, adresse^

another, un autre. to answer, repondre a.

antiquity, antiquite,
f.
f.

B.
bad, mauvais. badly, mal. baker, boulanger. banished, bannt. banner, drapeau, in. bank, shore; rive, f. banker, banquier.
baref()ot,wu-;jt<?ri.s(Ex.l09),

Antwerp, Anvers.
any,

admiral, amiral. to admire, admirer. advantage, avantage, m.

advice, conseil, avis, m. to advise, conseiller.
affection,

ExV 101, 121. appetite, appetit, m.

to approve,

approuver.

amour, w.,
f.

April, avril, m. to arrive, arriver. arm, bras, m.

battle, bataille,

f.

affection,

Africa, Afrique, f. afternoon, apres-midit

f.

age, age, m. ago, il y a.

tons (Ex. 97). almost, presque. aloud, haut. Alps, Alpes, f already, de^a.
all, tout,

army, armie, f, as, comme. ashamed, honteux, to be ashamed, avoir

honte, f. Asia, Asie,
to ask,
ass,
f.

to beat, battre, frapper. beautiful, beau (Ex. 107). to be (in health), seporter.

demander. dne, m.

because, parce que. beer, biere, f. before (time), avant. (})lace), deviant,
conj.,

avant de.

assiduously, asstdument. to assure, assurer.

at,

to

also, aussi.
altar, autel,

d.

m.

always, toujours.

Athenian, AthSnien. Athens, Athenes.

demayider, prier to begin, comniencer. to behave, se conduire. behaviour, conduite, f. Belgium, Belgique, f.
,

beg

ENGLISH-FRENCH VOCABULAKY.
to believe, croire. bell, cloche, f.

117

C.
cake, gateau, w. to call, appeler, nommer. can, pouvoir. cape, cap, w. capital, capitale, f. captain, capitaine. card, carie, f. careless, negligent. to carry off, remporter.
castle, chateau,
cat, chat,

belong to, sont a. belongs to, est a. benefit, hienfait, m.

bent, flechi. to betray, trahir. better (Ex. 91), mieux. between, entre. big, grand. bird, oiseau, m.
bit,

comfort, consolation, f. to comfort, consoler. to command, commander,

company, compagnie,
societe,
f.

/".,

companion, compagnon, to compare, comparer, complexion, teint, m.

comprised, compris.
to conceive, concevoir, conduct, conduite, f. to confide, confier. confidence, confiance, f, to confound, confondre. to congratulate, feliciter

bite,

morceau, m. mordre.

m.

m.

black, noir. to blame, bldmer blessing, hienfait, blue, hleu. to blush, rougir,

m.

cavalry, cavalerie, f. cellar, cave, f. certainly, certavnement chair, chaise, f.

charming, charmant,
to chatter, babiller.

boat, bateau, m. bold, hardi, temeraire.

chemist, pharmacien.
cheerful, gai. cherry, cerise, f. to cherish, eherir. child, enfant, c. choose, choisir. Christian, Chretien. Christmas, noel, m.

book, livre, m.
bookseller, libraire. boot, botte, f. to bore, ennuyer. born, we.
bottle, bouteille, bought, achete.
f.

conqueror, conquerant. conscience, conscience, contented, content. to continue, continuer. contrary, contraire. convinced, convaincu, copper, cuivre, m. copybook, cahier, m. coral, cor ail, m.

f,

com,

ble, m. comer, coin, m.

corrected, corrige.

box, &oiie, f. boy, gargon, gamin. bread, pain, m. breakfast, dejeuner, m. bridge, pont, m.
brilliant, brillant.

church, eglisCj f. cousin, cousin, -e. circumstance, circonstan- counsel, conseil, avis, m. citizen, citoyen. \ce, f. count, comte. class, classe, f. country, pays, m. clean, propre. {natiy e),patrie,f.
-

linen,

Unge Uanc.

(opp.

to

town),

to bring, apporter. brother, frere.

clear, clair.

campagne,

f.

to clearthetable,dfesserv4r.

country seat, campagne, f,

cover, couverture, f. covered, couvert.

brought, apporte, amene. climate, climat, m. cloak, manteau, m. brown, brun. Brussels, BruxeUes. closed, ferme. cloth, drap, m. to build, bdtir. bunch of grapes, grappe coat, habit, m. (/*.) de raisin, m. cock, coq^. to burn, bruler. cold, froid. to burst out, eclater. it is cold, il fait froid. but, mais. colour, couleur, f. but for, sans. come, p. p. venu. butter, beurre, m. come back, p. p. revenu. by, par, en. down, ^.-j^.descendu. by and by, tantot. in, p. p. entre.

to cross, franchir.

crowd, foule, f. cruel, cruel.

to cry, crier. cup, tasse, f.

currant, groseille,

f,]

danger, danger, m. dark, sombre, fond.

118

ENGLISH-FRENCH VOCABULARY.
during, pendant, duty, devoir, m.
experienced, Sprouvi.
to explain, expliquer. to expose, exposer. eye, ceil, m.; pi. yeux.

daughter, fiUe. day, jour, m. joumie, to-day, aujourd'hui, to dance, danser. dead, mort.
dear, cher. death, moH, f. decanter, carafe^ f. to deceive, tromper.

f.

E.
ear, oreille, earl, comte.
early, tot,
f,

sore eyes,

mal aux yeux.

de bonne heure.
f.

earth, terre,
w*.

to fail,

manqur.

December, decembret

to defeat, battre. to defend, defendre. delicious, dilicieitx. delighted, charmi. to deliver, dilivrer. to deny, refuser. to depart, partir. to despise, mepriser. to descend, descendre. desert, desert, m. to deserve, miriter. desk, pupitre, m. detention, retenue, f. dictation, dictee, f. dictionary,rfic<ionnairc,m.
difficult, difficile.

Easter, Pdques, m, easy, jfacile.

to eat,

fair (subst.) foire, f. faith, foi, f

manger.
f.

faithful, fidele.

Qgg* ceuf m.

Egypt, Egypte, ell, aune, f.

to embellish, embellir.

faux (Ex. 109). falsehood, mensongc, m. to fall, tamper. family, famille, f,

false,
far,

emperor, empereur. empress, imperatrice.

to

loin.

empty, vider.
f.

as far as, jusqu'a. farmer, fermier.

fate,
fault,

to endure, supporter

sort,

m.
f.

England, Angleterre,
English, anglais.

father, pere.

faute,

enemy, ennemi, m.
engraving, estampe,
f.

favourite, favori (Ex.109). favour, faveur, f.

fear, crainte,
f.

diligent , applique. to dine, diner.

dirty, sale.

disagreeable, disagriable.
disease, maladie. f. disgraceful, honteux.

to enjoy, jouir de. to enter, entrer. entertaining, amusant. to entrust, confier. envelope, enveloppe, f. equal, egal.
essential, essentiel.
to etablish, etablir.

plume, f. February, fevrier, m.

feather,
fed, nou>rri.

to feel, sentir fellow citizen, concitoyen. to fetch, alter chercher.

fetters, fers,

m.

dismissed, renvoyi. estate, terre, f. domaine,m. dispatch, depcche, f. to esteem, estimer. dissatisfied, mecontent. even, (adv.) meme. in the distance,auZot<atn. event, evenement, m. evening, soir, m. distinctly, distincternent. everybody, tout le monde, to disturb, deranger. chacun. to do, faire. evil, mal, m. dog, chien, m. examination, examen, m. door, porte, f. to examine, examiner. done, fait. Exchange, bourse, f. Dover, Douvres. ej.eTd8e,exercice, theme, m. dozen, douzaine, f, expected, attendu. to draw, dessiner. drawing, dessin, m, to expel, chasser. expense, depense, f. drunk, bu. expensive, clier. iry, sec (Ex. 109).

(Ex. 103). to fill, remplir. to find, trouver. fine, beau (Ex. 107).
finger, doigt,
fire,

few,

pen de

m.

to finish, finir.
feu,

m.

premier, fish, poisson, m, fit, propre.

first,

to

fix,

fixer,

flag, imvillon,

masc

to flatter, flatter. fled, /ui.

flower,

/let/r,

/".

followed, suiv%.

ENGLISH-FRENCH VOCABULAKT.
following, suivant following day, lendemam, [w. foot, pied, m. for, prep, jpour. conj. car. to forbid, defendre. foreigner, etranger.
forest, foret, f. to forget, oublier.

119

glory, glove, to go, to go

gloire, f, gant, m.
oiler.

he who, celui qui.

head, tete, head-ache,
f.

mal d

la tete,

in again, rentrer.

God, Bieu.
goddess, deesse. gold, or, m.

health, sante, f. to hear, entendre.

heard,

entendu.

gone
-

out, sorti.

to forgive, pardonner. fork, fourchette, f. formerly, autrefois. found, trouve. to found, fonder. fought, combattu.

back, retowrne. good, bon, sage. gooseberry, groseille

heart, cceur, m. heartily, de bon cceur, de bon appetit.

heaven, delf m,; plur.

(/.)

deux.
heavy, pesant. height, hauteur,
f.

d maquerau.
got, obtenu. governess, institutrice. government , gou/oerne-

France, France, f. ment, m. Frederick, Frederic. grain, grain, m, to free, affranchir, de- grammar, grammaire, f. livrer. grand-father, grand-pere, French, frangais. dieul. fresh, frais (Ex. 109). grandmother, grand'mere. friend, ami, m., amie, f. grapes, raisin, m.
friendship, amitie,
f.

to help, soutenir, aider. help, secours, m., assiS' tance, f. her (Ex. 115).

here, id.

here

is

(are),

void.

hero, her OS. hers (Ex. 83). high, haut.

hill, colline, f.

Friday, vendredi, m. from, de.

fruit, fruit,

grass, herbe, f. grateful, reoonnaissant. great, grand.

him

m.

to

fulfil,

remplir, accom-

Great Britain, Bretagne, f.

Grande-

(Ex. 115). his (Ex. 83, 115). history, histoire, f. honey, miel, m.

plh'.

Greece, Grece, f. Greek, grec(-que).

green, vert. grief, douleu>r, grin, m.
f.,

holiday, conge, m., cances, f.

at

va-

home

(Ex. 151).

game, play, jeu, m. game, gibier, m. garden, jardin, m.

gardener, jardinier.
gate, porte,

cha- honest, honnete. honest man, homme de

bien. to honour, honorer, to hope, esperer.

to grieve, attrister. to guard, garder.

Gustavus, Gustave.

gathered, cueilU. gay, gai. general, general. generous, genereux. Geneva, Geneve.

habit, habitude^ hair, cheveu, m.

f.

horse, cheval, m, hour, heure, f. house, maison, f. at the house of, (Ex. 151).

ches

gentleman, monsiewr. half, demi. gentlemanly,comie ilfaut ham, jambon, m. geography, geographic, f. hammer, marteau, m. German, Allemand. hand, main, f. Germany, Allemagne, f. happy, heureux. to give, donner. hard, dur.
to give back, rendre. glass, verre, m. hare, lievre, m.

how, comment.

^-f-?,}

(Ex. 155).

human, humam.
hunger, faim, f. to be hungry, avoir /am.

haughtiness, orgudl, m.

120

ENGLISH-FRENCH VOCABULARY.
E.
to lie (tell a lie), mentir.
life,

je, moi, (Ex. 151). ice, glace, f. idea, idee, f.

I,

f. Kate, Catherine. to lift, lever. to keep, conserver, garder. to light, allumer. in, enfermer.

vie,

idle,

paresseux.
f.

key, clef,

like, pareil, semblable.

f.

idleness, paressCt
if, ill,

to kill, tuer.

to be like, ressembler.
lion, lion,
little (adj.)
-

si.

malade. illness, maladie,

f.

to imitate, imiter.

kind, (subst.) espece, f. kindness, bontc, f., complaisance, f. king, roi.

m.
petit.

to listen to, ecouter.

(adv.)

peu

de,

immediately, immidiate- kingdom, royaume, m. ment. knee, genou, m. knife, couteau, m. impressed, imprimi.
in, en,

loaded, charge.

London, Londres.
long, long, -ue.

depuis long* U y a longknown, connu, su. indeed, en cffet. temps. knowledge , connaissanindustry, assiduity, f. a long time, longtemps. ce, f. industrious, industrieux, to look at, regarder. laborieux. for, chercher.

dans.

to knoyf,connaitre,8avoir.

long ago, temps,

in fact, en effet. to inhabit, hahiter. inhabitant, Juibitant. inhabited, peiipliy habite. ink, encre, f. inkstand, encrier, m. instead of, an lieu de. interesting, intercssant. Ireland, Irlande, f. Irish, irlandais.
iron, fer, vi. island, He, f.
itself, se, soi.

lady, dame, madame. young lady, demoiselle,

to lose, perdre. loss, perte, f. at a loss, a perte.

lost,

mademoiselle.
lake, lac.

perdu.

love,

amour, m.
-sc.

landing - place ,
dere,

dibarcaf,

t'>

love, aimer.

m.

low, 6a,

language, langue^ large, grand.

last, dernier.

luggage, bagage, m. lying, mensunge, m.

\&8thut one, avant-dernter

late, tard.

laundress, blanchisseuse.
lead, plomb, m. lead-pencil, crayon,
leaf, feuille, f.

mad, enragi.
made,
/Vit'f.

Italian, italien.
Italy, Italic, f.

m.

maid servant,

servante.

make, (aire. make, 3"* p. pL forU. learned, appris, entendu. man, homme. manners, moeurs, f. least, (Ex. 91. 93). to leave, quitter, laisser, many, beaucoup de. Jew, jiiif. so many, tant de (Ex.103). partir. J'cwel, bijou f nu March, mars, m. left, laissi, parti. ohn, Jean. to march, marcher. less, (Ex. 91) moins. joined, joint. mark, marque, f., ban lesson, leQon, f. joy, joie, f. point, m. letter, lettre, f. July, juillet, m. Mary, Marie. librarian, biblinfhecaire. June, juin, m. master, maitre. just now,' tout a Vheure. library, bibliotlieque.
tile, f.

J.

leap year,

magnificent, magnifique, superbe. annie bissexto

Jane, Jeanne. James, Jacques. January, Janvier, m.

to learn, apprendre.

ENGLISH-FRENCH VOCABULARY.
mathematics, mathematiques, f. map, carte,
f.

121

May, mai, m.
me, (Ex. 115, 125).

name, nom, m. navy, marine, f.

near, pres de.

one's self (Ex. 151) soi. que. only, ne open, opened, ouvert, or, ou.
. .

meadow,

prairie,

f.

means, moyen, m. meanwhile, cependant meat, viande, f. merchant, negociant.

to merit, meriter. metal, metal, m.

nearly,presgwe, apeupres. to need, avoir besoin de. needle, aiguille, f. neighbour, voisin, -e. negro, negre. nephew, neveu.

orange, orange, f, order, ordre, m. to order, ordonner, com*

mander, demandcr.
orderly, range, sage.

ordinary, ordinaire.

new

neuf,

nouveau

ornament, ornement, m.
other, autre. ours, (Ex. 83). to owe,

midnight, minuit. mine, (Ex. 83). misfortune, malheur, m.

to miss, manquer. Miss, mademoiselle. to misuse, abuser de.

(Ex. 107).

newspaper, jou/rnal, m.
niece, niece.

night, nuit, f. noise, bruit, m, noisy, bruyant.

devoir, owl, hibou, m.

monarchy, monarchic, Monday, lundi, m. modesty, modestie, f. monejy argent, m. month, mois, m.

noon,
f,

tnidi.
. .

pas, ne point. pair, paire, not any, ne point de.

not,
. .
.

ne

painter, peintre,
f.

note, billet,

m.
. .

nothing, ne

rien.

monument,
m. moon, lune,

monuments
f.

November, novembre, m. now, maintenant.

nourished, nourri.

more, plus. morning, matin, m. to-morrow, demain.

numerous, nombreux. pardon, pardon, m. nursery maid, bonne d'enfants.

patience, patience, f, palace, palais, m. pale, pale. pantry, garde-manger, paper, papier, m. parcel, paquet, m.

m,

day after to-morrow,

apres-demain. morsel, morceau, m.
Mrs.,

nut, TWix,

f.

madame.
(Ex. 93).

oar,

rame,

f.

most

to occupy, occuper.

mother, mere. mountain, montagne, much, heaucoup de

(Ex. 103).

October, octobre, m.
f.

to
de.

how much, comhien

too much, trop de. so much, tant de. so much the better, tant

obedient, obSissant. obey, obeir a. to be obliged, (Ex. 159). to observe, observer. obstinate, obstine. to obtain, obtenir.
of, de.

parents, parents, m, peace, paix, f. pear, poire, f. pebble, caillou, m, pen, plume, f. penknife, canif, m. perceive, apercevoir, perhaps, peut-etre. to permit, permettre. Peter, Pierre. physician, medecin. piano, piano, m. picture, tableau, m,
piece,

morceau, m,
f.
f.

pin, epingle,

mieux.

office,

bureau, m.

pity, pitie,

museum, musee, m.
music, musique,
f.

officer, officier.
oil,

to pity,

plaindre.

must, (Ex. 159). mustard, moutarde,

huile, f. o\di,vieux, (Ex.107) anciev^,

f.

on, sur.

my

(Ex. 13).

at once, tout de suite.

place, place, f,, ranfj, poste, masc, placed, mis. plain, simple.

122

ENGLISH-FEENCH VOCABULAEY.
properly, comme U faut. prudent, prudent Prussian, Prussien. Prussia, Prusse, f. public, public (Ex. 109). to punish, punir. purse, bou/rse, f.
pupil, eleve,

plan, plan, m. plant, plante, f. plate, assiette, f. to play, jouer. to please, plaire. pleasure, plaisir,m.joi,f. pocket-book , portefeuille,

required, necessaire. all that is required, tout ce quHl faut. regiment, regiment, m.
to

remain, rester.

remedy, remede, m.
to reply, repondre.

m. poem, poeme, m,
poet, poete. poetry, poesie,
f.

c;

icolier.

put, mis.

poisonous, veneneux. Poland, Pologne, f. polished, polite, poli.

politeness, politesse, populous, poimleiix. to possess, posseder. possible, possible.
,

put off, remis. put out of order, derange. to reside, demeurer. Pyrenees, Pyrenees, f. to retreat, battre en retraite.

reproach, reproche, m, republic, republique, f. to resemble, ressembler,

Q.
f.

to return, retourner. revolution, revolution, f,

f.

postage - stamp tivibreposte, m. postman, facteur.

post-office, jJoste, f.

quantity, qxiantite, f. great quantity, foule, queen, reine. question, question, f. quiet, tranquiUe.

to reward, recompens&r, Rhine, i^/tin, m.

pound, livre, f. to pour out, verser.

powerful, puissant. pray je vous en priel to praise, louer. precious, precieux. to prefer, preferer. to prepay, affranchir. present, cadeau, m. at present, a present. to preserve, conserver.
!

R.
railway, chemin defer, m. station, gare, f.
to raise, lever. raisins, raisins sees,

rich, riche. right, droit. to be right, aToir raison, to ring, sonner. ripe, mur. road, rouXe, f.

rock, roc, rocher,

m,

Roman, romain.
roof, toit,

m.

m. room, chambre,

f,

rank, rar^, m. rash, imprudent. rather, plutot. to read, lire, p. p. lu. ready, pret. reading, lecture, f.
really, vratment.

rose, rose, f.

round, (adj.) rond.

(subj.) tour,
rule, regie, f. Russia, Ru>88ie, f,

m,

pretty, joli.

to prevent, empecher.
price, prix, w. pride, orgueil, m.

reason, raison, f. to receive, recevoir. received, regu.

recei>tion, accueil,

S.
sad, Irisfe.

prince, pnnce, princess, princesse. printed, imprime. printing, imprimerie^ prize, prix, m. prodigal, prodigue.

m. m.

safe (subs.) ger, m.

garde-man^

recollection, souvenir,
red, rouge.
f.

said, p. p. dit, sail, voile, f,

reed, roseau, m. to reflect, reflechir.

same, meme.
sand, sable, m.
satisfied, satisfait,content,

refreshment-room, buffet,
to refuse, refuser,
relate, raconter.

produces, produit. product, produit, in.

profitable,

[m.

avaniageux.

relatives,

project,

projet, m.

to promise, promettre.

to render, reyidu.

parents m, rendre, p.p.

Saturday, samedi, m. sausage, saucisse, f. saving, economic, f,

to say, dire. you say, vous diies.

ENGLISH-FRENCH VOCABULARY.
scholar, ecoUery savant. school, ecole, f.

123

Scotland, Ecosse,

f,

to search, chercher season, saison, f. second, second.

seed, grain, seen, vu.

m.

sky, del, pi. deux, slave, esclave, c. to sleep, dormir. slice, tranche, f. small, petit. snow, neige, f. to snow, neiger, so, si, aussi, ainsi.
society, societe.

m.

to sell, vendre. to send, envoyer envoyer to send for, chercher. to send back, renvoyer.

strong, fort. student, etudiant. studious, studieux. to study, etudier. study, etude, f. to succeed in, reussir ^, succour, secours, m. successor, success&wr. such, tel, pareil.
suffered, souffert,

to soil, salir. sold, vendu. soldier, soldat.

some, (Ex. 101, 121). September, septemhre, m. son, fils. song, chanson, f. seriously, serieusement.
c.

sum, somme, f. summer, ete, m, sun, soleil, m.

Sunday, dimanche,

soon, hientot. as soon as, aussitot que. sooner, plus tot. service, service, m. sorry for, fdcM de. to set ont, partir. Spain, Espagne, f. severe, severe. Spaniard, Spanish, Espaseveral, plusieurs. gnol. times, plusieurs fois. shame, honte, f. to speak, parler. for shame, fi done. to spend, depenser. shameful, honteux. (time) passer. splendid, splendide. sheet (paper), fewlU, f. shepherd, berger. spoken, parle. ship, vaisseau, m. spoon, cuiller, f. ghirt, chemise, f. spot, tache, f. shoe, Soulier, m. spring, printemps, m. shoemaker, cordonnier, star, etoile, f. dottier. to start, partir. shop, magazin, m. to stay, rester. at the shop of, chez. steamboat, bateau a vato show, montrer. pewr, m. to shut, fermer. steel, ader, m. to shut in, up, enfermer. steel-pen, plume metaUishy, timide. que, f. sick, malade. stocking, bas, m, sideboard, huffet, in. storm, tempete, f.
silence, silence,

servant, domestique, to serve, servir.

supper, souper, m. surprised, surpris. sweet, doux (Ex. 109). Switzerland, Suisse, f.

table, table,
tailor,

f.

tailleur.

taken, pris. to talk, causer, babiller.

tale, conte,
-

m.

task, devoir, m., tache, f^

pensum, m.

taste, goiit, m. to taste, gouter. tea, the,

tell,
-

m.

raconter, dire. me, dites-moi.

term, terme, m. to thank, remerder than, que. Thames, Tamise, f, that (Ex. 145148). the (Ex. 1. 7. 23. 49).
theatre, theatre, m. thee (Ex. 115). their, theirs (Ex. 83). them (Ex. 115). then, alors (time).

m.

to stop, arreter.

similar, semhlable. sincere, sincere.

to sing, chanter.
Sir,

monsieur.

stranger, etranger. straw, paille, f, strawberry, (raise, street, rue, f.

strict, severe.

f.

sister, soeur.

done. there (Ex.123), la.

iB{eLre),voild,ilya,

situated, situe.
skill,

adresse,

f.

to strike, frapper. (clock) sonner.

124

ENGLISH-FRENCH VOCABULARY.
nrabrella, parapluie, uncle, oncle. under, sous.

these, (Ex. 23. 145). thiDB, (Ex. 83). to th ink pe nser a,songera.
,

thing, cliose, f. thirsty (to be) avoir soif. this, those (Ex. 145). Thursday, jeudi, m. thus, ainsi. unhappy, malheureux. thy, (Ex. 13). united, uni. ticket, billet, m. until, prep, jusque. time, temps, m. conj. jusqiCa ce (multipl.) foiSj f. que. timid, timide. unwell, indisposi.
tired, las,
to, d.

war, guerre, f. warrior, guerrier. warm, chaud. to understand, entendre, watch, montre, f. compenire. water, ean, f. understood, entendu, com- way, route, f., chemin, m. pris. on the way, chemin faxsant.

m.

weather, temps, m. Wednesday, mercredi, m. week, semaine, f.

welcome, accueil, m.
well, bien, (Ex. 93).

fatiguL

upon, sur.
useful, utile.

wet, mouille.

what, adj. quel.

-

tongue, langue, f. useless, inutile. too much, too many, trop. usually, ordinairement.
tooth, dent,
f.

rel.

pron. (Ex.147),

when, quand, lorsque.

whence, d'oit. where, ou. whether, *t. which, interrogat.

tooth - ache
dents.

mal aux
f.

tower, tour,

town, ville, f. tradesman, marchand. train, train, m.

to translate, traduire. translation , traduction, version, f. travel, voyage, m. to travel, voyager.
traveller, voyageur. treasure, tresor, m.
tree, arhre,
trifle,

in vain, en vatn. to value, estimer. vanity, vaniti, f.

veil, voile,

qud?

m.

very, tres, fort, bien. victorious, victorieux.

relative (Ex. 143). while, pendant que. white, blafic, (Ex. 109). who, whom (Ex. 143).

Vienna, Vienne.
village, village,

why. pourquoi. William, Guillaume.

willingly, volontiers,

m.

violin, vxolon v\.

wind, vent, m.

violent, violent.

m.

virtuous, vertueux.
visit, visile, f.

window, fenetre, f, wine, vin, m. winter, hiver, w.

wise, sage. to wish, vouloir (Ex. 157

tried, SjyrouvS.

bagatelle, f.

to visit, visiter.

troops, troupes, f, true, vrai. truth, veritk, f.

159).

with, avec.\ without, sans. wood, foret, f. twelve o'clock, midi, mi- waistcoat, gilet, m. to wait, attendre, p. p. work, ouvrarie,m., ceuvre, nuit. attendu. tnrn, tour, m. f., travail, m. to work, travailler. walk, promenade, f. Tuesday, mardi, m, to take a walk, faire une world, monde, m. tyrant, tyran. promenade. worse, (Ex. 91, 93). to worship, addorer. to walk, viarcher. V. worth, valeur, f. wall, mur, m. is worth, vaut. undertaking, entreprise, f. want, besoin, m. ungratefulness, ingrati- to want, vouloir (Ex. 155), are worth, valent. worthy, digne. avoir besoin. tude, f.

VOCABULAEY TO THE READING LESSONS.

wretch, miserahle, m.
to write, ecrire. written, ecrit. wrong, injustice,

125

yet, cependant, encore,

T.
f.,

year, an,
yes, oui.

m.; annie,

f.

m. to be wrong, avoir
tort,

tort.

yesterday, hier.

not yet, pas encore, yoke, joug, m. yonder, la-has, young, jeune. yours, (Ex. 83).

YOOABULAKY TO THE READING LESSONS.

L'Arabe et son cheTal.
cavalier, horseman, the rider. rencontrer, to meet. s'en retourner, to return. le butin, the booty.
le

encore une fois, once more.

se trainer, to
self.

le corps, the body.

drag one's emporter,

diffi-

to

carry

of,

Jeter, to throw.

peniblement, with
cultly.

pleurer, to weep, lament,

rorge,

the barley. le creux, the hollow.

f.

constamment, constantly, la bouche, the mouth.

fondre, to rush upon. a I'improviste, unawares.

tuer, to kill. attacher, to tie, hind.

courir, to ru/n.
libre, free.
le poitrail,

Mieux que

<ja.

the chest.

9a, (contraction of cela), that.

emmener,
blesser, to

to

carry away.

rafraichir, to refresh. le poil, the hair.

la representation, display.

the

grievement, seriously.

wound.

recume, f. the foam, froth. I'appareil, the show. temoin, witness. au moins, at least.
connaitre
(connaissant,
le fait,

s'emparer, to seize. egalement, equally, likewise.

the fact.

connu, je connais, je se plaire, to take pleasure, citer, to quote. connus) to know.

camper,

to

encamp.

va

(see aller), go.

revetir, to dress.

la janibe, the leg. lier, to tie, fasten. ensemble, together.

la courroie, the strap.

reviendra (Put. of reve- laredingote,i/ie/VocZ: coat, boutonner, to button. nir), will come back. la caleche, tlie carriage, le rideau, the curtain.
lecher, to lick.

the thong,

conduire, to lead, drive.

faire

ronger, to gnaw. le cuir, the leather. la chevre, the goat. etendre, to stretch. servir de, to serve for. I'entrave, f. the fetter. coucher, to lie. tenu, (P. P. of tenir) held, voyant (Pres. Part, of voir, kept. voyant, vu, je vols, je
eveiller, to

une promenade, to

take a walk. la pluie, the rain. reprendre, to resume, retrace.

le

chemin, the way, road,

awake.

vis), seeing.

la blessure, the wound. hennir, to neigh.

le coursier,

regagner, to return to. parmi, among. prendre, comprenant, le conducteur, the driver. autour de, around. le cote, the side. compris), understood. reconnut (Pret. of reeon- aucune, no, no one. gener, to inconvenience. seul, alone. naitrc), recognized. expliquer, to explain,

comprit

(Pret.

the steed. of com-

eloigne, far, distant. le pieton, the pedestrian.

aller

la voix, the voice. (allant, alle; Pres. je vais, tu vas, il va;

baisser, to lower. flairer, to smell, to scent

saisir, to seize.

menager,

to save.

mettre, to put on. se mettre, to place one's

self.

Future:

j'irai), to

go.

la ceiniuie,the girdle,belt.

126

VOCABULARY TO THE READING LESSONS.

mobile, moveable, shaking. couchant, setting.
cueillir, to gatlier.

Tenir (venant, venu, je le facteur,</te letter-earner viens) to come. le porteur, tJie carrier. le garde-cliasse, the game- emplir, to fill. keeper. gagner, to earn. fier, (lit. proud) rare. ni ni, neither . . nor. deviner, to guess. la terre, the estate. je sais, (Pros, of saTOir, le proprietaire , the prosacbant, su; je sais, je prietor. le fonds, the funds, capital. BUS, saurai), I knoiv. ]a choucroute, sourkrout. le crochet, the hooky the la loDge, the loin. porter's knot. I'ivraie, the weed. le vcau, the calf, veal. f)uis (from pouToIr), JTcan. vent (Pres. of Tonloir, Ex. 157), wishes. a foi, the faith. chacun, every body. le faisan, the pheasant. vivre, to live. tirer, to shoot. la ciiisse, the thigh, leg. centre, against. le comptoir, the counter. devoir, to otve, muM. r^pondre de, to answer for. le Suisse, the porter. oublier, to forget. craindre, to fear. la joarn^e, the day's work. la rue, th^ street. le demeure, the residence. disait (Imp. of dire), said. rhoiinetet^, the politeness. feu, deceased, late. le par rain, the godfather. le tour, the turn. se rencogner, to put one's a I'aise, comfortable. self in the corner. Le Moutagnard ^migr^. montrer, to show. la souvenance, (poetical) le moyen, the means. the remembrance. le genou, the knee. Be confondre en, to he la naissance, the birth. il te souvient, you reprofuse in.
. .

appuyer, to lean. le chene, the oak.

souvenir, </* remem' brance. la peine, the grief.
le

Le rat de

ville et le

rat des champs. autrefois, formerly, once

upon a time. la fa9on, the fashion,way,

reliefs, scraps. PortolaD, ortolan (a Utile

bird).
le tapis, the carpet.
le

convert, the cover, doth.

laisser a pcnser, to leave to imagine.

firent (Pres. of faire), led. regal, tJie treat.

manquer a,

honnete, decent. to be wanting,

le festin, the ftn^f.

troubler, to dis:

pendant que, luLdU.

en train, at
detaler, to
it.

la salle, the hall.

make

off.

baigner, to bathe. de dire, began to say. a river in France. achever, to finish. le rot, the roast meat. entendre, to hear, to mean. le More, the Moor. descendre (trans.) to set I'airain, {lit. brass) bell. chez moi (Ex. 151), to (at) my home. effleurer, to graze, touch down. slightly. interrompre, to mterrupt, rhirondelle, the swallow. a loisir, at leisure. Le Petit Pierre. adieu, farewell. agile, swift. out upon. fi de . le faubourg , the suburb. courber, to bend. ., corrompre, to spoil. lemeas&geTfthemesseyiger. le roseau, the reed.
la Dore,
.
| I

supplier, to entreat pour que (with the Subj.) in order that. puisse (Pros. Subj. of pouToir), may. BedehiSTTiisseTytogetridof. promptement, quickly.

member.
le foyer, the hearth.

la chaumiere, the cottage. le sein, the bosom.

baiser, to kiss.

(Pres. of suivre), follows. cesser, to cease. en campagne, at work, le citadin, the citizen.
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