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Definitions and Fundamental Concepts
Definitions and Fundamental Concepts
One mole of gas : 1023 molecule in 22 liters in the standard condition The volume containing 104 molecules :
4 10 V 22 10 3 23 m 3 = 2.2 10 22 m 3 (0.126 m )3 10
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V0
Vc c = lim V V V
0
Continuous phase
Vc
Vd
V = Vc + Vd
d + c = 1
Md d = lim V V V Mc c = lim V V V
0 0
Md d = Vd
Mc c = Vc
d = nm
Mixture density
m = d + c
0
d = lim
m = d d + c c
Mass concentration
d d d C= = c c c
V
Loading
& m v z= d = d & c cu m
Overall loading :
& M Z= d & M
quality
or
mass quality
d
= 6
D3 L3
L = D 6 d
1 3
L
D
L
Ex: ppm
d
L D
1 10 1 1 10 2 1 10 3 1 10 4 1 10 5 1 10 6
1 . 74
3 . 74
8 . 06
17 . 4
37 . 4
80 . 6
mobility mobility
u
dv m = FD dt
FD = 3 c D(u v )
dv m = 3D (u v ) dt
Stokes drag
Equation of motion :
c D u v Re r = <1 : c
Define mobility
B=
1 3D
dv (u v ) m = dt B
momentum momentum response response time, time, relaxation relaxation time time
m dv (u v ) = dt B dv (u v ) = dt mB
dv (u v ) = V dt
Response time
V = mB
dv (u v ) = V dt
=
d D 2 V = 18
1 3 1 D , B = 6 3D
Stokes number, inertia parameter
d (1 ) = d V F
t v , = F u
m = d
Non. Dim.
d (1 ) = d StV
StV =
dv (u v ) = V dt
u = const t = 0: v = 0
1 v = u 1 t V e
v u
1. 0
Ex
d D2 V = 18
D = 100m
0.5
e 1 = 0.63 e
V = 30ms
V particle response time Stokes Stokesnumber number StV = time characteristic of flow = F
StV << 1 : The particles and fluid will be in near equilibrium StV >> 1 : Particles will be unaffected by the fluid.
Ex.
U V
DT
U
St V : Small St V : Large
DT F = UT
U,V
St >> 1 St << 1 St 1
Interaction between particles and eddies
Preferential concentration
(Heterogeneity in particle concentration field)
Response time
V <1 C
Dilute The particle motion is controlled by the fluid forces(drag and lift).
V >1 C
n Relative velocity : vr
N = n D 2 vr t
D D
vr t
2D
Collision frequency :
N fc = = n D 2 v r t
1 1 c = = f c nD 2 vr
d D2 response time : V = 18
V C
n d D 4 vr = d D vr = 3 18
1 nD 2 vr
d = nm = n
D d
3
d =
d
6
D3
Dilute Dense
V <1 C V >1 C
3 D< d vr 3 D> d vr