Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Spatial Analyst
Spatial Analyst
Spatial Analyst
Rhonda Houser,
Academic Data Research Services Alliance,
KU Libraries Instructional Services
www.ku.edu/~adrsa
Contents
Introduction.................................................................................................... 2
Objectives...................................................................................................... 2
Related Training Available ............................................................................ 2
Definitions...................................................................................................... 2
For More Information................................................................................... 12
Getting Additional Help ............................................................................... 13
2006 University of Kansas. All rights reserved
Introduction
Delve into the nitty gritty of ArcMap using tools available through the Spatial Analyst extension.
This tool provides cell-based modeling and analysis functions for working with raster data in
GIS. Create, examine and combine grid data, and learn about differences between vector and
raster data. Calculate and examine distance, density, and cost relationships.
Objectives
Prerequisites
GIS I: ArcMap Introduction and GIS II: ArcMap Intermediate, or equivalent skills
Definitions
Term
Definition
cell count
cell value
dbase (dbf)
data file in GIS shapefiles and can be imported as tables into ArcGIS.
extension
kernel density
measure tool
no data
raster
region
resolution
cell size or pixel to ground ratio (one cell on the screen represents this
size area on the ground); all cells in a raster must be same size.
simple density
lines within search area (from each cell) are summed, then divided by
search area size to calculate each cells density value.
vector
zone
- -
Start ArcMap
Bring in Data
Hold down the control (Ctrl) key and click on the following layers to add all at once:
Click on Add
Click on Add
We will use data on bike routes, parks and streams in Lawrence, KS for this exercise. We will
use the data as indicators of recreational opportunities for residents. With Spatial Analyst, we
can ask:
-How far would a resident have to travel from any given location, to reach a city park, or to find
a bike trail or a stream?
-How close (convenient) and how concentrated are opportunities for outdoor recreation?
Set a Projection
Turn on all layers at once by holding down the control key and clicking in the checkbox of
one layer
Set the projection of the data frame (temporary) to match the projection of the topo map
(permanent):
UTM 15, NAD 83 (Universal Transverse Mercator projection, Zone 15, North American Datum
1983):
Click OK
Click on the General tab and notice Map Units (grayed out) and Display Units
Map units will always be meters for these data, or whatever unit as determined by a particular
projection, i.e. UTM projection units are meters.
Choose Tools Extensions and check the box next to Spatial Analyst to make extension
available
- -
Set Analysis Coordinate System: Analysis output will be saved in the same
coordinate system as the active data frame (UTM Zone 15, NAD 83)
Set Analysis Extent: Same as Layer bikepaths (area for which we have data for all
three vector files)
Turn off all vector layers except for parks and zoom out so you can see the entire layer
Click OK
Measure Tool to
Check grid cell size (resolution) in Layer Properties (double-click on Distance to parks grid
in the table of contents); Source tab includes X cellsize and Y cellsize
Check whether grid is temporary or permanent (Source tab)
Note that long, complex or frequently used classification schemes can be saved and reloaded
Right-click on Reclass of Distance to parks grid, choose Make Permanent to save grid to
disk
- -
Under SA menu
Density
Change the 1 to 10
Click in the next row and change the 2 to 20
Repeat for all rows so the last value (high density of bike routes) is reclassified to a value of
90, using increments of 10
Click OK
Right-click on Reclass of Density of bikepaths grid, choose Make Permanent to save grid
as a permanent file
Save in c:\ wutemp\ as densbike (as ESRI Grid)
Remove temporary Density of bikepaths grid from table of contents (Right-click on layer)
Change the way the grid is displayed (Layer Properties, Symbology tab) to a type where
higher values are represented by darker colors and lower values by lighter colors
Click on the Display tab and change the Transparent percent to 50 or a similar
Click OK
Click OK
Right-click on Reclass of Distance to streams grid, choose Make Permanent to save grid
as a permanent file
Save in c:\ wutemp\ as diststreams (as ESRI Grid)
Delete temporary Distance to streams grid from table of contents (Right-click on layer,
choose remove)
90
900
999
Our index values for the three separate grids represent levels of outdoor recreation
opportunities.
Higher numbers represent shorter distances to parks and streams and higher density of
bike routes.
Under SA menu Raster Calculator
Add the grids together by double-clicking on a grid, then single-click on an operator (+), then
double-click on a grid, etc. Build the following map calculator expression:
[Reclass of Density of bikepaths] + [Reclass of Distance to parks] + [Reclass of Distance
to streams]
Click Evaluate
Right-click on the Calculation grid, choose Make Permanent
to save grid as a permanent file
Save in c:\ wutemp\ as recindex
Identify tool to
Final grid (recindex) cell values range from 111 to 999, as the minimum possible summed value
is 1 +10 +100 and the maximum value is 9 + 90 +900.
Open the attribute table and sort the Value field in ascending order (right-click on column
heading)
- -
10
We must export the grid table (convert to form more compatible w/ArcMap) to be able to edit
table (calculate area)
Choose Yes at the prompt to add the new table to the table of contents
Name: areasqm
Click OK
Right-click on the areasqm field title (top of column) and choose Calculate Values
Set the values for the area (square meters) of each recreation index level (1,2,3) equal to a
single cell area (30m x 30m = 900m) multiplied by the number of cells that make up that
rec. index level (Count).
11
Name: area_acres
Click OK
Right-click on the areaacres field title (top of column) and choose Calculate Values
o
Set the values for the area (acres) for each recreation index level equal to acres
(square meters converted). Conversion factor: square meters / acres = 4047
Click on the Options button and choose Add Table to Layout to include the area values in
your map layout
- -
12
Perform map algebra- Boolean queries and algebraic calcs. (Raster Calculator)
Use data from standard formats, including tiff, bil, img, usgs dem, sdts, etc.
US elevation data in Digital Elevation Model (DEM) format, also other basemap data
(USGS/ Geocommunity): http://data.geocomm.com/catalog/index.html
KS elevation data in Digital Elevation Model (DEM) format (Data Access and Support
Center): http://maps.kansasgis.org/kgcc/catalog/catalog.cfm
Numerous links for data downloads (Academic Data Research Services Alliance):
www2.ku.edu/~adrsa/data.shtml
Online Tutorial: Learning ArcGIS Spatial Analyst (workshops listed are freely available to
KU-affiliates): www.kars.ku.edu/user/vc_courses.shtml
- -
13