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A-r-Wo-bo A-r-Wo-bn-=-I. an-\-e-X|t-5-Zn-\w tN-- f-cp-ct Xo-co-tI-tb-o
ep-1w 5n-]o-%I, \o- --X-tb 5n-]o--t.
2) A--ubn ue-Z-ue-n-en-b PKZpf|cn
]oXnue ue-Z-en-Wp- F [-\-n 5n-]o-Hw
Xy-Po- HanWm fcpcw, AtS EXn
w h-Xy-n-w ]-co-I--an--t- f-cp-c-n
A-_-d-X-I-tj P-bo-m An\t A-I-o \-foo-- I-j-o-co-%-. B D--a-ua-[-tb 5n--Wf-2o-h---an-b f-2o-h|--]-t a-\-e-f-cp-c
-t Xo-co-tI-tb-o R ep-1w 5n-]o-%
Rm Zp-Ln--o-t\ ep-1w \obnw.
3) n-\-h|--]-an-b h-Xy-t B-N-co-m
B-Zo-Xy-h|--]-an-b P-K-Zp-f|-c-t\, Zo-ey-Y-W--2an-b a-\-o, ,-Z-b-o, ~-1-c--o,
5n--an-o [-nc-Ww tN-. an-Xn-en-b -aouZ-eo--tS n\-eo-n-\-t eo-uf-g-cp-Xobo R A-lobt, B \---tS ua-[n-h|-]-t an-J-h|--]-t a-\-e-f-cp-c-t Xo-co-tItb-o ep-1w 5n-]o-m R \- h-n-\-uj-w fo-gy-K-W--uj-w 5n-]o--t.. 4) eo-f|-_--=w n-\-en--an-b Am,
Ft A-x--c-W-o uIo-%-, a-u\n
-i-c-=w a--c-=-an-b D-]-uZ-f--tjt uZ-e-!-^
-n-%w E-go-an-%w ]-c-an-Z-en-Wo-bnbo uIo-nw. IncWw ua-[n-f-2o-bn AMmKo-cn-bo an-\-e-\n-bo Rn !-\-P-\o-%-Iw
\---tS ue-Z-en-Wotb AecotS 5n-]o-%Iw tNt..
eyn-Jyn-\w:w:- E-uK|-Z-o-t A-e-hn-\-a-7-d

o 5-I-S-an-!- \n-dm a---jn-Wm C-eo-tS
eyn-Jyn-\-eo-g-b-an-!--Xm. a-n-e-hn-\-jo
B-e-o--t-- 5-ubn-K-an-Wm 5-Xo-[-mWp-X
an-\-ew -ua-[-hx F---Xm. H-w A-MmKo-c-hx
F- ]-Z-=w \n--a---jo-w 5-I-S-an-!--m.
a-i-go Z-bn-\--h-c-h|-Xo ep-t-- tt\-2o -5-?o-b-n-gyttf-do-bn an-^-an-Wm
a-w A-Y-X-d-o-ud-m D-b---Hw.
]v-cn-Wo-I-]--Xo-5-In-cw hn-b-W C-Xo-\-Yw
]-l--o-Sw [-u-b-an-Wm. an-\-ew -ua-[-hx
F- ue-Z-a--Ww F-^ ]-eo-^-an-Wm F-m \-m a-\-o-dn-=--Xm Z-bn-\--n-gy-ttf-do-bo--tSbn-Wm. H-w ue-Z eyn-Jyn-\- n-c-X-o-t
N-co-^-o I-j---;-tS uLn-g-bn-^-tb -wot-- n-K- -So-bn-Wo-Xm. h-Xo F- p-Ic-=w -go--H-an-b I-a-t ]v-ucn-io-Xy-?-w
-w-dn-un-tS I-t-o-b \-Xo--tS 5-an-W-=an-bo-- a--. a-bo 5-Xo-[-ip-uX h-Xo
b-w hn- I-co-gyn-ao F- hn-b-W-n-ugynXm]-w n-c-Xp-b N-co-^-o-td I-j-o-X-an-b
A-[yn-b--tj \--m \-o. I-aw F- en-o-\m
b-w F- -Vn-Y-t \---Xo
ue-Z-eyn-Jyn-\- \-o-b ]-m e-j-tc e--Xn-Wm.
\n-n-u\-Po-~-t I-Y-bn-Wm a--o
F-n-Wm eyn-Jyn-Xn--;-tS en-Zw. Z-bn\--\n-I-t 5-Xo-[-mWp-X F--Xo-\m 5-Xo--tS AY-an-bo h|p-I-co--Xm !-\x F-w Xo-co-tI F-K-I
F--an-Wm. dv-Io-I-n-g-bo-un-w 5-Xyn-K-
F- 5-ubn-Kw 5-ho--an-Wm. Xo-co-tI e-n-w,
ep-1w e-n-w, ep-1w In-w e-uc-w F-o-t\-bn-W-eo-tS dv-Io-In-Yw. -[-mWp-X F-Xm B-fp-en-Z-=w B---an-Wm. ep-1w In-w
e-uc-m \-a-n-cw F-m B-fp-en-Z-=w B--w
5-I-c-W-o H--\-e-[o 5n-e-fyw B-eo-%---m. eyn-Jyn-\-o-d-S-o-bo-co%- H- tte-Zo-I tth-n-o-I 5-Tw -So-m. A-Xm uan-w F- ]-c-a-an-b a--gy-Pp-e-t
d-y-t-%-lo--j-j-Xn-Wm. eyn-Jy-\-o-t
A-e-hn-\-n-K-m A-Xm N- tN---m.
-a-in-Zn-- tN-- b--I-a-o
-f|-ucn-]n-h-\-tb- uZ-e--P-bn-Wm 5-[n-\w.
-f|-ucn-]n-h-\--Sn-tX-- I-aw uan-Zn-b-I-an-!-o-. udn-Iw \o-d-\o---Xm X-t
-f|-c-t b--n-dn-Wm. \o- u\n-&,
-cy-w N--w \--^--;w -ao-w F-nw P-K-
Zp-f|-c-t b--Zn-\-an-Wm. a-i-n-b Zn-\-an-Wm.

-f|-c-t\ D-]n-ho-%--e-m an-^-a- A-Xm
5-ubn-P-\-=w hv-Jy-=w 5-Zn-\w tN---Xm.
-f|-co-t- en-Zo-%--e-co-w -f|-ucn-]-uZf-t [-eo-n--e-co-w B In--Wyw H-?-Iotb-K--m. F-o-udn A-e ]-c-a-an-b uan-]-Z-t 5n-]o-n-tX u]n-!-. A-H-tIn-n-Wm
-f|-c eo-Z|n-n-ucn-- h-ew-K-ta- hw-KXo-I-c-W-o-\m b--hn--X-tb 5-Zn-\w tN--Xm. b--o-t n-\-ap-anw-h-tb \--m
B-cn-uWn ]-I- \---Xm A-e-cn-Wm eo-Z|nn. A-e F--t\ B ]-Z-t 5n-]o- F-m
\nw A-lo-b-Ww. A-eo-tS-bn-Wm -2o F-eo-tS\o-m F- \nw a-\-o-dn-%--Xm. -2o -2o
F-o--t\ \nw ]-l--tIn-o--n A-Xm
d-y-an-!-o-. A-Xo-\n-bo \nw b---tj A-~o-u-o-bo-co-%-. eo-Z|n-n A--~o-%-
b-w uan--Zn-b-Iw X-t-bn-Wm. b-w c-1eo-[--m n-\-b--=w I-a-b--=w. h|-KIn-ao-I tN---b--an-Wm I-a-b--,
n-\-b--an-I-t uan--an-Ko-I A--~o%--Hw. C-e ]-c--cw eo---an-b an-K-a-. H-
\-Zo--tS C--I-c-I-un-td, H- an-K-o-t
C--e-f--un-td A-e A-\o-en-cy-an-b ]- X-t-bn-Wm. n-\o-I-;w [p-c-n-w ep-cn-w C- I-c-I-;-uS-w Hn-cw ]-n-tX a-[y-n-KK--So X-t e-ko I-t-K-. A-e E-X-tw h-Xy-t-w A-lo--e-cn-Wm, fp-do--e-cnWm. B ]n-X-tb A-u\|-go-o-l---e Xp-c-;-tS Hn-cw ]-o-an-^w h--co-%-. a-[y-n-K-m
c-Yw tX-jo-o---e-w H--In-d-m Xp-c--tj
5n-]o--e-X-t-bn-bo--. A-e--tS 5-b-Uw
eo-P-bo-. Xp-cw ]-o-bn-^-tN---e \n-tj eo-P
-bo-u--e-X-t-bn-Wm.
A-X-lo--e-c-u^
eo-Z|n-n. G-e--uS-w d-yw hn-K-c-X-c-Ww
X-t. [p-c-n-cn-Wm a-e--e-tc X-c-Ww tN-o-%-Xm. ]-ucn-]-In-c-5-Z-an-b Xyn-K-t A--~o-m
ey-2o- tN-- Zn-\-=w A--t\-bn-Wm b-an-!--Xm. eo-Zy-tb Zn-\w tN-, [-\-t Zn-\w
tN- A-Xm \o-\-m e-o-X-ep-cy-t 5-Zn-\w
tN-w, In-c-Ww \p udn-I-u-m X-t
a-S-o-e-uc--e-\n-Wm. C- \p \-fo-o-%--uXn
hw-c-o-%--uXn B-b -ao-w, P-d-=w, A-low en--=w B-In-f-=w \n-tj \o-\-m X-t
D-]-ubn-Ky-an-u-o-e-w F- a-\-o-dn-%-I.
A-Xo uan--ta-un _--\-ta-un C--X+xn 478 5
t. Z-bn-\--]-w -un--te-- H- Zn-f-\oI-en-Zw D-m. -2o-bo \o-w D- !-\-cn-K-\-aw.

A-Xo-\-u-iw \-Xo--tS A-u\-Iw 5-an-W--tj
A-eo-S-eo-tS I-t-o \---m. F-n Znf-\o-I-an-b H- -2o [-u-b-an-Wm. a--gy
f-cp-c-_--\-o-dn-Wm. f-cp-c-_--\-t A-ehn-\o-o-n-Wm B-Zn-em -2o-5n-]o-%--Xm.
A-e-hn-\w a-tn-cnw--an-tW-o A-Xo-w
H-c-e-hn-\w F- Zn-f-\o-I \o-b-aw _n-[-I-an!w. A-Xn-b-Xm _--\-o-\m A-e-hn-\--to A-Xo-w H-cn-cw-w D-m, uan--o-\m B-cw--t-o A-Xo-w H-c-e-hn-\--m. -en-Zw
eo--X-an-bo N--tN-u--H-m. a-i-go
eo-g-b-o h|p-I-co- \o-d-]n-Sm edob
Xn|oI Nm CSw \obom.
_--uan--eo-e-c-Ww
-uNn-Zyw:- -2o F- ]-l---tX-n-Wm?

D--cw:- "--o #-Y-Km-e-o P-\n b-hynw
hn -2ox' G-Xo \o-m uan-N-\w D-n-!--uen
A-Xn- -2o.
-uNn-Zyw:- F-o-\o-- uan-N-\w?
-D--cw:- F-o-\o- uan-N-\w F-n Pp-enZn--;w C-o-%--uen A-Xo \o-m.
-uNn-Zyw:- G-Xo-\o-- uan-N-\-an-Wm C-o%--Xm?
-D--cw:- G-Xo-\o-- uan-N-\n-o-dn-gw
D-n-!--uen A-Xo-\o-m.
-uNn-Zyw:- G-Xo \o- uan-No-%-en-\n-Wm
A-o-dn-gw D-n-!--Xm?
-D--cw:- x-J-o \o-m.
-uNn-Zyw:- uan-No-m F-o-t\ 5n-]o-%-?
F-eo-tS e-ho-%-?
-D--cw:- -J-t 5n-]o-%-. ~-1-o
e-ho-%-.
-uNn-Zyw:- -2o-w _--\-=w F--In-c-W-jn-dn--n-!--Xm?
-D--cw:- Cv-f|-cn- ]-co-]n-do-%-I, A-[aw, A-eo-Zy, Np--hw-h-Kw, Np--hw-n-cw, Np-h|-n-e- F-o-e-bo \o-w A-I- \o%-I. h-Xyw ]-l--I, ]-ucn-]-In-cw tN--I, eoZyn-[y-b-\w tN--I, ]--]n-Xw -Sn-tX \yn-bw
[-aw F-o-e-tb e-o-o-%-I, - ]-l-o--H-u]n-td Cv-f|-c-t\ -Xo-%-I-w 5n478 6 +xn
- ap\w Bg\nZw
Yo-%-I-w D-]n-ho-%-I-w tN--I- A-Xn-b-Xm

ubn-Kn-yn-hw tN--I- eo-Zy-I A-y-ho-%-I-w
A-y-ho-o-%-I-w tN--I, [-a-\o-~-an-bo
!--gn-Yw tN-m n-\w e-o-o-%-I, h-uen-a-hn-[-\-I-j--~o-%-I, tN---tX-nw ]-]n-X-c-io-X-an-w \yn-b-[-a--tj A--h-co-w
tN--I, C-5-In-c-- hn-[-\-I-tj-tn-1 -2ow C-Xo- eo-]-cp-X-an-bo Cv-f|-cn-n dw-L\w -X-dn-b I-a--jn _--\-=w D-n-!-.
--2o-bo Pp-e
-uNn-Zyw:- -2o-bo Pp-en-Zn-eo-t d-bw

D-n-!--uen A-uXn Pp-en-Zn-= d-bo-n-tX
e-o-%--uen?
-D--cw:- Pp-en-Zn-= d-bo-n-tX e-o%-.
-uNn-Zyw:- F-eo-tS e-o-%-?
-D--cw:- ~-1-o e-o-%-.
-uNn-Zyw:- ~-1w F-eo-tS-bn-Wm? -2-\n-b Ppe H-co-S-K-X-t o-Xo-tN---uen A-uXn
uh|-n-Nn-co-bn-bo h-e-^ h--co-%--uen?
-D--cw:- h-e-^ h--W-an-b ~-1-o,
-2 Pp-en-Zn-em X-S--ao-n-tX, eo-n-\w,
B-\-w F-o-e-b---eo-m h-e-^ eo-i-co-%-.
uNn-Zyw:- -2-Pp-e-\m -d-f-cp-cw D-un?
-D--cw:- C-.
-uNn-Zyw:- ]o-t-o-t\ -Jw A-Y-en B-\w A---eo-%-?
-D--cw:- A-Xo-m- h-Xy-h--+n-Zo h|n-n-eoI-Y-W--;w h-I-d-hn-a-Yy--;w D-m. v-Xo-Ihw-h-Kw an-^-ua C-n-Xn-!-->. u\n-%-I:-
-K-W| u[n-^w -e-Xo, cm-f-b X|-Km-eXo, ]-fy N-Ecm--e-Xo, c-h-b c-h-\n -e-Xo,
Po-~ ~n-Ww--e-Xo, a-\|n-u\n a-u\n -e-Xo,
u_n-[-b e-ocm--e-Xo, uN-X-bwLo--e-Xy
-i-cm-en-uWn-i-n-ucn -e-Xo. (f-X-]-Y-~n-1-Ww
14) -uan--o v-Xo-I-f-cp-c-=w C-o-b-;w
Pp-en-Zn-eo-\o-. Pp-en-Zn-eo-t h|n-n-eo-IY-W- an-^-ua D->. -2n-e--bo Pp-enZn-= h|-f-2o-tIn-1 uI-%-en B-r-io%-un u[n-^-an-w, -fo-%-en uXn-un X|-n-w, In-En-\o-o-%-un u\-^-anw, h|n-Z-lo-ub--un c-h-u\-o-b-an-w, a-Ww
A-lo-ub--un ~n-uW-o-b-an-w, h--+-eo-
I-+- tN--un a-\-n-w, \o-L-bo-%un e-o-bn-w, Hn-a-e-n No--an-w,

A-o-an-\o-%-en A-i-n-c-an-w ]-co-W-ao%-. h--+-an-^-an-b f-cp-c-an-bo -eo-%-. Ppen-Zn-= f-cp-c-o-do-co-%-un C-o-b-uKnj-I--tj-tn-1 In-cy- \o-e-io-%--H
uan-n-e--bo X-t f-2o-tIn-m F-n
B-\---tj-w A---eo-%-.
-uNn-Zyw:- A-Xo-t f-2o-I F--t\ F-^
eo-[-o---Xn-Wm?
-D--cw:- 5-[n-\-an-b f-2o H- eo-[-o-ud
D->. F-n _-dw, ]-cn-?-aw, B-I-g-Ww,
u5-c-W, K-Xo, -bw, eo-ue-N-\w, ?o-b, D-en-iw,
-c-W, \o-L-bw, C-, hmu\-iw, uZ|-gw, hw-ubnKw, eo-n-Kw, hw-ubn-P-Iw, eo-n-P-Iw, [-e-Ww,
-f-\w, Z-f-\w, h|n-Z-\w, ~n-Ww, n-\w
F-o--t\ C--]-o-\n- eo-[-o-- hn-aYy-un---So-b-Xn-Wm Pp-e. B hn-a-Yyw tIn1 -2o-bo B-\--t 5n-]o-m A---eo-tIn-o-co-%-. uan--o Pp-e-\m \n-fw u\co--ta-o uan---Jw A---eo-%--Xn-cn-Wm?
uan--ta- ]-l---H Pp-e-t \n-f-an-tW-
eo-Nn-co-%--e a-in -V-n-cn-Wm. F-t-n,
Pp-en-Zn-em x-J--jo \o- uan-No-m B-\-h|--]-=w h-e-eyn-]-I-=w A-]-co-o--=-an-b
]-c-an-Zn-eo B-\--un---So o-Xo tN--Xo-t\-bn-Wm -2o F- ]-l---Xm. Cv ue-Zn-fn-cp-co-I--^w u\n-%-I:- A-n-ew _n-Z-co-cn-i
uiy-e-am (ue-Zn--Z-cmf-\w 4.4.10) ue-Z-eyn-h-t
]o-Xn-en-b _n-Z-co -2o-bo Pp-e-t-w A-uXntSn-w a-\-o-t-w A-o-X|-t h|p-I-co-%-.
Pp-e-w a-\-w d-bo-%-ta- ]-cn-f-c Aw-KpI-co-%-o-. C-o-bn-Zo ]-Zn-Y--;-tS A-ne--1-Xn-w. A-H-u]n-td:- -n-ew ttP-ao-\ocmeo-I-+n-a-\-\n-Xm (ue-Zn- Z-cmf-\w 4.4.11) -ttP-ao\o F- B-Nn-cy uan-w 5n-]o- !--g-t
a-\-o-t-tb--u]n-td-X-t -K-f-cp-cw C-ob-, 5n-W -X-dn-b-e--tS-w Ao-X|t-bn-Wm, A-n-e-t-b- Aw-Kp-I-co-%--Xm.Z|n-Z-fn-i-e---b-eo-[w _n-Z-cn-b-uWn-Xx (ue-Zn-Z-cmf-\w. 4.4.12) -eyn-h--\o -2o-bo n-ew A-n-ew
F-p c-o-t\-w Aw-Kp-I-co-%-. uan--o
Pp-en-Zn-=-I--an-b hn-a-Yy-un---So e-o
-%-. F-n A-Xo-- A-]-eo-^-X, ]n-]n
-N-c-Ww, x-Jw, A-n-\w -X-dn-b-e C-n-Xn-
!-. -b-Zn ]-n-e-Xo-~-u n-\n-\o a-\-hn

h-i e-o-L \ eo-uN-w-uX Xn-an-*x ]-c-anw-KXo-am (I-uTn-]-\o-g-m 2.6.10) -C-Xm D-]-\o-g-Z|-N-\an-Wm. I--a-\-w ]--n-u\-o-b--;w Pp-eu\n---So F-un o-Xo-tN---uen, F-un
o-c-\o-L-b---Xn-!--uen B A-e--ubbn- ]-c-a-K-Xo-tb-m-uan--ta-m-]-l---Xm.
-b B-Zn A-]-i-X-]n-]man eo-P-ucn eo--Xz-cm
eo-ufn-uIn-eo-Po-L-uen-]o-]n-hx h-Xy-In-ax
h-Xy-h--+x uhn-u\|-w-eyx h eo-Po-n-hoX-eyx- h-cmenw-L udn-In-\n-]mu\n-Xo h-cmenw-LIn-an b--an-Zn-\--eo-Zy eo-Pn-\n-Xp-Xo (Onuyn-uKyn-]-\o-g-m 8.7.1.) -h-en G-g G-uX-\
ttZ-ue-\ N-E-gn a-\-tth-Xn In-an ]-fy
c-a-uX. b G-uX ~-1-udn-uI Xw-en G-Xw uZ-en
B-Zn-\--]n-h-uX X-n-u-gn
h-cmue N
udn-In B-nx h-cmue N In-anx h h-cmenw-L
udn-In-\n-]mu\n-Xo h-cmenw-L In-an-\y--an-Zn\-a--eo-Zy eo-Pn-\n-Xp-Xo. (On-uyn uKyn-]-\o-gm 8. 12. 56) -a-L-e
- -cmXy en C-Z f-cp-c-an-w
-Xz-\n X-Z-hyn -X-hyn f-cp-c-hyn-Z-u\n-[o-~n\-an-un tte h- f-cp-cnx. 5o-bn-5o-bn-ynw \
tte h- fp-c-c-hy h-Xx 5o-bn-5o-b-ubn-c-]-i-Xoc-y f-cp-cw en-e h-w \ 5o-bn-5o-ub -f-Xx
(On-uynuKyn-]-\o-g-m 8. 12.1) A-]-i-X-]n-]m
an-en-b--A-Xn-b-Xm h-F-eo-[ ]n-]--;w P-cn-ac-W--;w E-Xm]o-]n-h-I-;w C-n- h-Xy-Ina-w- h-Xy-h--+-w B-b ]-c-an-Zn-eo-t\-bnWm A-u\|-go-u--Xm. A-e-t\ A-lo--en-\n-Wm
B-r-io-u--Xm. uan-w 5n-]o- Pp-en-Zn-em
]-c-an-Zn-eo-t _-w-tIn-n-Wm h-I-d-udnI--tj-w h-I-d-In-a--tj-w 5n-]o-%--Xm.
]-c-an-Zn-eo-t\ A-lo-m uan--hn-[-\--ujw h|-w I-o-ub-w -2n-Zn-em A-lo--.
-2n-Zn-em I--an-b Zo-ey-u\-^-n-w a-\o-\n-w F-nw I-m c-ao-%-. -2n-Zn-em
~-1-udn-I-o In-uW--Xn-b ]-c-an-Zn-eo
e-o-m uan---J-a---eo-%-. -Sn-tX hen--cyn-ao-bn-b Cv ]-c-an-Zn-eo-t\-bn-Wm -2o
5n-]o-%- eo-Z|n-n D-]n-ho-%--Xm. A--t\
A-e h-e-udn-I--uj-w-h-e In-a--uj-w
5n-]o-%-. G-tX-nw udn-I--;w G-tX-nw
In-a--;w ho-o--W-ta-m A-e h--+o-%-uen A-e-tb-nw A-e-% ho-o-%- F- Xn+-cyw. -Sn-tX B -2 Pp-en-Zn- -d-f-cpcw Xy-Po-m h--+-a-b-an-b f-cp-c-n ]-c-an-Zn+xn 478 7
eo eo-N-co-%-. f-cp-c-[n-co-I-m hw-hn-c

-x-J-o \o- -2-cn-bo-p--en H-co--w
hn-[y-a-n--Xn-Wm C-Xo- In-c-Ww. 5-Pn-]-Xo
C--u\n- ]-l--Xm C-5-In-c-an-Wm:- A--ubn
]-c-a--Po-X-w tF-f|-cy--2--an-b a-in-!--gn!
-d-f-cp-cw a-c-W-[-ao-bn-Wm. how-i-o-t enbo B-tS--e-Bw Cv f-cp-cw -Xz-e-6-o-dnWm. a-c-W-ao-n- Pp-en-Zn-eo-t ]n-o-S-an-Wm
Cv f-cp-cw. A-Xo-\n Cv Pp-en-Zn-eo-t\ -Jx-J- h-Zn r-ho-o-co-%-. f-cp-c-[n-co-bn-b
Pp-en-Zn-eo-t\ hnw-hn-co-I x-J- eo--]o-co
--I-bo-. f-cp-c-ao-n--Hw -2-=-an-b Pp-en-Zneo-t\ hnw-hn-co-I x-J- -fo-%-I-u]n-ao-. A-Xm ~-1-o e-o-m h-Zn B-\-o -?-!-.
--2o-bo \o- Xo-co--e-c-e-m
-uNn-Zyw:- uan-w 5n-]o- Pp-en-Zn-em ep-1w

F-un-tk-o-w P-\-\-a-c-W-x-J-o e--uan
C--ubn? F-t-n-
-\ N !-\-cn-e-cm-uX \-N !-\-cn-e-cm-uX
C-Xo. (On-uynuKyn-]-\o-g-m 8. 15) A-\n-?-ox
f-p-Zn-\n-?-ox f-pn-Xm (ue-Zn--Z-cmf-\w 4.4.33)
b-Zm K-X|n \ \o-e-cm u X-n-a ]-c-aw a-a. (KpX. 15. 6) -X-dn-b e-N-\--jo \o-m A-lo---Xm
Xo-co- e- ep-1w hw-hn-c-t 5n-]o-n-uX-uXn A-Xn- -2o F-n-Wm.
-D--cw:- C-H f-co-b-. F-t-n ue-Z-odo-Xo- \o-ug-[--m. 1. I-hy -\w I-X-a-hyn-Xn-\nw a-\n-a-ui Nn- uZ-e-hy\n-a -uIn u\n
a-iy A-Zo-X-ub !-\-cmZn-Xm ]o-X-cw N -uf-bw anX-cw N. 2. A-ul-cme-bw 5-Y-a-hyn--Xn-\nw a-\n-aui Nn- uZ-e-hy \n-a; h u\n a-iyn A-Zo-X-ub
!-\-cmZn-Xm ]o-X-cw N -uf-bw an-X-cw N (E-uK|-Zw
1.24. 1&2) 3. C-Zn-\p-ao-e h-cme-^ \n-Xy-un-u-Zx
(hnw-Jy-Z-cmf-\w 1. 159)
-uNn-Zyw:- B--tS \n-a-t-bn- \nw ]-eo^-an-bo A-lo-ub--Xm? \n-f-ao-n- ]-Zn-Y-;-tS a-[y-o o-Xo-tN---e-w h-Zn 5-Inf--]o--an-b G-H uZ-e-\n- \-t uan---Jw
A---eo-o-m ep-1w Cv hw-hn-c-o \--%
P-w \--I-w an-Xn-]o-Xn--n-tc Z-fo-o-nXo-co-%-I-w tN---Xm?
-D--cw:- h|-bw 5-In-f-h|--]-w A-\n-Zo-w
\o-Xy--2--an-b ]-c-an-Zn-eo-t \n-a-t \nw
]-eo-^-an-bo A-lo-b-Ww. B-cm ttI-e-dy-o-t
478 8 +xn
- ap\w Bg\nZw
B-\--a---eo-o-m ep-1w Cv -ao-bo an-Xn-]oXn--n-co--tS P-\o-o-%-I-w, A-e-tc In-Wo%-I-w tN---uen B ]-c-an-Zn-e-u^ uan-ey-e-n-]-I-w h-en-[o-In-co-w. Pp-en-Zn C-un _--w -2--an-bo-co-%w-]-So
F-w B-bo-co-%w. _--uan---m H-co-w B-Xy-o-I-eo-u-Zw C-. A-H-u]n-td _--=w
uan--=w F-n-bmu]n-?w D-n-bo-co-%--H-a-.
-uNn-Zyw:- X-Z-Xy- eo-uan-un--]-e-cmKx (\ynb. 1. 1. 22) x-J-P--5-?-o-uZn-g-ao-Qyn-n \n-\n
---ucn--cn-]n-ub X-Z-\--cn-]n-bn-Z-]-e-cmKx
(\yn-b. 1. 1. 2) x-J--;-tS B-Xy-o-I-an-b eo-uZ-t-bn-Wm -2o-tb- ]-l---Xm. ao-Yyn-n\-an-!- A-eo-Zy, udn-w H-S-o-b uZn-g-
eo-g-bn-Zo-I-jn-b Np--en-h-\-I-jo-- 5-?-o,
P-w, x-Jw F-o-e D--ucn--cw \-fo-%-un
-e--e- C-n-Xn-bo-p---H-tIn-n-Wm
uan-w ho-o-%--Xm. A-Xm F-t-u-%w \o-d\o---H-an-Wm.
-D--cw:- A-Xy- F- ]-Zw A-Xy--ne-t an-^-ua !-lo-n-> F- \o-_--ao-.
'A-Xy-w x-J-a-Xy-w -Jw en-hy e-cm-uX''F--Xo-\m 'Cv a--gy-\m A-Xy-w x-J-=w A-Xyw -J-=w D-m'' F-n-W-Yw. A-Xy--o-t
A-Yw B-[o-Iy-an-tW--u^ C-Xo-\o- r-ion-=--Xm. C-eo-tS-w A-Xy--o-t A-Yw
B-[o-Iy-an-tW- r-io--Ww.
--2o-In-dw
-uNn-Zyw:- Pp-en-Zn-em -2o-bo \o-w a-S-oe--ta-o F-^-In-dw A-Xm -2o-bo I-ko-w?

-D--cw:- uX ~-1-udn-uI N ]-cn--In-ud
]-cn--Xn-Xm ]-co--Ny-o h-ue (-7-Iw. 3. 2.6)
-7-uIn-]-\o-g-o \o-n-Wo-Xm. uan-w
5n-]o- Pp-en-Zn- a-in-I-+w I-ko---H-etc -2n-e--bo ~-1n-\--a---eo--Xo--ufgw -2o--J-t te-So-m hw-hn-c-o-ud-%
e--.
-C--l- a-in-I-+-o-t I-W-m C-5-In-can-Wm:- \n-+-o---d--o C--]-Xo-\n-bo-cw
tIn-w H- N-H-cz-Kw. c-n-bo-cw N-H-cz-K-
H- A-uin-cn-^w. C--t\ --Xm A-uin-cn^- uN--Xm H- an-hw. A--t\ ]--1
an-h- -So-b-Xm H- hw-e-e-cw. C--t\ H--c hw-e-e-c- -So-b-Xn-Wm H- ]-cn--Indw. "C-Xo-t\ K-Wo-X-5-In-cw I-W-n-o a-\-o-
dn-o-tn-=-I. C-^-w h-a-b-an-Wm -2n-e-bo B-\--a---eo-%--Xm.

-uNn-Zyw:--F-n r--In-c-n--uS-w udn-I-uS-w A-o-5n-bw. P-\-\-a-c-W--jo-ud-% Xo-co-e-cn--Xn-Wm -2o F-n-W-un?
-D--cw:- A-hw--ey-an-Wo-Xm. Pp-en-Zn-eo-t
f-2o-w f-cp-cn-Zo ]-Zn-Y--;w D-]-I-c-W--;w
]-co-ao-X-an-Wm. A-e--tS-tb-nw ^-dw A-]-co-aoX-an-bo-p---tX--t\-bn-Wm? B-\-w A--eo-%--Xo-\m A-j-e- f-2o-w I-a-hn-a-Yy-=w
D-]-I-c-W--;w Pp-en-Zn--m C-. A-Xo-\n
A-\--an-b B-\-w A---eo-%-en I-ko--X-. A-\o-Xy-hn-[-\--jn h-n-Zo-%- ^-d H-co--w \o-Xy-an-=-I-bo-. -Sn-tX H- Ppen-Zn-=w -2o-bo \o- Xo-co--e--o-t-o
udn-I-o-t D--d-\n-fw X-t hw--eo-%w. Ppen-Zn- hw-hn-c-o-do-n-Xn-=-ta--Yw.
-uNn-Zyw:- -2-cn-=--^-w Pp-en-Zn--tj Cvf|-c \o-ao-m hw-hn-c-o eo-w. A-Xo-\n
Pp-en-Zn- \o-ub-gw C-n-Xn-=-I-bo-.
-D--cw:--A--t\-bn-bn Pp-en-Zn-em A-\oXy-\n-=w. D-n-!--Xo-\m \n-f-=w \o-L-b-an-Wm.
A-un \o--;-tS ho-n--5-In-cw -2-cn-b
Pp-en-Zn--%w \n-fw e-w. -2o-w A-\oXy-an-!w. -Sn-tX -2o-n-\-K e-do-b Xo-%w
Xo-c-%w D-n-!w. A-eo-tS -2n-Zn- I-b-c-uX-->. C-l--o-. A-Xo-\n Xo-c-% eo-%w. x-Jn---e-a-n-tX H-w -J--n-eo-.
I-o-t-o a--cw F-n-Wm? a--c-ao-t-o
I-bmt]-n-Wm? H- c-h-o- a-tn- c-hw eo--an-!--Xo-\n-dn-Wm c-o-u\-w ue-Xo-co--lo
---Xm. F-n c-h--;-tS-w h|n-Zm A---eo-%-e-\m D-n-!---Jw a--c-c-h---H-an-^w
I-ko-%--bn-m D-n-=-I-bo-. A-c-Xo--
I-a--m H--n- ^-dw \-Io-bn Cvf|-c-t \yn-b-\o-~ C-n-Xn-!w. Xn-n-=- n-cw
-a-o-%--Xn-Wm e-o-an-n--tS uPn-do. H--am n-cw -a-n-=--e-t\-tn-m ]-K-a-m" -ao-n -a-o-%--e-\-u^ A-]-en-Zw D-n-!-Xm. C-H-u]n-td A-+--w A-+-h-a-Q--an-b
Pp-en-Zn-eo A-\--hv-Jy-t I-b-o-e--Xm Cv-f|-ucn-No-X-an-b In-cy-a-. -Sn-tX h-uef|-c !-Xo-b Pp-en-Zn--tj D-n-Zo-o-%-
]-w G-H In-c-W--ey-o \o-m D-]n-Zo-o%--uen B In-c-W--eyw Xp--u]n-!w. e-c-eo-
n--Hw tN-d-=-an-^--j-j-H-an-b -7n-cw F-^

e-do-b-Xn-bn-w F-t-o-w J-\y-an-In-Xo-coo-. A-Xo-\n Pp-en-Zn-= -2o-tb 5n-]o-om ep-1w hw-hn-c-o-ud-% e--ta- \o-W-bw
X-t-bn- \--Xm. !-l--In-d-u-% X-S-eo-
fo-o-%--Xo-u\-n \--X-u Pp-e-]-cy-
X-S-=w I-o-tn--w? -2o-bo-\o- Xo-co-
e-c C-t-o A-eo-S-t ta-w I-To-\-X-S-eot- an-^-an-Wm. ~-1-o d-b-ta--H h--o -o-n-e--an-Wm.
-uNn-Zyw:- Cv-f|-c \o-Xy--2-w -Wn-\--2-w B-bo-co-%--H-u]n-td-bn-Wm Pp-en-Zn=-ta-o ]o-t uZn-g-tan-w C--un?
-D--cw:- Cv-f|-c A-\--hn-a-Yyw Y-WI-a-h|-n-e- F-o-e-ubn---So-b-e-w A-eoZy, x-Jw, F-p _---jo ]-Xo-n--e-w
Pp-en-Zn-= uan-w 5n-]o-n-w I--h|--]-w
A-+--w ]-co-ao-X--jn-b Y-W-I-a-h|-n-e-ujn- -So-e-w B-bo-co-%w. H-co--w Cv-f|-cu\n- H-dy-\n-=-I-bo-.
-uNn-Zyw:- uan-w 5n-]o- Pp-en-Zn-em
-2n-e--bo \o- a-S-o-e--ta-o -2ow P-\-\-a-c-W--]-an-b hw-hn-cw u]n-td-bn-Wm.
A-Xo-\n uan--o- 5-b-Uo-%--Xm ey-Yw
X-t.
-D--cw:--uan-w P-\-\-a-c-W- u]n-td-b-.
36000 5n-e-fyw D-Xm]-o-5-j-b--m F-^-Indw ue-o-e---uen A-^-e-j-tc-n-dw I-ko--H-e-tc Pp-en-Zn- x-J--jo \o--I-m
-2-cn-bo B-\-w A---eo-%--Xm tN-lo-b-In-cyan-uWn? C--n \n-tj eo-f-%-ta- I--Xo
C--Bn-Xo-co-%-uan? eo-f-m, Zn-iw, \o-n-c-an-b
[-\w, cn-Pyw, b-f-m, n-cy, h-n-\- -X-dn-be-n-bo 5-b-Uw tN---Xn-e-fy-an-tW-o uan-o-- ]-co-[-aw F--tIn-m B-e-fy-a-?
a-c-Ww \o-Lo-X-an-tW-o-w Pp-eo-o-co-%-en--
D-]n-b- tN-n-c--un? A-H-u]n-td X-t
-2o-bo \o-m P--ta---W-ta-o-co-o-w
uan-un-]n-b- A--~o-%--Xm A-Xyn-e-fyw
X-t. (hXynY5Infw H]Xnw hnhw)
C\o \nw EuK|ZanYoudm ISn
Ft\bnWm ueZngyw ucXm
F ey2an!w. a-in-Zn-jn-b-e tN--
b-w b--]-Xo-w A-J-tt7-f|-cy-]-Xo-
an-b f|ct uan--5-Z-an-b -f|-cy--tj
+xn 478 9
eo-Zyn--]-o
5n--an-%en\nXnWm.
D--a -ua-[n-[n-c-W-f-2o-bn n-\-n
\o A-r-Wo-bo A-r-Wo-bn-=-Iw Alo
tb EgoX|t 5n]o%ecn!Iw tN
. an-\-e-X|-t-5-Zn-\w tN-- B ~n1p
banb f-cp-ct Xo-co-tI-tb-o R ep1w ep1w 5n-]o-% AXotS --X-tbw.
AXo\n A--ubn ue-Z-ue-n-en-b PKZp
f|cn! ]oXnue! ue-Z-en-Wp- F [-\-t
fcpcn R 5n]ot. AtS
EXnw h-Xy-n-w ]-co-I--an--t- ueZ
enWow R;tS f-cp-c=w A-_-d-X-I-tj P-bo-m
An\t A-I-o \-fo-o-- I-j- B
D--a- ua-[-tb a-\-e-f-cp-c-otS R !\
cn?obotS ep-1w ep1w 5n-]o-%, \p
Rm Zp-Ln--o-t\ \obnw. n-\-
h|--]-an-b h-Xy-t B-N-co-m B-Zo-Xy-h|--]an-b P-K-Zp-f|-c-t\, Zo-ey-Y-W--2-an-b R;tS

a-\-o, ,-Z-b-o, ~-1-c--o, 5n--ano [-nc-Ww tN-. an-Xn-en-b -ao-uZ-eo--tS
n\-eo-n-\-t eo-uf-g-cp-Xo-bo R
5n]ot. B \---tS ua-[n-h|--]-t anJ-h|--]-t a-\-e-f-cp-c-t Xo-co-tI-tb-o
ep-1w 5n-]o-m R \- h-n-\--uj-w
fo-gy-K-W--uj-w wot. eo-f|-_--=w
n-\-en--an-b Am, R;tS A-x-I-c-Wo \XouNm Sw tN a-u\n-i-c-=w
a--c-=-an-b D-]-uZ-f--tjt uZ-e-!-^-n%w E-go-an-%w ueo R ]-c-an-Z-en-Wobnbo \ecnIt. ua-[n-f-2o-bn AMmKoc-n-bo an-\-ecn-bo R !-\-P-\o-%-Iw,
\---tS ue-Z-en-Wotb AecotS 5n-]o-%Iw tNt..
D]\ogot ]caanb Dw
eojoo H Xoco FcoXo\n AH 5Infan=w, B Xoco AWun Fnw

AIncab=w B!wu]ntd, fcpco\IKw H eoj%m Iotnoco%w etc
fcpco Fn tXjo=w Dnh=w eoj - \nw ICtIn1 In, tNeotIn1
uI%, GtXow AwKw tXnun XXmWw Alo, Fw AIncao,
FeouSw 5Infw Xt. Fn AIK eoj%m AWn Fnw Cjnm, he^
AIncw. ICm BZyw XHXt, Fow tXnndloo. Ct\ FtIn1m
hweo%? fcpcootd eoj%m AWHtIn1nb ananWoHm. B eoj%m
PpenZnenm. B ttNX\yw PpenZneouXnm. Rntun Rn\otun B%w
uXnnlo. Bw foncao. C\o atnm fcpcta 5#XotS ]coWnaan!.
5#Xo PUanm. PpenZnem uNX\an!. PU5#XouSw uNX\PpenZneouw
hwubnKot dpdbntWnw. hwubnKw B tN? AH tN hwubnKInco
5#Xoubn PpenZnuen An, cow \o o=w, AXofb=w, A[oI=anb f2ow,
coo, eyn=w AcnZn=anb ]canZnen!. Ppew FuHXt. Fn
CtXt\ Dnbo, Ft\ !d, Ft\ ]ndot- CtXnw Rn Aloo.
eof%un RnC, Znio%un Rn !So%, CXo\lw F\otnw Aloeo.
Fnw B ]canZf2oub Alo>. Rn B ainf2o[p\\nm ; Ino ]l%
Icobodu]ntd, B ainf2otS \obWo Rn udnIbn^tN. 5#XouSw
PpenZneuw ]canZneouw hwubnKan agyPpe\w. AXo\oncwom
AXo\n \oboXanbm, eo%. h|noX|w anânm Ft Aew. tt^Xw
D]\ogm AXouXnb, ttfdobo Ct\ eWo%- hZn H uNoco% c1
]oI ao^jnm c1w H ?t BdoMmK\w tNtInoco%. Aebo
H No ]kw Xo auHm Hw XontX u\no Cco% u=. PpenZn=w ]c
anZn=anm c1 ]oI. c1w uNX\an!. ?w fcpcanm. ]kw Ia^d=w
AHm Aeo%Hm PpenZn=an!. Fnw hnobnbo u\notnoco% ]c
anZnenm au ]o. 5#Xo, !g (PpenZn=m), ]canZn=m ouw hwubnKta
tt^XantWnw. w \oXyhIjn!. 5#Xo hKw, PpenZn hKw NoKw ]canZn
hKw NoKw B\=an!. ucnow BZoa=ao CetS eoueIw tIn1m ]c
anZneot\ hnnXmIconw. D]\ogot ]caanb Dw hnnXmIncan!.
10
478 10 +xn
- ap\w Bg\nZw
ueZot aiX|w
ueZjotd A-u\-In-Y-Ittf-do ()
( )
I-a-dn\ucg
n\uc
g
A-[yn-bw 2
-5-ui-jo-In-Z-Ittf-dp
-5n-cw- eo-ue-N-\w
-No-d h-Xy-5-n-e--tj Z-V-an-ubn c-i-hy-an-ub

e-- cp-Xo, ue-Z-o ]-d h----jo-w c-hI-c-an-bo In-Wn-c-1m. ~n-1-W r-- ]-l--Hm uZ-e-X-I ]-ucn--5o-b-cn-tW-n-m.
]-ucn--5o-bn C-e io uZ-en -e-o 5--Xy--Z|o(]gx. uKn-]-Y-~n-1-Ww 2-29) 5-ui-jo-In-Z-I-ttfdo-w ]-ucn- 5-[n-\-uan Z-Vn-Y-5-ubn-K-uan
B-m. eo-Z-Km[--J a-7-\-o 5-ui-jo-I--tS
d--Ww ]-l---1m. ey-2p-#-Xy I-cma-]-ycmYw h|--]n-cmY-hy uKn-]-\n-Xm. b-^ _n-iyn--cn-e-cmYv I-uYy-uX hn 5--ui-jo-In.. G-Xn-bnw 5-ui-jo-In-Z-I ttf-do-m ue-Z-o eo-ufg-n-\w X-t--1m.-hw--X In-ey-fn--o 5-ui-jo-I-tb-%lo-m ]-cyn--an-b ]-T-\w \-S-K-I-w h-a-bn-h-a-b-jo hw--X-I-eo-X-I 5-ui-jo-In-Z-I-ttfdo-bo F-?-H-I-w tN-o--1m.
B
- N
- n-cy Z-7o
- t
- S A-o-5n-bw ?p-Un uKn-woI-jo a-u\n-c-I-an-w, h-n-a-[y-o ]-c--c
c-i-hy-hw-n-g-W-o-w, AHeko A-\y-tc
eyn-uan-io-o-%--Xo-w 5-ui-jo-In-ttf-do D-]ubn-K-5-Z-an-tW-n-m. (D-Zn. In-eyn-Z-f-w. 3.97)
A-u-iw 5-ui-jo-I--tS ]-Xo-\n-c u-Z- D-Zni-c-W-h-io-Xw \o--]-Ww tN-o--1m. (In-eynZ-f-\w 3.98-124) A-e-bo h-an-K-Xn-, e-o-Xn,
ezXm?n-n, 5--go-Xn, h-an-\--]n B-Zo-bn-b-e
5-uXy-I [--b-io-%--Xn-bo A-u-iw F-?-Xo Nz-Xn--cw, Z-n--cw, Nz-X
bo-co%. un-P,
-Z-n--cw H-S-o B-c u-Z- 5-ui-jo-I-bn-bo
]-co-K-Wo-o-co-%-. (D-Zn-: h-c-h|-Xp-I-6n--c-Ww
2. 133) I-eo-cn-Pm eo-f|-\n-Y-t A-o-5n-b-o
c-hn---Xo _n-[-I-an-!--Xo-\n 5-ui-jo-I

A-d-n-c-u[-Wo-bo e--o- F-n-m. In-cWw A-d-n-cw c-hn---Xo e--\--ue-o-bnm D-]-ubn-Ko-%--Hm. A-Hm No-^-o-an-^w
A--K-X-an-!-.c-h-hy ]-co-]-o-X|n-n-d-n-cx- 5--ui-jo-I
(hn-io-Xy-Z--Ww. 10. 13)-5-ui-jo-I--tS B-Zo-un-X-m tte-Zo-I-hn-ioXy-fn-J-I X-t-bn-m. F-n D--c-In-dp-\
hn-io-Xy-o 5-ui-jo-I--tS f-p-No-^n-Z-Ian-b P-Uo-d--]-o-- Nz-Xn--c, Z-n--cw
HSob ttf-do-I -fy-an-m. F-n-d-e ueZ-o D-]-d-t-a-. f-p-No-^-a-b-]--jn-m
ue-Z--jo G-tl-%-ul In--en I-ko---Hm.
--uWy-e P-cm-cp H--cm-cp-I B-Zo-bn-b 5-ubnK- 5-ui-jo-In-Z-I-ttf-do-%-Zn-i-c-W-an-bo
ue-Z--jo In--1m. A-Hw u]-co--an-^w.
E-uK|-Zw. 10. 106. 6- Nz-Xn--c, Z-n--c ttfdo-%-Zn-i-c-W-an-bo
--uWy P-cm-cp H--cm-cp-H
tt\-uXn-uf-e H--cm-cp ]-cm^-cp-In.-D-Z-\y-uP-e uP-a-\n- a-uZ-- Xn
ua P-cn-b|--P-cw a-cn-.
(E-uK|-Zw. 10. 106. 6)
C--cw D-Zn-i-c-W- Z-7o--tS 5--go-Xn
\n-a 5-ui-jo-In-u-Z-o A--K-X-an-bo--1m.
D-Zn. In-eyn-Z-f-\w. 3.99.111)-ue-Z-o-td No-d eo-g-a-5-T- (I-S--Y)
io-o-bo-td No-d 5-ui-jo-I-I-;-an-bo hn-ayw In--e-bn-m. D-Zn:1. G-Im h--Im Po-hm uaw _n-c-im Jn-u\,
_n-c-im Jn-u\ uaw-Xpuaw Xp-hm Xp-hm Zn-u\.
A-Xn-b-Hm H- t]-o-bo 12 I-j- 12 I-j--jow 30, 30 ep-Xw [n-\y-. A-Xn-b-Hm 30 Zo-e-h+xn 478 11
11
-;- ]--1-an-hw = 1 e-gw- (Id)

2. -Z|n--]-cmWn h--Pn-h-Jn-bn-h-an-\w ?--w ]-co-g h|-Pn-uX-X-ubn-c-\yx ]o--dw h|n-Z|-Xy-T--u\yn A-o-Nn-I fp-Xo
(E-uK|-Zw. 1. 164. 20)-A-H-u]n-td c-1-]-o-I, c-1-u]-w H-uc
?--o-do-co-%-. A-Xo-tdn--]-o ?--otd ^-d- h|n-uZn-tS -o--tIn-u-bo-co%-. c-n-a uI-e-dw \o-o-ua-g-\n-bo u\no-bo-co-%-. Pp-en-Zn-em, ]-c-an-Zn-em C-XnWo-eo--t ]-cn-a-f-eo-g-bw. A-e-X-c-Wttf-do-bn-m 5-ui-jo-I--Zn-i-c-Ww. No-d I-S-Y-I-jo \-S-n- H-co--w hw--eo-n-\o-S-bon- In-cy- ]-l-m ^-do-o-%w.-B-In-f-!-w, e-yn-!-^, X-d-bo \o-
]n--X---Hw, In--tIn-1-te-w !-So-%-H-an-b ]-I. \n--tIn-m, --In-dm, c-1-X-d,
G-?-ttI-I C-e---In-j F-o--t\ A-hw-ey-an-b 5-n-e-\-I-;w B-d-n-co-I-an-b e-W-\I-;w 5-ui-jo-In-ttf-do--tS h-eo-uf-g-X-bn-m.
C-Xo-t\-nw D-Zn-i-c-Ww E-uK|-Z-o-td - eo-eco- ]-ui-do-I-I X-t. Z-7o-5-I-So-o-o--
u-Z- A-Xo-d-[o-I-=w tte-Zo-I-]-ui-do-I-jn-b
eoXn han\] FoebodKXanm.
wnw
e-o-Xn-\y-^ --uV-\ b-^
f-up--\ e--\n
(In-ey-Z-f-\w. 3. 98)
h-an-\--]n Kv-Wn-cmYn-ucn-]o --ttX-cmr-Yo-Xn ]-ttZx.-A-u^n-n-Zyn-u\ a-bn -w|n e--cp ]--]--en.]--ue ]--ue Xn-n b-hynw !--a-a--co.
-A-u\-I-tte-Zo-I ]-ui-do-I-jo-w en-b-hw, ?-g-w,
-]-W, Kv B-Zo-bn-b f-p- 5-ubn-Ko-oco-%-. A-e--tS 5--c-5-Nn-c-o---hn-an-\y
A-Yw In-, In-j, K--U, ]-I F-o--t\bn-m ]-ui-do uI-%-un--t hn-an\y-A-Y- \--tS -Xo-]-Y-o tX-jo-w.
F-n e-o--Fw A--h-n-\w tN-n
\--%m -cy, 5n-W, B-Zn-em, 5-Xy-Kn-Z
B-Zo-bn-b B-f-b--jo-td-n I-ko-Xnm.
B B-f-bn-Y-un-tSn-w ubn-Kn-Yw--So
h-ay-Im5-In-uc-W ubn-Po-o-n ]-ui-do-m
an-e-e-o-%--uXn-tSn-w b-Yn-Y tte-Zo-In-Yo-ud-%- K-Xo-ue-Kw e-o-%--Xn-bo A--e-ue-Zy-an-!w. F-5-In-c-an-uWn en-b-hw F-
478 12 +xn
12
- ap\w Bg\nZw
]-ui-do-%m \- 5-ho- A-Y-an-b In-

F- f-pn-Y-o-t n-\-Km -cy-t\-
B-f-bw F--%-I A-H-u]n-td K-Xy-Y-I-an-b
'eo'[n-H-eo \o-m \o---an-!- "en-b-h"ot A-Yw K-Xo-a-b-an-b-tX-w ]-l-bn I-ko-w.
A--t\ A-Xo-t\ -cy--an-bo hw-_-o-o-%un b-Yn-Y=w h-Pp-e-=-an-b A-Yw 5-Xy-an-!-Xnbo InWnw.
-a--ao--t\,Zo-eyw --]-cmWw en-b-hw g--i--a-]nw-Zo-K-cmw Z-cmf-X uan-g-[p-\nw-A-p-]-uXn ?-wo o --cm]-b-w-h-c-h|--a-e-uh uPn-i-ep-ao
(E-uK|-Zw. 1. 164. 52)-C-eo-tS -]-cmW-\n-b en-b-hw -cy-\n-m. uZyneo P-\-\w, ufn--\p-b-\n-b -]-W-t\-un-td
A--co--o -o-o-co- In-ua-L-t
K-w [-co-m a-k-te--an-o h-hy--%w H-n-g
-[o-I-%w Pp-e-P-dw, a-k F- -]-o \-o
h-un-go-o-%- en-b-h-t, -cy-t\ -Xo%-I-bn-Wo-eo-tS. C-Xn-m 5-ui-jo-In ttf-dotS AcnY=w 5IS\cpXow.-ue-Z-o ]-l-o-co-%- 5-ui-jo-I-I
uI-e-dw BNncy Z-7o- - ]-l- e- 5-ubnP-\- an-^---e-b-. c-i-hy (Y-) A-Yw
a-\-o-dn-n G--=w h-in-b-I-an-b ttf-dow C-H-X-t-bn-m. ttf-do--tS G--=w
e-do-b 5-uXy-I-X D-]-an-u\n-]-ua-b n-ew B-Zo[|-\o-bo--tS B-d-n-co-I-an-bo A-Y-en A-Xo-fubn-2o-]-c-an-b A-Y-5-Xp-Xo P-\o-o-n I-ko- F--H-X-t-bn-m. A- \-Zo-I uN-m
h-c-h|-Xp \-Zo--tS D-V-ew ]-l-- ]-ui-do
]-u-o-b--;-tS hw-ubn-K-n D-V-eo-%-
n-\-t en-Wo-bo--tS P-d-[n-c-tb- e-Bw
H-?-Io-tb-K- F--Xo-t h-a-hyn--c-W-an-m.
n-\-=w en-Wo-anm, \-Zo-bo-td P-d-[n-cn-5en-i-o- h-an-\-an-b-Hm. D-]-an-u\n-]-uab--;-tS n-e-o-t ]-co-W-X-^-d-an-bo 5-Xo]n-Zy A-Y-o eo-uf-g-an-b H- h|n-c-hyw
D-+--an-!-. -D-Zn:
]--\-Zy h-c-h|-Xp a-]o b-o
h unu n-X-hx.-h-c-h|-Xp H ]--[n uhn
uZ-ufn-e-e-co-Xm..((b-. 3.4.11)
-en-N-I--un-]-a-bn-Wp a--o-t A-d-n-cw.
H- a-\-un-tS H-?-Io-tb-K- A- \-Zo-I-%

H-yw 5-en-i--] n-u\-o-b--;-tS 5-?-o
--dw G-tXn- 5-f--=w eo-n-\--2-=-an-b
en-Wo 5n--an-!--uen A-Hm h-co-Xm (N-do-%-)
h-c-h|-Xo \-Zo-u]n-td, D-V-e-n-\-Km ]-uo-b--;-tS f-pn-Zo A- eo-g-b--;-tS 5-Xo]n-Z-\w -dw A- 5-In-c-o 5-I-Sp--eo-%-
F--lo--I.-A-Xn-b-Hm G-tXn- en-Wo-bn-uWn ]-
f-pn-Zo eo-g-b--;-tS B-[-b-o \-Zp-H-dyw
5-en-i-2an-bo -eo-o-co-%--Hm. A-Xo-t\
b-Yn--ew A-lo-m a--c-d--W--2-an-bo
5-N-co-o-%-I-bn-m a--gy-[-aw.tte-Zo-I 5-ui-jo-In-ttf-do ttI-In-cyw tN-un G--=w [-o-u- H- In-cyw -ucn

h----jo-w o--o- A-Y-X-d--jo--tS
h-an-[n-\w I-t--Ww F--Xn-m. ]-uido-I-jo A-[o-ttZ-e-Xw, A-[o--Xw, A-[yn-Zw,
A-[o-b-w B-Zo-bn-b A-Y-Z-f-\--jn-m
5n-Np-\ B-Nn-cy-n-cnb a-\p-go-I I-t-obo---Hm. \o--2w C-Xo-m 5-_-d-an-b 5-an-Wan-m. \o--2-o e-Wo-o-- [n-cn-jw ]-uido-I C-\o e-- n-K--jo N- tN1m.
(H--S-w)
B-Z-eo-ue-Iw
--d-an-b In-c-W-5-#-Xo A--c-an-m, \n-f-c-io-X-an-m. A-Xo-t eo-In-c-an-b In-cyw (uZ-iw)

-c-an-m, \-f|-c-an-m. In-c-W-5-#-Xo A-ey-2-=w In-cyw ey-2-=-an-!-. A-ey-2n-ey-2-;-tS hw-ubn-K-an-m eo-f|w. F-n-o-u-w ]n-d-I-w u]n-g-I-w ]-c-an-Zn en-!-. Pp-enZn A-\p-f-\n-m, A-+-f-2o-bn-m. A-Xo-\n 5-#-Xo-tb -co-n Pp-en-Zn-eo- I-ko-eo-
- B-Zn te-cw un-2n-en-W-un. A-H-tIn-1m 5-#-Xo (un-Kyw) un-2n-eo-t\ _--\-o
!--o-bo-co-%-. Pp-en-Zn h|-bw _--\-o tN- ep--tIn--%-; A--t\ un-Ky-ot c-h-o a-l-\n-bo I-ko--. H--e A-lo---e () h-e--\n-b -f|-c-w,
a--e A-lo-bn--e (A-x) A-+--\n-b Pp-en-Zn-=-an-m. C--e-w A-P-n--jn-m \o-Xy-cn-m. H--e -f (=h-e-f-2 h-a-Y) B-!-. a--e A-\p-f (=A-h-a-Y,
A-+-f-2o) B-m. A-P-n-=w A-\n-Zo--an-b H--e un-2n-eo--ue-o un-Ky-]-Zn-Q--;-e-w A-\-n-Zn-=w eo-f|--]-w A-I-n-=-an-!- C-Xm '^-bw-~-1' (=ô-I)-an-m.
~-1-t A-lo-. C-Hm h-Zn \o-t B-Zn-eo--1m. C-Xo-\--lw A-lo-bn-t\n--ao-. un-2n (Ppe) un-Kyw (5-#-Xo-w A-Xo-t In-cy--;w) u5-c-I (-f|-c) C-e-tb A-lo-n F-nw
A-lo--I-ko-w. ô-Iw ~-1-hw-_--an-!-. 5-#-Xo ]-co-Wn-a-fn-do-\o-bn-!--. A-e
h-Zn an-lo-tn-o-co-%w. Pp-en-Zn A-]-co-Wn-ao-bn-m; A-+--w A-h-a-Q--an-m. A-Xo\n A-e 5-#-Xo--tS ]o-So-bo -l-m A-a- tIn-o-co-%w; un-Ky--;-tS c-h-o \o-al-\n-bo-co-%w. !--g-u\-w (Pp-en-Zn-eo-u\-w) 5-#-Xo-ub-w (un-Ky-u-w) -co-%- G-I
]-c-an-Zn-en-!-; 5-#-Xo--tS _--\-o \o-m eo-m, A-Xo-t\ a-\x--ew a-l-m, ]-c-an-Zneo [yn-\-a-l-\n-!- Pp-en-Zn-eo-t uN-X-\-X ]-c-an-Zn-eo-t I--uN-X-\-bo-ud-% h-f-2w
5-e-io-%-un, B-Z--an-b ô-I-~-1w --X tX-jo- tIn-o-co-%w; Pp-en-Zn-eo-t
uN-X-\-X A---X-an-bm e--I-w tN-w. A--t\, C-H Rn X-t-bn tW-m Pp-en-Zn-=m A-low. ?-ua-W uZ-iw B B-Zn-eo-t\ eyn-!-d-t--K--X-n-Xn-bo-p-w. A-H-e-tc f-cp-c-ot h-n-]-o--tS B-Zn hw-J--an-!-an-bo--. F-- -tIn-t-n B-Zn h|-h|--]w
f-cp-c-o \o-m ue-t]--o A-lo-o-- -o-. C-un Rn f-cp-c-a-t- a-\-o-dn-o-bXo-\n f-cp-c-o-t h-n-]w F-t h---\n-%-o-. B-!-do-X-an-b K-i-\ hw-hn-c-an!- L-\-eo-]o-\-o A-I-t-m B-Zn (h|-bw) I-t-o. 5-e--an-bo-m, D-W-o-m, h|-bw
A-lo-, A-e 'Rn tN-u--tX-nw tN--I-ko-, eo-f|w F-u-Xn-m, Rn X-t-bn-m
eo-f|'ta- A---eo--. \nw C-eo-tS D--H-e-tc, Pp-eo-o-co-%w e-tc, A-Xo-t\ A-lo--, A-eotS tN-- -uN-cn-Xo--n A-H a-in-\n-f-an-!-a-un. A-Xo-t\ ( B G-I-t) A-lo--e A-X-w, A-lo-bn--e eyn-!-d--an-!-.
iocEub\
ioc
ub\ ]nu^W
]nu W hXyhyn]oioXw Jam
Jam
X|w g]n
g]n? hXy[cmanb wub
ub
+xn 478 13
13
tt5n^.
5n^ B
B. uKn]oaWo
5n-n-#-X a--gy-t\ hw--X a--gy-\n-o-b
5-?o-b-I-jo ]-c-a-5n-[n-\y-a-io-%- H-n-Wm
#-go--tS B-cw--ta-m \---lo-bnw. A-Xm hw-eo--Xm \-ep-\ fo-dn--K-In-d-n-bo-- F-
In-cy-o-w B-%w X--ao-. ]-u \-ep-\
fo-dn--K-In-dw ey-Xy--uZ-f--jo ey-Xy--anbo-- F- D--cn--\o-I A-lo-em n-c-X-ot In-go-I hw-n-c-o-m ]n-Ln-Xy I-+o-
\-o-b 5n-Np-\-X-ub-n e-j-tc ]-k-w D-tm tX-jo-bo-%-. #-go-tb-n e-\y-h-hy-;-tS hw-fp-d-\w (tUnahmoug) F-n-m
B-[o-In-co-I-an-b \o-e-N-\w. A-Xn-b-Xm ]-I
-?-e e-\n--c--jo ue--bn-So-w ^-d--dnZo-I uf-J-co-w I-w-t-o-- an-\-e-\m No-on-w !-Xo-b Pp-eo-X-hn-i-N-cy- -wo-nw hn-e-In-fw \-o-b-Xm #-go-bn-m. C-Xo-\nbo A-e X-\o-m G--=w C-w-t- [n-\y--;w
^-d---d--;w \-o-b 'In- tN-So-I-tj' eo-!-d-an-b
uXn-Xo \--e-j-n ]-To-. C-eo-tS 'eo-m'
B-bo-- 5-[n-\ 5-Tw. \n-ao-m #-go tN--
G-I-uZ-fw --uln-jw e-- In-go-I h-hy-;-tS 'ee-\y'boy \- I-t-n-- H- e-do-b
]-co-[-aw B-Zy-an-bo \-S-o-b-Xm l-gy fn--\n-b en-eo-udn-em B-bo--. C--]-Xnw
-n-o-t B-Zy-Z-f-I--jo H-S-o-b
]-T-\--;-tS te-jo--o-dn-Wm A-u-iw 1935
X-t udn-I-5-f--an-bo-p- h-uhyn-V-e
-ho-n-- B-eo-l-co--Xm. C-X--h-co-m
t\-o-t D-V-ew C-y-bo-dn-bo-- F-m
A-u-iw A-h-o-ean-bo 5-Jyn-]o-%--m.
C-Xo-\n-bo C-y-bo-td B-Zo-a-I-g-I D-]-ubnK-t--o-b-Xm 'e-co-t\-m' F-m \nw eo-jo-%-
(t\-o-\o-S-bo H- 'I-j'bn-bo A-Xm C-un-?w
\--tS t\-e-b--I-jo In-Wnw.) H- e-\y-bo\w h-hy-o-t eo-K-I-jn-bo--. t\-o-t
14
478 14 +xn
- ap\w Bg\nZw
fn-p-b \n-a-o-td 'Pp-\-m' 'H-ttl-h' F-

]-Z-o-t D-V-ew 'A-co-fo' F- n-eo-U \n-aw
B-Wm. t\-o-u-w t\--go--uS-bw D-V-ew
tX-u C-y-bo, C-m X-ao-Pn-So-t n-Kan-b, \n-o-\n-Sn-tW-m n-gn-]-c-=w tt]-J-I=-an-b A-u\-Iw tX-jo-=-I-;-tS A-I--So-ubn-tS
uUn. f--c \n-b1 (2008) n-]o-%--m. uUn.
Fw. F-hm. h|n-ao-\n-Y en-Z-K-Xo-tb ]oH-W-o---1m.! udn-I-In-go-I tt]-J-I-o-td
H- -5-[n-\ L-S-I-o-m ]-k-b Xo--eo-Xnw-lo-t n-K-an-b '\n-o-\n-So'-an-bo A-u-Zy-an-b
H- 't]n-o-tn-So' _---t- I-tdo uI-c-jp-b-cn-b \--m Xp--bn-w A-oan-\o-nw.-
-]n-Ln-Xy-en-Z--
-#-go--tS D-V-e-t-%-lo-m B-[o-In-co-I-an-b

B-Zy ]-T-\- \-S-o-b 'Bn-h' (1956) ]-l--Hm C--t C-ln-w e-S-%-Io-k- C-ln-ow C-S-bo-dn-bo-Io-S-%- 'Pn-uan' F- ]--Wo \o-n-m G--=w !-cn-X-\-an-b #-go--tS
A-e-fo-w- d-o-o---tX-n-m.2 5-uZf-t #-go-m A-u-iw I-+o-%- ]-k-w 9000
-X 11,000 e-g- e-tc-bn-m. C-uX-In-d-L-o-X-t A-ua-co--bo-td ta-Oo-un-eo-w
A-Xo-!-l-d-an-b H- In-go-I-hw-n-c-o-m
A-So--l ]n-Io-bo---Xn-bo 'H-n-u_n' Y-i-Ijo \o-w d-o- a--un-j eo-K-I-;-tS uf-J-cw
-No-o-%--Xn-bo h-hy-hw-fp-d-\ N-co-^w
]-To- 'anw-K-hm uUn-^m' (1964) F- A-uaco- h-hy-fn-- 5-n-eo-%--1m.3
1 t\;w hwXow - eo. fc \nb, 2008,
uIcj ngn Chmo{m, Xoe\!cw
2 Clausen R. E. 1956, The Orignin of Cultivated Plants,
Wilay & Sons, NewYork
3 Mangelsdorf P. C. - 1964. Domestication of Plants,
Science 143
]-u, A-ua-co--bo tIn-jw-_-hm In--!-K-Xo-\m F-^-ubn h-i-n-p--%m -m X-t

G-gy--B-Wo- ua-J-d-bo-\o-- hw--X
No--cn-b H- -w B-;-I I-S-do--tS h--com A-ua-co- e-I-c-bo F-o-bo-- F-m
-No-o-%- ]-d tX-jo-=-I-;w ]o-n-d-m d-o%-I--n-bo. -cy-u\-w a-e 5-#-Xo f-2o-I-ujw ]o-J--uj-w Bcn[o% ta-Oo-un-eo-td
'A-t-%'I-;-tS-w 'a-b' e-K-n--tS-w hwn-c-eo-uf-g--m
tti--en-Nn-c--;-an-bo
5-I-S-an-b No-d hn--fy- D-t- e--X
I-W-o-td--%-un h-i-n-p--m -m
A-ua-co- e-I-c-bo-td-o-b P-\-eo-n-Kw
C-y-bo \o---e-cn-bo-co-nw F- A-{-io-\m --X 5-h-2o- ttI-e--.-N-co-^n-Xp-X-In-d-m G-gy-bo \o-w A-Xo
hw--X-cn-b H- P-\-eo-n-Kw ]--o e---;w
]--o eo-Kw a--un-j-eo-K-I-;-an-bo A-uaco--bo F-o A-eo-tS A-hmtS-Im-an-b hwn-c- ]--K-b-o-tb- A-{-iw eo-f|h-\p-b-an-I-W-ta-o -Zp-L-an-b H- h--bn-^ A-n-d-m hn-[y-an-bo--t-m tX-jobo-u--H-1m. C-Xm tX-jo-bo-n-ue-o-bn-Wm
1969 uXn-io-tb-Zn F- u\n-ep-Po-b
hn-i-ho-I h-n-co ln F-Om-t]-Uo-g F-m
u]-co- H- hn-i-ho-I h---bn-^-m H--t--Xm 4
-Po-o-td hn-ô H-l--J-m \o-w !-l-t-
H- '!-n-S-o' (']n-o-l-hm' F--lo-b-t- uIn-l--;m tI-o-u-K-n-%- N-n-Sw)
I-S-tdn-?-%-I-;-tS an-^w h-in-b--n h|-bw
\o-b-o--t-m A-]-I-Sw G-H-ua--Sn-tX c-1an-h-t bn-^-tIn-m A-ua-co--Xp-c-m tNt-o-b B hn-i-ho-I-bn-^--tS uIn-co-co-o-%- eo-uf-g- A-u-iw X-t !--Io eo--co-%--1m.
-A-Xo-5n-Np-\-ta-m eo-uf-go-o-n-=- C--cw
G-gy-A-ua-co- _--o-- a-tn- tX-jo
-en-m ]--o-t-So--tS u?n-a-h L-S-\. C-bo--td 5n-Np-\-an-b ]--o-bo-\w 26 u?n-a-h-;- Z|o-u8n-bmUm 'uZ-fo'--o (Ggynom
uIn)bn-m, A-uX-h-a-bw, 18-nw -n-o
~o-p-iIn A-ua-co--bo \o-w !-So-ub-o-b
C-\w ]--o-I-tj I-un-Uo-bn---o-tb-m
eo-jo-%- (I-un-Uo-b e-ko-bn-Wm C-Xm C-y
4 ThorHeyerdal, 1974. The 'Ra'Expedition, Holt Reinhart, NewYork
bo F-o-b-Xm). C-Xo C-y ]--o--tS

C-c-o u?n-a-h- D--Xo-\n C-Xo-t\ tS-nu8n-bmUm (N-H-u8n-bo-Um) F-m eo-uf-go-o%-. 1961 'uhn-u-m' F- h-hy-5-P-\-\
fn-- ua-+-l- c-o-\w ]--o-I-;tS-w u?n-a-h L-S-\ -K-an-bo ]-To--un
eo--b-P-\-I-an-b H-c-lo-en-Wm d-o--Xm. 5A-uaco--bo \o-w !-So-ub-o-b I-un-Uo-bn--o-bo ]-!-Xo u?n-a-h- G-gy-bo-td 'uZfo---o-bo-ud-H-u]n---Hw _n-o- ]-!-Xo
A-ua-co--bo C-w e-\y-an-bo In-W-t-- Z|ou8n-bmUm ]--o-bo-ud-H-an-tW--Xn-m A-WX-I-c-an-b I-t-. C-m \nw #-go tN- ao- In-go-I-eo-j-I-;w u?n-a-h C-c-o-do--tS -]-t--e-b-t^. t\-o-w uKn-X-o-w
5-Xo-n-hw In-Wnw. ]-u ]--o-bo
C-Xm c-m -J-7--jo In-W-t-- ey-Xy-an-b u?n-a-h--;-tS -So-u-c-w ]o-p-- C-co--w B-tW--Xm eo-No-^-an-Wm. a--gy-5-enh- X-t-bn-Wm C--cw -J-7n--c h-hy!-So-ub---m ]o-o F--In-cyw C-un
-ey-2-an-Wm. C-m uI-c-j-o eo-!-d-an-bo
#-go tN--t-- e---j-Im, \o-d--S-d, ]-n-b,
l-{, I-I-an-em, ttI-X--, uX-bo-d, In-o H-So H--u\-Iw eo-j-I eo-uZ-fo-I-tn--an-m
C-eo-tS F-o-b-tX--In-cyw -eo-Zo-X-an-W-tn.a--un-j-=w C-y-w-a-a--un-jw A-t-o ]- uNn-jw F--lo-b-t- 'ho-bn ta-bmhm' F- ]-- [n-\y-o-t
D-V-e-uZ-fw A-ua-co--bn-tW-n-bo-- \nw
eo-f|-ho--e--Xm. F-n 1964 '[-en' F-
C-y In-go-I fn-- n-c-X-o-t e-Su-b--K- ho-o-ao-td e-\n--c--jo \o-w
a--un-j-o-t c-m e-\y-bo-\- I-t-obo--.6 H- h-hy-o-t D-V-e-uZ-fw I-tK--Xo A-Xo-t e-\y-bo-\--;-tS hn-oy-o-m e-do-b 5n-[n-\y--m. A-ua-co--bo
F-w X-t a--un-j-o-t e-\y-bo-\-
I-t-o-bo-o-. F-n C-y--tS e-S-%Io-k- ua-J-d-bo \o-w a--un-j-o-t
c-m e-\y-bo-\- I-t-o-tb- an-^-a-
a--un-j I-Xo--I B-ud-J-\w tN--t-
5 Saunders, J. W, 1961. The speeies of Gossypium,
Oxford Uty Press, London
6 Dhavan, N. L, 1964. Breeding Procedures in
Maize, Inter Asian Corn Improvement Work
shop, Bangok
+xn 478 15
15
fo-Yo-d-an-b ]n-l-&---;w (G-uXn !-cn-X-\ u^n-e-fo-ww) A-eo-tS In--I--n-bo! C-tX-nw

-No-o-%--Hm, n-c-X-o a--un-jw -Jy-eoj-bn-bo #-go tN--t-o-- A-Xo-5n-Np-\-an-b
(ue-Z--e-p-Iw) H- In-d-L---n-bo-- F-nm. A-n-d-t a--gy-cn-Inw ]--o--tS-w
a--un-j-o-t-w eo-K-I-;-an-bo A-lo-b-tSn- Xp-c--uX-So -Zp-L-an-b h---bn-Î-tn--o-b-Xm. 5n-Np-\ C-yn-n-m
I- bn-^ i-c-an-bo-- F--Xo-m uNn-j-Ind-L--o-w -m X-t d-y-an-!- tX-jo-=-I
G-tl--m. _n-do-bo-w C-un-u\-gy-bo-w
I-un-Uo-bn-bo-w C-w A-e-uf-go-%- A-u\Iw tti--e u-^--;-tS A-e-fo-w- X-tbn-m G--=w \- D-Zn-i-c-Ww.-
-i-c-n-tann tan-i P-Zn-ucn hw-n-cw-
[n-cn-jw tX--I e-j-o-- h-hy-fyn-a-jan-b H- -d-an-bo-- F-m I--X-t--.

ho--X-S-hw-n-c-o-td \n-K-co-I-X tI-o--n-\n-bo e-\- te-o \-fo-o--H-tIn-nInw A-eo-Sw ?-ua-W a---ao-bn-bo an-lo-b-tX-m
H-c--an-\-=--m. A-n-d-m cn-P-n-\o e-jo-- e-?---jo 5--Jw uZ-e-Zn-, -o,
uX-m, en-I, In-o-a-cw, a---S-m F-o-e-bnbo---e-t^. 7-o-bo-w uZ-e-Zn--eo-w Xp-
f-e-t-o-I-;-tS A-e-fo-w- i-c--tan-iP-Zn-ucn ua-J-d-I-jo-\o-w d-o-o--m. A--eotS -d--an-bo-- uX-m X-So tIn-n-bo--
h---bn-^-I-m B-e-fy-an-b ]n----I
\o-ao-o---Xm. a-in-h--- Xn-o-- I-e-S-jo i-c- P-\-X eo-Z-e-cn-bo---te-m
ue-Ww I--Xn. A--t In-go-I !-ucn-K-Xo-tS A-\--c-^-dw t]-t-- P-\-hw-Jyn-e[-\-en-bo--. 5-Xo-n-hw i-c- hw-nc-o-w A-Xo-eo--c-an-b ta-h-t-un-ao-b hwn-c-o-w H--u]n-td I-o--. P-\-t--an-Wm C- h--i--uj-w \-K-cp-#-X-an-o-p-Xm. --I--tIn-m tI-o-b _-*-\o-d a-o-c-;w --I-; ]n-Io-b \-K-c-ep-Yo-I-;w -= Nn--I-;w
-No-o-%--Xm C-wo-I \o-an-Ww A--t
-Jy-an-b H- In-go-uI-X-c tXn-ko-dn-bo---ten-Wm. \-K-c-e-XmI-c-W--;-uS-w h---bn-^-I-;uS-w B-n-S--m h|n-n-eo-I-an-w [n-cn-jw
eo-l-!w X-So-w B-e-fy-an-bo--. C--t-untd A-w a--gy A-Xo-\n-bo e-\-t-bn-eWw B-[-bo--Xm. \-Zo-I-m !-c-uI A-W-tI-o
te-w Xo-co-m eo-n-Wm A-Xo-eo-fn-d-an-b ]n-S-jo A-m uKn-X-w _n-jo-w a-e #-go tNo---Xm. cn-Py- X-o-- [n-\y---e-Sw
A-m 5--c-5-Nn-c-an-bo---e-t^. [n-\yw \o-l-
I---I-jn-Wm ho--\-Zp--J--jo \o-w A-m
eo-uZ-f--jo-ud-m t]n-tn-o---Xm. A-Wt-m t]n-o-b-H-tIn-n-uWn A-uXn A-Xo-p-Ic-an-b -I-- tIn-n-uWn F--lo-o-
i-c--uan-i P-Zn-ucn hw-n-cw t]n---t\
t]n-do--I-bn--n-b-Xm. h-e-\n-f-o
\o-- ]n-Tw D-tn--H-tIn-n-Inw H-Sm \o-d-eo e- n-c-Xp-b ue-Z hw--Xo-bo
e-\--m A-Xo-]-eo-^-an-b n-\w I-+o--t-Xm. \n-K-co-I-X-m ]-I-cw H- B-c-Wy-I hw-n-c-
-ta-h-t-un-ao-b hw-n-c-o-t A-uX ]-k-w

D-t-m ]n-Ln-Xy u]n-w h--Xo-%- i-c-tan-i-P-Zn-ucn ua-J-d-I-jo-\o-w I-t--t-o-- A-e-fo-w--jo uKn-X-m, _n-jo,
F-m, ]-n-Wo--b, !--j-e-K-, ---\,
I--Im e-K-, ]--o F-p eo-j-I-;-tS D-+--ujn an-J-I-I-ujn D-t---Xo-\n A-e--tS
#-go A-n-d-m X-t 5-Nn-c-o-do---tem \--m eo-f|-ho-nw. ta-h-t-un-ao-b-bo
\o-w i-c- --I I-t-o-bo---Hm B
c-m hw-n-c- X-o--n-bo-- en-Wo-Py_---m tX-jo-en-Wm. ua--ub-lo-b ]--oe---m n-c-Xw A-n-dw -X-u uIeo-uI-o---te-m ue-Ww I--Xn. ]--o-go--uS-w ]--o e---;-uS-w D-V-e-uIw n-c-X-an-bo---te-m A--an-\o-%--Xo
G-tl--2o--m. In-c-Ww, ]--o-t-So-m
_n-_o-udn-Wo-b-bo 'ho-'te-w rp-ho
'ho-uUn' F-w u]-cm Io-o-b-Xo-m a-t-m
In-c-W-an-Wm -o-n-Wo-n-\n-=-I? i-c-
J-\-\-e---jo an-X-jw, \n-jp-uI-cw F-p
^-d--;-tS -]-o \o-ao--t- [n-cn-jw
-c-Wo-I D-t-o---te--In-cyw c-m
eo-j-I-;w A--eo-tS #-go tN-o---te--Xo-m
tX-jo-en-Wm. cn-P-n a---ao-bo-\o-w \n-jpuI-c-o-t u^n-ho--I d-o--uXn-tS tX-ot D-V-e-t-%-lo-m hn-[n-c-W A--an-\o-t-- fn--h---Z|p-!-I-%- 5n-[n-\yw Z|oXp-b uI--ta- \o-d-bo-ud-n-bo--m. C--t 7 Roychoudhari, S. P. 1964. Agriculture in Ancient India,
cn-P-n a--5-uZ-f- ue-Z--ep-I-In-d-m
Banarasi Book Stall, New Delhi
478 16 +xn
16
- ap\w Bg\nZw
an-Wm ]o-p-Sm n-c-X-o D-Z-bw tN--Xm.-
n-p-ta-m -o-bn-un-w n-c-Xp-b #-go-m

C--]-Xo-\n-bo-cw e-g-t-tb-o-w ]-k-w
-In-fy-]-t #--go--2o-n-c-X-o-td ]v-cn-Wo-I #-go-tb--o h-eo-- I-+o-u-o e-w, Xp-!-e-W-u-Z-ao-n- #--goc-an-b eo-e-c- X-- A-Xo-5n-Np-\-an-b H-
#-Xo-b-u^ '#-go--2o'8 e-cn-i-ao-io-c-t 'g-i- -#-go--tS 5n-[n-\y-t-%-lo-n-Wm I-fy-]
ew-io-X'bo '#-go--2o'tb- H- r- B-Zy-an-bo-e-Wo-%--Xm. A-Xo--t\:
h---b-t-%-lo-m A-u\-Iw ]-cn-a-f--In"--J-m Pp-eo-%- C--In-do-I-;w \n-nWnw. g-i-ew-io-X-bo-td H- A-yn-b-an-Wm do-I-;-an-b F-n P---%w -o-c-an-w
'?-n--ue-Zw'. #-go--tS eo-eo-[ ua-J-d-I-tj hw-J--an-w \o-d-\o--W-ta-o C-eo-tS \nw
-fo-%- H-cn-[o-In-co-I-uc-J-bn-m '?-n-- h-hy-Pn-d-t hw-!-w-an-bo ]-co-]n-do-u-ue-Zw'. --0-eo-t te-;--\o-lw an-o -e-n-%-- H-m. h-hy-udn-I-o-t \n-fw P--udn-I-oXo-\m h-in-bo-%- h-p-W-an-b H- 'H-o- t \n-f-o-ud-n-Wm e-ko e--I. A-Xo-\n
5-?o-b'tb (rnôpwKm tSu9njPo) -o A-Xo cn-Pn--n--uS-w A-e--tS 5n-[n-\y D-uZy-K
eo-e-co-%--t-m ]-l--un A-Xo-t D-- --n--uS-w h-eo-uf-g [- ]-Xo-ub-
S--o-t Knw-p-cyw \--&-io-n I-ko-w. eo-g-b-an-m #-go. a--gy-%w P---%w
'?-n--ue-Zw' X-n-ln-n--]-I-co- A-So-n- an-^-a- uZ-e-X-I-;-uS-w \o-d-\o-+o-m #-go A-Xy\-r--ta- \o-d-bo-dn-Wm '#-go--2o'tb-- n-u]-o-X-an-Wm. In-c-Ww, a--gy uZ-e-X-Io A-Xo ]-cn-a-fo-%--Xm. #-go--2o--tS m \o-ue-Zo-%- e-- In-go-uIn-+--I-n-em In-fy-]-a-i-go B-tW-n-Wm uc-J- jn-W-tn. A-H-tIn-m hn-[n-c-W-n an-^-a-
t--o-bo---Xm. g-i-ew-io-X--tS In-d-L-w ~n-1-W-cn-b !-ucn-io-X-w #-go-tXn-ko-dn-bo
_o. ho. A-nw -n-n-tW-m G-e-w h-- h|p-I-co--Ww."
Xo-%--1m. ]-u e-cn-i-ao-io-c X-t r-
-g-i-ew-io-X-bo tIn--o-- ua-+-l-
-\o-ao-Xo-%-]-ubn-K-t--o-b #-go--2o-tb- #-go--2o en-Iy- \--m X-- h-u-fw
-r-w G-Xm In-d-n-Wm F-?-X-t--tX-m e-j-tc ey-2-an-Wm. tXn-ko-td- \o-d-bo #-goB-%w Xo--an-bo ]-l-bn I-ko-o-o-. ue-Z- m A-Xz--X-an-b H- ]-Z-eo-bn-Wm In-fy-]
-jo-w !-cn-W--jo-w ]-cn-a-fo--t-- \---Xm. #-go--Wo-I ]-Xo-Xy-an- H-n5-f--\n-b In-fy-]--\o X-t-bn-Wm A-Xo-t tW- -N-\ u]n-w #-go -2o-bo In-Wo-.
I-n-te-o B r--o-\m ue-Z--ep-I- -ô-b D-t-tS \n- e-W--jo---e-w
an-b '\o-g-[-\o-Z-V'r--h---b--;-tS In-d- #-go-bo X-Xm]-c-cn-uI--H-t-m #-go -2o
K-W-\ an-^-ua ubn-Po-& F-m In-Wnw.9 #-go- I-n-em \o-eo-f-w 5-Jyn-]o-%-. C--w
bo-td an-u\-Pmta-m X-X|- u]n-w eo-e-co- tN-w a-m h--c-udn-i--;w uf-J-co-m udn-i-t-- #-go--2o--tS In-dw ue-Z--%w -Wo-n-m eo-X-c-Ww tN-m A-e-tc-tn-m
-m B-bo---te-o A-Xo -No-o-%w- --o--ue- B--[--ujn-tSn-w #-go-%eo-[-- In-go-I--l-I-;-uS-w eo-j-eo-\--;-uS- ue- ]-Wo-bn--[--;w D-n-o-t--u-
w -]p-I-c-W-=w ]-co-Wn-a-u-Z--;w \-S-o-dn- -a-X-d -ô-b-%--Xn-tW-m #-go -2on A-u\-I-h-i-n-p- X-t ue-o bo ey-2-an-bo -l---1m. C--t\--ne-o-co-%-ta- In-cyw ey-2-a-u? A-un %- ]-Wo-bn--[- P-\--o-S-bo eo-X-cn-c-X-o-td B-Zo-a P-\-h--iw 'ue--bn-S-w Ww tN-m --X -d--jo-ud-m #-go eyn-]o
^-d--dn-Zo-uf-J-c-=w' D-u]-o-m #-go-bo-ud-m -o-u--Xn-tW-w r--o ]-l--.Xo-co--Xm F-n-bo-co-%w F-m \--m ey-2-#-go--tS
hn-u-Xo-I-e-f--tn-w
an-bo -io-n I-ko-w. 'e-co-t\-o' \o-w A-Xo-t ]-co-]n-d-\--l-I-%w In-fy-] 5n'_--a-Xo'bo-ud-%- In-d--cw H- ]-m h-i- [n-\yw I-+o-o---te-m #-go--2o-bo-td ]-d
]-Zy--;w -No-o-%--m. H--]-u #-go8 Randhara, M. S, 1980. A History of Agriculture in
bo an-u\-Pmta-m X-X|--%- 5n-[n-\yw
India, Vol.1, ICAR, New Delhi
9 h|naoXZnhm, 2009, [yn\aoI, tlbou_n F--un-H- B-Zy do-Jo-X-uc-J-bn-Wm #-go
-2o-tb-m ]-l-bnw. C-uX-%-lo-- In-fy-]-t
eOm, tN
+xn 478 17
17
\o-u-f- C--t\ h-an-i-co-nw:

"#-go-bo-S--;w A-e--tS ^-d-!-wo-%-l-eo-San-b In-do-e-K--;w ]-co--W-an-b hw-c--Wo-\m eo-u[-b-an-u--H-m. an-lo-an-lo e--
F-n E-H--jo-w #-go-bo-S--;w In-do----;w
]-co-fp-d-\w ho-o- -o--In--tS ua-u\n-o-dn-bo-co--Ww. I-g-I- ]-c--c eo-f|n-ho-w h-i-I-c-W-o-w e-ou--Xm A-e-tS X-t B-e-fy-an-Wm. e-b--I bn-tXn-
In-c-W-e-fn-w Xo-co-fo-S--Xm. eo-m, D-k-em, an-I, I-d-, a-te-o, A-co-en H-S-o-b Ingo-uIn-]-I-c-W-, I-j--c-I, uPn-do-n--tS
Xn-n-do-I en-h--d- H-S-o-b-e-bn-m
-o-I
- n-t
- S 5-uXy-I [-
- m ]n-â- n-uI-X
- m.
ua-+l--e ]-co--W-an-bo hw-c-o--t-ta-m D-l--t-o I-g-I-m h-an-[n-\un-tS Pp-eo-n I-ko-w."
-ua-tn-- J-7o-I en-bo--I-ko-un H- In-cyw -\o-Lo-X-an-m, In-fy-]-t
In-d-m X-t n-c-X-o 'In-go-I ]-co-]n-d\w' ]-To-o-o-- 5-uXy-I eo-Zyn-d- D-nbo--!.-#-go--2o-bo G--=w A-[o-Iw eo-e-co-o--Xm t\--go-tb-%-lo-n-m. --uXn-jw t\o-\--tj--o #-go--2o-bo eo-e-c-W--m.
A-e--tS h|-n-e--tj--o-w -o-t\--o-w
uN-c-\o-d--jo eo-X-n-- eo-m Io-jo-ou- eo-[--tj--o-w ]-cn-a-f--m. t\-o-\m
!-l-ua A-a-c, D-?-m, tN-c-]-b, I-S-d, -Xo-c,
F-m, \n-jp-uI-cw (tX-m), I-o-co, e-?-Xo-\,
]n-e, ]-S-e-dw, !--j-e-K-, a-, G-dw,
!---j-Im, a-, C-o, an-em, 8n-em, Pn-, \n-cI-e-K- H-S-o a--u\-Iw In-go-I eo-j-Itj--o-w #-go--2o-bo eo-e-co-%--m.
]-o-I en-bo-n In-fy-] uI-c-j-o-dn-uWn
Pp-eo--tX-m \--m hw-f-bw uXn-nw!. ]-u,
t\--go-tb-hw-_-o- -Zp-L-an-b eo-e-c-
-o-S-bo 'uIn-h-d-uZ-f't-%-lo-- ]-cna-fw ]-d-un-?w e---Xo-\n e-S-u C-y-botd #-go-tb--o--t-bn-Wm In-fy-] eo-e-co%--tX-m \--m ey-2-an-!w. H--]-u, A-m
e-S-u C-y--tS -ao-fn-w \n-ao- In--Xo \o-w Xo-I-w ey-Xy--an-b H-n-In hn[y-X--m. cn-P-n A-n-d-m \o-_o-U-e-\-jn h---an-bo-- H- 5-uZ-f-an-bo--.
cn-P-n e-\--;-tS ]o-H-S- C-m tX-ub--t ]-Lo-a-L-w e-tc eyn-]o-o--o-co-Ww. \n-o-\n-t uN-e \o-d--jo D--o-co-
t\-eo-o-\- tX-%-\o-w e-S-un-n-!w
eyn-]o--Xm. tX-o-t ew-fw cn-P-n a--eXmI-c-W-un-tS !-o-b-e-u]n-bo-co-nw. ]o-nd-m tX-o-t e-\y--]- D--o-co--Xm
a-[y-A-ua-co- h---Xp-c--jo B-bo--.
A-e--tS eo-m uX--I fn--h--w Xn-o
tX-un-- Z|p-] h--i--jo A-So- A-eoS--jo-td B-Zo-en-ho-I-m a--cw Io-\o--
te--=w In-w \-o-bo-co-nw. A-e--tS u_n-[-e-an-b Xo-c-t----I B-enw C--t
tX-o-\--;-tS D-V-e-o-\m In-c-Ww. G-Xn-w
h-i-n-p--m -]m A-eo-tS-\o-w hn-iho-I-cn-b H- - eo-m uX--I-tn-w
[p-d- Z|p-]o F-o-en-h--l-o--uXn-tS-bnenw tX-m ep-1w C-y--tS -e-]-Lo-a-Xp-c-jo eyn-]o--Xm. e-Bw -So-b 'u\n-_o' I-co-\--;-tS In-cy-o-w (Saccharum offiicinarum)
C--cw H- A-5-Xy--an-I-w !-\-!-So-ub--=w
\-S--Xn-bo o-cp-I-co--t-o--m. C-tX-nw
-No-o-%--Xm #-go--tS D-V-ew C-y-bo-dnbo-- F-m X-t-bn-Wm. \--tS In-go-I
]n-c--cyw udn-I-]n-c--cy-o-t -o--an-tW-Yw! #-go-tb \nw ep-1w udn-uIn--c-an-op-u--Xo-t N-co-^-]-c-an-b H- ]n-T-an-Wm
'#-go--2o'tb- In-cy-o hw-f-bw ue-.
I--ey-]--Iw
1. h--W ~-1n-7-o-w Cv-f|-c-t h-eeyn-]o-X|w A-lo--I.-2. P-K-o-td un-K-e---jo a-a-X--n-en-tX D-]-un-Kw tN--I.-3. B--tS-w [-\-=w, h|-X|-=w A-]-i-co-n B-rr-ioio -Xm.4. F-n-bmun-?w I-a-\o-c-X-\n-bo-co-%-I. \o-lna I-a-t d-y-an-o [a-an-Wm,
I--ey-an-Wm F- a-\-o-dn-o I-aw tN--I.-5. a-\-hn, en-Nn, I-a-Wn B-Zn---d-an-bo e-o-%-I.--
18
478 18 +xn
- ap\w Bg\nZw
udJI: ]o.tI. Pb
-h-Zm-c-W-o-u-w, h--o--uS-w, \yn-b-en-G-I;-uS-w -c-W-I D-W-o a-in-_-do N-?-eo--tS B-K-a-\-=-an-bo _--t--o a-d-bn-jo
-I B-uLn-go-%- a-uin-e-e-an-Wm Xo--uenWw. 5-Pn-u-a-X-+-c-w Zn-\-[-ao-~--an-b a-in_-do--tS -c-W-o-Ip-ko F-n P-\--;w
A--do-n-tX G-uIn-Z-c-h-uin-Z-c--tj-un-td
B-uan-Z-un-tS e-ho- K-X-In-d--;-tS a--c-c-W-I-tj tXn--W-K- a-u\n-i-c-an-tbn- Ineyw-u]n-td Cv I-Y A-d-n-c--;-tS \o-l-&-untS !-cn-W--jo e-Wo-o--m.-
-a-in-_-do--tS ew-fn-e-do-
-~-1n-eo-t ]v-^-w a-cp-No--tS !-^--an-b

I-fy-] 5-Pn-]-Xo-m Zo-Xo F- n-cy-bo
D-n-b !-^-n-cn-Wm A--c-n. A-Xo e-j-tc
!-5-ho-o B-P-o- io-c-Wy-I-fo-!-eo-t \n--!^-n-co H-cn-jn-b 5-8n-Z-t a-I-\n-b eo-ucn-N\-t !-^-\n-Wm !-cn-W-5-ho--\n-b a-in-_-do.
_-do-bo \o-m _n-W-w, _n-W-\o \o-m
\o-en-X-I-e-N-n-w P-\o--Xn-bo !-cn-W-
H-S-m ]-l--.--udn-I-o-td N-?-e-o-bn-b a-in-_-do
X-t !-d-Y--en-b I-?n-Nn-cy-t \o-u-f-5-Incw eo-f|-Po-m F- bn-Kw tN-m Zo-ey-c-Y--;w
Zo-eyn--[--;w h-n-Zo-m e-o-tn- tth-\y-=an-bo C--!-co-tb e-j-m uZ-e-udn-Iw Ip-k-S-o.
A-Xo--uf-gw X-t ]o-Xn-a-i-\n-b 5-8n-Z-t\
-Wo--e--o h|-\-udn-I-o-td G--=w Zo-ey
-an-b n-\w \-Io B-Z-co-. n-\-an-\-
h|p-I-co- 5-8n-Z _-do-tb C--\n-bo A-o-ugIw tN-. Cv A-e-h-c-o D--a-\n-b cn-Pn-em
cn-Py--c-Ww F-o-t\ \o-F-io-u--tX-m
5-8n-Z _-do-tb D-]-uZ-fo- . F-un-?w [-a-ua
eo-P-bo-%-I-->. B-I-bn [-a-o \o-m
ey-Xo-N-do-n-tX cn-Pyw -co-%-I. (en-a-\-!-cn-Ww
74nw A-yn-bw.)-
-]o-Xn-a-i-t D-]-uZ-f-5-In-cw cn-Pyw -co-

_-do ô-udn-I--jo-w 5-ho--\n-bo. _-do--tS
-c-W-o Ip-ko cn-Pyw h-a-X|---c-an-tbn-
cn-{-an-bo an-lo. _-do--tS Ip-o-bo A--b
-m \o-ln-ho-X-cn-b uZ-e-n C--udn-Iw Xo-cotb d-o-%--Xo--ue-o a-in-eo--eo-t\ A--bw
5n-]o-.
-uZ-e-n--tS B-r-i-5-In-cw a-in-eo-
Xn-a-hw-eo-\n en-a-\-\n-bo A-e-X-co--tIn-nta-m h--Xo-. A-[o-Iw Xn-a-ho-bn-tX-X-t
uZ-e-an-Xn-en-b A-Zo-Xo K-o-Wo-bn-bo. en-a-\
F-tn- Zo-ey fo-I-eo-t\ 5-h-eo-. I-B-]-o 12nw Xp-b-Xo [n-e-W \--^-o A-oPo-m -+--o-dn-bo-- P-\-\w. en-a-\
P-\o- Z|n-Zo-K-m "eo-P-bm" F- u] 5-ho-an-bo.
Cv L--o a-in-_-do H- a-in-bn-Kw
\-S-o-tn-o-co-%-I-bn-bo--. eo- -K-en
en-a-\--o-bn-b-e-X-co-m uZ-e-In-cyw \o-e-ion-\n-bo _-do--tS b--fn-d-bo F-K-.
en-a-\-t\ eo-[o-5-In-cw D-]-N-co- -Po-. B-Ka-u\n-u-fyw uNn-Zo--un en-a-\ "F-t
In-d-So-m --So-a-C-ue-Ww. F-\o-m ue-tl H-w
B-e-fy-ao-. B-e-fy-o--an-^w bn-No-%--e\n-b-H-tIn-m ]n-]-=-ao-" F- ]-l-. _n-du\n-Sm Xn-+-cyw uXn-o-b a-in-_-do C-^ \o-nc-an-b B-e-fy-o H-H-n-tX !-tl--So -dye-n-b-tX--ue-W-ta-o-w X-cnw F-m ]-d
5n-e-fyw ]-l-. F-n --So a-C-an-^w a-Xotb- B-e-fy-o en-a-\ D-l--\o-. X-t
cn-Py-K- w-Kn-c-Iw A-S--- G-H-uZ-f-=w
A-j-t--K-tIn-=-en _-do h--Xo-. a-in_-do--tS Y--en-b I-?n-Nn-cy C-Xo-td N-Xo
a-\-o-dn-o ]-d-e-w X-S-bn [-ao--te-o-w
[a-o-~-\n-b a-in-_-do X-t -V-\o-L-b-o
\o-o-j-Io-bo-. _-do ]-Uo eo-yn-e-do t]n
+xn 478 19
19
I-d-f-o tIn-1-e- P-d-n en-a-\-t

]n-Zw I-?-Io. P-dw fo-c-ho X-jo-m D-Z-I--ew
X-t -Zn-\w \o-e-io-.-dw A-j-t--%-en H-S-o-b-uXn-tS
en-a-\ h|-bw e-j- ô-eo-?-a-\n-bo-an-lo.
A--c-n -b-eo-i|-d-cn-bo. Aw-_-c-w-_o-bn-boan-lo-b en-a-\ B-Zy-In-d-So-tIn-m -ao -?-e
A-j-. c-n-a-t A-So-tIn-m h|-K-udn-I-=w
A-j--Xp-K. -n-a-t A-So te-n -dao-n--Xo-\n a-in-_-do X-t f-cp-cw F--KtIn-=-en h--Xo-. Cv h-a-bw en-a-\ a-in_-do--tS X-d-bo N-eo-o ]n-Xn-j-o-ud-m
Xn-Mo. A-o-t\ 5-Xo-n ]-nd-\n-Qw -e-Sm
fo-c-ho e-io- _-do -X-dw F- ]n-Xn-j
-o F--t--. A---X A--c-n
]n-Xn-j-en-ho-I-jn-bo. (n-K-e-Xw A-w-a--w)-5-Pn-u-a-X-+-c-\n-b cn-Pn-eo-t B-r-i-5In-cw e-g-o H-co- X-t 5-P-I-tj h-fo-%-en-- A-e-h-cw a-in-eo- _-do-% \Io. F-n e-g-=w No--an-h-o-td Xo--uenW-Zo-e-hw a-in-_-do X-t 5-P-I-tj In-Wn
e--ta-n-Wm h--+w. A-w -X ]-K-\n
an-ue-do---cn-t\ e-c-ue-n --K --jwXp-m In-W-=w eo-m B-So-o-ao-m In-o-co%--e-cn-Wm a-d-bn-jo-I. h-a-X|--W-an-tbn-
--c-udn-I-o-t a--c--c-W Hn-ucn a-d-bn-jo-uS-w a-\-o C-w H-jo-a-n-tX a--=--m.--X-dw F- ]n-Xn-j-o a-in-_-do he-eo-[ tF-f|-cy--ujn-w Ip-o-ubn-w -So
en-?-. C--t en-%-uI-m eo- en-a-\-ue-gw [-com _-do-tb h-ap-]o-m F-n tF-f|-cy-h--K-I-;w
I-e-t--m A-u-i-t e--W-]n-f-n
_-o-m -X-d-o-ud-m B-Mo. a-in-[-ao-~-\n-b
_-do-m C--t\ 5p-Xo-t--n ue-o an-^w
-co-X- e--o-e- eo- C-w en-a-\-ue-go -X-d-o-td _-do--tS 5n-hn-Z-o-t
Z|n-c-]n-d-I-\n-bo I-ko-- F- a-tn--I-Y -So
5-ho--an-Wm. A-X-dw, eo-X-dw, -X-dw, X-dn-Xdw, a-in-X-dw, c-hn-X-dw, ]n-Xn-jw F-o-e-bn-Wm
]n-Xn-j-udn-I-.-AA-e-Xn-c-I-Y-I-;w --o-j-a---=w-ap tXn---- H-cn-m A-e-Xn-c-I-Y-I-;-tS
F-Bw a-eyw -X I-o-e-tc ]-n-tW-m
u_n-[y-an-!w. a-ex --cma e-cn-i-L \-c-how-i-L-en-a-\x cnuan cn-a-L cn-a-L #- I-ox P-\n-cm\x F- u^n-I-t B-[n-c-an-o No-o-n
20
478 20 +xn
- ap\w Bg\nZw
\--m e-j-tc F-;-w A-e-Xn-c--;-tS uhn-]n-\?-aw a-\-o-dn-nw.1. a-eyw6. ]-c-I-cn-a2. -a-w7. [pcn-a3. e-cn-iw8. _-d-cn-a4. \-c-how-iw9. [p#--5. en-a-\10. I-o-Cv A-e-Xn-c-I-Y-I-;-tS B-ucn-i-W-?-a-o
A-nw-]-So-bo \o-%- A-e-Xn-c-an-Wm en-a\. Cv en-a-\-\n-Wm "J--c-Iw" F- uI-c-jw
en-Wo-- 5-Pn-u-a-X-+-c-\n-b a-in-_-do-tb
]n-Xn-j-o-ud-m N-eo-o Xn-N--Xm. en-a-\n-eXn-c-o--uf-g-an-Wm ]-c-I-cn-a-t A-e-Xn-cw.
A-Xm A-e-Xn-c-?-a-o G-knw n-\-n-Wm.
Cv ]-c-I-cn-a-\n-Wm uI-c-jw -wo--tX--u^
tF-Xo-iyw.-h-iyn-o--tS ]-So-n-lm h-- ]-cy-w
e-S-% uKn-I-Ww -X tX-m I-\yn-!-an-co
e-tc \p-1-Io-S-%- -n-K-an-b 5n-Np-\-uI-c-jw
]-c-I-cn-a a-? F-lo- -wo--Xn-tW- I-Y
h-Xy-an-tW-o ]-c-I-cn-a-\m F-^-ubn - a-in-_-do F-o-t\ uI-c-jw -co-? uNn-Zyw
e-j-tc f-2-=w 5-h-2-=-an-Wm. H--u\n--o
D--cw ]-l-bn e-o----H-an-Wm. -en-]-c_--ao-n-tX ]v-cn-Wo-I cp-Xo-bo I-Yo--to-co-%- !-cn-W-?---jo \o-m b-Yn-Q
N-co-^w hw-r-io-%-I -l-c-an-tW-m ]-l-bnw.
]-u A-Xm H-co--w \- D--c-an-=-I-bo-.
e-j-tc ey-2-an-b D--cw !-cn-W--jo X-t-m. a-in-_-do uI-c-jw -co-o-- cn-Pn-en-bo--te-m G-tX-o-w !-cn-W--jo ]-l-o-un? A-o-t\ ]-l-o-o- F--an-^-a-, a-lo- eo-e-c- [n-cn-jw In----m.-a-in-_-do--tS cn-Pyw \-Z-X--tS Xp-c-uZ-fan-Wm. a-in-Xyn-Ko-w n-\o-w -2n-r-Wo-an-b a-in-_-do X-t !-d-Y--en-b I-?n-Nn-cyt In-ao-I-X|-o A-f|-ua-[-bn-Kw \-S-n
tXc-t-- -dw A-u-i-o-t cn-Py-otd "-Y-I-" ta--uZ-f-an-bo--. Cv uZ-fw
C--t \-a-Zn \-Zo--tS D--c-Xp-c-n-Wm.
\-a-Zn \-Zo a-y-5-uZ-fo-td A-a-c-I-7-o
\o-w D-V-eo-m Y--c-uZ-fw (Y-P-ln-m) e-ko
h---o uN--. Cv \-Zo H- \n-;w uI-c-jo--tS H-?-Io-bo-o-. A-un Cv I-Y !-cn-W
I-Y-I-m X-u-fo-b-an-b ]-co-ue-gw Nn-o
B-eo-lc
- o- n-e\
- b
- n-!e
- n-\n-Wm hn-y-X. F-o
]-c-I-cn-a I-Y--uS-w a-in-_-do N-co-^-o-u- B-Z-\o-?-Xo-bn-Wm C-Xo-in-h-o-td in-hw.

w b-Yn-Q tte-Zo-I-X-|w F-n-Wm? uI-c-jw ]-c-I-cn-a-t I-Y-ub-w \nw Cv ep--W-uIn-co- a-in-_-do B-cn-Wm?Wo--tS ue-Ww eo-d-bo--K-en.[p-#--t h|-Kn-ucn-i-W-t H-S-m
-]-c-I-cn-a-t I-YZ|n]
-c-I-do--K-h-o-bo 5n-Np-\-udn-I-o-
-a-in-eo--eo-t D-r-5-n-e-un- -So-b H- a-hw
e
o- 5-j-b-o-t-w eo-\n-f-o-t-w
gyn-e-Xn-c-an-bn-Wm ]-c-I-cn-a-t\ K-Wo-%--Xm.
IY
ain-n-c-X-o-w tt_-_o ]-k-b-\o-b-a-ô-b-n--tS A-i-n-cw H--%--Xo-\n-bo
B-]-en F-tn- -\o--tS X-]-n-Wm C-Xo- o-w In-Wnw. Cv eo-\n-f-t A-Xo-Pp-eo-
an-\-e-!-dw ]-k-b \n-K-co-I Pp-eo-X-o \o-]o-o-td u5-c-I-f-2o.I-n-Ke-ew-f-o-t- P-a-Z-lo a-i-go-m m e-\-en-ho-I-jn-bo Pp-eo-Xw \-bo-o-co-nw.
n-cy uc--I-bo P-\o--!-^-\n-Wm ]-c-I-cn-a. ]-c-I-cn-a-I-Y-w a-?-=w 5-j-bn-\--c-- uI-c-j5-uh-\-No-m F- cn-Pn-eo-t a-I-jn-Wm uc--I. o-t !-\--n-c-Ww an-^-an-Wm A-Q-an-%In--eo-cyn--\ F- cn-Pn-eo-t a-o -Xm. A-n-tX uI-c-jw -?-e-\n-bo a-?-te-lo-
N--Y- ]-c-I-cn-a ]o-Xn-en-b P-a-Z-lo-tb e-\n -wo- F- ]-l---Xo A-Q-ao-. 5-j-b--c-o e-m A-So--tIn-. -n-eo-t In-d-m \-fo--u]n-b uKn-I-Ww -X I-\yn-X-uZ-iw In--en C-S-bn-b uc--I C--]- !-an-co e-tc-- -n-K-o-td 5n-Np-\ Xp-Qo-tbn- 5n-e-fyw t\---So- eo-d-]o-. n-\- D--co-m In-udn-No-X-an-b n-e-o
A-Xo-t\ H-S-n-Wm ]-c-I-cn-a -ao -o h-- !-\x-5-Xo-~o-X-an-b I-Y-bn-Wm ]-c-I-cn-a-t
co-m C--]-o-tbn- X-e-W -ô-b hw-in-cw A-e-Xn-c-I-Y--tS In-X. e-\-5-uZ-f-t \-K-c\-S-o-b-Xm. A-o-t\ tIn-w ue--bn-So-w an-o D--co-%--Xo ]-c-I (a-?)-eo-- I-ko]o-So-t-- -ao-tb-nw ]n-] ]-co-in-cn-Qw em 5-uXy-Iw ]-l-ub--Xo--un. ]-c-I-cn-a-t
h-a--I ]--I-o e- \-S-o-b H- a-in- Cv !-\--n-c-W-o-t _n-o-]-^--jn-Wm
b--o ~n-1-W-% Zn-\-an-bo \-Io. A-u-iw n-]o- F- ]-l-b-t-- ]-Lo-ab--o-t E-X|o-m I-fy-]-a-i-go-bn-bo- Xp-c-t 108 -\n-u-^--;w a-y-n-K-t 108
-. h-e-=w Zn-\w tN- ]-c-I-cn-a X-\o-m fo-e-u-^--;w Io-k-u a-d--I-jo-td A-u\-Iw
X-]---~o-%-en A-+w -ao h---un-Sm bn- fn-n-u-^--;w.
tte-Zo-I-an-b No-d B-f-b--tj uZyn-XoNo-. A-un h---o-ud-m ]-c-I F-lo-o%
-en-w Cv I-Y D-]-ubn-Ko-n-c-m. E-uK|en e--W-uZ-e \o-u-fo-. A-X--h-co-m
]-c-I F-lo--un I-S-do-l-o I-c tX-jo-- Z-o c-o-S-n-bo ]-c-I f-pw In--Xn-Wm J--c-Iw F- uI-c-jw. ]-c-I A- J- m. E-uK|-Zw 3.53.22 ]-c-I-am F-w E-uK|-Zw
-an-Wm F-lo--tX-w ]n-T-u-Z--m. Cv I-Y 1.130.4 ]-c-uf|-e F- 5-ubn-K-=w In-Wnw.
a-in-n-c-Xw B-Zo-]-Fw, fn-o-]-Fw, e-\-]-Fw f-X-]-Y-~n-1-W-5-In-cw ]-c-I F- f-po-\m
ao-, e-w F-p A-Q-an---Xm. e-unn
F-p A-yn-b--jo In-Wnw.]-c--c-_--ao-n-tX
uIn-o-W-o-b tte ]-c-I (f-X-]-Yw 3.6.4.10) ]-c-I-cn-a-t ]o-Xn
C-Xo-in-h-I-Y-bo-\o-w A-5-h-2-n-K--tj -en-b P-a-Z-lo-m I-Bm F- A-Q-=w \-Io
u]--o--j-m 5-h-2-an-b N-co-^w hw-r-io-%-I -b-Xn-bo In--. N-Ecm tte-P-a-Z-locm (f-X
A-Xy-w -l-c-an-Wm. A-Xo-\o-w b-Yn-Q -]-Yw 8.1.2.3) ]-c-I-cn-a-t A---tS u]-cm uc--I
In-cyw \--m a-\-o-dn-=-un \--tS -J-m F-n-Wm. uc--I-m b- 28.13 A--In-c-taH- tN-c-!-o-co eo-S-w. A-o-t\-eo-S-- No-co- m A--Yw \-Io-bo--m. A-o-t\ No-o-%un P-a-Z-lo, uc--I, ]-c-I F-o-e-m b-YnX-t-bn-Wm C-Xo-in-hw.-CC-Xo D-2|n eo-Z|nw uhn i-h-o C-o-t\ ?-aw I-Bm, C--m, ao- F-p A--Y--jn-]-l-m eo-Z|n-n a--i-ho-%- F-n-Wm C-Xo- -Xm. I-Bo-\m In-G d-o--W-ta-o C--o-t\
in-h f-p-o-t A--Yw. -rn-iy-an-b B-f- C-n-Xn--Ww. A-Xo-\m te-jo--an-b ao--do-t\
b--tj fo-gy-n-m I-Y-I-jo--tS Y---n D-]-ubn-K-t--K-. ao- ao--un C-]-co-N-b-t--o-tn--%w. B-f-b- fo-gy- o-. ao- a-l--I-ko-n C--m !-\-Pp-eon ,-Zo--an-o-bn Y---n-%-j-en-!- %-I-w tN-w. P-a-Z-lo--tS \o-u-f -5-In-cw
+xn 478 21
21
A- uc--I-tb a-I ]-c-I cn-a e-[o--Hw

!-\-Pp-eo-o--Hw Cv X-d-o ue-Ww eo-d-bo-K-en. A-H-u]n-td X-t A--In-c-o
ao-o-a-l-- ]-c-I-eo-t\ In---Xm I-C-I-jnWm. A--In-c-=w I-Cw uN--o-S-u ao-td- ]-c-I-eo-\m 5-h-2o-->. Xo-ao-w
]-c-I-cn-a-t D-+-o P-a-Z-lo-bo-w uc--I-bo-w
!-cn-W-I-n-em I-t-K- F--an-^w [-co%--Xn-Wm D--aw.-]-c-I-cn-a -ô-b-\o-r-iw @-X-an-o -ao
-?-e -o-\-S-m 21 X-e-W -ô-b-tc e-[o- I-Yub-w tte-Zo-I -wo-bo ue-Ww eo-d-bo--Ken. I-Bm F-n C-o-b--jq-uS-w 5-Xp-I-an-Wm.
C-o-b- A-n-\n--In-c-o-t-m -^?-o-bo G-t--. n-\-an-!- e-w 21
X-e-W Cv A--n\-Xo-ao-c-o-td -ô-b-tc
ue--bn-So-bn-w e-do-b 5-ubn-P-\-ao-. 21 F-
hw-Jy In-dn-Xp-X-an-b-Xo-t\ -No-o-%-. \n-e-gw --un \-S-K- Nn-H-an-hy-b-w
21 Zo-e-hw \p-1-\o-%w. Cv 21 Zo-e-hw Nn-e-g-K-W-\-bo D-t--I-bo-. N--e-gw 360
Zo-e-h-an-Wm. hv-c-e-g-=-an-bo 5 1/4 Zo-e-h-t
ey-Xyn-hw e-w. \n--e-gw --un 51/4 x 4
= 21 Zo-e-hw e-w. C-o-b--tj A--In-c-o
\o-w ]o-o-co-o-n ~-n1-Wyw 5n-]o-%-
F-m ]-c-I-cn-a-t -ô-b i-\-\-t--o -o--l-bnw.-a-in-_-do--tS tte-Zo-I--]w-ttP-\-r---;-tS -e--]o-So-m ttf-e-w tte-e-w A-e-c-e--tS A--bn-bo-I-tj B-I-go-nw B-uan-Zo-o-n-w c-No- r---jn-Wm A-w-n
Z-f-!-cn-W-. ]-1-n-bo-- b-Yn-Q !-cnW- \n-cn-fw-hp, Kn-Y H-S-o-b u]--I-jo
A-lo-b-t-o--
~n-1-W-r---jn-bo--.
~n-1-W- ue-Z-eyn-Jyn-\--jn-Wm. !--cn-\-ew
!-cn-Ww F-n-Wm \o--2o. -co-o-%- F-Qw e-- [n-H-eo-t J-Xo-ttb-I-e-N-\-an-Wm
!-cn. ue-Zn-Q-t -co-o--tIn-m ep-1w,
ep-1w !-H-Xn-bo Xp---Xm F-n-uWn A-Xm
!-cn-Ww. ue-Zn-Q--;-tS eyn-Jyn-\--jn-Wm
~n-1-W- F-m a-i-go Z-bn-\--h-c-h|-Xow A-o-5n-b-t--. ~n-1-W--jo 5-Xo-]nZo-o-- tte-Zo-I-an-b hw--I-jo \o-w
D--o-co-t-- c-h-I-c-an-b I-Y-I-jn-Wm C-m
5-N-co-%- eo-eo-[-!-cn-W I-Y-I-;-tS 5n-t-]. C-tX-nw -2o-In-d-o-t h-eo-uf-g
478 22 +xn
22
- ap\w Bg\nZw
hw-n-e-\-I an-^-an-Wm.-Xo--uen-W-I-Y--tS 5n-t-]w f-X-]-Y ~n1-W-r--o (1. 2. 5.1 - 5) In-Wnw. 5-Pn-]-Xo

--tS c-1 h-n-\--jn-bo-- uZ-e-n-w
A--c-n-w. ua-[n-eo--o--ue-o ]-c--cw
t]n--Xo. uZ-e-n uXn-e. Cv A-e-h-c-o
A--c-n -ao n-Kw e- ep-Xo-t--K ]n-ncw-o-%-en Xp--an-\o-. C-Xm A-lo--en C-Sbn-b uZ-e-n A-e--tS n-Kw en---Xo-\n-bo
eo--eo-t u\-J-X|-o A-eo-tS-tb-o. A-e
A--c-n-ucn-Sm ]-l-. \o--tn-w R-%w !-l- ep-Xw ue-Ww. D-S X-t A--c-n
h-un-N-un-tS ]-l-. f-co X-cnw eo--eo-\m
Io-S-n ue--^ --d-ua X- F- an-^w
C-H-uI- uZ-e-n \o-cn-f-cn-bo-. eo- en-a-\\n-bo--. Cv b--o- -dw Io-o-bn
[n-cn-j-an-bo. A-e eo--eo-t\ (eo--b--an-Wm,
b-w B-Zo-Xy-\n-Wm) Io-k-%-n-K-m Io-S-o
--e-f-K-\o-w O---I-jn t]n-Xo--tem b--ue-Zw 1.27 In--. Cv I-Y--tS
n-e-\n--W-an-b eo-In-h-an-Wm en-a-\n-e-Xn-co-t !-cn-Wn-Jyn-\w.-a-in-_-do--tS I-Y !-cn-W--jo uN-t- tte-Zo-I -]-I-an-Wm. _-do--tS-w en-a-\t-w I-Y tte-Zo-I en- a-b-o-td A-Q-en-Zan-Wm. A-Xo-t\ H- dv-Io-I hw--e-an-bo K-Wou- In-cy-ao-. No-d fn-p-b B-f-b--tj
hw-c-o-%--Xo--ue-o A-e-m I-Yn--]w
\-!- h--Zn-bw tte-Zo-I-hn-io-Xy-o
-d--an-Wm. A-H-u]n-- \o-Xy C-Xo-in-h-an-bo-ue-Ww Cv I-Y-tb eo-d-bo--K-en.Cv I-Y-bo-td en-a-\-\n-b eo- D-Z-b--cy\n-Wm. eo- B-[o-ttZ-eo-In-Q-o D-Z-b--cy\n-tW-m f-X-]-Y-~n-1-W-o In-Wnw.-eoeo-cmb-x h b-unn f hv-h B-Zo-Xy.
-eo--b--an-Wm B b-w B-Zo-Xy--an-!-.
C-uX ~n-1-W-o-td tte--uen en-a-\nx F-
5-an-W-=w uN-m ]-To-%-un en-a-\ B-ZoXy-hw--e-\n-tW- tX-jo-w. en-a-\-t A-e-Xncw -cy--wo-tb ]-o-- tte-Zo-I-ho-n--m I-Yn--]w \-Io-b 5-Xo-n-eo-dn-h-ot D-|-d 5-n-e-an-bo-n-Wm \nw In-uW--Xm.
en-a-\-t A-e-Xn-cw _n-d-c-eo--tS D-Z-b-ta--u^
]-7o-X-a-Xw.-uZ-e-n--tS h--Sw A-I-e-en eo- en-a-\\n-bo A-Zo-Xo--tS K--o ]o-l- F--Hw,
tte-Zo-I I-+-\-bn-Wm. A-Zo-Xoc-Zp-\n -uZ-e-an-Xn

(\o--2w 4.23) uZ-e-n--tS A--bn-Wm A-Zo-Xo
F- -d-5-#-Xo. -d-5-#-Xo--tS A-J-7--]an-b A-Zo-Xo-m J-7o-X-a-n--Xm F- A-Q=w D-m. uZn A-e-J-7-u\ F- [n-H-eo-\o-m
A-Zo-Xo f-pw \o---an-!-. E-uK|-Zw ]-nw
a-7-dw F-?-]-o-c-nw -2-o-\m A-Zo-Xo
-2-ta-m u]--m. A-Zo-Xo-tb- B-Zo-a A-J7--]-an-b -d-5-#-Xo-bo-\o-n-Wm In-d-uZ-f-jo hp-ao-X-an-bo \nw r-io-%- 5-]-w
A---X-an-b-Xm. --o-]-l-n -wo D-n!--Xo----t A-e--bn-Wm A-Zo-Xo. A-ZoXo-bo \o--n-b J-7-an-Wm B-Zo-Xy A-e
-Xn-7-o hn-ayn-e--bo A-\-n-Xo--
5-#-Xo-bo \o-w D-n-b-Xo-\n an--7
F- u]-w d-o-. D-Z-b--cy-t\ en-a-\-t\-
eo-jo-%-en In-c-Ww cn-ô e-a-\w tN--bn ena-\-\n-bo F--u^ ]-7o-X-a-Xw. en-a-\ h-Feyn-]o-bn-b eo--eo-t D-o-w-an-tW-w, e-a-\w
tN- D-o-w-an-b-Xo-\n e-n-a-\-\n-bo F- A-o5n-b-=w 5-_-d-an-Wm. (tte--uen en-a-\n)-C-\o tte-Zo-In-Q-o _-do--tS \o-eN-\w -So \--tn-m ]-co-ufn-[o-nw. cn-gm-yuXn _-dow -c-o. _-do P-\-\-- ue--tX-nw
\-!- ?o-b-w ey-2o--an-tW- A-o-5n-b-=-m. E-uK|-Zw 7.18.19 w 5.1.10 w _-do hw-
un-Ky-]-Zn-Qw F- A-Q-o Hn-Xo-bo-m. P-\--m H-dy-X-ubn-tS F-nw \-!-
e---c-bn-Wm _-do. -ao uIn-Sn--uIn-So e-g-jn-bo uIn-Sn--uIn-So P-\--m ue-1--tXnw \-Io A-e-tc A--!-wo-ubn-tS ]-co-]n-do%- eo-f|w--c-bn-b e---c-bn-Wm. C-Xm F-n
P-\--uj-w H--u]n-td ]-co-]n-do-%- -c-Wn[o-In-co--tS 5-Xp-I-an-w No-d eo-d-bo--K-.-a-in-_-do--tS h-tte-f|-cy-h---X-m C--w (B-Z-n-\w) d-o-%-I-bo-. eo--eo-t heeyn-]-I-X (ue-ue-wo eyn-]mu\n-Xo N-cnnfNN-cw
P-K-Xm) a-\-o-dn-%- [-ao-~ A-Q-ta-
h|-K-u-w In-a-ta- -ao-ub-w Xy-Po--Ww.
uf-go-%--Xm X-t f-cp-c-an-Wm. h-e-=w Zn-\w
tN--I F--Xm b--h--+-an-Wm. H- a--gyt G--=w e-do-b h|-m A-e-t f-cp-c-an-Wm.
A-Hw Zn-\w tN-u--Xn-Wm. C-tX-nw F-u-X-
F- n-e-\-ubn-tS (C-Zw \-a-a) A-uWn-c-Wp-b-w
a-i-uXnx- a-ipb--an-b eo--eo-\m, en-a-\-X|w
te-So- B-In-f-e-So-eo-\m, A-o-n uan-
-an-bo. B -2o-tn--eo a-in-I-+-o-tdnco- !-\-P-w d-o-%-ta- B-f-b-an-Wm Cv

I-Y--tS A-[yn-Zo-I A-Qw.-F-n C--m F- bn-a-o-u-w h-a-bo-u-w 5-Xp-I-an-bn-Wm tte-Zo-I hn-io-Xyo _-do-hw- ]-c-t 5--2-an-bo---Xm.
e-d hw-e-c-uW C-Xo Z|n-Zo _-d-b-Xo hw-?-uWnXo h-ay- u\-^ an-n-Z-b-Xo bx _-do A--Incx e-hy _-In-c Pn-n--hx C-H-5-In-cw u\n-obn _-do A--In-c-t -No-o-%- 5-XpI-an-tW-m a-\-o-dn-nw. en-a-\-t\ D-Z-b--cy\n-w _-do-tb A--In-c-an-w h--+o--tIn-m
h|-K-=w -ao-w c-1 -e-So-\n A-j-t--%-
I-Yn-n-K-o-t tte-Zo-In-Qw F-t---So
\--m u\n-nw.-A-Xo---m tte-Zo-I uPyn-Xo, -uKn-j
fn--t-%-lo- -So \nw A-lo-o-co--Ww.
h|-Kw, -ao, ]n-Xn-jw F-p u]--I-jo A-lob-t-o-- uZ-f- 5n-Np-\-In-d-m Cv -aobo X-t-- -d-\n-a--jn-bo--. Beio-an-N-dw h|-K-=w (-ew -X ô-eo-w-ew
e-tc) Buh-H io-an-N-dw tX-%-e-S-n-w \o-!W-uZ-f-an-b (Nippon) P-n -X --\-eyw
F- n-o-u\-ey e-tc Io-k-%-]-So-n-ln-bo
e-- 5-uZ-f- -ao-w, C--t A-ua-co-
D-t-tS-- a-e -n-K- ]n-Xn-j-=-an-bo--.
Cv -uKn-j fn--t B--Z-an-o ue-Ww en-a
-\ A-j-t-- h|-K-=w, -ao-w, ]n-Xn-j-=ta-nw eo-d-bo--n. 360 Uo-ro-- uKn-jn-#Xo-bo-- -ao-m 90 Uo-ro ep-X-- \n- ?-]n-Z--;-m. (Quadrant) C-e b-Yn-?-aw (1) D-Z-bw
-X a-yn-w e-tc, (2) a-yn-w -X hn-bnw-e-tc), (3) hn-bn-w -X A--cn-ô e-tc,
(4) A--cn-ô -X D-Z-bw e-tc. C-Xo c-1
?--]n-Z- -en--uKn-j-o-w a-e c-1
]n-Z- D--cn- uKn-j-o--an-bo-co-%w. -ao-tS H- ]-!-Xo-bo D-Z-b--cy-t te-jo--=w a-c]-!-Xo-bo _-do--tS A--In-c-=w B-bo-co-%w.
C--;w te-jo--=w -ao-tb e-dw-te--tIn-o-co%w. Cv B-f-b-o-t fn-p-b-an-b hw-c--Wan-Wm Cv I-Y-bo-td C-Xo-?-w.--So a-C bn-No- en-a-\ c-1 ]n-Z-tIn-1-X-t F-nw A-j- Xp--I-Y--tS
tte-Zo-I X-dw a-tn-n-Wm. B-[o ttZ-eo-I-an-bo
Cv I-Y -ucyn-Z-b-t -No-o-%-. H- ]n-Zw
tIn-m h|-K-udn-I-t-w, c-nw ]n-Zw-tIn-m
+xn 478 23
23
-udn-I-u-w A-j-%-. -nw ]n-Zw te-n

_-do F- A--In-cw ]n-Xn-j-o-ud-m bn-^
-bn-!-. hw-e-e-c-o H-co- _-do ep-1w
e--tIn-o-co-%w. ueyn-an-io hw-e-e-cx B-Infw X-t-bn-Wm hw-e-e-cw. en-a-\-t B-Zy
-t ]n-Zw -en-w -X a-yn-w e-tc-w
c-n-a-t ]n-Zw a-yn-w -X A-]-cn-w
e-tc-w, hn-bn-w -X A--cn-ô e-tc--
-n-a-t ]n-Zw te--en -ao--tS -en-uKn-j-o -d-ao-n--Xo-\n D--cn-uKn-j-an-b ]n-Xn-j-o C--t A-ua-co- Dt-tS-- -n-K--jo te--. -w \n-w
]n-Z- D-tn-=- Cv -5-uZ-fw \--tS
]n-Z-X-d-o- Xn-tk B-I-bn ]n-Z-X-dw ]n-Xn
-jw F-m n-c-Xp-b eo-jo--u]n-. en-a-\-t B-Zy
c-1 -e--I 5-n-Xw -X D--e-tc-w ]o-t
D---X tte-!-u-cw e-tc--- c-1 In-d-b-j=-I an-^-an-Wm. ]n-Xn-jw -ao--tS a-u A-uKn-j-an-tW-w \nw a-\-o-dn--Ww. a-tn-cQ-o ]-l-n a-in-_-do F-w -ao-bow ]n-Xn-j-o---m. -ao -a-Ww tN--un
Hn-ucn A--uKn-j--;w an-lo-an-lo e---Xn-Wm
C-Xo--In-c-Ww. H-m a-tn-n-bo an-lo a-l--.
en-a-\ 5-Xy--t--o-Sw -ao, a-in-_-do
tN--o-Sw ]n-Xn-jw. C-Xm tte-Zo-I en- a-b-otd cn-]-I--I-;-tS B-e--\- an-^-an-Wm.
Cv I-Y--tS ]v-cn-Wo-I B-eo-ln-c-an-Wm en-a-\n
-e-Xn-cw. D-Z-b--cy-\n-b en-a-\ P-\--tj tXn-W-K-un A--In-c-an-b _-do P-\-tj
X-?-Io D-l-%-. D-l--om D--\p-N-X|-ao-. Z-co-w [-\-en-w -w-w fo-w-w F-n-e-w h-aw.
--o--l-n an-\-e-tc-n-w H--u]n-td,
h-a-X|---c-an-tbn- udn-Iw a--gy-a-\-o-td
H- h--+-an-Wm. F-n a-X-r---jo-w Cv
h--+-o-t A--c-W-\- \--m Z-fo-nw.-
-h-a-X|---c-an-tbn- uI-c-jw-an-ue-do \n--en-Wo-w In-dw-an--g-tc-n--tan--u]n-td-I--=-ao- N-Xo-=-ao--F-un-j-ao- t]n-jo-e-N-\w-F-c---X B-\-e-tc-- Pp-e-Pn-d--tj u\n&. A-e H-o-t\n-m B-#-Xo-bo-w 5-#-Xo-bo-w
uf-go-bo-w uf--go-bo-w, eo-o---jn-Wm.
I-eo-I ]n-So-b-u]n-td --u7--7-a-Xocm-o-n
H--u7 H--u7 h-c-h|-Xp. Hn-ucn X-d-bo-w Hn-ucn
478 24 +xn
24
- ap\w Bg\nZw
e-o Hn-ucn \n-eo-w Hn-ucn B-f-bw. a--gy

eo-jo---=- h-a-X|w H- ao-Yy-b-u? tte-eo-[y-W-an-b Cv udn-I-o G-I-X|w In--tX-o-t\. an-\-e-cn-fo-tb e-o-n A-e-t
a-\-o C--tIn-- I--\n-W-b-an-uWn Cv
h-a-X|w?-tte-eo-[y--W-an-b Cv udn-I-o-t
eo-eo-[--J--tj -o-bo-W-%- h-e-eyn-]-Ian-tbn- tF-Iyw 5-]--o In-Wnw. F-n
L-S-I--uj-w A-u\yn-\yw _-o-o-%- Xn-j\o-_--an-b H- tF-Iyw c-No-%- G-I-udn-I-anWm \--tS -o---Xm.D--\p-N-X|w C-n-tX a--gy-tc-nw H-u]n-td Pp-eo--W-ta- h--+w cn-an-b-Ww,
a-in-n-c-Xw -X-dn-b ]v--ug-b C-Xo-in-hr---jo-w E-uK|-Zw u]n-- A-]v--ug-b
r---jo-w In-Wnw. cn-an-b-W-o-td-AA-a-uc- a-bn e-yn-5-Pn--wn --Yn 5--un G-I-ecm-Wn-h-a-n-g G-I--]n-L hcm-e-fx-F- u^n-Iw C-Xo-\m D-Zn-i-c-W-an-Wm. F-n
a--gy-w H-uc n-g ]-l-m H-uc Pn-Xo-bn-bo
e-o-%- e-W-\ \---eo-tS In-Wnw. The
whole earth was of one language and of one speech
(genisis 11-1) F- e-N-\-=w C-uX X-X-|-o-t
A--c-W-\-an-Wm. a-in-n-c-Xw fn-o-]-e-o
59.4 Cv B-f-bw a-tn- -]-o 5-Xo]n-Zo-o--m.-\\-cn-Pn f hp-Xm \- N-Z-u7n-n- \ -Z-7o-Xx-[cm-u-a-ttW-e 5--Pnx hcm-e c--o
--]-c--cw-w
-A-m cn-Py-uan cn-Pn-uen C-n-bo--. !--=w
fo--w D-n-bo--o-. Z-7o--t-uS--ecn-bo B-w-X-t C-n-bo--. h-a--5-P-I-;w
[-a-n-X-t ]-c--cw hw-c-o--u]n-.
eo-f|-cn-{-o-t eyn-]-n-]-I-\n-b N-?-eo [-a-]-co-]n-d-I\n-tb-o an-^-ua eo-f|o-- h-I-d 5-P-I-%w H--u]n-td h-Zm
-J-fn-o d-o-& F-m ue-Z-=w D-ZmuLn-go%-. a--gy ]-W-o-w ]-Z-eo-bo-w B-h2-cn-In-tX I-d-i--jo-n-tX [a\o-~-ubn-tS
e-ho-o-- Cv ]-k-b-In-d-o-t -c-W-bo
\o-n-enw !-cn-W I-n--m an-ue-do-\n-Sot h--+w d-o--Xm.A
- l- o-eo-t D-le
- n-b ue-Z
- j
- o h-aX
- |-t-%lo-m F- ]-l-- F- u\n-nw. E-uK|-Z-o-t
A-e-hn-\ n-K-K-e-- hw-L-S-\n--2w u\n%-I.-hh-an-\p-e B--Xo--an-\n ,--Z-bn-\o ex-h-an-\-a- uen a u\n-b-Yn e --h-in-h-Xo.-A--ubn P-\--tj \o--;-tS an-\-ho-In-e--w
h--+--;w H-uc-u]n-td B-bo-p-c-t. \o-
H--a-ubn-tS h-uin-Z-c-n-e-un-tS e-o-%en ue-1--Xn-tbn- a-\-m \o--%-ne-t.
-uI-c-jw -co- a-in-_-do B-cm?-
-5n-Np-\ uI-c-j-t-%-lo-- I-Y-I [n-cn-jw

5-Xo-]n-Zo-o---Xm
--!-cn-Wn--K-X-an-b
h-iyn-o-J-7-o-w a--c-J-7-o-w i-co-ewf-!-cn-W--jo--an-Wm. F-n ]v-cn-Wo-I-an-b
cp-Xo-bo I-Yo--t-o-co-%- Cv r---jo
\o-m uI-c-j-o-t N-co-^w hw-r-io-%-I A-^
F-;--a-. uI-c-jw en-Wo-- D--a-\n-tbn-
N-?-e-o-tb-bn-Wm a-in-_-do-bn-bo ]-d-w
h--+o-%--Xm. F-n Cv N-?-e-o B-cm
F--Xo-\m h-e-h--X-an-tbn- Xp-m D-nbo-o-. ]-d A-o-5n-b- 5-N-co-%--t-ow A-Xo 5-_-d-an-b c-m A-o-5n-b--jn-Wm
C-eo-tS uN-o-co-%--Xm.-\-a-Zn Xp-c-t H- \n-K-cp-I cn-{-ot A-[o-]-\n-bo-- [-ao-~-\n-b H- cn-Pn-em
In-fy-]-Z|o-Pn-Xo-I-;-tS Z--V-X--n n-\-w-\n-bo uI-c-j-Xp-c-K-e- cn-Pyw n-]o--XnWm uI-c-j-o-td C--t Hn-Wn-uLn-g-o-
In-c-W-an-b a-in-_-do F- A-o-5n-bw ]-d
]-7o-X-n-w 5-I-So-o-%--m._o.-ho. 4nw -n-1 -X F.-Uo. -nw
-n-1-e-tc-- F-?--c-e-g- uI-c-j-o
fo-e-Z|o-P-n--tS 5-n-e-In-d-an-bo--. A-nd-t t]--an--n-tc uN-c-dn-X-n F-n-Wm
]-l-o---Xm. C-e A--c-N-?-e-o-bn-b
a-in-_-do--tS ew-f-P-cn-bo---te-m No-d
A-e-In-f-t--. C-e--tS C-S-bo-td 5-_-d-\n-b
-c-Wn-[o-In-co-bn-b D-a-b-e-c-, en-\-e-c-
F-p uN-c-dn-X-n--tS -c-Ww P-\-u-a-I-c-=w
u[-~-=-an-bo--. A-e--tS -c-W-o-t a-c--c-W-I-;-tS n-c-I-an-bo G-t--Xn-enw
uI-c-j-o-td Hn-Wn-uLn-gw. h-Xyw F--X-t
B-bn-w ]-c--c a-e-c-=w I-d-i-=w -Sn-tX P-\h--iw \o-_n-[w e-j-o--tn- -e-W-
In-dw \--%-n-bo-- F- In-cy-o X-

-ao-. A-H-u]n-tdn- an-J-In-cn-Py-o-t N-?e-o-bn-b a-in-_-do-tb C- \nw No-^p-I-co%- cp-Xo-bo in-hy-ue-g--gn-Zo-I-jo-&-So
!-\--wo-u- In-cy--un F---So Cv
e-- Hn-W-\n-jo \- No-o-%--Xm D-No-Xan-bo-co-%w.-aa-in-_-do !--S-e-b-l-u\n?-Xo--uen-Ww \--tS Xo----t-K-un
Hn-ucn I--e-S-n-w a-in-_-do--tS eo-#-X--]w
A-e-c-e--tS n-]-\-o---o H- udn-uKn
F--e-Bw 5-Z-fo-o-%- cp-Xo C-m ]-Xo-enbo-an-lo-bo--m. D-o-b !-S-e-b-cw, I--S-ap-f-w
Ip-lo--lo-Rm Hn-d-%-S-w -So e-- a-in-_-do-tS -]w a-in-cn-Pn-eo-t\-%-lo-- \--tS a-\o-td -]-h--+--tj-X-t A-e-ui-jo-%-
eo-[-o-dn-Wm. Xo-co--lo-eo-n- ao-ao-?o-n-w
In--Wo-%-I-;w uN-m ]-co-]n-I-t--o-b Cv
eo-#-X--]-an-uWn B-_n-d-?-w a-d-bn-jo-I-;w
a-\-o Xn-udn-do-%- b-Yn-Q a-in-_-do.
cn-Pn--n-tc-nw !-S-e-b-l-n-cn-tW- h--+w
X-t f-co-b-. \--tS A-lo-eo-- F-^ uI-c-j
cn-Pn--n-m !-S-e-b-c-m. an-n-7-e-
a-in-cn-Pn-eo-\m !-S-e-b D-un? f-2 X--cn\m !-S-e-b-c-un? ]-k-bo-cn-Pn-eo-\m !-S-e-b-c-un?
Xo--eo-Xnw--lo Cv A---In-dw e-tc a-in-cnPn-en-bo-- No-o-c-Xo--\n-jo-\m !-S-e-b-c-un?
uI-c-j cn-Pn--n-m uN-cn- Cv !-S-e-b
F-o-\m a-in-_-do--tS -a-do e--tI-o. tFXo-iy-o-td A--c 5-ubn-K-an-uWn a-in-_-dom ?v-cy-o-t 5-Xp-I-an-b I--S-ap-f-w !-S-eb-cw \-Io-b-Xo- ]o-o-td In-c-Ww. F-o
Cv A--c-n uZ-e-n--tS uPy-~-w -e-uZ-en--an-tW- h-Xyw -So \nw a-\-o-dn--Ww.
5-P-I-;-tS u-a-o-w tF-f|-cy-o-w ue-o
h|-Pp-eo-Xw X-t _-do-b-o- a-in-Xyn-Ko-bn-b
cn-Pn-en-Wm a-in-_-do. A-u-i-o-t u]-
-u]n-w C-m A-\y-an-Wm. \n-a-I-c-W-hw-n-c-ot n-K-an-bo A--\--an C- eo-jo-u-c- a-in_-do F--Xm. a-in-Xyn-Kw tN--e F-u Cv
u]-co-\m A-Q-->. 5-P-I-% ue-o h|-w
u]--u]n-w Xy-Po- Cv a-in-t\ A--u]--tS
A-w A-fo-%- A-c-N-\n-bo A-Wo-\o-c-K-Xm A--No-X-an-Wm.-uI-c-j-o H- tNn-;-m. H--u\-cw -Ww I-ko-%--e ubn-Ko, c-1-u\-cw I-ko-%+xn 478 25
25
-e Xyn-Ko, --u\-cw B-in-cw I-ko-%--e n H-S--un F-^-w ue-Kw A-Xm

un-Ko, \n--u\-cw I-ko-%--e ucn-Ko, A-- A-S--u]n-!-a-un A-H-u]n-td I-Bo--
u\-cw A-w I-ko-%--e un-io. C-o-t\ u\n- I-ko-em A-e--tS f-cp-c-o--n-bo-. f-
%-un \--tS a-in-_-do-tb H- un-io--tS - uZ-i-o-\m -lo-ue-]o-n [-ao-%-
X-d-o-ud-m X-cw Xn-N- eo-[-o-- No-^p-I- an-^-bo X-t eo-e-cw a-\-o-dn-o f-cp-cw
c-W-an-Wm ]-d-w ]-S--eo---Xm. -lm C--do-w -lo---Xo----X-t tX-o H-ko--u]n-!-en
]-K _--m hn-n-cw fn-o-- C--do l-n-bo- -- ta-bm h|n-[p-\-X-tb-bn-Wm "ta-bm I-Bn
-tS -]-an-Wm C-m ]-d-w a-in-_-do-m I-+o- -%-I" F--Xo-t A-Qw. C-H-u]n-td A-ynho-I-;w Xyn-K-[-\-n--an-b cn-Pn--n-tc !-S-e\-!--Xm. ue-Z--jo !--g -2-ob-l-n-cn-bo No-^p-I-co-o-co-%--Xm \- 5-e-W-~n-1-uWn f hy --J-an-hp-Zm
X-b-. ho-\o-an-n In-Wo-%- e-o-u]n-w,
-_n-+-cn-P-\yx #--Xx-F- a-w In-Wnw. Cv a--n-K-o cn-Pn- Cv In-cy-o \nw In-Wo-%-o-. a-in-_-do-tS I-Y ho-\o-a-bn-o No-^p-I-co--un _-doeo-t\ hw-c--W-o-t 5-Xp-tS ue-gw A-o-\-bo--Xm -I-an-b ttI-I-ujn-Sn-Wm D-]-ao-oc-\n-b u5w-\h
- p-ln-bo-
- . A-co-%--Xm. cn-Pyt hw-c-o
n-ho-b- F-un--Ww.-%- n-^-ep-cy-o-t 5-Xp-Xo--eo-Xnw- a-in-cn-Pn-em
I-an-b cn-Pn-eo-\m !-S-e-b H-D-^n-Sw Xo--\n an-n-7\n-;w uN---X-. cn-Py-hw-c-e- F-n Hn-W-n-d-Kw
Wn-Qw \nw \-!- \o-!-XoXo--e-\--!-cw
ho-o-bo-td
w, ttI-I F- A-Q-o
In-\-ln _n-o-t -o 5-Z-fo
I-c-an-Wm (SnOm) cn-Py-t hw-c-o-%- !-S-e-b-l-\n-b a-in-_o-%- ]-n-j-=w ttI-I F-
do--tS -]w I-m a-\--a--m
A-Q-o (Bnw-Bao B-ao
B-l-So \p-j-o-w --So ep-Xo-bn-Wm. ]-k-b-In-d cn-Pn-n
C--t P-\n-[o-]-Xy a-o-anbo--- H- Iyn-en-ho cn-Ptc-u]n-td fp-Xo-I-co- -lo-%Ip-b-an-b a-in-_-do-tb B-o-Pno C--m -w \-bo-%-Xy-o-t \o-l-&--I-jn Xo-
e-c-. A-e B--[-ua-o A-S-o-tb-?-H-I--n-bo. C-\o-tb-j-o
A-S-cn-So-bc-W-[p-co-w a-d-bn-jo-I a-\-o
XoeoXnw
Xo
eoXnw
aincnPn=m
aincnPn m
n B-bo--. a-tn-c-Qo [p.p. D^nSw
D nSw Xo
Xo\n
\n ]-Xo-o- -]w an-o a-in-cn-Pn-em
]-l-n ta--Bn-b-e-cn-bo--.
ann7ea
ann
ea ec e-c--X- a-in-_-do-tb 5-Xo-~o\--tS I-Bo F-t-ow tIn%-ta-m 5-Xp-o--t.ain_dotS
ain_do
tS No^w
No
fnenuhyn]\ogm
fnenuhyn]\og
]-co-e--\-fp-d-an-b P-K-o h-e-eyn-]o-bn-b Cv-f|-c B-e-ho-%-. Cv-f|-c--wo \-f|-can-tW--lo-m A-e-bo d-bo--uN-cn-tX B-=--^ Xyn-K-n-e-un-tS D-]-un-Kw tN--I. F-nw
\-f|-c-an-tW-o-co-o-w B-tc-w un-io-n-tX I-ko---^ I-a-\o-c-X-\n-bo B-In-=-o-S-unjw Pp-eo-%-I. C-Xn-Wm G-I-an-Kw. b-f-o-t\ 5n-]o-%-I, B-Z-f-2o-tb te-jo-t--o eo-f|-hnuin-Z-cyw A---X-an-o h-e-N-cn-N-c--jo-w eo-eo-[ Y-W--2-w I-a-^-d-o-t ey-e-n-]I--an-b Cv-f|-c-t eyn-]-I-X|w A-lo--I. ]-o-I c-1 No-l-!-I-;w D-]-ubn-Ko- ]-l-%--H-u]ntd I-aw, n-\w F-o-e-bo--tS v-Xo-I-=w B-yn-Zo-I-=-an-b D--Xo 5n-]o-m Pp-eo-X-hn-^dyw u\--I. C-Xo- eo-Ln-X-an-bo\o---Xm h-Xy-o-t\ a-l--e-- h|-W-n-^w A-Y-en \-f|-can-b dv-Io-I--J--jn-Wm. --an-bo-p-- Cv f-cp-c-o-\m A-ao-X 5n-[n-\yw \-n-tX -X-e-an-\ -eo-gy-K-I-tj Cv-f|-c-\o-d-o-m dv-Io-I--]-nc-dv-Io-I hv-Jy- u\-S-Ww. tN--etb--o ]-co-No--\w tN--I-w Hnw t\ -co-%-I-w, e--\ \o-l- a-\-o-t\ an-o, u\-e-ko
In--en I-a--wn-en-b A-lo-ubn-Sm ,-Z-bw H-l-m A-u]-o-%I--an-Wm a--gy-t I--eyw.
26
478 26 +xn
- ap\w Bg\nZw
D]\ogK
D]\og
KI ueZuan?
uUn. Fw.B. cnuPgm
D]\og jotd
D]\ogKjotd
ueZeynJyn\ttfdo
N-H-ue-Z hw-io-X-bo A--c--u]-W--

eo-Nn-c--jn-Wm D-]-\o-g-K--jo eo--co-t-o---Xm. 5-ho---jn-b D-]-\o-g-K--jo-td
X-|--;-tS B-[n-cw E-uK|-Zn-Zo a---jn-tWm G-Xm ]o-]-To-i-eo-w e-j-tc F-;--o a-\o-dn-n I-ko-w. Iv-gp-X-Io H-S-o-b D-]-\og-K--jo-td ]-Z--tj-nw E-uK|-Z eo-Nn-c--tj
!-wo-t--K--Xn-tW- In-Wn 5-bn-h-ao-.
D-]-\o-g-K--jo-td D--X-an-b No--I b-YnQ-o hw-io-Xn-5-Xo-]n-Zy-an-b eo-g-b--;-tS
eo-n-cw X-t-bn-Wm. a-m D-]-\o-g-K--jo
!--g--2w, \n-h-Zp-b -2w (E-uK|-Zw 10, 129)
uI-\ ]n-o -2w (A-Y-ew 10.2) - -2w
(A-Y-ew 10.7.2) ~-1-W--Xo -2w (E-uK|-Zw
10.72), en-Im -2w (E-uK|-Zw 10.125) io-c-Wy-K--2w (E-uK|-Zw 10.121) tte-f|n-\-c--2w, A-La-g-W -2w H-S-o-b -2--jo In--
Zn-f-\o-I eo-Nn-c--;-tS 5-Xo-_ow-_w D-]-\o-gK--jo \--m eo--co- X-t In-Wnw.
-A-uXn-tSn-w I-B-b--ue-Z-hw-io-X-bo-td
fo-e-h--+ A-yn-bw (en-P-h-u\-bo hw-io-X 34)
-n-[yn-bw (16) A-f|-ua-[--D-]-\o-g-Z-[yn-bw (29)
!--g--2w F-o-e uI-e-dw I-a-In-7-5-[n\---e an-^-a-. A-e-w D-]n-h-\n 5-[n-\-an-Ibn D-]-\o-g-Zm H-dyw X-t-bn-Wm. A-Hw -So
I-W-o-td--%-un D-]-\o-g-o-td A-[yn-Z[n-c tte-Zo-In-So--l-bo \o- X-t Io-jo-K
e--Xn-tW- \o-w-f-bw ]-l-bnw. D-]-\o-g-m
ue-Z--;-tS G-H-X-cw n-gy-an-tW- uNn-Zyw Cvb-e-h-c-o D-b- e-cnw.
-w-an-bo--t D-]-\o-g-K- Cv ue-Z-tj B-[-bo-n-Wm \o-%--tX-m h-F-ueZn- ]-7o-X-w Aw-Kp-I-co-%---tn. Cv-fw,
I-Tw, ttX-p-co-bw F-o-e b--ueZp-b-an-tW
- ]-l---H X-t D-Zn-i-c-Ww C-uX-u]n-td
a-m D-]-\o-g-K--;w ue-Z--tj B-[-bo---ebn-tW-m ]-c--c-bn-X-t G-e-w Aw-Kp-I-co-u]n---m. Cv-fn-en-hy-an-I-t ue-Z-=-an-bo

Xn-Zn-Zyw ttI-e-co--Hw 5n-an-Wo-I-an-bo \--m
In-Wnw.-D-]-\o-g-K- ue-Z-c-i-hyw, ue-Zn-w
F-p u]--I-jo 5-ho--=-an-Wm. ue-Zn-un\n-uan-]-\o-g-Xm 5-an-W-am ue-Zn--hn-c F-
5-ubn-Kw X-t---tn. D-]-\o-g-K- ue-Z\o-io-X-an-b Z-f-\--tj-bn-Wm 5-I-S-an-%--Xm.
-D-]-\o-g-K--jo--t A-u\-Iw n-\-jo '-~-1w' H-S-o-b-e-tb e-Wo-%-o-S-m
'G-gn ue-uZn-]-\o-Xm', 'G-gn hw-io-uXn-]-\o-g-Zm '
F-o--t\ ]-l--H In-Wnw. A-Xn-b-Xm C-Xm
ue-Z-o-t D-]-\o-g-n-!-, C-Xm hw-io-X--tS
D-]-\o-g-n-!--te-tn-t A-Yw. D-Zn-i-cW-o-\m ttX-p-co-ubn-]-\o-g-o-td 5-n-ew
X-t In-0.
G-g B-uZ-fx G-g D-]-uZ-fx, G-g ue-uZn-]-G\o-g-Xm, G-X-Z--fn-h-\-am. G-e--]n-ho-X-eyam G-e- ttN-X--]n-hy-am.
(ttX-p-co-ubn-]-\o-g-m 11.4)
A-Yw: C-Xn-Wm ue-Z-fn---;-tS \o-u-fw.
-AC-Xn-Wm D-]-uZ-fw. C-Xn-Wm ue-uZn-]-\o-g-K-jo-td 5-fo--Ww. C-H-X-t B-N-co--Ww.
C--t\ u\-cnw-e-Bw A--~o-%--H-X-t-bnWm D-No-Xw. a-tn- -So C-uX D-]-\o-g-o
\o- uI-&: A-Yn-Xx h -io-Xn-bn D-]-\o-gZw eyn-Jyn-hyn-ax (ttX-p-co-ubn-]-\o-g-m 3.1)
F-w ]-l-o-co-%-.
-Cv c-m D-Zn-i-c-W- ]-co-ufn-[o-n
'-ue-uZn-]-\o-g-m' F-w 'hw-io-Xn D-]-\o-g'
t-w c-1 f-p- I-S--e--Xn-bo In-Wnw.
C-Xo \o-w D-]-\o-g-K---t h|-bw
ue-Z--tj B-[-bo- \o-%--e-tb-m ]-l-In--. '-ue-Z-o-t'- F--Xo-\m D-]-\o-g-K ue-Z-eyn-Jyn-\-an-!--te- X-t \--m
+xn 478 27
27
A--Y-ta--nw. -K-en [p-a-Zm f--cn-Nn-cy h|nao-I-;w ue-uZn-]-\o-g-m F--Xo-\m '-ue-Z-c-i-hy'ta-m A-Qw ]-l-o--m. D-]-\o-g-K--jo
I-S--e-- ~-1-eo-g-b-I-an-b e-W-\-I-jo
~-1-t h-Xyw, - In-d- _n-[o-n-Xm, Cv 5-]--c-N-bo-Xn-em, [-co-%--e-w hw-ico-%--e-w, n-\-h|--], B-\--h|--]
F-tn-t eo-e-co-%--Xm In-Wnw. C-uX eo-e-cW- \--m ue-Z-a---jo-w In-Wnw. F-o\m D-]-\o-g-K--jo A-u\-Iw ue-Z-a--
A-uX-]-So-ubn A-+w eyn-Jyn-\-an-ubn X-t
\-Io-b-H \--m In-Wnw.
-D-Zn-i-c-W-o- \--m Nn-un-Ky-o-ud-m
u]n-Inw.
-Xn-e-n\-hy a-io-an X-uXn Pyn-bnw-uL
!--gx -]n-uZn--hy hcmen --Xn-\o
--]n-a-Z-hyn--Xw Zo-ep-Xo.
-(On-un-Kyw 3.126)
-C-uX a-w b--uF-Z-o-w (31.3) w In-Wnw.
- ue-Z--jo-ud-w !--g -2-o Cv
a--o-t b-Yn-Q h|--]w \--m In-Wnw.
A-uX-u]n-td ue-Z-o-td eo-Jyn-X-an-b Kn-b^p-a--o-t eo--X-an-b eyn-Jyn-\w \--m
On-un-uKyn-]-\o-g-o -nw 5-]n-T-I-o
]--nw J-7-o In-Wnw.
-KnKn-b-^p en C-Z- hcm-ew --Xw
-b-Zo-Zw Iow N en-ttK|
-Kn-b-^p en-K|n C-Z- h-cmew
--Xw Kn-b-Xo N ^n-n-b-uX N
(On-un-Kyw 3.12.1)
-AA-Yw: Xp--bn-w Kn-b-ô-bn-Wm Cv N-cn-Nc--jo---tX-nw. 5n-W-w A--t\--t.
en-Km tte Kn-b-^p = en-Wo-bn-Wm Kn-b-ô. In-cWw en-Wo-bn-Wm Cv -X-h--i-t Kn-\w tN--Hw c-o-%--Hw.
-bn-tte hn Kn-b-^p-bw
-en-e hn ub-bw #--Yo-eyn-hyn-ip-Z- h-cmew- --Xw
-5-Xo-~o-X-ua-Xn-ua-e \n-Xo-fp-b-uX.......-(On-un-Kyw 3.12.2)
-AA-Yw: Xp--bn-w Cv Kn-b-ô #-Yo-eo-bn!-. In-c-Ww Cv #-Yo-eo-bo-dn-Wm Cv h-e
N-cn-N-c--;w 5-Xo-~o-X-an-bo-co-%--Xm. Cv #-Yoeo-tb H-o-w A-Xo-?-ao-n-\n-Io-.
-bn
bn tte hn #--Yo-ep-bw en-e hn
-b-Zo-Z-a-o !--ug f-cp-c
478 28 +xn
28
- ap\w Bg\nZw
-a-o ip-ua 5n-n-Wnx 5--Xo-~o-Xn

-G-X-uZ-e \n-Xo-fp-b-u...............
...............
-(On-un-Kyw 3123)
-AA-Yw: Cv #-Yo-eo-bo---H X-t-bn-Wm Cv
!--g-t f-cp-cw. In-c-Ww C-Xo-dn-Wm 5n-W
5-Xo-~o-X-an-bo-co-%--Xm. 5n-W Cv f-cp-ct A-Xo-f-bo-%-o-.
-b-ttZ| X-Xm !--ug f-cp-c-ao-Zw -en-e
X-Zy-Zo-Z-a-o--x -!--ug ,--Z-b-a-o
ip-ua -5n-Wnx 5--Xo-~o-Xn G-X-uZ-e
\n-Xo fp-b-u
-(On-un-Kyw 3.12.4)
-AA-Yw: Xp--bn-w !--g-t Cv f-cp-cw Cv
A-x-!--g-\o-- ,-Z-b-ta--Xm A-Xo-H-X-t.
In-c-Ww C-Xo-dn-Wm Cv 5n-W- 5-Xo-~o-X-anbo-co-%--Xm. Cv ,-Z-b-t 5n-W- D-w-Lo%-o-.
-Xn-en--\-hy a-io-an X-uXn
-Pyn-bnw-L !--gx
-]n-uZn---hy h-cmen --Xn-\o
-ô-]n-Z-hyn--Xw Zo-ep-Xo...........-(On-un-Kyw 3.12.6)
-Cv !--g-t a-io-a F-^-ubn A-Xo-w e--XnWm !--g. Cv N-cn-N-c--tj-nw A-e-t H-
n-K-an-!-. A-e-t -n-w A--X-|-an-!-
Zyv-udn-I-o--A-Xo--a--l-an-!--te-m ue-Zw
]-l--.
-b-ttZ| X-Zm ~--u1--Xp-Zw
-en-e X-uZyn--bw _-io-cm[.
-!--gn-Zn-In-ufn ubn tte
-h _-io-cm[n !--gn-Zn-In-fx
-(On-un-uKyn-]-\o-g-m 3.12.7)
-AA-Yw: Xp--bn-w Cv ~-1-an-I-t C-H-X-tbn-Wm. B !--g--a--l-K- B-In-fw. A-H-Xt-bn-Wm !--g- !-l-ua-- B-In-fw.
-A-bw en-e h-ubn---b-a-x !--g
-B-In-ufn ubn tte uhn--x
!--g B-In-fx.........
-(On-un-uKyn-]-\o-g-m 3.12.8)-AA-Yw: C-uX A-Xm. Cv f-cp-c-o--I-ua--
B-In-fw. Xp--bn-w Cv f-cp-c-o-\-I-ua--
B-In-fw.
-AA-bw en-e h ubn--b-a--cm,-Z-b
-B-In-f--uZ X-Xm --cmW-a5--e-cmXo
--cmWa 5--e-cmXo \p- [o-o-bw
d--uX b G-ew ue-Z...-(On-un-Kyw 3.12.9)
A-Yw: A-Xn-!-. Cv A- ,-Z-b-o

B-In-f-an-bo-co-%--Xm. A-Xn-b-Xm B ~-1w
-W-an-b ]-co-e--\-c-io-X-=w B-!-. C-Xm
C--t\ A-lo---bn -W-an-b-Hw ]-co-e-\w D-n-In--H-an-b tF-f|-cy-t u\--.
-C--t\ 5-f- ue-Z-a--an-b Kn-b-ô-tb
eyn-Jyn-\o-%-I-bn-Wm On-un-uKyn-]-\o-g-m.
uf|-Xn-f|-X-ucn-]-\o-g-o-td eo-f|-X-L E--Xeo-f|-uXn--Jx (3.3)
(
F- n-Kw b--ue-Z-o
\--m In-Wnw. eo-f|-X-L-E--X-eo-f|-uXn
--uJn eo-f|-uXn _n-*--X eo-f|-X-n-Xm. (E-uK|Zw 10.81.3) C-uX a-w b--uF-Z-o-w (17.19) InWnw. A-uX-u]n-td uf|-Xn-f|-X-ucn-]-\o-g-o
-ue-Zn-i-ua-Xw !--gw a-in--am (uf|-Xn-f|-X-ucn]-\o-g-m 3.8) h-i--fp-gn !--gx (uf|-Xnf|-X-cw 3.14) F-o-e ?-a-o b--ue-Z-o-\m
31.18w A-Y-e-o 19.6.1 \o-w F--m D-co--Xn-Wm.
-A-uX-u]n-td -7-uIn-]-\o-g-o-td
-Z|n --]-cmWn h-Pn h-Jn-bn
-h-an-\w ?--w ]-co-g-h|-Pn-uX.-X-ubn-c-\yx ]o--dw.
-h|n-Z|-y-\-T--u\yn A-o-Nn-I fp-Xo.
-(-7-Iw 3.1)
-AA-Yw: H--ao- Xn-a-ho-%- -,-K--tjun
-- c-1 ]-o-I H-uc ?--t B-[-boo-co-%-. A-e c-o H-m A-Xn-b-Xm Pp-en
-Zn-em h|n-Zo-~-an-b ^-d-t -Po-%-. a-u
]-o A-Y-en ]-c-an-Zn-em -o-n-tX u\n-o
Cco%.
C-uX a-w \--m uf|-Xn-f|-X-ucn-]-\o-go-w (4.3) In-Wnw. F-n C-e F--o-co%--Xm E-uK|-Z-o (1.164.20) \o-w A-Ye
(9.9.20)-o \o--an-tW-m hw-io-X ]-To-n
a-\-o-dn-!w. b--ue-Z-o-td H- a--f-I-dw
In--I.
-tt\-\--cm[|w \ Xo-cy-w \ a-u[y
]-co P-r--Xm
(b--ue-Zw 32.2)
-C-uX a-w \--m uf|-Xn-f|-X-ucn-]-\o-g-o
D--co--H In-Wnw (u\n-%-I. uf|-Xn-f|-X-cw 4.19)
A-uX-u]n-td I-uTn-]-\o-g-o-td A-nw e-obo c-n-a-Xn-bo e-- a-w "iw-h I-No-gXm
e--c--co--Xm" H-S-o-b a-- b-ue-Z-o-td 12nw A-yn-b-o-td 14nw a--anWm. C--t\ A-u\-Iw ue-Z-a-- H- an--=ao-n-tX--t D-]-\o-g-K--jo D--co--H
In-Wnw. C-tX-nw \--m In-Wo--X---Xm D-]\o-g-K- h|-bw hw-io-X--tS 5n-[n-\y-t

eo-jo-un-H--te-n-Wm. -Sn-tX Kn-b-^p H-S-ob-e--tS eo--X eyn-Jyn-\--;w D-]-\o-g-K-jo I-1-e--. C-n-cyw uf|-Xn-f|-X-ucn-]-\og-m #-Xy-an-bo -o-n---H In-0x
-XX-Zmue-Z Y--uiyn-]-\o-g-f Z--Vw X-Zm
-~-1n ue-Z uX ~-1-ubn-\o-am.
-ub cm
cm-euZ-en-E-g-b-L X-Z|o--hmuX
-X--bn A--Xn tte _--=x
-ue-Z--;-tS c-i-hy--]-an-b D-]-\o-g-K-jo Z-V-an-b B ]-c-an-Zn-em H-jo-o-co-%-.
B ue-Z--;-tS In-c-W-an-b ~-1-t ue-Z-uen- A-lo-o--. -F-n-cn-b uZ-e-n-w
E-go-an-w B ~-1-t A-lo-m A-Xo dp-\\n-bo -2o 5n-]o-.
-D-]-\o-g-o-td Cv 5-n-e-o ue-Z--;tS Y-iy-eo-Zy-bn-Wm D-]-\o-g-K--jo---tX-m
-w-ua ]-l-o-co-%-.
On-un-Ky-]-\o-g-o
A-H-tIn-n-Wm
C--t\ ]-l--Xm.
-uX
uX en G-uX c-hn-\n c-hx
-ue-Zn io c-h-nhmuX-gnua-uX c-hnx
-Xn-\o en G-Xn-\y--Xn-\n-a--Xn-\o,
-ue-Z iy--Xn-hmuX-gn-ua-Xn\y--Xn-\o
-(On-un-Kyw 3.5.4)
-A-e X-t-bn-!- b-f-w, uX-P-w, tF-f|cy-=w I-Bn-Zo Zo-ey-h|--]--;w c-h--;-tS c-h=w. A-H-X-t-bn-!- Cv D-]-\o-g-m. A--X-;-tS A--Xm. ue-Zw A--X-an-!-. A-e ue-Z-;-uS-w A--Xn-!-.
-uI-u\n-]-\o-g-o ue-Z-=w D-]-\o-g-Kw
X-o F--t\ _--t- Io-S-%--te-m
-ey-2-an-bo ]-l-o--m. u\n-&.
-DD-]-\o-g-Zw un --ip-Xz-2n -b D-]-\o-g-Xm
~n-n-1pw -en-e X D-]-\o-g-Z-a--ua-Xo........-X-tthy X-u]n Z-ax I-cmua-Xo -5-Xo-~n ue-Znx
h-cmen- Kn-\o h-Xy-an-b-X-\-am
(uI-\w 4.7,8)
-AA-Yw: fo-gy ]-l-, ui Y-ucn, A-m
~-1-eo-Zy-tb D-]-uZ-fo- X-n-w. A-un
Y- a-c-]-So ]-l-, fo-gyn, \o-\-m ~-1 eo-Zy
D-]-uZ-fo--I-ko-. Xp--bn-w ~-1-eo-Zyn hw_--an-b D-]-\o-g-m D-]-uZ-fo--I-ko-. B
~-1-eo-Zy--ue-o X-]-m, C-o-b \o-r-iw,
\o-pn-a-I-aw C-e hn-[-\-I-jn-Wm. A-Xm ue-Z+xn 478 29
29
ue-Znw-K--jo 5-Xo-~o-X-=w A-Xo-t B-[n-cw

h-Xy-=-an-Wm.
C-eo-tS -ueue-Znx h-cmen- Kn-\o F- 5-ubn-Kw
#-Xy-an-bo F--K ]-To--u\n-nw.
-C-\o \--m D-]-\o-g-K--jo-td e-W-\nttf-do F-n-tW- ]-co-ufn-[o-nw. D-]-\o-gK--jo-td ue-Z-n-gy-ttf-do F--t\-tb-
u\n-nw. A-Xo-n-bo \--m E-uK|-Z-o-td H-
a--o-ud-m I-S-nw.
-Kcm-u h--u\|-gn-a-ue-Z-a-iw
-uZ-en-\nw P-\o-an-\o eo-f|n.
-f-Xw-an-!-c B-b-hp-c-c---[
-ufy-u\n P-e-hn \o-c-Zp-b-am.............-(E-uK|-Zw 4.27.1)
-AA-Yw: K--o B-bo-tn-m Rn F-t
F-n P---uj-w Cv uZ-e-X-I-;-tS #-]-bo
A-lo-bn I-ko-. h|-Ww, C--m H-S-o-b
udn-i--jn G-tl In-dw F-t c-o- \o-cn I-ko-. A-Xo--uf-gw ufy-\-\-\n-bo
A-Xo-t\-tb-nw X-o--I-K. A-Xo-ue-Kw
!-l-u-m I-S-.
-Cv a--o-t D-o H-jo- Io-S-%-
A-Xo-\o-Z-V-an-b c-i-hyw -w-a--X-t. Cv
a--X-|-a-lo-bn \--m D-]-\o-g-K ]-To-nw.
Cv eo-g-b-t-%-lo--lo-bn tF-X-uc-ubn-]-\og-o-td 5-Y-a A-yn-b-o-td \n-dnw J-7w
u\n-u--H-m. In--I.-!--g i en A-b-an-Zo-uXn K-cmu -e-Xo.-b uZ-X-u--X --uZ-X-Xmh-cmue-uyn---uK-y-hmuX-Px hw--X-an-Z u\y en-Zn-\w
-_o--cmXo. X-Zy-Zn o-o-bnw -ho--Xy-tt[-\--\-b-Xo X-Z-hy-5-Y-aw P-.-AA-Yw: !--g-\o Xp--bn-w H-S--o-t Cv Pp-e K-o-X-an-!-. uX-P-o-t -]o f-cp-c-o-dn-I-an-\w h-u-jo-o-co-%--XnWm ep-cyw. C--t\ !-^-\n-bo P-\o-%- B-Zneo-t\ !--g [-co- hw-c-o--u]n--. B
ep-cy-t !--g p-bo-ud-m ]-I- \!-. B h-a-b-n-Wm K--o-dn-bo-- !-^-\m
P-w tIn--%--Xm. A-Xm Cv B-Zn-eo-t
H-nw P--an-Wm.
-XX-Xm p-p-bn B-Z--bw K--Xo b-Yn
-h|-a- Kw X-Yn. X-n-uZ-\nw \ io-\-o
-hnn -tthy-X-an-Zn-\-a-^ K-Xw n-e-b-Xo
-B K-w p--tS f-cp-c-o-td Aw-K-an-bo-p-. A-\y A-e-b-e--tj-un-td. p-m A-HtIn-m ]p-U-I D-n-=-I--ao- !--g-t
478 30 +xn
30
- ap\w Bg\nZw
B-Zn-eo-t\ K---an-b X-t f-cp-c-o-u\n-Sm

uN--Xn-bo p-m A---e-t--.
-hn
hn n-e-bo-^p n-e-bo-X-eyn --e-Xo- Xw
pp K-cmw -_o--cmXo uhn--r G-e !--an-cw
-P--u\nur\n
-[o-n-e-b-Xo
-h b-Xm!-an-cw P--u\n--u}-K-[o
-n-e-b-Xyn-Zn-\-ua-e-X-Vn-e-b-uXy-gnw
udn-In-\nw h--Xyn -G-ew h--Xn
ip-ua udn-In--Z-hy Z|o-Xp-bw P--AA-Yw: K--t c-o--tIn-m B p c-
tN---e-jn-bo-p--. !--g K--o-\m
-!w P-\-\-o- uf-g-=w !-^-t\ ]n-do-u]n-e-. P--o-\m -]m !-o-t\ ]n-do-%-
A- X-t--t-bn-Wm ]n-do--u]n-e--Xm.
Cv udn-I-o-t eo-In-h-o- ue-o-bn-WXm. C--t\ e-j--eo-I-ho--Xn-Wm Cv udn-Iw.
C-Xn-Wm Z|o-Xp-b P-w.-uhnhn -hyn-b-an-Zn !--uWy-yx
-I-cma-yx 5--Xo-[p-b-uXYn
X Yn hyn-b-ao-X-c-B-Zn #--X-#-uXyn e-ubn-K-Xx tt
tt5--Xo h
-C-Xx 5--b-u-e !--\-cmPn-b-uX X-Z-hy J--Xpbw P--AA-Yw: A-Xm !--g-t Cv B-Zn-em A-Y-en
!-^ !-Wy-I-a--%- 5-Xo-\o-[o-bn-bo-p-. -Sn-tX Cv !--g-t c-n-a-t B-Znem (h| B-Zn-em) #-X-#-Xy-w ?---an-bo, a-co--S-t\ !-Xo-b f-cp-cw uX--I-w tN--.-C-^-w tF-X-uc-ubn-]-\o-g-K ]-l--ufgw '-X--2--go-Wn'' E-go--tS en-%-I C-XnWm F- ]-l-m E-uK|-Zw \n-dnw a-7-d-o-td
27nw -2-o-td H-nw a-w A-uX-]-So tFX-uc-ubn-]-\o-g-m ]-I-K-I-bn-Wm tN---Xm.
H-S-m ]-l--I-bn-Wm.
-h G-ew eo-Z|n-\-n--cp-c-u-Zn--cm[| D-Xm?-ayn--o
-h|-cmuK udn-uI h-cmen
-In-an-\n-|n--Xx h-a--e-Xm h-a--e-Xm.
-AA-Yw: A--t\ B B-Zn-em C--t\ f-cp-cw
eo-m -I-jo-ud-%-b-m B h|-K-udn-I-o
h-F B-r-i--;w -p-I-co-m A--X-|w
ttI-e-co-.-F--t\ E-uK|-Z-o-td H- a--o-t\
eyn-Jyn-\o-%--te-m D-]-\o-g-Zm -o-n-o-b
-wn--an-Wm C-eo-tS \nw I--Xm. C-\o-w D-]\o-g-K- ue-Z-eyn-Jyn-\--jn-tW- In-cyo hw-f-b--n-In-\o-S-bo-.-
-A-uX-u]n-td No-d D-]-\o-g-K--jo No-d

eo-g-b--;-tS B-[yn-Zo-I-=w B-[o-ttZ-eo-I=-an-b eyn-Jyn-\w -So \-Io-b-uf-gw C-Xyn[yn-Z-am. C-Xy-[o-ttZ-e-X-am F-o--t\ F-?-Xon--. C-uX ttf-do ue-Z-eyn-Jyn-\--jn-b
~n-1-W--jo-w I-1-e---m. ttX-p-co-ubn]-\o-g-o-td fo-n-e-o-bo-w, On-un-uKyn]-\o-g-o-w Cv cp-Xo #-Xy-an-bo \--m a-\-odn-nw.--Sn-tX tF-X-uc-ubn-]-\o-g-o '-C-'
f-p-o-t \o--2o ]-l-- H- h----m.
ue-Z--jo-td C- f-p-o-\m \o--2o ]-l--Xo--tS-w Cv a--o-t eyn-Jyn-\-an-WotX- ]-l---Xo--tS-w D-]-\o-g-K- ue-Zn-gy-an-tW- No--tb D-l-o-%-I-bn-Wm tN--Xm. In--I.
G-X-ua-e !--gw ~-1 X-X-a-a-]-fy
Zo-Z-a-Z-cmf-ao-Xo -X-n-Zo-unn \n-a C-Z-unn
i tte \n-a X-ao-Z-w -h--ao- C-Xyn-uX ]-ucn-u-W -]-ucn--5o-bn C-e io
uZ-enx -]-ucn--5o-bn C-e io uZ-enx
-AA-Yw: B B-Zn-em a-i-Kw eyn-]-I-=-an-b
!--g-t\ u\n-o. A-Xo-t\ Z-fo-. C-H-tIn-m
A-e-t u]-cm C-Z--ta-n-!-. C-Z--ta-n-Wm
u]-cm. C-Z--an-I-bn A-e-t\ ]-ucn--an-bo C-t\- ]-l
-
- . ]-ucn-5
- o-b X-t-bn-!
- Cv
uZ-e.-D-]-\o-g-o C-eo-tS '-C-' F- f-po-t \o-F-N-\-an-Wm ]-l---Xm. A-uX-u]n-td

O- f-p-o-t \o--2o On-uyn-K-]-\o-go 5-Y-a 5-]n-T-Iw N-H-Q J-7-o
\-!--m. In--I.-uZ-en tte --uXyn-cm_o-y-X--bpw
-eo-Zynw 5n-n-eo-f- hmuX O-un-o-c-n-Z-b. b-uZ-o-c-n-Z-b----hnw O--|-am
-AA-Yw:
uZ-e-n a-c-W-t Xp--bn-w
u]-So-m ^-bp-eo-Zy-bo Xn-+-cy---e-cn-bo. A-e
O---I-jn X-t-n t]n-Xo-. In-c-Ww
C--t\ Cv O---I tIn-1 t]n-Xo-b-t-Xn-Wm O---I-;-tS O--|w.-On-un-Ky-o--t Aw-Ko-c-o- \o-2o-w In-Wnw. C--t\ u\n-o-bn D-]-\o-go A-e ue-Z eyn-Jyn-\--jn-tW-m -w-ua
ey-2-an-!- -So-I h--f-an-b D-Zn-i-c-W-
f-n-ud-f-a-u\y -o-n-nw. Kn-b-ô--tS
eyn-Jyn-\-=w K-- Pp-e-t eyn-Jyn-\-=w ttfdp-n-e--;w F-nw -So en-bo-%-un D-]-\og-K--jo-td a--eyn-Jyn-\- \-o -X\-an-b A-Q-eo-[n-\--;-tS N-?-en-jw X-t
In-o---ta-m \--m In-Wnw.
(H--S-w)
uX-\ -Xy-u2--\ -p-Yx
D-]-\o-g-m A-Xo-u-Xn-b Knw-p-cy-un-tS c-n-a-t I--ey-t e-Wo-%. A-[o-Iw en-%I-jo-. -u - en-%-I an-^w. uX-\ -Xy-u2-\ -p-Yx A-Xn-b-Xm Cv-f|-c-\n \--t--Xo-t\
D-]-un-Kw tN--I, un-K--tj-nw tN-n D-]-\o-g-m B-n-]o-o-co-%-. h-n-\-hv-Jy=w cn-P--J-=w u\---Hw, #-go-eyn-]n-cn-Zo-I-;w I-c-Iv-f-d-eo-Zy-I-;w tN-w A-y-ho-w [-\w u\--Hw a-ew D-]-\o-g-o-m eo-ucn-[-a-. ]-u, H-uc-tbn- \o-b--Ww an-^-ua D-]-\o-g-m B-efy-t---=. u\-So-b-Hw u\-Sn- --H-an-b un-K-o-- ]-Zn-Y--tj-nw Cv-f|-c-u-Xn-tW-m
[-co--Ww, a-a-X D-n-e--Xm. F-nw a-tn-cn-jo-t e-I-bn-tW-w, X-\o-m A-e-tb D-]-ubn-Ko-n- A-[o-In-cw an-^-ua--t-w e--un a-a-X- n-\-ua-Hw C-. C-tX-u-Xn-Wm F-
uXn--dn-Wm a-a-X--tS A-So-n-\w. B uXn- ]n-So-. h|--ta- I--H- G-tX-o-w H-
e--eo-t eo-ubn-Kw x-J-o-In-c-W-an-!-. F-n B e--eo-t\--t X-u-X-t- I--Xo
A-Xo-u\n-- a-a-X D-u]-o-%-I-bn-tW-o x-Jw D-n-!-o-.-- -D-Zn-i-c-Ww ]-l-bnw. H- bn-^n-c en-i-\-o I-b-c-. A-Xo-td H-ko- C-co-o-S-o B-h-\--\n-bo. tN-u- n-\
-t-o--ko--un A-\y--tS u5-c-W--Sn-tX C-co-o-S-=w en-i-\-=w D-u]-o-m C-l-o-un!-. bn-^n-e-h-c-o B C-co-o-Sw D-u]-o-n---^-ubn A-Xo--]-co-ubn tte-a-\-hyw 5n-]yn-\-t-o--ko--uf-g-=w B C-co-o-Sw H-S-m ttI-e-f-t--o e---Xom bn-^-n-c\m uXn-w. B C-co-o-Sw bn-^-m B-e-fy-an-b h-a-b-a-^-w D-]-ubn-Ko-%--Xo tX-tn--ao-.
D-]-ubn-Ko-n-tX-bo---te-o tX-n-!-an-bo---Xn-w. X-K-dy-an-b tX-n-Wm F--ta-w
B C-co-o-S-o--t C-co--W-ta- B-r-i-=w. Cv B-r-i-o-t\ a-a-X F- ]-l-bnw.-+xn 478 31
31
h|Xneolncw
]o. uKn]!an,
uKn] an, Xo
Xoe
e
(ISnSm : tthoôIm Auaco CUy anKho 2010)
Indw B\oI vXoIfnotd uSlob H NneogbanWm. H GIp#X

honoueo Au\|gWw fntc ASon\]canb h+tj
t !\x]coufn[oon \o_oXcn%m. Nod vXoIfn
enZo%Xm Indw AYen Ind]co[o Ftno FnWm. ae NodcnIt Indt
\oo NooWtaw. c1 enZKXoI%aoSbo eobIcanb
Bfbtatn Indw \od\o bnYnQyanWm, ]u AXo\m ASon\
tanwXtbo FXnWm H]u Indto \tS InGnSo\m H \oLd
udnIw Xt Befyanbo eunw vXoI fnudnIw uhn?phot Indw
X%Xt Bfbtjtbnt N eogbanobom. Fn Cm
vXoIfn Aetbtbnw bYnQano Na tInoco%IbnWm. Fnbnw
H XpbnWm; Indw F h DVeo%HXt 5]ot eoLS\n
eoufgo\oanWm; Indta \% uXntXm 5]ot eoLSom
Fo nK Xo _t 5Xo^doo%H anânWm F ]lbnw.
In-d-t--o-- \--tS ttZ-\w-Zo-\-N-cy-I

jo-\o-w d-o-o-- A-lo-=w fn-p-b-an--
A-lo-=w X-o-- A--cw F-n-d-=w No--I-n-tc !-k-o-bo---Xn-bo N-co-^-o \ow r-io-nw. \nw In-d-t-%-lo- r-io-e-o - h--+- ]-d-Hw v-Xo-I-fn--In-cn A-S-o-an-o--j--Xo-\n B A--cw
-- -X eo--X-an-bo--m v-Xo-I fn--=-an-bo
_--t- In-d-\o-B-b-=w a--gy-t b-Yn-Q
A---e-t A-So-n-\-an-o-- In-d-\o-Bb-=w X-o-- B \o-c--c-an-b D-c-h A-Yen uN--bo-n- C-un H- -2o-h-i-an-b
D-]-hw-in-c-o-ud-% e-o--m. In-c-Ww, vXo-I-fn---co \-tn--eo-n-K-=w eo-f|-ho%--Xm 'In-dw' F-tn-o- F-n-Wm.
'In-d-cn-io-Xy bn-Yn-Qyw' F- B-f-bw eo-bn-e-i-an-tW- an-^-a- A-Xm F-5-In-cw D-bo-eo-%- F- I-t-n-w eo-g-a-an-Wm. \nw
32
478 32 +xn
- ap\w Bg\nZw
tN---tX-w In-d-]-co-[o-%-o-dn-Wm tN--Xm. udn-Iw-X-t In-d-o-t L-S-I-jn-b hw--e--jn uIn-o-W-t--Xn-Wm.

G-tXn-cn-%w C-Xm A-lo-bn-=- Xn-Wm. F-t\-tb-n, F-t -So-\-c--, e-- N-do%- F-o--t\ \nw an-- In--; an- F--Xm In-d-t B--Z-an-o e--m D-n-=- ey-Xo-bn-\--jn-Wm. A-Xo-\n
In-d-ta-tn-o-t-o udn-Iw-X-ttbn- \o-L-dn-e--bo-dn-!w. A-H-tIn-m Ind-ta-tn-o- F- ho-n-w u\-co-- te-;eo-jo-I F-t-n udn-Iw an--ao-n-tX
\o-d-\o--I-bn-tW-o \nw an--t F--t\
u\n-o-n-w
F--Xo-t\-eo-f-Zp-I-co-%-I
F--Xn-Wm. B--\o-I K-ue-g-W- hwK-Xo \o-e-io-%--Xo-ud-n-Wm - \--Xm. A-So-n-\-]-c-an-bo In-d-ta-tn-o- F-ow, ey-Xy---jn-b a-m D--X-X-d--jo A-Xm
D--eo-u-nw. H- ua-f A-Xm \o-ao--to-co%--Xm tN-c-Xn-b J-\y-X--tS J-c-I-Wo I-ItIn-n-Wm. J-c-e--h|--]w I-Wo-I-I-;-tS hwL-So-X-an-b A-Y-en _-io-K-ao--t- Y-W-anWm. C-5-In-cw In-dw F--Hw 5-]--o-t
_-io-K-ao--t-, -]-t-, A-So-n-\ L-S-I-;-tS Y-W-an-tW- ]-l-bnw. H- -n-o-
-]m B-u]-o-I-ho-n--=w I|n-w-Xo-b-lo-w
u\-So-tb-- A-uX eo-8-en-Z-I-an-b \-ep-\-X|-=w
ua--w _-io-K-ao--t- In-d-t--o--
ho-n--o---m. H-co- -hmo
]-l--I--n-bo, A-u-i-o-t B-u]-o-Iho-n--o-t -d-X-|w B-eo-gmI-co-t--Xo-t H- -5-[n-\-]-So-bn-bo e-o--Xm Ind-t--o-- A-u-i-o-t h-a-r-an-tbn-
!-\-\o-W-b No--bn-bo-- F-m. v-Xo-Ifn-- ]o-p-Sm, A-u-i-o-t No-c-In-d
h|-+-]--Xo-bn-b B-u]-o-I-ho-n--t-w
I|n-w _-d-X--t-w X-o-do-W-o G-Ip-Ico-t--%--Xo eyn-#-X-cn-b-un-?w In-d-ta-
X-|-an-Wm A-Xo-t t\-w I-tW-m A-e-c-lo--m. 2008- FQXI-^v-u-g-W I|-hmyhm C-hmo-{-mun-h-tN- H- 5-_-
a-e-c--n-bo--. A-Xm In-d-o-t h|-n-ew,
5-#-Xw H-S-o B--\o-I v-Xo-I-fn--o-t
5-[n-\o-I B-tcn-t F--Xn-bo-- eo-gb-. -co-]-w-u]-w eo-f|-ho-o---Xm he-Yn G-Ip-#-X-=w J-7o-n ]-n--H-an-b H-
\-ep-\ ho-n--o-\m In-d-c-io-X-udn-I-t
eo-f-Z-an-n-I-ko-w F-n-bo--. a-e No-d-tcnt In-d-t A-e-K-Wo--Ww F- ]--n-an-bo-- F-n, A-e F-n-e-w ubn-Po-otd-o-b H-uc-tbn- B-f-b-K-Xo F-n-bo--
In-d-t--o A-Xy-Kn-[-an-tbn- ]-co-No--\w
-Sn-tX, G-Ip-#-X an-b A--c-tan- \-ep-\-hon-n-eo-p-c-Ww hn-y-a- F--X-t-bn-bo-.
Indot DZb=w
DZb w Aab
A ab=w
Indt%lom \tS hanb hnan\y

u_n[w u]nb n1IjotS ISeXm
ejtcubtl XcwXnMtSIjotSbnWm vXo
Ifno Indo\m ejtcubtl Incy
\oeionm. ]u, B fnw !ucn
Kaoun Ancytjnw ucnunucn
nbo AhwKX=w A5h2=anbop.
5Yawyn
5h2oInIotow
hIm\{t Nd\honwu]nw Indw

AYen habw F X|t h|pIconWm
AXot ]d h|ne;w tejotKXm.
CXo ucn LSI;w hweo%Xot
hpI|hot Incyo fnpb\ocp
ItcnwXo Xn|oIanbo ubnPom.
]nccy
vXoIfnw
eof|ho%tX
tn H anw FeotS Ft\ \S%
FX alom 5]otd autXow
H
hweunS_onuWn
AXm
\S%Xm F \o% tXjouentS ]l
bn Ikouan FnWm. At\ Indw
udnIotd Fn hwe%w H hW
?aw \. HwuN \pI FXm
\ocpIh|Xanb
eXbnWm.
F
anâ Xp@X, ueKX Foetb \m
\oeNon ]nIo Indw HSbn
Hw AYen 5eni =]anbocoWw.
Indot fnpb=w ]ccnKX=anb
\oWbcpXo(AXnbXm vXoIfntS
ngbo, H taoIm)bo AXo\m H
]co[o AYen Ind]coanWw DnbocoWw,
AXo\nt
Indot
Cbo
Incy C^ haboo \S% F
]lbn Iko. DZnicWo\m Hjoy
o Dtth u_nm aWo&lo 27km
ueKXbodnuWnXm F ]lbn aWo&
FnWm F \nw AloocoWaun.
hwe;tS H?ot\untdXt Ind]co
[ow \ocpo% agyt\ BZano
bnWm.
o \{ DboXm
udnIwXt ]toco%Xm H anhm
uBnunSobnWm. anhm uBnm
GInZIXubntSw e\o~anw udnI
t Indot tNlob tNlob W
anÎjnbo eoPo%. \{t vXoIfnw
Huctbn uBnot Nd\t an^w
Aedw_o%; atnot\wXtb an^
a, Indw 5eni]antWw 5eni
KXo \m neo GH ZofbodntWwSo
AloboXen
H
Zofn
NoI
BboSo eo%tew \{ eonKw
a\odn%; Fn, 5uXyIXI
Auiot hon\oba H I
\o_\bnbo eo. \{t Indeof
+xn 478 33
33
ZpIcWw \m H]u ]k\nbo uXno

ubnw. Fn, H \oaognt !\
No\wtInm AtX^ eobn eiantW
tejotHw InWnw. AXot ]d eoufg
;w-?aw, HS, ]co[o, 5eniw, ZofnN
IX|w-FnwXt 2o]canbo ueXoco
n=XnWm. Fow, \{ AeXcoo
Indta anhm uBno Aetbnw
Ao uInoWtoco%. 5uXy
IXIjS hbw GXnm c1 n
unjanbo A]cnPoXanbo eodIbnWm.
CXoufganWm 19-Dw 20--Dw n1Ijotd
honJ7 eXm. BZyuXm
ob vXoIfn\nbo U|oKm
uhnSmnuXnWm. Auiw haYo%Xm
\{t \oba IndKXobo unun
]ounun 5ubnKaantWow Indo\m
CXo AKXanbom H ZofnNoI (arrow)
C Fu^. ]Icw Auiw Beolco%Xm
XInd=w neoInd=w Xo Acw
Indt Au]om A[oIw _tanao ,
alom B Acw DVeo%Xm 5]o
dI eo\yhotoco%Xotd 5uXy
IXtS ?ao\oanWm FnWm. vXo
Ifn Beolncot eofZnw
f CndKw NtNm AuX
habw, u_nUmn hvIcyew tN
tXtn \{unWob Indhon
ot H eoufgXtb ASoaneItb
Xnbo. A J7w eXm
hmp\o\oXtbnbo. Auiw I
]yhwneyX (simultaneity) F Bfb
anWm AeXcooXm. Auiot Bu]o
Ihon5Incw H habm H hwew
\S%Xm AuXhabKXt \o F^
an^w ueKanPooco% FXot\ BZ
anobnboco%w. bYnYo an;tS
AYen
hwe;tS
ASon\ueZobn
boXm Induan, uZfuan A, alom Ind
uZf;tS AJ7anb IyXbnWm. eyXy
jnb cm Xp@XIujntS hco% cm
\ocpI u]nw H Incyw hweoXot\
o eoono5nbncnboco%taow B
Incyot uZfInd nKto Ae
ubnPoodnboco%w. hmpt heI
dnfndn t5n^hlnbo KWoXfn
34
478 34 +xn
- ap\w Bg\nZw
tian aouInemotS Ao5nb5Incw

uZfInd H cnw n\nianb
hon anânWm, Ftn uZf
Ind Aey2Xboud% alu]n!
tecw \okI anânWm FnWm.
Fn 1915 td hmpt Xt t]nH
Bu]oIhonneolcWuntS Incy
!ul&So !kIbnnbXm. hon
w YX|nIgWf2o \od\o hni
NcyjnWm
5[n\anw
_to
boXm. YX|nIgWw Indta LSIt
eoIdan%m. AXnbXm, CeotS Cun
H\oaogw
ISu]n=Xm
atncoSm
AuXu]ntd H\oaogw ISu]n=H
u]ntdb. ejtc Aew Nod hni
Ncyjo anûa habNoItb/uBnot\
XnX|oIantbow Synchronize tNenw
At\Xt \od\ootn1 u]n!
enw hn[yan=I>. H \oLoX Aj=
etInm \om udnIw Htnnbo
jkoXnbo
Noon
Ikouan.
Aubt ]caanbo hniNcyjo
udnIw Indot tNlob XnÎjno
lom ueXocon hn[yaXt. At\
un H 5uXyI hwew \SXm
atn \oLoX hwKXo% m Bbo
Ato AXoufganbo F ]l
bnu]naneo.
t]nH Bu]oIhonw AXoo
Time F Cwuogm en%anbo _t
Au\Iw
[atj
Dtn=XnWm;
FIp#Xhabw, DNoXhabw, BuKnjhabw
Fot\bnWe. Ce Haom \{t
GIIndta X|ot ]d [a;w
\oeio%m. ]u, Ae Htnm
AetS
u]cou]nw
Aian!o.
vXoIfnantWo IndNoIub
Kv\o%uboXu; AYen Kv\on
tw B NItjnwXt 5]
ot GtXow tNcnKtjubn At
o AXm \ocpWeou[ban%eucubn
anânboco%w. Ct vXoIfn
H GIp#Xhonw Ind+++ta X|
t Hkoenoub%w F IHecnWm.
Fn, 1915 IndLuntS Indta
X|w \w5[n\anboko Fanâ
\nw AHanbo Wanbo t]ntoo u\n&; B ucn J7=w uZfot (AYen

J\yXtS AYen BInfhtS) H
Fw So enZbon=XnWm.
5uXyI habK ôan\ Noânboco%w.
Indw H
H ain\nb IYnInc!
Ct\
uZfhfanb Fn hwe;tSw
At\ Indo\m F
F eoufgWanXm
eoufgWan Xm?
BtIKIbnWm
NHan\ InduZfw. alow
InduZf Xo Acw CnXnbo
Noo%I,
5]t efjotS
Fw Bu]oIanb 5]otd
u\nonIw
A5Incw
AXot\
hwe;tS 5Xdw H NHan uno
dnWm. Bu]oIX Indt uZfeco J7jno eoPo%Hw h+o%I.
%Xnbo InWt, B uno o InGnSotS u\nobn ucn ôan\
t H Zofboud%So Xocon\nbo. J7=w uZfhf_Hw Indhf_
uZfIndtj ]lXm H tlnogWw Hanb hwe]ccI;tS H eoNo^
u]ntdbntW ]lbnw. Ftn, \o hwubnP\anWm F InWnw. c1eo[
Xot\ Ft\ ueWtaow lotnw. J7;w H tlnotb dw_anubn u\tcubn
AXot\ HIo Indhtbun At lot%Hu]ntdbnWm F ]lbnw.
BZyt hZnbw vXoIfnm
o BInfh AYen uZftaun 5uXy
]coNoXanWm
. ho\oanu5ItS Incyw
Iw 5uXyIw eojonw.
]lubXo.
ho\oatS
H tWbow F
Focoow t]nH Bu]oI hon
]lXm
InduZf;tS
H J7t
o Indta LSIw XoIw eyXy=w
5Xo\o[n\w
tN.
Ae
uZfInd;tS
Fn 5n[n\yHanb H [aw \oe
io%m. Ftn hap]anbom H ]cctbt habnKXanbo 5Xy
Indhfw, uZfhfw Fp ceItj peoo%. ho\oan Bh|nZI ho\oa
ueXoco InWo%I FXnWXm. Indh bo \S%Hw AXnbo \Sn u]n!
ftaXou\n _toco%etbnw Hanb hweKXoItj AH I1tInoco%
5eNo%Hu]ntdXt
hn[ncWanbo
_toXnWm.
H an^bot
euen H holudn H hweo\ow vXoIfn%w uZfot H har
atnoud% ISu]n!w. bYnYo J7t Fom vXoIfn\oba5Incw
\S% hwKXotb h|n[p\otInm. uZf A uZfJ7ot acJ7o Fn
hf hwKXoI hn[ncWanbo _ boco%w oXo \S%Xm F 5eNon
aoneanWm CeotS H euen H Ikow.
J7ot cnat hZnb
holudn Ho\ow atnoud% u]n!
o. KWoXfn]canbo H \{\Now o\m djoXanb H A]rY\cpXoao.
c1 ZofIujw ueXoco%m. ]u, AXm uZfIndtj Iok%\ow ]Son
\{\Noo\m A]ncanb ^d;m. ulnm J7ano lo%Xot\ 5Xo\o[n\w
uZfhf hwKXoI;tS hweyXtS ?a tN. C5Inc H J7ot DZn
to \ocpI% eoubnPom. Fn, icWw ]lIbntWo \o;tS epotd
Indhf hwKXo I;tS hweyXtS eSu aXo AYen ew B ecoudn
?ato Ae% XoIw ubnPonXm. AYen aXodoudn neobo Fhweo%w
AXo H \ocp I, GtXow H FHanWm. H J7o\ow
hwetKSm atnm hweo%w F \o;tS epSot _nonKw Ft\tbnt
Inteo otd ae \ocpIw bnboco%ta !\wot%Xo\nbo
vXoIfnot \oba \o 5ubn
A5IncwXt Inw.
c1 eg% m, FQXI aechw_ Kaan%. (5]ot Incyow C5
an Ft Xt D]\ynho Rn Incw Xt). CXm eoNoânbounto
vXoIfn\oba
Indot heoufgXtb ItobXm At\bnIt.
\otj
AXo\m
DSt\Xt
AeZo%uan
AeXcooom. InduZftj tNlob
FXoeotS
AoInaya.
Fn,
Nod
J7jno eoPo aneXot\o h+o
+xn 478 35
35
hcjanb hniNcyjo \oXow

Ikow F an<nhm heIdnfndbotd
KWoXfn en t?bmYw en
heIdnfndbotd X|fn hmpe
tebmhmpw AIndm tXjobo
Xom. Focow J7\ot
c1 hZnb;w XnX|oIanbo hn[yantW
ow, Ae c1w XoIw eyXyjnWm.
hn[ncWan XIndo\o neo
Indwetc J7\o\m \o Aefyw
ufJcoocou hnuXoI eoec do
%en XncXuay\ F;anWm. DZnicWo\m,
Fn IWoII;uSw Xp@X(Velocities)I
\o Aj ucJtK Focot.
H \oLoX n\K IWoItS Xp@X
atn n\K IWoItS Xp@Xanbo
_tSntX h|XanWm. CXm cou\w
Aj%Xo\m u\ekobnbo eo%. Fn,
cnat hZnbo IWoII;tS YW
h|Xa, Ae H 5uXyI eo[n\
anbom hweo[n\w tNWw. An]w H
5uXyI J7w anûa Fn Fn
J7ujw !\xwo%Xo\m aXobn=I
bo. \onefyanb hnuXoI eoec
dyan!Xo\m \o ejtc eo
ulob ]d Aj=I;w IWoII;tS hwLnX
ou tNuoew. Incy X
!knt\eBw ?bmYw tebmhmpw It
obHu]ntd, ejtc Aew Nod hni
Ncyjo an^w Aj=I Wanbo
uZfInd eyetb \o% !\x
wotn\n=I>. hwoanbo ]l
IbntWo IndtaXm InduZfeye
tSot ZofnKXom 5eN\w
hn[yan%XnWm-AXnbXm, \m AXy
[oIw eoecZn\ufgo IYI 5Zn\w
tNen\n ZofnKXo. 5]ot
BJyn\LS\ uZfw AYen dta
hbo A\necWw tNtuXbo,
AXm Indta hbodnWm A\necWw
tNtXm.
I|nw ttSw (Indw Aj

Aj=an\o)
an\o)
B\oI vXoIfnot AXzXanb H

dytatn hnan\y YX|nIgW\o
bat I|nw _dX=anbo GIpeoom
eyot
YX|nIgWLSIuw
478 36 +xn
36
- ap\w Bg\nZw
I|nw eoufgXIujw Hucu]ntd ttIIncyw

tNen ufgo H GIhonw D
ocom F%I FXnWm-AXnbXm, H
I|nw YX|nIgWhonw. CXo\m
G=a[oIw XStatn I|nw _d
Xo\m Rn\oeotSlXot\ FXom
J7\w tNXo\m Indta AefyLSIw
SoubXp.
I|nw _dXw (tan\omhm) ]l
Xm eym \m Aj ]oSotn
IkoXou\ntjnt Gtl hanb,
DXanb Nod t]aneoufgXI, Xp@
Xtbhw_ow oXotb hw_ow Dm
FnWm. H eeot !Wanb eofZp
IcWw KWoXfnhon5Incw I|nw
oXo FnWm. oXoInd5enio
\occw Dn!XnWm. CHubnKom vXoI
fn H 5uXyI habKjen!
]cpW;tS ^dhootS hwneyX
Aj%. \nw H Cdukn IWoItb H
botS Ijoudun Xnukun 5Xo^
do% cpXobo ]nbo%IbntWo,
I|nw _dXo\m AXo\ow Do
cobn= ^d FnWm F #XyXubntS
5eNon hn[ya. alm I|no\m
hn[yan=Xm, Aoa^dto Huc
IuZf hwney hn[yXneoecw anânWm;
AXnbXm H 25% hn[yX Cdukn
Ijoud% KaoXo\nWm, Ato 75%
hn[yX AXm Xnuk% ]XoXo\nWm
Fot\. Hucu]ntd I|nwoXo
c1 fnpb hweo[n\jo\ow eyXy
jnb ^djnWm do%en hn[yX. ]cp
W;tS ^dtjnwXt hweou
n= hn[yXI (Probabilities) anânWm.
honot hwney hn[yXn
5eN\m Jyanw Nod AefyLSI
;m. HnaXnbo, Indw FXm ]cc
tteyw hn[yan% HnWm. jn
t H ttU (Die)m Hcow Huchabw
Aw
w
_niy\odbo
InWo
At\ eoo habjo anûa ]eI
>. CHanbo _to H eXbnWm
Blotd ucn \cow ]Xoen
hwneyhn[yXtbnwSo 100% BbocoWw,
An]w
hwneyhn[yXnhonw
[Theory of probability] Xt AntS AYJ

\yanboun!w. Cl hwneyhn[yX
Itjnw SoueXm H habK
anânWm, H d. IWoII;tS H
5uXyI habK oXotSw Bo
XKXoueKouw
hwneyhn[yXtS
Incyow CHXtbnWm fcobnb eX.
cnaXnbom, I|nw Aj=I;tS Xn
ndoI ?aw H eyXyanWm. DZnicWo\m
Rn H Cdukn IWoItb H b
hweo[n\otS BZyw dw_anw ]opSm
u\ucJbnw
5Xo^doSo%Hu]ntd
]nbo%IbntWo, AXm KXobo !ucn
Kao%wuncw Rn\Xot uInKXoueKw
(angular momentum) Aj XotK. ]cp
Ww Rn\neo%, CeW Cdukn
Wot\ u\ucJbnw (horizontally) ]opSm
dw_anw 5Xo^dooSoom AXot
uInIjotd BoXueKw Rn Aj
ucJtK. F\o% do% Aj=I;tS
^d XoIw ejtc AcXnboco%w.
naXnbo, I|nw\od \Xm H
5uXyI habum Fn djo
\o hwneyhn[yXbnWm. B \od H
uPnUo
IWoIItj
oobntWo,
AXo H IWoItb Aj%Xm Aun
t AXot\w h|n[p\o%w. AtX
eotSbntWH 5Ta. CXm I|nw _d
Xo hmpt\unw !kob eoc
Xbotd (Spooky action) FXoud% \bo%w.
AXm Auit tNnSooXot IncWw
atna, IWm Huchabm 5Xo
5e\w hn[yanIWtao 5]o
\ntItanbom H (masterclock) anhm
uBnm ueWtaXnWm. YX|nIgW\obaw
CXm XSbtHtInm AeZo%aoXt.
eogbtjnwXt eoenZanbo
ebntWow, I|nw _dXo Indw
FXm ASon\]canbo \{unWob _d
Xotd Indoud% H ]on
KXobnWm. vXoIfn YX|nIgW
o IndcnioXyto gytm.
Fn, H !k 5Ttaten
I|nw _dXo Indo t\\n
bIX|anWm. H Iyw ejtcubtl eon
bXot ASon\IncW=w CHXt bnWm.
Indw Fun
Funu]nbo
u]nbo?
ejtcubtl
KuegW]XoI
t]nH
Bu]oIhontw I|nw _d
Xtw haHdoXtKXo\m bUo
om; SntX owKm Xoblo, Ing|
bnwYudg, u\n I{upem uPynao
HSobew. Ae 5[n\anbo c1 eonK
jnbo nKotoco%. Hm I|nw
_dXhonw H f2anb ASol
XtbnWm F eof|ho% vXoIfn
, cnauHm If \od]nuSntS
GXnm c2goXanbot HSao
Super string theorists FoecnWe. t]nH
Bu]oI honw H \ HSw!lo%w
F eof|ho%e, Indt XcwXnMt
H hon=anbonWm ecteow Ae
IndcioXta H bnYnQyoud%
Hl a\w Bfb;ecnWm.
ey2anw, Dlnw c1 hap]\
;w Xo eyXynhw eoIdanWm (blurry).
owKm honn bIndnbo
IndcioXhono Au\|gWw \So
bom. Fn, Indot AeInf
ot ASon\5Tw Dbon Rn
cnat anKo [uIpIco%I
bnWm. Xot H ttI
Ften (loop quantum gravity) AXnbHm
NndoX I|nw YX|nIgWanWm. AXm H
]co]nSobo\ow AeucniWw tNt
canonical I|nw YX|nIgWtam Alob
tXnWm. Iu\nWo I|nw rneoo
honw DocoXm 1950 Ijow 60Ijo
anWm. B IndLjo vXoIfn
hmp YX|nIgW haenIy
eoZzXm InoIngWot haenIy
tjwu]ntd Xootb?XttIno
H IndanWm. CXot ]ootd Bfb
KXotbten eoZzXm InoInIgW
honw Docot% AuX hnu
XoIeoZyXt YX|nIgWhon ow
5ubnKonw
FXnbo.
1960I;tS
Aehn\Lo vXoI fncnb
uPnepd, tt~hm tUeom Foe
hZnbt H ]cpou\nobun
Ae ejtc eoNoântbn Aoa^do
dnWm FouXm epd tUeom haenIyw
+xn 478 37
37
F CetS honw XoIw Indta

H LSIt AeKWoo. Indt
Noo% t F Now A5Xyanbo.
CXm ]Xon1Iujnjw \p; H Au\|
gW ]ccbodnWm vXoIfntc
]opSm tIntoXm. Indo\m Ft\
A5XyanIn ]ew? H !\epW
o, ^dw XoIw BLcynei
anbo. Rn u\cu ]lHu]ntd
t]nH
Bu]oIhont
I|nw
_dX=anbo hwubnPoon vXoI
fn HtXo u]Xt Indw
FXm t]nH Bu]oIhono
\ow A5Xyanbokoo.
\o ^dt AXot enNn
YoXt h|pIco%IbntWo Indw
Ftnm bYnYo CXt. ]m
I|nw rneoohonot e2njo
Hcnjnb Wnhotd antbo Woueoo
^m taUoul\ob\otd Inudn ulnteo
Auiot FQXi D]\ynho\m Indt
al%I FnWm u]coXm. Cui=w Bwuub
vXoIfn dob __cw BWm
BfbKXotS Jy 5ubn2n.
Ae I|nw _dXt IndcioXanb
eo[o Xootb?HXo\m Hto;
YX|nIgW\obaw BefytXo\ntd
u]ntd.
Aecot\ eo[ H 5?ob
hn[yantWm ]cynudnNo%en IncWw,
t]nH Bu]oIhonw H BuKnj
IndLS\ CnXntWow AXoun?w
anw AYen eyXobn\t eofZpIco%Xo\m
haYanWm FXnbo. o
AXm hn[o%Xm Ft\tbntWo
vXoI hnuXoIhweo[n\tj u\com
Hot\nunSm _tobnWm. AntX,
BuKnj Ind\odtS GtXow Aey2
N\anbo. hmpt hn+oI
_voI]cpWjo \ocpI hwe
;tS hab?at \oWbom n]o
t%Xm 5InfNI; (light signals)
uBn%I;anbo XncXaytotnnWm.
aotS aW]Yo H D]ri
ot n\eyXobn\t \ eoeco%
Xm \tS epotd uBnot\habt
38
478 38 +xn
- ap\w Bg\nZw
ASon\tobnWm; AXm XocoanInw.

\ tNtXtn c1 vXoI
e;tS ]cc_t eofZpIco%
Xo CS\odbnbo eo% GtXow
BuKnjIndt Hkoeno !lt%IbnWm.
IndwIkouncw \tS So \c 5?o
btb \m D]riot aW]Y=anbo
_tnw. H u_hmu_n tho
10 ap ueKodnWm FXot\ \m H
ioan\o(glaicer)tS \p=anbo XncXayt
o Noonw. At\ ao Incyjo
anInw. Indw At\ HceonPyLSIanXn
bop. ant, AYen eyXobn\
tj Indw SntXXt eofZpIcom tejo
tnw.
\m Indw FXot\ \nbo eynJyn
\onw Fnou\w AXou\n _
to Noonw, At\ AetStbnw
ucnn u\co _ot ucJ
tI on bUo\ow
\m uanN\w do%Hanb \odbo ]c
c_ot eofndanb edbw
(network) ejtc au\nicanbot 5#Xo
bo hweo[n\w tNtoco%. Ind]co
[o%o an^w 5ISpeo% 5]otd
vXoIfn\obatj vXoI fnm
XoIw hwoanbo u?nUpIcotn
Ikoom Fn, Indw 5]ot
HcSon\LSIantWu]nw Noou]n
! H oXoboudm hvIcy F
anb eXnbnYnYyw \t tIn1 NnSo
Xm. ucn XeW \nw uInô enen
Brio%un?w _ CXou\n uZ
anbo ]Ww F LSI=w \tS PpeoXt
BbnhcioXan%. ]u, \nw eodaXo
% Incym AXm Xpbnw It
t H n\an\obnWm, AntX \nw
AXo eodaXo%uXn AXot eodbnbo
In Ftouan A. AHu]ntd
Indw \t vXoI fnpb hweo[n\
tj Hou\ntSn _totbn
AeZo%. AXnbXm, H u_hmu_njot
\pw ioan\otS Nd\=anbo F5Incw
2o]canbo _toco% F No^p
IcotntXXt. ]u, AHu]nw ]Ww
FXo\m hn[o%Xou\ntjnw X
dnbo ASon\]canbo \od\o+on,

hvIcyFw tNn= H hn+oIXbnWm.
Indt
Hkoenotb%Xo\m
AXo
uXnb InaoI]oW (appeal) Dtnw
AXm han\anbo ejtcb[oIw XIcncI
Dnoe%w. HnaXm, AXm \nbo Noo
lot%Xo\m I|nw _dXot
hinbw BefyanWm.
unUouMm Iynm F B uIhm u\n
%I. B tS Ppe H I|nw Xn
^tS \odbo PpecWoSbo
tnIbnWm hn[ncWcpXo% Noo%Ibn
tWo H Ajem Fdoufgw,
AYen han\anb GtXow \S]So?a
oufgw B Fun GtXntubn
Bbop. ulnteo enZo%Xm tS
\od Hcow ]coicoto FnWm.
B hnPpeo AXot\obntWo acW
tu]nboco%w; loIK H agyt\
Au]om PpeH Xtbnboco%w;
lo%!lK H agyt\ Au]om AXm
acWtoco%w Fot\ u]n!.
H Incym, AXnbXm, t]nH Bu]
oIhonwu]ntd tS acWw AXot
\ocpIt\ BZanoboco%w. ulnteo
Inwu]ntd Bu]oIXtS dX|w
eyn]ooco%wetctbu]ntd AXm Bu]
oIanbnuWn hweo%Xm FXm Gtl
BLcyIcanWm. IncWw, Indw FXm
Fotw ASon\LSIw XtbnIbn,
AXot\ Dd\w tNn [aw vXoI
fntS 5]to InGn
Xt anoalounw.
Indt ept
ept
5]w ASon\]canbot IndcioX

antWow, AXm AXou Indta
LSIt [cooco%Hu]ntd InWt.
IndcioX I|nw Bu]oIXtb ]K
bo uNnZybo% GtXncn%w
u\couSXm CXnWm. FnWm udnIw \f|c
anbo InWtXm?
t]nH Bu]oIXw \{unWob
Indao. Fnw, !l]w YX|n
IgWw _d=w Bu]oI Xp@X!l=w
BbHu]ntd t]nanc ]d nKoI ]Icw
teI(Substitutes)Dm. epd--tUeom ha
enIyo\m Ccw ]IcwteI Hw
Xtbo.
Haonbo\om
Indw
(AYen Ind5XpXo) Ft\ tXjoe
FXo\m _{cw ulnteow \ouZf
\obom. Fn, Iu\nWo I|nw
YX|nIgWw (rneoo) ejtcb[oIw eoIn
hw5n]o HcnfbKXotbbnWm AeXco
o%Xm.
thaoBnho Indw Flobt
AXm 1931- Cwuogm vXoIfn t\
eo. F^m. uanm hao H 5_
oudnWm FKXm. Auiw H ipdobw
\{Bobw H edob B=w Xo
oboSotb
eofZpIcotInnWm
AXm
AeXcooXm.
hWanb
Afnpb
hweo[n\t anJIbn%Xoudnbo uanm
IndcioX=w oc=anb fnhweo[n\
% 5ubnKo%Hu]ntdXnb H
haenIyanWm 5ubnKoXm. Auiw AXot\
c1 h_mhojnbo eoPo%Iw B
ipdobw \{Bobhot\ Bo\m H uBnm
Bbo D]ubnKo%Iw tN. eobneita
]lbt, \{Bobhot\ Au]otIn1Xt
B BwIWoI, I|nw _dXot
hnan\yIndt B[bo% haenIy
t Ahco%Xnbo. uhot (d
ot) H [aw Indot nKanbom
5ISpeonw HSo. At\ B fnhw
eo[n\w BIan\w IndcioXantWow
Htn% nK At\b. tan
o fnhweo[n\o\m IndcioXanb
haenIyo Adp\anbom D]hweo
[n\o\m H IndLS\m.
Pa\obotd tInujn Woueoobotd
BvIp^ I|nw rneoom Auiot
FQXi D]\ynho\m han\anb 5_
;tS e]oSoXm, hnnAhm Indo
u^nWobn Wouekohoobotd uXnahm
_nmhm HSobeuSXnbo. 5]w
IndcioXanboconw. ]u, \ojXot\
]d IgWjnbo lotXnbo h+o%I
bntWo Nod IgW ae Nodem
uBnm Bbo eo%H InWnw. Indw
DVeo%Xm
Indaonbo\oanWm.
\m Indta H InGnHXt \nw
h|nneoIanbo
AXotdn
IgWanWm
FXo\ndnWm.
Bfbw Fân^w Xn]cyP\
+xn 478 39
39
I=w eobnei=w BuWn AHu]ntd

Xt CXm \t Xdntbtntubn
Befyecno ane. 5]t
uBn%Ijnbo eo% tNlob tNlob
IgWjno loannt\nw hn[ya;
anâ, At\ ]lbt hniNcyjo
honw bntXneo[ hn[yXn5eN\=w
\SKo. At\ hniNcytj
ttIIncyw tNuoeun ueoeXm
Wanb H I|nw YX|nIgW
hon=w, habt, Indto
AKn[anb !\eoNo\=anWm.
Nco^]canbo vXoIfn Bcww
!loXm ejtc DbXdo ]co
Nbn Notob IndLS\bnWm;
AXnbXm, H Ind\oLoXanb XInd
otw ean\Indotw Hl H
neoIndotw. Ae hneInfo,
]So]Sobnbo, LS\neo\ynhtbntI
AkotK. KuegI Cun Non
[nctb Aehn\wX Xocoom Noc]coNb
n tejot IndLS\tb ]nc
ucyXc vXoIfnotd Indo\ow
ueXocom !\wom FWw. CXm
ASon\]canbo \oLdnebo H
udnIot ]d nKjn ]ccn
_ot eoXanb t\meo\o

Xt ueWw !\\oaotuXm.
Wm X|fn avlohm tatdn
u]no enZoXm Indw h|Xue 5enih|
neXtw, AXot 5eniKXotb
]lbtXm H \Zoboudm AXot
H?ot\ u\non Bjot\t
FloHu]ntdbntWanWm. AXnbXm,
Indw H?! F eof|ho%en \tS
u5cWXt \tw \tS 5#Xo_
tjtanw Cl Noô udnI
oudm tIn1eoen \nw alu]n!
XodnWm. tatdnu]no \tS eogbn
_oXanb Ind]coNoXX|t%lonWm
]lXm; ]u, bIndw etc
Bw ioou]nao dy]canb
Indw AXo\nt B _jn
eofZpIcon hn[o%w Fm. Indw \od
\oXm udnIt fnpbanbo hweo[n\w
tN tNcnKjnobom Aetb oboWo
\oKXm FntWm u\nonun
knWm. Noô vXoIIndw DVeo
%Xm \nw \tt atno \ow
ueloXntW Noo%Xot uabo
\oanWm.
I-a-do-]y-X-
-I-a-do-]y-X A-Y-en I-a-_--\-o A-I-t--u]n-!--Xm H-ko-en--Ww. I-a-^-d--jo

-wo ]-Xo--tIn-1 tN-- I-a- I-a-do-]y-X- In-c-W-an-!w. I-aw tN---Xm h|-w Iey-an-tW-m [-co--tIn-m ^-ud--bo-n-tX e-o--Ww. h-In-a Iaw en-h-\--jen-%w.
en-h-\ ep-1w I-a-u5-c-W--n-%w. C-Xm A-\--an-bo H-S-w. I-aw tN---e A-Xo A-It-- u]n-!-I-w tN-w. eyn-h-a-i-go--tS ubn-K-Z-f-\ n-gy-o hw-hn-c-N?
- -t--o
]-l---m. B-lm B-c-n--I-;- N-?-an-Wo-Xm. C-, A-Xo-t ^-d-an-b -Jw, -J-o-t enh-\ (B-r-iw) F-p -m B-c-n--I-;w, uZ|-gw, X-Xm^-d-an-b x-Jw, x-J-o-t en-h-\ F-p
-m B-c-n--I-;w uN--Xn-Wm hw-hn-c-N-?w. C---e-fw-e-Z-\n-bo a--gy h-In-a-I-aw tN-. A-Xo- \o- -Jw d-o%w. -Jw en-h-\-tb -wo-%. en-h-\ ep-1w C--w H-S-m
-Jw, en-h-\, C--I--Jw, F-o-5-In-cw A--ao-n-tX H-S--en In-c-W-=-an-!w. C-H-u]n-td-Xt-bn-Wm uZ|-gw, x-Jw, x-J-en-h-\ F-o-e--tS-w ]-c--c. Cv N-?-o-t- u]n-!-Xn-Wm I-a-do-]y-X. C-Xo-\o-m c--t-Sn-- G-I-an-Kw h-In-a-I-a-t \o-lnaI-a-an-bo
]-co-e--\w tN--bn-Wm. \o-ln-a-I-aw en-h-\-tb \o-ln-h-\w tN--. en-h-\-I \-fo-%un -J-x-J- C-n-tX-bn-!w. hw-hn-c-N-?w t]n-jo--u]n-!-I-w a--gy h|-X--\n-!I--an-bo. Cv h|n-X-yw A-[yn-Z P-K-o-ud-%- 5-uef-\-o--X-!- A-[o-In-c-]-^-an-Wm.
\n-dnw I--ey-o-t ]-co-]n-d-\w-tIn-1-an-^-ua Cv A-[o-In-c-]-^w ttI-e-co-I-->.-hw2uaXXm
hw
uaXXm cacwN ey
ey2ney
ney2ww cuX eof|apfam
A\pf
A\pfLnZn_
n_yuX
yuX un
un5nenXm
nenXm.. uf|Xnf|Xucn]\ogXm 1.8
40
478 40 +xn
- ap\w Bg\nZw
(hwow)
(hwo
w)
(1933 ueZ_fa uInkounm \ow 5hopIco
Bcyeoeni]Xo F dxudJ.)
-f|-c--Xo
1 5nn-Y-u\n-]n-h-\-I
1. w eo-f|n-\o uZ-e h-eo-X-cm,
--co-Xn-\o ]-cn--e
b-Zm -w X- B--e
(b-. 30-3)
-n-en-Yww:-:- h-I-d P-K-o-u-w D-+-o-I-n=w h-I-ttd-f|-cy--2--an-- I--h|--]o,
R--;-tS F-n x-fp-d--uj-w x-J--uj-w
-cp-I-co-n-w bn-tXn-m I--an-uWn (I--an-b
Y-W-=w, I-a-=w, h|-n-e-=w) A-tXn-t R-m X-n-w.
2. w io-c-Wy-K-cm! h-a-e-cm-Xn-ur,
--X-hy Pn-Xx ]-Xo-uc-I B-hp-Xm
h Zn-[n-c #--Yo-eow [yn--uX-anw,
I-tt
t uZ-en-b i-eo-gn eo-u[-a (b-. 13-4)
-n-en-Yww:-:- 5-In-f-h|--]-w, -cy-N-n-Zo-Ijn-b 5-In-fo-%- ]-Zn-Y--tj -wo-m e-io-u]n---e-w D-+--an-b F-n P-K-o-t-w
5-ho--\n-b c--I-w B-b G-I-~-1w, D-nbo--. (D-1m.) B 5-In-f-h|--]o, P-K-K-n!w--m e-o-. B P-K-Zp-f|-c -ao-ub-w
A-H-u]n-td -cyn-Zo-I-uj-w [n-c-Ww tN--,
e-io-%-. -J-h|--]o-bn-b I--]-c-an-Zneo-t\ h|p-I-co--- [-n--W-an-b D-]nh-\-tIn-1m R- -Po-%-. ~-1n-7o In-c-Wn-e--ub-w In-cyn-e--ub-w
H--u]n-td \o-b-a-o te-tIn-o-co-%-
-f|-c H-u-->. B h-uF-f|-c uPyn-XoI-I-;-tS uPyn-Xo-n-!-. ]-c-an-[n-c-an-b B
~-1-t B-[-bo--bn-m h-I-d-anw-K-dyo-w e-ko. B -K-en-t\ F-w [--ubn-tS
R- B-cn-[o-%-.
3. w b B-Z-Zn _-d-Zn b-hy eo-f|,
D-]n-h-uX 5--fo-gw b-hy uZ-enx,
b-hy-On-b--Xw b-hy --Xzx,

I-tt
t uZ-en-b i-eo-gn eo-u[-a
(b-. 25-13)
-n-en-Yw:w:- B- B-Z-n-\w X---e-w, fncp-co-I-=w B-Zp-I-=w hn-an-Po-I-=-an-b F-neo-[ _-d-=w X---e-w, B--tS B--tb -?e udn-I-=w, B--tS B--tb -cyn-Zo F-n
Zo-ey -wo-I-;w ]n-do-%--uen, B--tS B-[bw uan--Zn-b-I-=w, B-tc A--h-co-n-Xo-co-%-Xm x-J-ui-H-=-an-uWn, B -J-h|--]o-bn-b
]-c-an-Z-uZ-e-t\ B-Zn-eo-\n-w A-x-I-c-Wn-w R- -Po-%-.
4. w- bx 5n-n-W-uXn \o-ao-g-uXn a-io-X|n,
F-I C-n-Pn P-K-uXn _--e
b -uf A-hy Z|o-]-ZL-H--Zx,
I-tt
t uZ-en-b i-eo-gn eo-u[-b
(b-. 23-3)
-n-en-Yw:w:- B- 5n-W-[n-co-w F-n P-U--wo-tS-w, h|-a-io-a--dw P-K-o-t H-uc H- cn-Pn=w B-bo Xp--bn-bo-m C-co-%--uen, B-
C--In-do (a--gyn-Zo)-I-;-tS-w \n-n-do (]-I--KnZo)-I-;-tS-w ua--c-Ww \-S-K--uen, B -Jh|--]-\n-b ]-c-an-Zn-eo-t\ [-n--2o--ew
R- -Po-%-.
5. w ub-\ Zyv--rn #--Yo-ep N --Vn,
-ub-\ h|x --o-Xw ub-\ \n-Ix
ubnAubn A--co-u c-P-uhn eo-an-\x,
-I-tt
t uZ-en-b i-eo-gn eo-u[-a (b-. 32-6)
-n-en-Yw:w:- B---dw Zzudn-Iw uX-P- \o-l-Hw -ao D-l--H-an-!--uen, B-cn -cyn-Zo-a-7d- e-io--t---uen, B-tc B-[-bo-%-H-tIn-1 uan-n-\-w ttI-e---uen, B-
A--co--o udn-I-h--i-o-t \o-an-Ww
K-Xo -X-dn-b-e-tb \o-b-o-%--e-\n-bo-co-%-uen, B -J-h|--]o-bn-b ]-c-an-Zn-eo-t\
-
+xn 478 41
41
[n--Fw R- -Po-%-.
6. w 5--Pn-]-uX \ X| uZ-Xn-\y-u\yn,
eo-f|n Pn-Xn-\o ]-co-Xn _--e
b-XmIn-an-u *a-a--un A-,
-e-bw hyn-a]-X-ubn c-bp-Wnam
(E-Im. 10-121.10)
n-en-Yww:-:- h-I-d-Pp-e-Pn-d-o-t-w c--I-\n-b
]-c-an-Z-uZ-en-, A-o-\o-m ue-tl-bn-bo (A-n-tX a-e) B--ua A-Hw C-H-an-b F-nw D-n-b
P-U-uN-X-\--tj-w A-S-o \o-b-o-%-o-.
(A-m h-F-udn-I-\o-b-n-en-tW-w A--ntX a-n-w eo-f|-\ob-n-e-t-w R- A-lo--te--Yw A-Xo-\n) F-t-nw C-o-%-
R- A--tb B-[-bo-%--uen, A-tXn-t
R--%-e-c-t, Io--t (X-m A--r-io-n-w).
X--dw R- F-n -f|-cy--;-tS-w D-S-a-n (-f|-cy-fn-do-I) B-bo-p-c-t.
7. w h-u\n _--cmP-\o-Xn h eo-[n-Xn;
n
[n-an-\o ue-Z --e-\n-\o eo-f|n
b-^ uZ-en A--X an-\-fn-\n-hm;
J--Xp-ub [n-a--tt[y-c-b-
J
(b-. 32-10)
-n-en-Yww:-:- G-H -n-a-t [n-a-o-* (*--d5-#-Xo, -K-5-#-Xo, eo-f|-I-n-en-b -f|c F-p ?-a-o -n-a-t [n-aw ]-c-an-Zn=m) A-a-c-X|w A-Xn-b-Hm uan-w, 5n-]o--tIn-1,
eo-Z|n-n uh|--u]n-td h--co-%--uen B
]-c-an-Zn-=m \--tS h-in-b-I-w, P-\-bo-Xn-=an-!-; B -f|-c F-n-o-u\-w -wo-
c-o-%- (e-io-%--e-\n-!-) F-n P-o-Xo -]n-Zo-I-uj-w udn-I--uj-w -Wan-b-lo--.
8. w A-ul \-b --]-Yn cn-ub A-n
eo-f|n-\o uZ-e e--\n-\o eo-Z|n
--ubn-[y---*-cn-W ua-u\n
bobo-~n-u \-a D-2ow eo-u[-a (b-. 40-16)

-n-en-Yww:-:- G-tl G-tl -2o--W-an-b \-a-n-cnZz-]n-h-\-I A-u-n-bo-m R- tN--tIno-co--t. 5-In-f-h|--]o-bn-b ]-c-an-Z-uZ-e,
]-c-a-Zn-\-en-\n---e-u\, F-n eo-n-\--;w
A-m A-lo---e-\n-!-. R--tj ]-c-tta-f|-cyan-b uan--5n-o-n-bo, \--e-ko-bo--tS \-bo-nw; R--jo \o-m !-So-d-Xn--W-an-b (\--eko-bo u]n-!-en h--Xo-n-) ]n-]-t
A-I-o-bn-w; -cp-I-co-n-w.
478 42 +xn
42
- ap\w Bg\nZw
-A-lo-uin-^w
2. B-N-a-\ a-w
[e-d-t D-w-I-o te-w \o-l-o-m -ucn

a--=w P-]o-m h|n-in F- D--co--tIn-1m
A-H !-So--Ww. A--t\ - B-N-a-\w P-]o-%un A-Y-n-e-\w \o-{--an-!-.]
1. w A--uXn]--c-W a-ho h|n-inn
-w A--uXn]o-[n-\ a-ho h|n-in
w h-Xyw b-fx [p-p-cma-bp [pp
[--b-Xnw h|n-in
n
(an-\-e-[-iy -^w. 1. 9. 15. 17)-nn-en-Yw:w:- A--X-h|--]o-bn-b A-eo--m Xn-kt C-co--Sw B-!-. A--X-h|--]o-bn-b A-eo-m -I-jo-d-t -So (t]n-X-m) B-!-. h-Xyw,
Ip-o, -f|-cyw B-[-bw C-tXn-t-bn-bo-m
F-o e--W-n-w. F-t \o-d A-lo-o-m
Rn-\o-H-]-l-.-
3. Aw-K -f eo-[o-
-C-\o C-S-H D-w-I-o te-w F--K ,-Z-bun-Sm A-+w A--K ]o-So--tIn-1. e-d-H-I-tS ]-eo-^-eo-c-w \--eo-c-w an-^w uN-K te-o tXn--tXn- -ucn en-Iy-=w D--co-m
A-Xn-H n-\-K tXn-S-Ww.2. w en- aBa B-uhy
hy
(en-bo)w \-uhn-cmua 5n-n-uWn
Wn
(c-1 \n-hn-c--o-w)w A--uWn-cmua N-E-c-
(c-1-I-Bo-w)-w I-cmW-ubn-cmua u[nu n-^-a-
(c-1-In-Xo-w)-w _n-uin-cmua _-d-a-
(c-1--P--jo-w)-w -cmuen-ua -uPn
Pn
(c-1 H-S-I-jo-w)-w A-co-wn-\o uaMnua Mn-\o X---\|n-ua
h-i-h- (]n-c--c [-iy -^w 1. 3. 25)-n-en-Yw:w:- F-t en-bo e-m J-X|-f-2o e-o-t (D-n-I-t) F-t \n-ho-I-bo 5n-W-f2o e-o--t. F-t I-C-I-jo In-Wn--
f-2o e-j-c-t. F-t tN-eo-I-jo [-e-W-f-2o
e-j-c-t. F-t -P--jo uf-go e-o--t.
F-t H-S-I-jo _-dw (h-X|w) D-n-I-t. F-t
f-cp-cw -?-e-w, F-t f-cp-c-o-td Aw-K-tj-nw H-o-, H--u]n-td ucn-K-ao-n--Xn-boXp-c-t.-
-AA-lyn-[n-\ a-w8. w --cm --ex h|x (uKn-o-d-[-iy. 1. 1. 11)- a-w D--co--tIn-1m I-c-o-bo I-0-cw
te-, I-o--Ww. A-Xo--uf-gw A-- a-w
tIn-1m uin-a-!-7-o-\-I-Km, \--m, !-tl
h-ao-[-I-o-S-bo, B I-o- Xp te--Ww.-w
w --cm --ex h|-cm Zyv-co-e -n
-#-Yo-ep-e Fcoco-amWn
-X-hyn-u #--Yo-ep uZ-e-b-P-\o-#-u~loo a-n Z-a-n-Zy-ubn-Z-u[
[
(b-. 3. 5)-n-en-Yww:-:- A--ubn #-Yo-eo, bn-tXn-o-u
uZ-e-X-I F-w b-w tN---uen, F-eo-tS
A-e-tb -Po-%--uen, A--t\-- \o-t -Ijo -o--- A--o--ue-o F-nw
-o-%- A-lo-tb Rn te-%-. A-H -dw
-udn-I-o-t-w A--cp--o-t-w h|udn-I-o-t-w Y-W--tj [n-c-Ww tN-n-w,
\--^n-Z-o-I-;-tS a-io-a-bn Zz-udn-I-ta--u]ntd e---o-w, -ao F-eBw F-n 5n-WoI-%w B-[-bw X-- eo-n-c-o-w Rn
a-io-a u\-S-t.-
4. ]-e-\-Zn-\-a-w4. w D-Zme-[y-h|n-ul 5--Xo-Pn-[-i-pX|-ao-wn--cmu hw--uP-Yn-a-bw-N

A-o h-[-u A-[z--c-oeo-f|-uZ-en b-P-an-\-L hp-Z-X (b-. 15. 54)-n-en-Yww:-:- A--ubn A-ul, F-Wp-&! D-W-!
\p-w b-P-an-\-w C-w-=w --=w * (*-ue-Z
a-- -dw \-S--t-- A-lo-uin-^w
-X-dn-b I-a--tj C-w I-a--tj-w udn-uIn]-In-cn-Yw e-ko-o-W-c-I te-o-%-I, A-\nY-c-n-d-b- -X-dn-b-e D-n-%-I -I-a--tj-w A-lo-b-t--.) H-o--uN-
D-n-%-eo. D--a-an-b H-o---So C-co-uo-S-o- ua F-n uZ-e-X-I-;w b-P-an-\-\n-b
A-w C--n-w.[v-Xo-I-an-b A-lo-uin-^-un-tSn-o-m
B-Zp-ban-b A---Xo-bo C-wn--w hn-[o-Ww. b-w-e-ko uZ-e-X-I-;-an-bo h-i-e-ho-bn-m hn-[-\n-c-i-hyw.]
5. h-ao-Zn-[n-\-a-w-
-h-ao-[-I-jo A-lo-I-S- H-S-o-bn F-t-

Aw-Y-dw \p-j-o-- - h-ao-K t\-o
-o-bo-m, H-n-a-t a-w tNn-o H-w, c-n-
a-t-Hw -n-a-t-Hw tNn-o a-tn-w, \n-dna-u-H-tNn-o _n-o-- H-w e-d-H-ttItIn-1 ]o-So- A-lo-!-7-d-o-do-S-Ww.1. w A-b- C- B-Zn Pn-X-ue-ZhmuX-u\ [y-h| e-cm[-h| uN--e-cm-bNn-n 5--P-bn ]-I-o-cm~-1e-cmN-uh \n-n-uZy-\ h-ua-[-b, h|n-i
C-Zw A-l-ub-Pn-X-ue-Z-uh C-Zw- \- a-a
(B-f|-dn-b-\ [-iy. 1. 10. 12)n-en-Yw:w:- F-n -f|-cy-o-t A-[o-]-Xo-bn-n-j-j-e-t\, D-W-o-b eo-l-Im \o-t Pp-e-\n!-. C-H--dw 5-In-fo--w e-j--I-w tN-.
C-Xm, \o-L-b-an-w R--tj-w -So e-j-L.
5-P-I-jn-w I--In-do-I-jn-w n-\-uX-P-o\n-w Z-i-\-f-2o-tIn-1w D--Xo tN-. a-\-hnen-Nn-I-a-Wn R- f-co-bn-Wm ]-l---Xm.
C-Xm (uin-aw tN---tX-nw) F-n [-\-o-tw A-[o-]-Xo-bn-b A-lo-n-bo h-a-o-X-an!-. C-H (C-Xo-u) F-t-H (F-\o-m A-[oIn-c---Hm) A-.2. w h-ao-[n-low --e-hy-X,-z-ttX-cm u_n-[-b Xn-Xo-Yow
B-o i-eyn --uin-X-\ h|n-in,C-Zw A-l-ub C-Zw \ a-a
(b-. 3. 1)-n-en-Yw:w:- \o-Xyw K-Xo-tN-- A-lo-tb h-aoK-tIn-1m -Po-%-eo. t\--tIn-1m D-W-Keo. A-lo-bo uin-a--ey- uin-ao-%eo.3. w --h-ao-n-b ufn-No-ug,z--Xw Xp-@w --uin-X-\
A-l-ub Pn-X-ue-Z-uh h|n-in,C-Zw A-l-ub Pn-X-ue-Z-uh C-Zw \- a-a
(b-. 3. 2)-n-en-Yw:w:- \--u]n-td I-o-n-;--Hw Xo-j--H-an-b A-lo-n-bo-m -W-- t\- uinao-&. [h|n-in -X-dn-b-Xo-\m A-Yw -cme-e-Xm.]
4. w X-|n h-ao-Zmo-c- Ko-ucn,z--uX-\ e-cm-bn-a-ho!g--i-un-n-Nn-en-b-eo-~-b h|n-in
n
C-Zw A-l-ub
b Ko-co-uh C-Zw \- a-a
(b-. 3. 3)-n-en-Yw:w:- F-n-bo-S-Kw 5n--\n-!--e-w,
F-un-?w -en-en-bo-co-%--e--an---e-u\, \ot t\--tIn-1 R- e-o-o-%-. ao-I-w
I-o-o-j- (uf-gw -]-l--u]n-td)+xn 478 43
43
6. z--Xn-*-Xo a-w-
-I--an-- t\-m Io-B-ta--Km A-Xo-td t\-

-Sn-o A--K te--Ww ]o-p-Sm C-\o-b-t
a-w B-e-o- A--X-e-W B-*-Xo I-c-otIn-1 tIn---Ww.1. w A-bw-X C- B-Zn Pn-Xue-Z-hm uX-u\-[y-h| e-cm[-h| uN-e-cm-b, Nn-n 5--P-bn-]-I-o-cm~-1e-cmN-uh-\n-n-uZy-\ h-ua-[-b h|n-in-C-Zw, A-l-ub Pn-X-ue-Z-uh C-Zw \- a-a-(B-f|-dn-b-\ [-iy. 1. 10. 12)-n-en-Yww:-:- F-n -f|-cy-o-t A-[o-]-Xo-bn-j-j-e-t\, D-W-o-b eo-l-Im \o-t Pp-e-\n!-. C-H--dw 5-In-fo--w e-j--I-w tN-.
C-Xm, \o-L-b-an-w R--tj-w -So e-j-L.
5-P-I-jn-w I--In-do-I-jn-w n-\-uX-P-o\n-w Z-i-\-f-2o-tIn-1w D--Xo tN-. a-\-hnen-Nn-I-a-Wn R- f-co-bn-Wm ]-l---Xm.
C-Xm (uin-aw tN---tX-nw) F-n [-\-o-tw A-[o-]-Xo-bn-b A-lo-n-bo h-a-o-X-an!-. C-H (C-Xo-u) F-u-H (F-\o-m A-[oIn-c---Hm) A-.-
8. B-Ln-cnen-Pyn-*-Xo a-w-
-C-\o-b-t \n- a--, \-n-bo D--Io-bt\-tIn-1m I-c-o \o-l- \o-l- uin-ao-%-en--e-bn-!-. uin-a-!-7-I-o-\-I-Km H-nw a-wtIn-1m e-S-t n-K-Kw, c-nw a-w-tIn-1m
tX-%-n-K-Kw B-*-Xo tN--Ww. _n-o c-1w
!-7-o- \--%w.-w
w A-l-ub h|n-in (e-S-%m)-C-Zw A-l-ub C-Zw \ a-a
-w
w uhn-an-b h|n-in (tX-%m)-CC-Zw uhn-an-b C-Zw \ a-a (b-. 22. 27)-n-en-Yw:w:- A-lo-h|--]-w 5-In-f-an-\--an-b
-K-en-t\ 5n-]o-n-\n-bo [-n--Fw B-*Xo-X--. uhn-a--]-w h-I-d P-K-o-t-w
c-h-=w an--cy-=w fn-o--an-b 5--eo-t\ 5n-]o
-n-\n-bo B-*-Xo-tN--. (_n-o --tu]n-td)-
9. B-Py n-Kn-*Xo-a-w-w
w 5--Pn-]-X-ub h|n-inn
-C-Zw 5--Pn-]-X-ub C-Zw \ a-a
(b-. 18-27)
w C-n-b h|n-in
n
7. P-d-5-uh-N-\ a-w-C-Zw C-n-b C-Zw \ a-a
(b-. 22-27)-C-\o !-7-o- -ew P-d-5-u-]w tN--Ww.
-n-en-Yw:w:- 5-Pn-]n-d-I-\n-b -K-en-t\ 5n-]o-%A-Xo-- a--:en-\n-bo B-*-Xo-tN--. B-*-Xo 5-Pn-]-w A-Zo-uXX -a-\y-h|
| (Io-k-un-m)Xo-%-ue-o-bn-!-. F-\o-%-ue-o-b-. -f|-w A--a-uXX -a-\y-h|
| (]-So-n-lm)cy-o-t-w eo--Xo--tS-w A-[o-~n-Xn-en-b
-w h-c-h|-Xy--a-\y-h|
| (e-S-un-m)-f|-c-t\ 5n-]o-n B-*-Xo-tN--. (uf-w
w uZ-e h-eo-Xx 5--e b-w
gw -cme-e-Xm)-5--e b--]-Xow -Kn-b
10. a-in-eyn-,-Xo B-*-Xo a-w-Zo-ueyn K--cmex uI-X-x uI-Xw \x,
w --c-l-ub h|n-in
n
-!-\n-H en-N--Xo-cmen-Nw \x h|-Z-H
CZ
w
Al
u
b
CZ
w
\
a-a(b-. 30. 1)
w
e
c
m
e
nb
u
e
h|ni
nn
-n-en-Yww:-:- A-J-7-@-X--;-tS A-[o-]. A-
C-Zw en-b-ue C-Zw- \- a-aR--tj uin-a-nIn--cy-o- A--e-Zo-n-w.
-w h|-cn-Zo-Xyn-b h|n-inn
F-n-e-tc-w B-n-]n-d-I-cn-o-u]n-e- -C-Zw B-Zo-Xyn-b C-Zw \ a-a
f|-cn- I-a-o-ud-t-Sn A--e-Zo-n-w. n-w --cm-ex h|-c-lo-en-b|n-Zo-uXy-yx
\-h|--]o! A---d-an-b a-Xo X-n-w.h|n-in
n
-h-ue-n-+n-Z-I-w, h-e-u5-c-I--an-b 5-In-C-Zw A-lo en-b|n-Zo-uXy-y
y C-Zw \ a-a
f-en-\n-b -f|-cn- b--t \--e-Bw tN-ow:- h-en-[n-c-w 5-In-f-h|--]o-an-bn-w. b-w tN-- b-P-an-\-t\ -f|-cy-dn-- -n-en-Yw:o-\n-bo u5-co-o-n-w, uX-P-h|o-w en-Wo-tb -K-en--ue-o Rn b--o-ud-t--.
[n-c-Ww tN---e-w n-\-t ]n-e-\-an-%- C-Xm A-lo-n-bo h-a-o-X-an-!-. C-H F-u-e--an-b P-K-Zp-f|-cn- R--;-tS-tb-n-e--tS-w, X-. B-d-hyw C-n-Xn-!--e-w K-Xo-fp-d--an-b
e-o-tb ]-eo-^-an-o-bn-w. eo-Zy--tS c--I-\n- -K-en--ue-o Rn h-a-o-%-. C-Xm en--eon-bo h-a-o-X-an-!- C-H F-u-X-. 5-In-fb -f|-c R--;-tS \n-eo-t\ a--c-an--u.478 44 +xn
44
- ap\w Bg\nZw
h|--]o-w A-J-7--]o--an-b -K-en--ue-o

h-a-o-X-an-!-. C-Xm B-Zo-Xy-\n-bo h-a-oX-an-!-. C-Xm F-\o-%--X-. h-en-[n-c-w
B-d-hy-\o-cn-I-c-w 5-In-f-en-w, A-lo, en-,
B-Zo-Xy-t\-p eo--Xo-I-n-[n-c-w B-*-Xo
h-a-o-%-. C-Xm A-lo, en-, B-Zo-Xy-t\-p
eo--Xo-I-n-[n-c--an-b A--m A-o-X-an!-. C-Xm F-\o-%-ue-o---X-.-
11. h|o-w-#-Xm B-*-Xo a-w-
-Xn-tk ]-l-- a---;-tS A-e-hn-\-o h|nin F- D--co-%-un B-Pyn-*-Xo-ubn-tSn-w

hn-a-ro--tS B-*-Xo-I \--Ww.-w b-Z-hy I-cma-uWn
WnXyXy-cp-co-Nw-b-Z|n \{-\ ao-in-I-c-am
-A-lo-w-Xm h|o-w-#-Xm eo-Zyn-Xm
-h-cmew h|o-w-w -*-Xw I-ucn-H-ua-A-l-ub h|o-w-#-uX -*-X-*-uX-h-cme 5n-n-b-Lo-n*n -Xp-\nw-In-an-\nw h-a-cm[-bo-u^-h-cmen-x In-an h-a-cm[-b h|n-inn
-C-Zw A-l-ub h|o-w-#-uX C-Zw \- a-a
(f-X]-Yw. 13-9, 4-24)
-n-en-Yww:-:- bn-tXn-m I-a-t hw-_-om eo-[o-tb I-eo- Rn tN- I-ko--uen,
A-t-o C-eo-tS !-l-en-bo tN--u]n-ubn,
b-w -?-e-\n-%- v-Xo-I-=w B-Zp-b=-an-b
A-lo-h|--]-\n---e-u\ F-t A-tXn-t
\--H-u]n-td b-w tN--t--Hw \--H-u]n-td
uin-ao-o---H-an-o tN-n-w, A-lo-tb D-u-fom b--t \--e-B-an-%--Hw, F-n ]n-]
-o-w 5-Xp-In-c-an-!- B-*-Xo-I-;-uS-w B-ri--tj h-^-d-an-%--H-an-b B-*-Xo Rn tN-. A-lo-h|--]o-bn-b ]-c-an-Z! R--;-tS
F-n B-r-i--tj-w -W-an-o-bn-w. F-t
5n-Y-\-h-Xy-an-bo e-c-t. C-Xm Rn h|o-w-#-Xm
A-lo-n-bo h-a-o--I-ko-. C-Xm F-u-X-.-
12. 5--Pn-]-Xyn-*-Xo a-w-
-w 5--Pn-]-X-ub h|n-in
n
-C-Zw 5--Pn-]-X-tb C-Zw \- a-a
-n-en-Yww:-:- 5-Pn-]n-d-I-\n-b -K-en-t\ 5n-]o-%en-\n-bo B-*-Xo tN--. B-*-Xo 5-Pn-]o%-ue-o-bn-!-. F-\o-%-ue-o-b-.-
1.
13. 5--[n-\-uin-a-t hw-_-o--

B-Pyn-*-Xo a--w --cm --ex h|x
h|x
A-l B-wgo ]-e-h-|

B- uen-cmP ao-gw N \xB-uc _n-[-h|-- \nw, h|n-in
n
C-Zw A-l-ub ]-e-an-\n-b C-Zw \ -a-a
(EuK|Zw. 9-66, 19)-nn-en-Yw:w:- h-e-n-[n-c-w x-J-\n-f-I-w -J-h|-]--an-b 5-In-f-h|--]-\n-b -K-en, R--;tS Pp-eo-X-t (Pp-eo-X-In-d-t) ]-eo-^-an-o
e-j-o-bn-w, R--m _-d-=w A-n-Zo-w
X-n-w,--w-5-#-Xo-I-tj (cn--h-tc) -c-K-X-o
A-a-o-bn-w F-t 5n-Y-\ h-Xy-an-bo
e-c-Ww. i-eo-hm ]-eo-^-an-%- A-lo-h|-]-\n-b 5--eo---Xn-m, F-u-X-.2. w --cm --ex h|x
h|x
A-lo-cm E-gox ]-e-an-\x]n--P-\yx !--ucn-io-Xxx
X-ap a-ui a-in-K-bw h|n-inn
-C-Zw A-l-ub ]-e-an-\n-b C-Zw \ a-a
(EuK|Zw. 9-66. 20)-n-en-Yw:w:- h-e-n-[n-c-w, x-J-\n-f-I-w. -Jh|--]--an-b 5-In-f-h|--]-\n-b A-lo, F-nw
In---e-w ]-eo-^-an-%--e-w, \n- B-[-a-jo-w A-Xo-w te-jo-%---e-tc ]n-do-%-e-w, F-n [n-ao-I-In-cy--jo-w 5--J-\n-bo-
h-in-bo-%--e-w, A-Xy-w _-d-en--an-!-.
A-e-t\ [-a-I-a-ho-y-Yw R- 5n-]o%-.3. w --cm --ex h|x
h|x
A-ul ]-e-h| h|-]-n-A-u e-cmNx --ep-cyw
yw
Z[--bow a-bo u]n-gw h|n-inn
C-Zw A-l-ub ]-e-an-\n-b C-Zw \ a-a
(EuK|Zw. 9-66. 21)-n-en-Yw:w:- eyn-,-Xo A-Yw -cme-e-Xm. 5-In-fan-\-\n-b 5-un A-m \- I-a--;-tS A-[o-~nXn-en-!- R--jo-w F-o-w uX-P-w -W
_-d-=w -f|-cy-=w !-wo-w D-l-o--tIn-1m
]-eo-^p-I-co-n-w.4. w --cm --ex h|x
h|x
5--Pn-]-uX \ X|-uZ-Xn-\yu\yn-eo-f|n Pn-Xn-\o ]-co-Xn _--e
-b-XmIn-an-u -*-a--un A--e-bw hyn-a ]-X-ubn c-bo-Wn-am h|n-inn
-C-Zw 5--Pn]-X-ub C-Zw \ a-a
(EuK|Zw. 10. 121. 10)-n-en-Yw:w:- h-e-n-[n-c-w, x-J-\n-f-I-w -J+xn 478 45
45
h|--]--an-b 5-In-f-h|--]-\n-b 5-un h-I-d

Pp-e-Pn-d-o-t-w c--I-\n-b ]-c-an-Z-uZ-en
A-o-\o-m ue-tl-bn-bo (A--n-tX a-e)
B--ua A-Hw C-H-an-b F-nw D-n-b P-U-uNX-\--tj-w A-S-o \-b-o-%-o-. F-t-nw
C-o-%- R- A--tb B-[-bo-%--uen,
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14. A-wn-Pyn-*-Xo a-w-
-w X|-un A-ul e--W-hy eo-Z|n-uZ-e-hy ui-uUn A-e-bn ho-hp-~nx

nx
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n
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(EuK|Zw. 4-1. 4)
-n-en-Yww:-:- 5-In-f-h|--]o-bn-b 5-un A-m
h-e-\n-!-. A-Xo-\n R--;-tS In-cyo In-o-a-b-an-b h-eeyn-]-I 5--eo-t
uIn-]-t fn--an-o-bn-w A-eo-- F-n-co-a-[o-Iw b-w tN---e-w tN-o-%--e-an-b -P-\p-b-uZ-e-w F-n-co--a-[o-Iw dn---n%--e-w A-Xy- D-p-]-\ h|-n-eo--an-!-,
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n
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(EuK|Zw. 4-1. 5)-n-en-Yww:-:- C-5-In-c--j-j B A-m n-\-h|-]-\n-b 5-un, R--%m c-n-In-cyw-tIn-1m
h-ap-]-e-o B-bo-p-n-w, !-d---tS
5-In-f-o A-Xy-w h-ap-]-e-o-bn-bn-w,
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i-eo-o-t\ h|p-I-co-n-w R--m F-;-w
eo-jo--t---e-\n-bo--p-n-w.-w
w C-aw ua e--W \--[o,-i-e-a-Zyn-N--U-b
-X|n-a-e-hz-cn-N-uI h|n-in
n
-C-Zw e--Wn-b- C-Zw \ a-a (EuK|Zw. 1-25. 9)478 46 +xn
46
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-n-en-Yw:w:- h-e-eyn-]-I-w, e-c-Wp-b--an-b -Ken F-t A-Y-\ uI-n-w, uI-o-m

C-un A-\-n--r-iw X-n-w, c-n C-o%- Rn A--tb eo-jo-%-. F-t 5nY-\ h-^-d-an-I-t C-H e--W-t N-c-W--jo
A-o-X-an-!- F-\o-%--X-.-w
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(EuK|Zw. 1-24. 11)-n-en-Yw:w:-- A-Xo-\n ue-Z-a---jn B-cn-[o-tIn-1m A--tb Rn f-c-Ww 5n-]o-%-.
b-w tN-- D-]n-h-I B-*-Xo-I-jn
A--tb-X-t C-o-%-. h-e-eyn-]-I-\n-b
e-c-Wp-b uZ-en, R--;-tS 5n-Y-\-tb A-e-KWo-n-tX b--o Xo--=- -n-obn-w ub-tl b-f-- -K-en R--;-tS B-o-t\ te-c-tX I-j--en-\o-S-e----tX, C-Xm
e--W---Xn-m. F-t-X-:
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P-K-o G-H -cw B-bo-c-=w I-W-n-bo
b--eo-g-b-an-bo-m ]-c- ep-fo Io-S-%-
e-do-b e-do-b ]-c--c-I-;w, tI--]n--I-;-un
A-e-bo \o-m C-m h-uen-Xm]n-Z-I-an-b eo-Xo-w A-H-u]n-td N-cn-N-c-o eyn-]o-o-co%-. eo--Xo--an-bo-m -cy-\n-w, A-lo-bn-w
eo-cn--b-w c-No-%--e-w F-n un-^--;--e--an-b en--=w 5n-W-w eo-Z|n-n-w R-tj uan-No-o--t.-w
w A-bn-Ln-ulhy\hy\-o-f-o-]n-L h-Xy-ao-X|-a-bn-ho
o
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h-e-eyn-]-I-w A-Xo--e-Bw !-Wyn-Zn--tj

c-o-%--e-w B-!-. en--e-o A-eo--m
I---]-o R--%m Io--t. N-cn-N-c-o
\o-l-o-co-%- A-eo--m R--;-tS b--t
e-io-n-w, h-e-^ e-io--tIn-1m R--jo
ucn-K-\n-f-I f-2o-tb ]-I-n-w, F-t
5n-Y-\ ]n-do--t. C-H h-e-eyn-]-I-\n-b
5-In-f-en---Xn-!-. F-t-X-,-w D---aw e--W ]n-f a--Zm
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nZoZo-Xyn-bnZoXZoX-ub N C-Zw \ a-a-(E-uK|-Zw. 1-24.15)-n-en-Yww:-:- eo-un an-\-ho-I-=w ttZ-io-I-=w
v-Xo-I-=-an-b _--\--tj ua-w A--ao-w
Ip-?w \o- fo-Yo-d-an-o-bn-w, A-\--cw A-J7-@-X--;-tS A-[o-]-Xo-bn--un-ue! R-
A---tS \o-b-a-o D-l--\o--tIn-1 A-J7--J-dn--o-\n-bo ]n-]-c-io-X-cn-bo Xp-c-t.
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h-Xyw Rn ]-l--.-w -e-X-x h-a-\ hv-h-uN-X-hn-e-uc-]hv
hv
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(b-. 5-3)-n-en-Yww:-:- h-e-^ eo-Zy-an-\-an-bo-co-%- v-XpI-=w B-yn-Zo-I-=-an-b A-lo-I-uj, R--nbo h-an-\-an-b a-\---e-w, h-an-\-an-b No---e-w !-Wy-a-b-=w B-bn-w b--u-w
b-w \-S-K--e-t\-w \-fo-n-\o-S-e---uX, C-m R--m aw-K-j--2--jn-bo -eo-%eo.-ttZttZ-\p-I A-lo-uin-^w1. 5n-n-Xx In-d a---w --ucyn uPyn-Xo-cm
-uPyn-Xox --cyx h|n-inn-w --ucyn e-cmuNn
Nn
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yx
--ucyn uPyn-Xox h|n-in-w h--cmuZ-ue-\ h-eo-^n
-h---g-uh--e-Xyn --gn-Wx--ucyn ue-H-h|n-in.

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B -K-en-\o B-Z-h-a--Ww tN--eo. h-Iudn-+n-Z-I-\n-b eo- Zp-o-bn-!-. P-K-o
In-- Zp-o-tbn-t A-e-t 5-In-f-an-!-.
A-e-t\ D-u-fo- \- B-*-Xo-\--Ww. F-n
5-In-f-=w -cy-\n-!-. -cy-n--tS 5-In-f-]o-bn-!- (-cyn-Zo-I B u[-~an-b-e-In-fan-b 5--eo-t\ Z-fo-o-%-) A-e F-t c-bn-m (F-t c-o--t). A--a-b-In-d-t
B-Zo-Xy-t\--u]n-td u5-c-I-\n-b ]-c-an-Zn-eou\n-m H-o- H-dy-an-b 5p-Xo-ubn-w -f|-cy5-Z-an-b eo--Xo-ubn-w -So-b-e-w, A-Io--Bw
5n-X-In-dp-\-an-b dn-d-a-ubn---So h-an-\ 5p-Xo--e--an-b -cy uh-e-\w tN--t--tIn-1
5-e-io--t.2. hn-bw-In-d a---w A-lo-cmuPyn-Xo
o
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Nn
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n.-h--cn-u^y-y--e-Xyn--gn-uWn A-lo-cmue-H h|n-in (b-. 3-9.1)-nn-en-Yw:w:- A-lo-uPyn-Xo-n-!-. D- 5-In-fta-nw A-lo-h|--]-an-!-. A-lo-h|--]-\n-b
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w --c-l-ub 5n-n-Wn-b h|n-in
n
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e]n]n-\n-b C-Zw \ a-a
-w h|-cn-Zo-Xyn-b eyn-\n-b h|n-in+xn 478 47
47
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-w B-u]n uPyn-Xo c-uhn
hn--Xw,-~-1 --cm --ex h|-ucnw h|n-inn
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]o-X-c-uLn-n-]n-h-uX-X-bnan-a-Zy ua-[-bnul,
n
,
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x-Jw \-fo-o-%--e--an-b -K-en--ue-o Rn
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478 48 +xn
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R--;-tS F-n x-fp-d--tj-w -cp-I-co-n-w,

bn-tXn- I--an-uWn (I--an-b Y-W-=w, I-a-=w
h|-n-e-=w A-tXn-t R--m X-n-w.-w
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w a--]-cmun a--]-cmun a--]-cmx-5-Xo-[-iy-Xn-am
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3. w a-ua-b-a- u]n-gyn a-iyw X|n-Zn-Zm

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-!--an-dyw, Aw-Y-dp-b-[n-c-Ww-Kn-b-^p-a-w-w --cm-ex h|x! X-e-eo-H-cme-uc-Wyw,--cmuKn uZ-e-hy [p-a-ioo

[o-ubn ubn-\x 5--uNn-Z-bn-Xm
(EuK|Zw. 3. 62. 10)-BB-fp-Fn-Zw-hvhv-n-Ky-a- I--w -e-Hx--Wn-*-Xo-w
w --cmW-a-Zx --cmW-ao-Zw, --cmWn-Xm
--cmW--Z-Ny-uX--cmW-hy --cmW-an-Zn-b,
--cmW-uaen-e, fo-gy-uX-w h-cmew tte- --cmWw h|n-in-fn-o-]n-Tw-w tZyvx fn-ox c--co--fn-ox #--Yo-ep- fn-o- cn-]x-fn-o-ucn-g-[-bx fn-oxox
-e-\--X-bx fn-o-cmeo-uf|-uZ-enx-fn-o-~-1 fn-ox h-cmew fn-ox-fn-o-uc-e fn-ox hn-an-fn-o-uc-[o-w fn-ox fn-ox fn-ox+xn 478 49
49
-F.-eo. cn-[n-#--tte-Zo-Im
b--ue-Z-hw-io-X--tS 39 A-[yn-b- a--gyt eyn-e-in-co-I-X-d-o-td I-a-]-c-an-b e-X-I-jn-tW-o 40-nw A-[yn-bw h--W-an-w
Z-f-\-]-c-X--ue-o an-^-an-m \p-o-e-o--Hm. I-a-o-t--So-n-\w n-\-an-tW--Xo-t
-N-\-w 5-?o-b-bo \o-w \--%m d-o%--1m. n-\ I-a h-a-\|--bw Pp-eo-X-o-t
A-Xy-n-u]-o-X-an-b h|-n-e-an-m. n-\I-a h-a-\|-bw ubn-Kn-Z-I-Pp-eo-X-o-t 5-Zf-\-a-u^.- D-]-\o-g-o-t 5 e-tc-- a--nK- n-c-Xp-b ubn-K-n-\-o-t \o-Z-V-X-d-jo-&-So-bn-m h--co-o-co-%--Hm, F-n
6 -X 18 e-tc-- a--n-K- [p A-c-eo-
-a-i-go--tS n-g-bo A-Xy-w ubn-Kn--V
an-b n-\w X-t-bn-m ]-I-m X---Hm.
h|nw-fp-I-co--t- B-Z-h---tS ^-d-5n-o
F--t\-bn-m Zn-f-\o-I-an-b 5-ubn-K-]--Xobo-e---Hm F-n-m E-go X-X|-t A-e-Xco-o--tIn-1-]-uZ-fo-%--Hm.B-Z-Z-f-\w ui-H-en-bo hn-[-I B-Zneo-t\-b-n-tX a-tn-o-t\-w Z-fo-%-o-. ey
-2o-I-;w, hw--e--;w B-Z-hw-_--an-b ttN-X\y-o-t -ao-I-b-n-tX a-tn--an-!-o-.
B-Zp-bn--e- n-c-Xp-b-ubn-Ko-I-;-tS ]n-c-
-cy-a-u^; 5-]--o-td N-do-%--Hw, N-do-n-H-an-b e---;w B-Z-h---tS ]-co-[o-bo
e--. X-t C-S-Kw, e-d-Kw, -I-jo-w, Xn-tk-w
Io-k-%w ]-So-n-cw B-Z-h--an-^-an-m
P|-do- \o---Hm. E-uK|-Z-o-td H-n-a-t a-7d-o-td 101 E-%m B-Z-h---tS u5n-P|
-d-\-t-%-lo-m \-t -ao-o-%--1m. -f|c-Z-f-\w Inw-o-%--e--tS ,-Z-b -I-a-d-o
B-Zp-b -[ D-n-!--Xo-t\-bn-m B-d-nco-I n-g-bo E-go-an uc-J-t--o-b-Hm.478 50 +xn
50
- ap\w Bg\nZw
(HS)
A--ubn h-e-K-X-5n-W-fp-d-\n-b h-uef|-cn! A-m I-n-w F-o A--co-o-co-%-

B-Z--[ Rn-\-u-m an-^-an-bo h-a-o%-. R--;-tS ,--S-o \o---b--
Kn-\--tj [-eo-n-w, R--tj [-\y-cn-o-bnw F-m E-go uc-J-t--o-bo-co-%-. B-Zh-n-]-c-an-b e--X-b-n-tX a-tn-w ?n-Z-fo-bn-b E-go-%m -o-n--en-\o---X-t,
X--dw F-eo-tS Xo-co-n-w -wn-en-b E-go
B-Z-X-X|-t an-^-ua In--->.-a- -wn-en-b E-go, G-I-X|w In-c-W-an-b
H- Zo-eyn-ttZ|-X-X-d-o--tS I-S- u]n-!-.
ep--W--jn-m n-c-Xp-b Z-f-\-o-t
ttI--X, n-c-Xp-b Z-f-\- B--o-I-uan,
\n--o-I-uan B-bo-tn--t A-Xo-t h-
B-Zn-u\|-g-W-a-n-tX a-tn-a. F-n
C--t \-ep-\-ue-Zn-o-I-;-tS X-d-o-ud%m A-[x-]-Xo- A-ttZ|-X-a- E-go--uS-Hm. E-go
]-l--. h-e--X-Pn-d--jo-w Rn--1m! Rn
h-e--X-Pn-d--jo-w eyn-]o-o-co-%-!
eyn-]-\-h|-n-ew Xo-co--lo---Hm X-]-o-t
]cnIn~bo-dn-m, Xo-co--lo-en-Wm- AttZ|-X
Z-f-\w. h-e-eyn-]-\-h|-n-e---Xn-m Rn
F-o-co-t, A-\y-^ A-iw c-io-X-an-b X-do-ud x-J-n-e--=. A-Xn-I-t uI-e-d h|-n-ean-m, X--dw eo-ue-I-_--an-b N---So \o-m
tIn-1m In-cy--tj E-go Z-fo-%-. Z-f-\
hv-n-Ky-o x-J-c-io-X-an-b A--cp--an--Hm. F-w B-Z-dp-\-an-b B-imjn-Zw C-X-u^
A-ttZ|-Xn---Xo.C-\o hn-[-I-\n-b H-cn x-J-\o-a-l-\n-tbo-co--t. A-bn B-Z-Z-f-\-h|-n-e-o-t
]-co-h-c-K-u]n-w e-o-o- F--H-l-n-m.
X-o -?-e-w B-Zn-en-m. P-K-o h-e-Hw
B-Zn-en-tW--lo-- ubn-Ko-bn-b hn-[-I-m
F-eo-tS-bn-m uan-iw, F-eo-tS-bn-m ufn-Iw. x-Jw

A-u-i-t hw-_-o-m A-\y-an-b eo-In-c-an-boco-%w.B-Z-h-, ~-1n---Xo-]-c-an-b H--
F-m \-ep-\ ue-Zn-o-I ]-l--. B-Z-h-w, ~-1n---Xo-w c-n-uWn, F-o ttZ|-X
]-c-X--tS A-I-n-o-n---Hm ua---co-
e-N-\- tIn-1m tX-jo---Hm A-ttZ|-X]-n=-an-m.- h--bn-I-t h-e-^ uX-uPn-a-b-an-bHw, h-e-eyn-]o-bn-b-Hw, \o-cn-In-c-=w, R-c--Ijo-n--Hw, -bo-n--Hw ]n-]-c-io-X-an-b-Hw,
G--=w ]-co-I--=w, h-e-Xo- -]-co-bn-b-Hw,
ô-In-d--Xp-X-an-bo-n-Wn I-ko---Hw,
h-e-n-\o-w X-\o-%m a-tn- -wn-e-n-H-an-b h--bn-!-. F-w h-\n-X-\-w, h-e
-uZ-e-X-I-%-an-bo I--eyn-Zo-I-tj eo--Po-
\---e-w, ]-c-an-Z-h--X-t-bn-!-.
ue-Zw ]-c-an-Z-h--tb ~-1--]-an-bo ]-l-o-1m.B--\o-I In-d-L--o (B--\n--\-an-b
io--a-X-eo-f|n-h-o) B-Z-h- -I-jo--co- F-n h|-n-e--tj-w ttI-te-So-m
B-Z-h- P-\-\-a-c-W--;--Xn-w, A-n-\ow, A-+--w, -wo--t--e-w I-a-n
B-n-Zo-X-w, uan--c-io-X-w, -n-=w In-aIo--c-w, ---w, u]-c-%-o-w, ]-n-o-ug-I
\o-ue-f-w, ]-cn-Po-X-w H-t-bn-bo an-c- In-Gbn-m \--tS tte-Zo--uI-X-c r--X--P--jo
\--o-m en-bo-%-en ]-e--Hm. -K-e-ZmKp-Xbou+nw B-Z-h-- -\ Pn-b-uX o-o-b-uX......-\-i-\y-an-u\ f-cp-uc...
c.. F-m F-?-Xo-bo-co-%-.
B-Z-h- P-\-\-a-c--%m eo-u[--b-a-n-
h-\n-X-\-an-b Zo-eyn-e--bn-tW-m -K-en D-lo--]-l-o-w eo-f|n-ho-e-Kw A-e-Xn-c-!--gn-tc-tn-m a--ugyn-No-X-=w, A--No-X-=-an-b
I-a--jo-ud-%m Nn-So-n-\n-m [-ao--Hm. C-Xot ^-d-uan -f|-c-m u-^--;w, uIn-eo--I;w ]-Wo-Hm a--gy-tc- X-o-d-So-o--I-o \o-o
-f|-c-m I-j--n-Kw, uh-e-w, Y--Xo-w,
h|-W-en-Xo-n-jo-I-;w \-o a--gy J-o-b-S-, b-Yn-Y-h--bn-I-t C-tX-nw I-m I-wta-t-C-.-h-Xy-an-b h--eo-m, I-a--jo \o--j-en!- ^-d--tj 5n-]o-%--e fn-f|-X-cn-bo-p-o- F-m ue-Zw ]-l--. eo-Zy-w, A-eo-Zy-w
D-]n-ho-%--e-%m (hn-u-Xo-I-=w, n-\-]-c=w) A-u[n-K-Xo-bn---tX-m \-Xo 5-Jyn-]o%-. C-eo-tS eo-Zy-tb-m ]-l---Hm \o-o-weon-\-t B-[-bo-%--e-%w A-X-n-
-e-w 5n-]o-%- B-Zp-b-an-b \o-d H-udnw I-wan-tW-m \-Xo -ao-o-%-. eo-n-\-]c-Xbo uZ-e-Xn-n-\-hw-_-o-bn-b e--X-I
(u-^-uZ-e-uXn-]-n-\-=w, A-Xo-u\n-m _-t- e--X-I-;w) a--gy-m h--e- u\-So-tn-%--X- F--l-o-m ]-l--. hp-an-Xp-X-an-b
n-\w ttI--dn-o h-e-o-w ]o-Xn-en-b
h-ue-f|-c-t\ D-]n-ho-%--e-%w uZ-e-Xn
D-]n-h-\ ttI--X-dn---e-%w d-o-%-
^-d-5n-o c-m X-c-o--t-bn-m F-m
A---e--cn-b E-go-an ]-l--.-5-Pn-]-Xo-L-c-Xo-K-cmu-
-A--c-Pn-b-an-\ u\n _*[n
_ [n eoPnbuX.
Xhy ubn\ow ]co]fy
]co]fyoo [pcn[pcn
o
o i Xcm
X cm.--e-\n-\o-eo-f|n F-m E-uK|-Zw.-h-e--X-Pn-d--jo-w -wn-en-b 5-Pn-]-Xo--tS
ttN-X-\yw \o-Z-V-an-bo-co-%- F--lo---e
eo-Zy-tb h-\n-X-\ \o-b-a-o--tS 5n-]o--\-f|-c\n-!-; a-e-j-j-e A--t\-b- F-m \-Xo
D-l-o- ]-l--.-eo-Zy-w, A-eo-Zy--ua-tX-m eo--Po-%-
A-Xo e-c--I -K-an-m. c-o-t\-w H-ao--lo--I F--Hm eo-g-a-I-c-a=w, A-lo-m I-kon, A-eo-Zy-tIn-1m A-Xn-b-Hm, A--hn-uXo-I-an-b ubn-Kw tIn-1m -Xz-eo-t\ a-lo-I-S-m,
-f|-c-\n-!- eo-Zy-tb D-]n-ho-m A--Xn-e-bo-dn-bo-p--. C-Xn-m eo-Zyn-eo-Zy--tS hn-[\n-]-c-an-b ^-d-5n-o.D-]-\o-g-o-t B-Zo-bo D--co-o-co-%-
a--n-K- A-Y-X-d-o H-o- e---Hm
12, 13, 14 a--n-K--jo-dn-m. A--cy-an-b 5-uZf-u-%m I-S-m tN-;- Pp-e-n 5n-]o-%--Hm
\o-c--c-an-b \p-N-K-Xo-tb-bn-m. C-Xn-I-t, P-Ue---tj (5-Xo-a-I)-w, 5-#-Xo-ub-w, a--gytc-w, uZ-e-X-I-tj-w D-]n-ho-%--e--tS K-Xobn-m \p--N-K-Xo, A-u--\-X-a-hn-?-Xn F-m
u\-c-t -No-o-o--1m. B-b-Xo-\n Z-f-\--;tS D--c-n-Kw Byw _n[o Pp-en-Zn--ujnm E-go-an--tS D-]-uZ-f-an-m \-o-bo-co-%--Hm.-h-Xy-Z-f-\-an-m Pp-e-t EX|o-
In-c-Ww. h-Xy-an-I-t h|-W-5--\o-l- H-
+xn 478 51
51
]n-^w tIn-1 -So-bo-co--bn-m, av-doI-an-b

e--X Kv-c-e-h|-n-e-- In-cy-an-^n-]-c-an-b
h--bn-m. A-Hm F-;-w ek H--. A-HtIn-n-m E-go -cy-t B-e-c-W-t an-o,
A-eo-f|-h-\p-b-an-b h---tS n-\w 5-Z-foo--W-ta-n-cn--Hm. A-y-Y-\--tS ]o-o, -cy-m hnu-Xo-I-an-b Zo-ey-X|-=w 5n-]-o-I-an-b bn-YnYy-=w \-o-tIn-1m A-u\-I ]-cyn-b ]-Z--jn
-cy-t fn-p-b-an-b \o-d-\o-+o-t\ 5-fw-ho%-. h-n-]-c-an-b eo-f-I-d-\-o -cy-t\
Z-fo- E-go-w, -cy-w H-uc -ey-n -wo-t--Xn-tW- fn--h-Xy-t te-jo-t-K-. h--tb 5n-]-o-I-an-bo a-\-o-dn-o,
Pp-eo-X-N-?-o \o-w \o-t-ao-n-ln-!-un,
I-a-_--an-bo-- a-\-o-u\n-m h-I-d-Hw -aon-\n-e-fy-t--.-I-a-tteeo--yw \o-ao-w tN- -o-b
^-d--jo ]n-]nw-f--;-t-o A-Xo-t\
cp-I-co-n-w -So-bn-m a-w - h-I-d-Hw
-K-tIn-1m Nn-?o-I-an-b P-K-o B-eo--t-- A-- P--o-ud-%m 5-ue-fo%--Xo-- h--Xo-]-^-an-Wp a-w. a---Xobo a--hn-cw a-tn- u^n-I-an-bo--l-o-1m. A-Xo Pp-e-t-tS -ao-bo tN- I-a
--jo-td [-aw an-^-an-m -tS e-co-I-tb-m
-Xo ]-l--.Pp-eo-X-N-?w A-e-hn-\o-%--H-u]n-td (B-e
--\-_--an-tW-o-w) \nw Z-f-\-o-t
h-an-o-bo-ud-%m e--un X-t P-\-\w -X
a-c-Ww e-tc hn-o-bn-bo \o- P-K-Zp-f|-c-t\
X-t I-a-hn-o-bn-bo-n--en-w, A-Xy-
#-]n-\o-[o-bn-b h-ue-f|-c-t h-e-]n-]-i-can-b B-ul-bn-e--tb 5-fw-ho-m, B-cn-[o-tIn-1w, Pp-eo-X-N-?-o A---Xo-ud%- 5bn-W-o F-nw --an-o---en-w
A--t\ P-w -f|-c-uh-e-n-bo an--t-S-u
F--an-fw-ho-%-.-]-c-a E-go-uyn \-ax
b-ohcm-en-Wo --Xn-\yn-ttZt -enn -Z|o-Pn-\-Xx--.

-X-^- uIn uan-ix Ix ufn-I G-I-X|-a--]-fy-Xx--..
-~-1-t ,-Z-b-o [n-c-Ww tN--en D-]n-h-I-\m F-5-In-cw I-ko-w-. ~-1-eo-Zy--tS

A-e-hn-\ ]n-T-an-Wo-Xm. D-]-\o-g-m C-uX--o ]-l---H u\n-%-I.-- G-X-e--bo eo-uf-gn-\w 5n-]o- ubn-Ko--tS -wo-bo h--W N-cn-N-c-P-K-m ]-c-an-Zn-en-bo -eo-%--uen
B A-e--bo A-5-In-c-- G-I-X|w Z-fo-%-e-\m F-eo-tS uan-iw? F-eo-tS ufn-Iw?-- -H-
A-e-n-eo-uf-g-t--o D-]-\o-g-K ]-l---m. C-tX-n-Wm? ubn-Knw-K--jo A-n-a-uXn-b 5-Xyn-in-c-w -uJ-\ f-cp-c-o--o C-w-- ]-co-e--\ e--K-en eo-[o--m.
a--gy-f-2o A-I-Kw !-l-K-an-bo eyn-]o-o-co-%-. h|-f-2o -?-e-\n-bo G-tX-o-w In-cyo eo-\o-ubn-Ko-%--Xo-\m ubn-Ko-% an-^-ua I-ko-. ubn-Ko X-t f-2o -?-e-\n-bo D-o
h-an-i-co-%-en B-r-io-%-un A-Xm 5-Xyn-in-c-o-t A-yn-hw -uJ-\-bn-Wm hn-[o-%-I.
f-2o-hw--c-W-?o-b-tb-n-Wm 5-Xy-nin-c-o--Yw. C-5-In-cw hw--co- f-2o-tb G-tX-o-w
n-\-K uI-p-I-co-%-Xo-t\ [n-c-W-tb- ]-l-bnw. [n-c-W B-lnw Aw-K-an-Wm. G-tX-o-w
n-\-K uI-p-I-co-%--Xo--]-I-cw f-2o-tb tan--o B-Zn-eo uI-p-I-co-%--Xn-Wm
[yn-\w. [yn-\w G-knw Aw-K-an-Wm. ubn-K-o-td F-nw Aw-K-an-b h-an-[o [yn-\-o-t A-Xz-ne---an-Wm. [yn-\n-e--bo-td f-2o-uI-p-I-c-Ww 5-Xy--?o-b-b-. A-5-Xy--an-b b-U-jn C-Xm hw--eo-%-. C-H hw--eo-%--Xo-t\-bn-Wm eo-uf-gn-e--tb-m D-]-\o-gm eo-eo-%--Xm. Cv A-e--bo uI-p-#-X- f-2o h|-b-ua-e h-u-jo-%-. A-5-Xy--b-U-an-b
[yn-\-t--o a-\-o-dn-%--Xo hn-[n-c-W tX-e-]-n-c-m. -]-uan, n-e-uan \o-l-uan C-n-
Cv-f|-c-t\ [yn-\o%-tX--t\-tb-m No-d uNn-Zo-n-c-m. -]-n-en-Zo-I-;- G-tX-o-w e-eo-t\ a-\-o h--+o-%--Xn-Wm [yn-\-ta-m A-e [-co--e-fn-bo-co-%-. Cv [n-c-W tX-n-Wm.
!-l-K--Xo-t\ A-I-u-% e-do- I-b-e--X- [yn-\w. a-\-o---Xo-t\-tb-nw !-l-u- e-dot-lo---Xn-Wm [yn-\w.
XZchy
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chy hcmehy X
X hcmehynhy_niyXx - fnenhyw 5
52
478 52 +xn
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cmeapanwh
cmeapanwh
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p Xam -- fn_cngyn
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S)
A--t\ -K- A-ua-[y--jn-b-Xo-\n ]-I-cw

]o-w-]-I-eo-t\ A-Y-en ]-I-!-ucn-Un-fw 5-ubnKo-n-=--Xn-m. !-ucn-Un-f-t tte--e
h--Zn-b-n -K--]-o-dn-o ]o-w-]-I b-P\p-b-an-tW- n-]o-.-C-5-In-cw ]-I-b--eo-g-b hw-_-o-bnbo D--co-o---In-cy- hw-u-]o-t-?-Xnw.
1) ue-Z-5-Xo-]n-Zo-X ]-I-b-w -wo-b-o
-t n-Kw, \nSIw A-Y-en -]-I-an-m.2) B-[o ttZ-eo-I ]-Zn-Y--tj ]-I-f-pn
ey-e-i-co-%-.3) B-d-, B-dw- C-e c-1w h|-X- [n-H-jn-m.4) B-d--uX, B-d-u-X ]-Z--;-tS eo-f-Z-]-T-\w.5) d-, dw--I-;-tS o- A-Y-.6) A-lo ]-I-eo-t B-d--\w, A-H-tIn-1-
b-w.7) en- ]-I-eo-t B-d--\-=w b--=w.8) -cy(=B-Zo-Xy) ]-I-eo-t B-d--\-=w b-=w.9) e-fn-A-eo--tS B-d--\w.10) 5-ho- ]-I bn-K-.11) !--g-ua-[-o-td !--g-w, B-d--\-=w.12) A-f|-ua-[-o-td A-f|-=w, B-d--\-=w.13) uKn-ua-[-o-td Kv-=w B-d--\-=w.14) A-eo-ua-[-o-td A-eo-w B-d--\-=w.15) A-P-ua-[-o-td A-P-=w B-d--\-=w.16) ]-I-b--hw-_-o-bn-b H-c-Y-en-Z-eo-Nn-cw.17) ]-I-b--o ]-I-!-ucn-Un-f-eo-[n-\w.18) ]-f|n-dw--\ A-n-e-o b---o.19) A-z-]-K-a ho-n--=w ]-I-bn-K-=w.20) tte--e h--Zn-b-=w ]-I-bn-K-=w.-
-tte--e ]-co--W h-hyn-in-co-I-jn-bo--.

A-e ue-Z-t A-\y-h--Zn-b-n-tc-un-td
h|-Xx-5-an-W-an-bo I--Xo-un-. ue-Z-o--ue-Zw
X-t 5-an-W-ta--Yw. A-e-%--o b-o -K-_-do F- h-a-hy B-eo---eo--un,
]-I iow-h-bo \o- c--u\-Sn-\n-bo !-Xob-Xn-bo I-t-o-b-Xn-m "]o-w-]-I-bn-Kw".
an-[|-h--Zn-b-n--tS B-Nn-cy-n--tS A-Xy-]-co-[-a-o-t ]-co-W-X-^-d-an-bo D--o-co-
h--+-an-m ]o-w-]-I. ]o-w-]-I A- ]-I-eo-]-I-cw 5-Xp-I-t b-Po-%- h--Zn-b-anm. C-Xm -2o---an-b hw-K-Xo-b-. bn-o-I
]-c--c A--h-co-m A-Hm A---]-=-a-. 5-Xp-I
r-i-W-o-m b--o X-Z---X-an-b eo-[o\o-ug-[--;-1m. b-Yn-Y e- d-o-o-t-o-udn,
d-y-an-b-Hm G-tX-o-w In-c-W -n \-w-tn-udn an-^-ua 5-Xp-Iw D-]-Zo-w-an-!-->. ]o-w]-I en-Z-=-an-bo e---e-%m 5anWw f-X-]-Y
~n-1-Ww 2.5.2.16 Nn-H-an-hy-o-td e--W
5-Jn-h-I-a-o b-ew ([n-\y-an-em) tIn-1m
]o-w-ua-g-ua-go-I-tj D-n-%-en eo-[o--
Xnm. X-ZNy-u--g-L ua-gp-N -e-Xx. G-g tte
5--Xy-w e--W-hy ]-I-b-u--gx. X-Xm 5--Xyw e--W-]n-fn-Xm 5--Pn-x 5
5-Xo. b-ea-bv
-e-Xx. tte--e h--Zn-b-n a-tn- 5-an-Ww
-So D--co-%--1m. -X-uc-b-~n-1-Ww 2.8
(A-Hm - ]-I-o-bo--1m.) -X-uc-b e-N-\5-In-cw !--g, ]-I, A-f|w -X-dn-b-e-bo
\o-m "ua-[" D-Xm?-ao-m #-Yo-eo-bo @p-io
-]-o 5-I-S-an-bo. -K--jo \o--V-eo-
-anw-h---W-o-t H--S-wua-[-bn-I-bn A-Hm b--o A-ua-[y-an-bop-. A-ua-[y- ua-[-m A-Y-en b-- -C-^-w eo-g-b- N--tN--Xo \o-m
o i-eo-n-bo A-o-%--Xo-m eo-[o-bo-. F-o-u- \o-K-a-\w b---jo P--iow-h
+xn 478 53
53
B-Zo-In-d-m C-n-bo-- F- X-t-bn-m.

D--c-In-dp-\-an-b [-a-Nz-Xo--tS ^-d-an-bo-nm P--iow-h b---jo B-cw-o--tX-w
a-\-o-dn-n I-ko-. F-n F-m, F-o-ue-o io-h (e-[w) B-cw-o- F- -So ]-coufn-[o-u--Hm h---o D-No-X-an-boco-%-. B-Zo-an-\-e h|-n-ue-\ anw-h--%-I
B-bo---uen F---So ]-To-n-ud 5-T-]-co-incw -hn-y-an-. B--\o-I-N-co-^-In-c-n, B-Zoan-\-e In---K--tj ue--bn-So anw-hw Xo-
Pp-eo--e-cn-tW-m 5-N-co-o-%--e-cn-m. C-H
uI-e-dw A--an-\w an-^-an-m.
-BZo-an-\-e \o-cn-ao-g-un-Po-ubn?-A--an-\-=w h--+-=w tI--I-Y-I-;-a- C-eo-tS

A-oInayw. N-co-^w. N-co-^ h-Xy--jn-Wo-eo-tS
5-an-W-an-uI--Hm. a--gy-t f-cp-c c-N-\-w-So C-uXn-tSn-w ]-T-\-eo-u[-b-an--Ww. n-cXp-b r---;w a-em uZ-f--jo-td a-X-r---;w
H--u]n-td ]-l- e-o-- H- h-Xy-an-m,
-wo--tS B-cw--o e-\--jo \o- uf-J
-co-%- In--\o-I-;w ^-d--dn-Zo-I-;w, 5-#-Xo-bo
X-\o-tb D-n-b A--=w -o-n-m a--gy
Pp-eo-o---tX-m. eo--X ]-T-\-o-m ]-7o-m
-K-e----tS n-c-X e-cmg In g--i-Zm C-Xo-inhm, n-Kw. 1. e-fw 210
210-212.
212. Z|o-Xp-b hw--c-Ww.
u\n-%-I. G-Z uXn--o-td H- ]-kw an-^-ua
B-Zo-an-\-e-cn-b B-Z-o-w Av-F-%w eo-d-obo--->. a-t-n ]-k--;w -o--tIn-=-en
ttZ-ew B-n-]o-o-co-%--Hw [-u-b-an-Woeo-tS.-B--\o-I fn--N-co-^-o-m A-n-bo-c-uan
]-Xo-\n-bo-c-uan e-g-o-t ]-k--ua-->. fo-dn-[- I-t-o-bn A-e, \n-bn--o--]-ubnKo-o-- B--[--tj- \o-K-a-\-o F-nw A-e-% hn-y-an-m. ]-u n-c-Xp-b N-co-ô-m G--=w !--l--Hm ]-Xo-t\-un C--]-uXn
h-i-n-p--;-tS ]-k---1m. C-Xo-in-h 5-anW--j--h-co-m B-Zo-a-a--gy ^-d--dn-Zo-I-;w
#-go tN-n-tX eo-j- A--=w -o- Pp-eoo-- F-w, In-dw e-j-tc--ko--uf-g-an-m
anw-h --Ww 5-N-co--tX-w N-co-^-uc-J-I
hn-y-t--K-. an-\-e-t r---c-bo-td G-=w ]-k-w tN- [-a-r-w E-uK|-Z-an-m. E-uK|Zw 5-nw a-7-dw 83-nw -2w 10-nw a--o
a--gy-% Xo-n -g-[o-I A-Y-en -cy-5478 54 +xn
54
- ap\w Bg\nZw
In-f-o e-j-- h-hy- D-Zm]n-Zo-o-o-co%- F- In--.

A-Pp-P-\ -g-[p-cmun-P-\n-b F-n-m
E-uK|-Z-a-w. A-H-u]n-td A-Y-e-ue-Zw 6.140.2
]-;-I-;-tS [-aw eo-e-co-o-co-%--Hm C--t\-bnm.
@p-p-io-a-w b-e-a--a-uYn- an-g-a-uYn
Xo-d-am. G-g enw n-uKn \o-io-uXn
c-Uu[-bn-b Z-v...
a-w ey-2-an-%--Hm Z---;-tS n-Kw A-Yen un-P-\w @p-io (ecot\m), b-ew, D-?-m,
F-m F-o-e-bn-tW-n-m.a--gy-f-cp-c-fn-w
-a-
hn-y-t--K--Hm
-a--gy-t f-cp-c-L-S-\ h-hyn-in-co-I-% ubnPo--Xn-tW-m. ]n-Ln-Xy-w n-c-Xp-b--an-b

F-n f-cp-c fn---w H-uc h|-c-o Aw-KpI-co-%- H- fn--h-Xy-an-m a--gy--tS ]-;I-;w Z-i-u\-o-b -wo-w (e-!-S-w tN-c-!-Sw) anw-hn-in-co-I-jo \o- Xo-I-w o--an-m.
h-hyn-in-co-I-jn-b en-\-c-n--uS-Xo- hn-ay-anm a--gy-t Banfb L-S-\. fn-w e-j-tc-b[o-Iw u\-- ttI-e-co--I-ko- C-n-d-Kw
B--\o-I No-Io-e-I A-o-5n-b-t---Hm ucnK-c-io-X-an-b Pp-eo-X-o-m anw-h---Ww Xy-Po%--H--aw F-n-m.-C-H-an-^-a- h-hyn-in-co-I-jn-b -K-
]-o-Wo--dw a-co-u-o e-n-w anw-hn-in-cw
I-ko-%-I-bo-. A-e 5-#-Xo \o-b-a-o-\--h-co-m
C-w Pp-eo-%--H 5-Xy- ho--an-m. -c--
A-[-ao-I-jn-b a--gy tN-c-w -X-ud anw-hnin-cw fp-do-o-%- P-- an-^-ua A--e-anbo anw-hn-in-co-I-jn-!-->. a--gy-w h|-X-ue
\o-cn-ao-gun-Po-I-jn-m F- X-t-b- B-Zo-Ind-Km anw-hn-in-co-I-jn-bo---ao-.-
-anw-h---W-o-t B-cw-w- A-[yn-b-o ]-l--I-ko--Xn-m, I-fy]-5-Pn-]-Xo-m Zo-Xo-bo \o--n-b ttZXy

A-Y-en A--c-n-cn-m #-Yo-eo--tS B-Zy
-t -c-W-I-n- F-m. C-e a-in-_-den-n-cn-bo--. A--eo c-ao-%--e A--ctc- \o--2o.A-=5n-n-W, c=c
-A--5n-W-\n-m. [(Acm=_-d-en (tta-^n-b-Wp hw-io-X 4.2.1) "c""
2cm
a-X|-cmYp-b. b-Yn ]n-8-c ]nw--c \-Kcm) X-hy-
en A--uc-en-Pp-e-Xm, uX-\n --\n --cn-\m A-P-Xm, X-Z--cn-Wn-a--c-X|-am] (tta. hw. 4. 2. 1)

-ttZ-Xy-cn-b C-e--tS B-Nn-cn--~n-\-
H-S--o A-Xo-u[-~-an-bo--. A-H-tIn1m A-m C-e-tc "uZ-e"n-tc-m A-lo-b-t-.
F-n ?-ua-W C-e--tS B-Nn-cn--~n-\-
-go-%-I-w -wn-Nn-co-I-jn-bo-p--I-w tN-.
A--t\ A-Zo-Xo-!-^-cn-b uZ-e-n-co-\o-m C-etc Xo-co--lo---Xo-\n-bo "-cme-uZ-e"n F-
5-ubn-Kw \o-d-eo e-.(A-a-c-uIn-fw 1.1.12 h --cmeuZ-e- N-co-Xw... a-inn-c-Xw h-n-]-ew. 1. 7)
--cme-uZ-uen ?--g-]-cmen Zn-\-ex (\p-d-I-6)
-uZ-en-m b---g-Ln-\yn-\m A--P-Xm (a-in
-n-c-Xw e-\-ew 220. 10) C-eo-tS b---gm F-
eo-uf-g-Ww tIn-1m uZ-e-hw-- -m -cme-uZe-A--c-n-tc \o-u-fo-%-.--\n-\o (rp-%m) r---jo In--
--eo-n-Kw uZ-e-n-co B-Zy-t - A-c-n-cn-m. (rp-%m n-g-bo-td 'h' 'i' B-!-
h--Zn-b 5-In-cw -c-!-ud-f F- ]-Z-o-t
X-Zm-e-an-m ti-%-dp-hm) c-n-a-t-&-o
t]---e-cn-Wm -c-!-ud-f-\n-b eo--=w a-ew. --na-t-- eo-5-No-o (u_--hm) Zn-\-e.-ttZ-Xy-n--tS \o-l--I-an-b B-[o-]-Xyw
(F-Xo-n B--ao-n- A-e-) ?-ua-W
a-Z-=w A-i-n-c-=w P-\o-o-. A--t\ A-e
In- a - u ?n- [ - u dn- - u an- i - - - S o- a - I - j n- b o- p
-. -cn-]n-\-=w A-uXn-tSn-w anw-h---W-=w
A-e--tS h|-n-e-an-bo an-lo-. A-Y--X-\-oud-%
--!-o-b A-e f-cp-c u]n-g-Ww an-^w
[-a-an-o an-o. (On-un-Kyw. 8. 8. 2-5) A--t\
A--c-hw---go-m \o-n-uZyn-X-I-an-b A-eo c-ao-%--e-tc- A-Yn---c-an-bo. F-B-ow f-2o-bo-w C-n-Zo-I-jn-b A-Zo-Xo !-^-n
ttZ-Xy-uc-n tN-lo-b-e-cn-bo--. . A--c-n
-ao-bo A-e-tn- n-K-=w \-o-bo-. A-H-Inc-Ww C----w X-o I-d-i-an-bo
[AA--cn-Wnw en C-bw #--Yo-eyn-hpXm uX uZ-en A--e\m Z- u\nhynx
#--Yo-eynx. (tta-^n-b-Wphw-io-X 4.1.10,
In-T-I-hw-io-X31.8) -uXuX-gnw Zn-b-\o-ao-w
tte hw-rn-an _-i -uen-e-\m. e-cn-
ui o-o-\m Z-f Zyv N g-7n -a-cmn-Knx

--Xnx.
(en--!-cn-Ww. 97. 72)].
A-e-In-f-en-Zw ]--1-e-g-t a-in--o- \o-Zn-\-an-tb-o-w A--c-n-tc uXn-+on-u\n A--\-bo-o-n-u\n uZ-e-n-% hn-[oo-. A-e-hn-\w uZ-e-n A--c-n-tc h|-Ko \o-m uXn-+o-un-So-.
[XX-uXn tte uZ-en C-an-a--cn-Wn-a-eo--X,
X-uXn uZ-en A--cn-\m G-uyn udn-uI-uyn
\o-c--P-\m. (tta. hw. 4.1.10, In-T-I hw. 31.8)]
-X-Z-\--cw a-in-eo-P-b-=w -f|-cy-=w tIn-1m
uZ-e-n-co-w Xn-a-h-?-o-I D-S-td--K. A-in-c-=w K-=w -dw -wn-Nn-c- B-cw-o-.
A-e-w ?-ua-W anw-hn-in-co-I-jn-bo A-[-Xo-.
F-n uZ-e-n-co eo- uZn-g-o-\-Xp-X\n-bo--. --w A-\y-\o-?-o-an-Kn--bn-boI-;w C-Xo \o- -2-cn-bo--.[CC-n-c-W-n-dn-m h-a--tte--e-a-Xn-bn-bo-I-;w h-hyn-in-co-I-jn-bo-co-%--Hw. --K-_do-%w iow-h-w A-e-co-w A---do-I-j-n-Hw.
w. tte--e F- eo-uf-g-W-o-m te-Po-ulo-b F-n-m A-Yw.-]
u^-Xn--K-o-t B-cw-w e-tc E-go--\o-an-tS a-in-u5-c-W \o-ao-w B-g-a-Xn--bn-boI-;-tS B-Nn-c-eo-Nn-c- ]-eo-^-=w D--X-=w
u[-~-=-an-bo--. ]o-p-Sm -e-o-I-jn-b uZ-en--tS eo-uf-g h---=w hw-h-K-=w \o-aow B-g-cn-Pn--n-w anw-h--%-I-jn-bo.
?-ua-W D--ucn--cw anw-h--%-I-;-tS F-B-=w
X-Z---X-an-b w-X-I-;w -ao-bo e-o- e-.
C-^-tb-n-an-bo-w --?-o-t-Xo-tc E-gpf|-c-n h-o-bo-n h-a-cw X-t H-S-. ?--Yn
anw-hw \n-Tp-b-Xm (te-c-uX anw-hw -o---Hm)
-X-dn-b \o-ug-[--;w eo-d-%-I-;w tIn-1m D-X-!-d-Pn-X-%m anw-h---Ww \ogoan-%-I-w
tN-. A--t\ ~n-1-W-w a-ew ep-1w h-hy-%-I-jn-bo. -co-X-]-co-in-c-an-bo D-S-td--
B-f-b--jn-m @-Xn--~n-\-. ]-co-I--I-ajo C-w anw-h-o-m eo-d-%-1m. a--gy-t
h-i-P-B-in-c-a- anw-h-ta--Xo- tX-jo-en-bo
^-d-e-K--ujn- a--gy--uXn-- B-I-g-W=w B-r-i-=w anw-h-un- h-i-P-an-bo uXn-n-Hm D--a D-Zn-i-c-W-an-m.
(HSw)
GXnen\hy aioanfuXn
aioan uXn Pynbnw
PynbnwL gx
gx
eof|w ~1ot aioabnm. ~1w CXow Fûbn eXn!

+xn 478 55
55
ueZngyw
bcmueZw
(b--ue-Z-o-t en-P-h-u\-bp-I-B-hw-io-X--tS
--n-a-[yn-b-o-t \--Xo-5o-b n-gyw-)
ueZ5Infm
ueZ
Infm
--nw A-[yn-bwHnw hoZn\uf|cnb \uan \ax
hKncwo f|c agy\m

a gy\m \Iob A]v
A]vugb
ugbn\w
n\w an\e
Ego]ccbotd BZygobnb ~1gobo
gobo Bcwo%.
Bcwo
. HSm
Sm B Bg
]cc bnnNncy
bn nNncy etc
etcww B\oIIndm
B \oIIndm B ]nccyw !dob
dob aigo
Zbn\hch|Xo, ]7om
] om PbuZemeoZyndn, ]7om
] om ZnuanZchnX|udI
Foetcw,
Foetc
w, bnoIeogbo
bn
oIeogbo ]vcnWoI\nb hnbWnNncy, Bg
hap]\o aigo AceouLngm, eynJyn\ ttfdobo ]7om
] om
ueZ_ fa, ngyw Bcwo \uc
ueZ_
\ucg
g Au
Auiot
iot Yncnb
ncnb
]7om
om PKZpgm Nfn
N fno,o, h|nao ~1\o,
\o, ]7om
] om hXy5obfn
hXy obfnoo Foetc
ww 5nanWoIcnobo
nanWoIcnobo
ngyw aigo Zbn\hch|Xo
Zbn\hch|XotS
tS bueZ
b ueZ
ngytbnWm avdoIanbo ]o
]oHSoco
Soco%Xm
Xm. h|X
h|X ngnngyw. ]Zn
]Zn
]Zeoe\a.
haWw
ngyw AXenWobnbo
A XenWobnbo anJenWo
an enWo tNncom
udnInabincoWobnbo eo%
eo A
AXn\abp
Xn\abp Abmm...
Hnw XnabnecZn
XnabnecZn ueZanXn5uNnZb
ueZanXn uNnZbnw
nw ]nean\p Z|oPn\nam
Z|oPn\nam.
Bx 5nWw
nWw 5Pnw
Pnw ]fqw Ip-cmXow eoWw
eoWw ~1ecm
ecmNhw aiyw ZX|n @PX
PX ~1udnI
udnIamam....
467 nw doufgw 472 nw dodnWm ngyw HSXm bueZw
nw A[ynbw Ac]Xnw aw 5hoanb ainXzbaanWm.
62
^ngw
gw F
F HS
aaot
ot
Egox \ncnbW, uZeXn x,x, Ox DoIm
D oIm, h|cx Egx Bho
B houeo
ueo
agy
gy f|cu\nSm Ft\ 5nYoWw
nYoWw Fn
Fnmm aw
a w ]l
]lHmm.
^yn
yngw
gw PaZulx
PaZu x Ify]hy ^yn
yngam
gam.
buue
bu
uei ^yn
yngw
gw XunA ^yn
yngam
gam..
A\|bw:-:A\|bw
bXm uZue
uZuei ^yn
yngam
gam PaZu
PaZulxx ^yn
yngam
gam Ify]hy ^yn
yngam
gam XXm ^yn
yngam
gam \x A.
A.
56
478 56 +xn
- ap\w Bg\nZw
]ZnYw:- Aubn PKZpf|cn Am (bXm

]ZnYw:bXm =
yngam
gam = (
GHm, uZuei = eoZ|nntS ^yn
Indjo eo% NHcn[a[an
]ucn]Inco\nbo Aot) Bm,
PaZulx= ]coIanb Cobjn, ^yn
PaZu
yn
gam = eo, _dw, ]cn?aw Fp ôYWnZ
Ianb Bo\n, Ify]hy = f|cu5coX
anbo, ^yn
yngam
gam = oco Bot\ ôYWn
ZIudnIm unKon\oSect, XXm = B
(fcpcw, BZnem, hiw Foem B\t
\e\nIt) ^yn
yngam
gam = oco A[oIw,
Bm, \x = \%m A = 5nanIt.
nenYw:-:- Aubn PKZpf|cn, Am uZentS
nenYw
A[p\Xbo Indot A[pf\un?
Cob;tS ]XoIjnb uZentS 5bUw
]ucn]Inco\nXnm. ôIndjow
(Xw, ean\w, neo) AetS uZeX|t
InK hwco%e Am Xt. B[yn
ZoIn[ottZeoIn[o vXoI Iatjnw
Xt Ifyu]f|c\nb AtS Zoey
NEjn !Wy5ZanbXoud%m uZean
\bo%. AtS ZoeynXanb InG
bn uZen aBow eoBow oco
Bot\ 5n]o%ecn!. B\w 5n]o
%e X;tS Bot\ ocobnbo
eoo%.
eynJyn\w:-:- aot Ego \ncnbW
eynJyn\w
\nm. uZeXbnIt w. ucnZoo%enm
. Ice c1eo[m. Hm ueZ\
bn Ice, atnm, ueZ\bn Ic
etS IBptcnun Dn! B\
n Ice. ]ucn]Inct tN
etS PpeoXanm Bot\ Wanw
D]ubnKo%e. f|cpb \obao\So
n\tXnm agyt Bm.
Indjo AXm 5Xo~oXanm. XInd
otd Ia. ean\Indtw,
ean\Ind Ia neoIndtw
\oWbo%Xnm. ao PaZlotb
nm 5ubnKw Cobw Fnm PaZlo
F ]Zom Ego In AYw.
Iaw tNXom Cobjnm B
efyw. B Cob;tS f2obnm Bnbo
]coWao%Xm Ka\fpdX Cob;tS
h|neanm. AXot Alobnm C\anm
n\Iaha\|bw. uIedn\w tInm

Cob%m Jtubn B\tubn
5n]on Ikobo. vXoInlotS P|d\w
Ka\fpd eneo\nud hn[yan!>.
agyfcpcotd Cobtjnw Aloh|
]t 5n]oecnm Fn Aetb Ka\
fpdXn%Hm uZentS Iaanm.
AcncnIt dyu_n[aontX Aetb
]nbom \wan%e%w. PaZlo F
5ubnKw hnYIan!XoeotSbnm uZe
n AacX|t 5n]o%ecn!Hm B
ot oco u\SobecnIbndnm. ^yngw
Fnm a5ubnKw. agy Blm tInw
Ppeon Brio%. Ae AXot
otdno JcnuIoe Acnucn
FÎndw F Notb \wano F^w
ueKw Bot\ \wtK 5bU
o Gt. uZencn AeeInf
tXot ocobnbo Bot\ eo
o%. AXo\n aotS f|c
\ D]uZfw \o%m doXot oco
\o 5bUom u\I. uZeX|w uZen
5n]o%Xm
At\bnm.
Ae%m
dyanbXot h]ubnKodnm Ae
AetS
Bot\
eoXan%Hm.
AXoufgo B Cob%m IncWw
AXot wnenWun Ify]. ]fyI\nb
Ify]. awKjt InGbnbo, IWobnbo, \
e. n\tw Iauw Cob
jo 5Xo~oe. Indtw Ia
tw PaZlobo 5Xo~oe, Xt
InGbo ]fyIXbo Ify]Xtb 5Xo~o
e. Indjoudw Iat Ae
InIw
AloIw
tNe\nm
Ify]. uZencotd ôIndn[p\ Iatj
Aloe\nm hwhnchnKcotd
ucn Aeow Ae Xt Iat 5Xo
~ooco%. At\tbo Ae \ob
fcpcow, a\ow, Cobow Fnm
!l=n=I. !l=to AXm BuSXnm
Fm \p AloI.
AXo\n aw ]l. hwhnc
hnKcotd \ncnbW Sobnm.
Ify]w PaZlow Ae Xt. #XyXbo
Aet\nw Bcnm Dn=I. Bao.
Ilom \ob Cpbtj \p ocobnbo
+xn 478 57
57
D]ubnKo%I. [ubntS, ]ne\anbo uZe

n AXot\ D]ubnKo%Hm \p InI.
Ae Bot\ \wtne anâ
dyanb Bot\ ocobnbo eoo
%e Sobnm. uZen oco eoo
%etco Aubn agytc \o
\o;tS Bot\ \ndocobnbo eoo
%en [ao%I. IncWw uZen AetS
63
h|nendnWun Bot\ eoo%

Hm, \ojnIt \o;tS 5bUnw.
IncWw uZentS 5nY\w \o;tS
5U=w han\anm. f|c Xt 5PItj
Icboon Brio%to B IC
\p B\IBp Xtbn!w. AXo\nefyw
\o [ubntS \o;tS Bot\ eo\o
ubnKo%I FHm anânm.
fouen\nanho Fncwo
Fncwo%
aaot
ot
Egox - \ncnbW, uZeXx - x,x, Ox - coKm
coKmPKXp, h|cx -- \ognZx f|ucn]uZft
h|pIcom Ia A~ouXot
A
ouXot 5n[n\yw
n[n\yw InWo
InWo%Xn
Xnmm aw.
a w.
fouen \nanho h|[oXou

h|[oXou ]oXn \au
\au A an anioMmho.
\oecmbnaynug
bnayn ug nZynb 5P\\nb
P\\nb cnbungnb
cnbu ngnb 5Pn
Pn|nb
|nb epcynbnb..
epcynbnb..
A\|bw:-:A\|bw
h|[oXo Aho uX foex \na Aho ]oXn Aho uX \ax A an an ioMmho.
^ynug
ug AnZynb rPn
Pn|nb
|nb epcynb
epcynb cnbu
cnbungnb
ngnb ecm bn.
bn.
]ZnYw:- Aubn PKZpf|cn, Am eoZ|n

]ZnYw:nuSw uZenuSw Yen!, h|[oXo
= ew u]ntd ITo\w \nfcioXw, Aho
foex= Jh|]w
= B!, uX = Am, foex
awKjIncoan!, \na = u]co\n, Aho
= B!, ]oXn = ]ndI, Aho = B!,
uX = Aum, \ax = hXmInce\ancw,
A = DnIt, Am an = Ft an =
ug
AuX, ioMmho = A]Xz2, ^ynug
= Wnot\ 5n]o%e, AnZynb
Pn|nb
|nb=
= AnZoItj unKw tNm, rPn
Da5PIjnw hIdf|cyjnw 5n]o
epcynb = Da fcpctw _d
onw, epcynb
cnbungnb
ngnb = eoZybnw ho
tw, cnbu
bnw u]ngoom !wotobnw, ecm
bn = Ft AXo \od\oobnw.
bn
nenYw:-:- Aubn f|cn AtS D]
nenYw
uZft h|pIcom \nfcioX=w ew u]ntd
V=anb PpeoXt R 5n]o%en
Brio%. Jh|]w awKjIncoanb
Aubn foeu\, Aum \ancw, Am
Rm ]ndI\nb ]oXnem Xt, eko
Inow Am Xt. Rtj Hcow \p
A]Xzeow A+nhow eo \uX A
enZoI%ueo R Adbnecn
58
478 58 +xn
- ap\w Bg\nZw
It, 5PI%ueoR xJonecn

It. Da fcpctw _dtw eo
ubw eoZybnw [\nw R 5n]o
%ecnIt. Aebo eom hungom
B\o%ecnIt Aeou%m Fun?w
\ancuanHe\nIt.
eynJyn\w:-:- agy Aet Aloeo Ai
eynJyn\w
co%e\nm, Fn Aloeo cao%e
f|ucn]uZft aln Fn=w ^dw.
n\w Iaw CetS ha\|bw f|cn
tb fochneio%e%m an^w hn[o
%Xnm. awKjIcanb Iaw FHm
f|c#]bn hn[oXan!Xnm. f|c
#]tbXom edob AYXdm. Bm
f|c#]Xtbnm. Indjodnbo
agy A~o%Xnm Ia. B
Iajotd ]eo^Xbnm f|c#]bnbo
\o FKHm. foe Jh|]\nm,
]oXnem Jt 5Zn\w tNe\nm,
]oXneot 5nY\ Ft 5PI%m Bcn
ucnKyhvJyw DneWua Fnm. uIedw
5nY\ tIn1m ^dun. Fn 5nY\
Cn Ia tIn1w ^dw \%m p
Icon hn[oo F Aloenm a
gyt\ 5nY\n \ocX\n%Hm. agyt
Aloeow Ia!fdXbow \nw Noduntkn

t aXo al u]nIncm, AeotS \
aontX u]n! Hnm awKj5Z\nb
f|c Aet Ikoeo h|[tb Dloe
\nm. anuSw hinbw SntXbnm
GI\nbo AZ|oXpb\nbo Aet Iaw
A~o%Hm. agy\nIt atncn;tS
hinbw SntX Hua tNen Iko=
e\. AeotSbnm Bot _dw.
AXo\nbo \%m awKjtj an^w BNconw.
B BNcWujntSnw \%m f|cu\nS
u]ouHm. AIndo \p Rtj
Xzeo \uX Fm. acWw ]d IncW
tInm hweonw. 5[n\IncWw
Bot Zv_dyanm. B Boueo
\tS Cobtj \%m f2cnnw, 2
cnnw Fn f|ucn]uZft AuX
]So ]IKI FXnm eoZ|nn tN
Hm. AXo\n Aubn eoZ|nntS anK

o Nco%euc, \o AloI f|
ucn]uZfanb ueZenWobo \o;tS G=w
5obt Bot\ Dlo%, AInd
o \wtSn Bot\%lom, A]
Xzeo IncWan! Bot f
tj%lom, 5Infw \ol D]uZftj
\o%m 5Zn\w tNoco%. AHtInn
Wun, huef|cm fe \naw awKjIncotb
AYo 5ISan!Hm. B f|ct\
D]nho%en\nWun Bm. Hw vXo
I=w B[ynZoI=w B[ottZeoI=anb agy
PpeoXot u]ngWnw B D]n
h\tS Du]Zfw Aet e2nenbo \tS
a\o 5Xo~oXanIt, \%m Bot
_dn acWt Pbonw. AX|t
\nw.
nw A[ynbw Aehn\o.
-]-c-an-Z-5n-o 5-e-N-\w, e-o, ue-Z-eo-Zy C-e-bn D-n-=-I-bo-. ]o-t F-5-In-cw 5n-]o

nw? D-]-\o-g-o-t D--cw u\n-%-I. B h|-bw h|p-I-co-%--uen A-e-\o A-e 5-I-San-!-. Cv-f|-c X-t #-]n-I-Sn--n D-]n-h-I-m 5n--\n-bo -eo-%. C-5-In-cw
B-t-o-w Cv-f|-c-5n-o D-n-bo--un? n-\--I-a--;-tS D--Xo-bn A-e-\-e-t\ B
#-]- ]n-^-an-%--e-m Cv-f|-c-5n-o D-n-bo--m. E-uK|-Zw ]-l---H- u]n-td, a--gy
b-Uo-m h|-bw X-j- ep-?-o--ubn, Cv-f|-c-t Z-bn--wo A-e-\o ]-Xo-%-o-. A-e-t
b-Uw -W-an-!--Xm n-\-=w I-a-=w Hv--Xy-t 5n-]o%-un-kn-Wm. A-un Cv-f|-c
-5n-o Xp---an-Wm. -o-u \p-- !-m \p-o A---tS A--K-tN--H-tIn-1-an-^w
A-Xo-t eo-f--S--o-. an-J-h-eo-[-o-td-o-b !-m A-Xo-t b-Uw \o-o B-fn--Wan-b -wo-ubn-tS A--tb u\n-%-un A--bo Z-b A--co-%-. hmu\-i--Fw !-o-t\tb--m dn-jo- ]n--o hw-J-o-w h-an-[n-\-=w \--. C-5-In-cw --E D--X-I-a-n-w
u[-~-n-\-n-w -Xz-eo-\--c I-S-%-un Cv-f|-c Z-bn-en-bmu]n-tS B-\---ew ]-I-
\-o #-X-#-Xy-\n-%-. D-]n-h-I d-yw 5n-]o-m B-\--o o-Xo-tN--I-bn-bo.-- -D-]n-h-\m c-1 -]--;-t---Hw [-n-i-=w 5-n-ey-=-an-Wm. h-Y-uWn-]n-h-\-w \o-Y-uWn-]nh-\-w.-- -Cv-f|-c-t Y-W--jn-b Z-b, \yn-bw, \o-Xy-X, ]-eo-^-X, B-\--h|--]w -X-dn-b-e-tb
,-Z-b-o [-co-m Cv-f|-c-t\ B-cn-[o-%--Xm h-Y-uWn-]n-h-\-bn-Wm. \o-Y-uWn-]n-h-\-bo
Cv-f|-c-t \o-Y-W-X-ubn-tSn-w, A-a-c-\n-Wm, A-\n-Zo-bn-Wm, A-\--\n-Wm -X-dn-b-e-tb ,-Z-bo [-co-m D-]n-ho-%. c-m D-]n-h-\-I-;-tS-w ^-dw Xn-tk--l--.-- -\o-Y-uWn-]n-h-I-t
\o-c--c-an-b D-]n-h-\--tS ^-d-an-bo D-]n-h-I-w \o-Y-W-X|w ttI-e--. Cv-f|-c A-a-c-\ntW-o D-]n-h-I-w A-a-c-X|w ttI-e--. C-Xo D-]n-h-I-\o H-w -X-t I-S--e--o-.
F-n F-un No-d-tXn-t \-w-t--I-bn-Wm. Cv \-w-t-S In-c-Ww 5-h--X D-n-!-.
Cv 5-h--X-bn-Wm fn-o. Cv-f|-c-t h-Y-uWn-]n-h-\--tS ^-d-an-bo D-]n-h-I-\o-w Y-W-
eyn-]o-%-. X-Z|n-cn B-\--=w ttIe--. I-uTn-]-\o-g-m C-Xo-t\-w hn--I-co-%--m.- -Cvf|-c G-I-w, F-n-e-uc-w h|-w \o-b--W-o -o-%--e-w, h-F-eyn-]-I-w G-I-]-bn-b 5-#-Xo-tb eo-eo-[ --]--jo ]-co-W-ao-o-%--e--a-t^. B Cv-f|-c-t\ B-Z-oX-an-o D-]n-ho-m hn-n-XmI-co-%- [p-c-!--g-n-m No-c-n-bo-bn-b B-\-w d-o%-.
a-n-%w d-o%-o-. Cv ]-c-an-\-w h-Y-uWn-]n-h-\n-^-d-an-bo an-^-ua ttI-e-co-I--=.-+xn 478 59
59
AXngyw
Xngyw
I-a-dn\ucg
n\uc
g
(5Ya
Ya A[ynbw, w
woD
oD+o
o Gew [uan+o)
[uan o)
(HS)
S)
ue-Z-n-g F-n-tW-un A-Xo-t hw-n-fn-w ue-Znw-K- D-]nw-K- F-o-e F-tun F-o-t\-un ue-Z-a--=-an-bo A-e- e- _--=w D-un F--u\|-go-n-tX-bn-m ]-dww \--Xo --Xo-I-tj eo-d-bo--K--Hw eyn-Jyn-\o-%--Hw. n-c-X-o-t hn--io-I-\p-Xo-w
cn-{-ey-e-in-c-\p-Xo-w ey-2o-\o-b-a--;w I--o-So-o- a---Xo-ub-w a--eo-u\-w F-^-an-^w
A-]-Ip-o-t--o n-c-Xp-b hw-n-c-t A-e-ui-jo-o-- F- N-co-^w F-t-o-w
H-co- ue-Z-\-ubn-tSn-n-tX-X-c-ao-. A-Xo--]-co \nw I-W-m ]-l-ub-o-e-co-I a--eo-t
u]-co n-c-Xp-b-]v-ucn-io-Xy-=w Pn-Xo-~n-1-Wy-=w In-o-&-o-b u]-&-K-I-n-bo-co-%w.
-\\-uc---g
-]-c-an-Zn-eo-t -i-o-A-e--bo
P-K-o-t 5--j-bn-e--
55. X-uanbw H h-an-[o-Xy No-cww

Xo-~-Xo uh-o-bx.\ N h|w !--uX I-cma
X-uZn-Xm?-a-Xo--cmXo-X..-A-Yw:w:- A-bw H = Pp-e-\n-tW-o, X-ax h-an[o-o-Xy = A-n-\-t B-[-bo-m, h+CC-o-b
= C-o-b h-io-X-\n-bo, No-cw Xo-~-Xo = e-j-tc
-n-dw A--t\-X-t I-ko--, N =F-n,
h|-w I-cma -\ !--uX = A-e--tS I-aw tN-o-,
X-Zn = ep-1w A-Xo--uf-gw --cmXo-Xx = f-cp-co \o-m, D--Xm?-a-Xo = !-l-t-u]n-!-. (55)56. b-Zn--an-ô-uIn --X|n _p-Pwn-n- N-co- N.h-an-eo-f-Xo hw--w--Zn--cmXow eo---Xo.
-A-Yw:w:- b-Zn = F-un, A-anan-ô-Ix, --X|n =
A--an-ô-I-\n-bo-m, n-n- = o-c-Xn-fp-d-anbo-- n-e-c Pp-e-\o-w, N = -Sn-tX, N-co-
= N-cn-N-c Pp-eo-I-jn-b Pp-e-\o-w, _p-Pw = _p-P-]-o, hw--wx = A-e--tS -K A-e-b-e
h-io-Xw, h-an-eo-f-Xo = h-an-ue-fo-%-, 5-uefo-%-. X-Zn=
n A-un, --cmXow =f-cp-c-t,
60
478 60 +xn
- ap\w Bg\nZw
eo---Xo = [n-c-Ww tN--. (56)-
-A--X-a-\-\w-
1) A--an-ô-I F- 5-n-ew tIn-1-u-fo-%-Hm F- N-?--;- !-co (f-cp-cw) F-n-m.

-Sn-tX -Xw, ]-u-o-b-, a-\-m, e-o,
en-h-\, I-aw, en-, A-eo-Zy F-o-e-tb-nw
uN--Xn-m !-cy-w-Iw.2) 55-56 u^n-I- 5-o--an-m. C-Xo \-ep-\
ue-Zn-o-I-;-tS 5-n-ew h----tj e-j-tn-Son [-ao-o--1m. Xn-tk--l-- D-Zn-i-c-W-
u^n-I- av-do-I-a-t- tX-jo-bo-%-.1. h---eo-ucn-[w:w:- -en-]-c-u^n-I--;-tS h-
-- X-o bn-tXn- hnw-K-Xy-=-ao-. 52-nw
u^n-I-o ]-c-an-Zn-eo-t Pn-r-o-t-w
-i-o--tS-w h-eo--c-5-Xo-]n-Z-\--1m.
Ao5nb5Incw 51-nw u^n-I-o PnrZe
w 53-54 -i-o-an-^-=w eWooco%.
c--e--I-tj-w e-Wo-o-m 57-nw u^n-Io c--e--I-;w D-]-hw-i-co-o-co-%-.
C-Xo \o- a-\-o-dn-n-=--Hm C-e-o-S-bo
55-56-nw u^n-I--jo Pp-e-t\-%-lo-w Pp-e-t
f-cp-c-[n-c-W-t-%-lo-w, Pp-e-t f-cp-c-o
\o-- D-Xm?-a-W-=w a-ew eo-e-co-u- H-cn-efy-=w h---o-do-. A-Hm A-\n-e-fy-an-bo
-o-u--Xn-m F- ey-2w.
2. ]-c-an-Zn-eo-t Pn-r-Xn-e--w -i-n-e-w tIn-1m P-K-o-td 5n-Wo-I-jo F-
5-n-ew D-n-In-\n-m. 52 -X 54 e-tc--
u^n-I--jo A-e-tb-%-lo-m hw-o--an-bo
eo-e-co-o-m 53-nw u^n-I-o 5n-Wo-I-;-tS I-a
-o \o-- \o-?-o-w, a-u\n-a--X-w,
Pp-e f-cp-c-o \o-m D-Xm?-a-Ww tN--Xow-uf-g-an-m eo-e-co-%--Hm. C-tX-nw I-ko-m
54-nw u^n-I-o ep-1w Pp-e B ]-c-an-Zneo d-bo-%--Xn-bo ]-l--. C-tX-nw u\-c
-t -W-an-bo N- tN- Xp--Xn-m. H-
N- -W-an-bo Xp--Xo--uf-gw ep-1w
A-uX eo-g-bw o- 5-In-c-o !-\-cn-cw-o%
-Xo-t A-\v-No-Xyw a-n-ucn ep-1w ]-l--- Xn
-tW- u_n-[w -wo-n-u\ D-X-. A-Hw h---2-a-. u^n-I-=w 5-hw-K-eo---an-m.3. A--eo-ucn-[w:w:- -wo-D-+-o 5-I-c-W-o
(1.5-6, 14--24) 5n-Wo f-cp-c--;-tS -wo c-N-\ eWo-%-un a- G-? X-|--;w (a-i-Zn-Zo) A-e-tS eo-In-c--;w-a-a-\ = a-i--|-=w A-e--tS
-K A-e-b-e--;w tIn-n-m -Jy--]-o
f-cp-c--wo \-S-o-b-tX- n-]o-o--1m. A-eotS A--an-ô-In-]--Xo--tS H- h-u-X-=w C--an-^-a- A-eo-\n-fo-bn-b B-Zn-eo-t\n-w
hw-ubn-K-=w ]-l---1m. C-eo-tS (1.28--29) -c-yw-I-]--Xo-bo--tS f-cp-c c-N-\ ]-l-o-co-%-.
B-Zy -wo 5-?o-bn-en-Z-=w C-un-k-t !-Xob-en-Z-=w X-o ]cc eo---an-I-bn C-eotS A-eo-ucn-[-ta- uZn-g-=w 5-_-d-an-!-.
A-H-tIn-m c-1-u^n-I--;w 5-o--an-m.
57. G-ew h Pn-r-Xm h|+nh| n-yn-ao-Zw
h-cmew N-cn-N-c-a-m. -h-p-e-b-Xo
Nn-P-w 5--an-]-b-Xo Nn-ey-bx-..
-A-Yww:-:- hx Aey-b= B A-eo-\n-fo-bn-b ]-c-anZn-em, G-ew = C-5-In-cw (51--54 A--h-co-m), Pnr--Xm h|-+n-yna-m = Pn-r-o-t-w D-l--o-tw A-e--tIn-1m, C-Zw h-cmew N-c - A-N-c-am
= h-a- P-U uN-X-\ P-K-o-t\ ?-a-an-bo,
A-P--wh-p-e-b-Xo = 5-j-b-In-dw e-tc o-Xo
hw-c--W--jo--tS \o-c--cw \o-d-\o-K-, N
= -Sn-tX ep-1w, 5--an-]-b-Xo = hw-i-co-%-.
A-Xn-b-Hm In-c-W-o d-bo-o-%-. (57)-
fnot
fn ot A[yb\
A[yb\?aw
aw
58. C-Zw fn-w H #--X|n--hv-an-ua-e h|-b-an-Zo-Xx-.

-eo-[o-e-Zm rn-n-i-bn-an-h-a-cp-Nyn-Zow|ow |-iw --\p\m-A-Yw:w:- A-hv = ~-1n-em, C-Zw fn-w-H
#--X|n = a---Xo fn-w c-No-o-m, B-Zo-Xx =
B-Zy-an-bo an-am + G-e = F-\o-%m (a--eo-m) eo[o-e-Xm h|-bw rn-n-i-bn-an-h = eo-[o-ew h|-bw
]-To-o-, H = F-o-m ep-1w, A-iw = Rn,
a-cp-Nyn-Zp--\p\m = a-cp-No B-Zo-bn-b ]-K--\oan-tc ]-To-o-. (1.35) (58)--Y-eo-t a---Xo 5--e-N-\w59. G-X-Zm uenbw -Yx fn-w-[n-e-bo-gy-Xy-uf-g-Xx-G-X-o a-un[o-P-uK-h-cme-ua-ugnJo-dw --\ox..
-A-Yw:w:- A-bw -Yx = -Y--\o, G-X-Xm fn-w,
A-uf-g-Xx = a---Xo-fn--t h--W]o, [n-n-e-bo-gy-Xo = uI-o-nw, io =
F--tIn-t-n, G-gx --\ox = -\o, G-XXm h-cmeam A-Jo-dw = h--W a---Xo
fn--t f-co-bn-b -]-o -W-an-bo,
a-x + A-[o-P-uK = Rn (a--eo) \om ]-Too--1m. (59)60. X-X--Yn h uXu\n-u2n-na-i-cmgo-cm a--\n -Yx-.
-Xn-\-~-ep--gp h-cmen\m5p-p-Xn-Zn ]--b-Xn-ao-Xo.-.
-A-Yw:w:- X-Xx = A-Xo--uf-gw uX-\ a--\n-X-Yn
D-2x B a-i-go a--eo-u\n-Sm C-5-In-cw ]-l-om, hx- a-i-cmgox- -Yx =B -Y-a-i-go, 5p-p-Xn-Zn
= h-un-g-No--\n-bo, Xn h-cmen\m- E-gp\m- =
Po-n---jn-bo e- F-n E-go--\o-an-ucn-w,
]--b-Xn-am + C-Xo A-~-ep-Xm = uI-%-eo F-
]-l-.61. h|n-bw--e-hyn-hy a-u\nx g-Um
ew-fyn a-\-uen]-uc--w-e-x 5--Pnx h|nx h|-a-in-Zn-u\n a-iv-P-hn-AA-Yw:w:- A-hy h|n-bw--e-hy a-u\nx = h|nbw -e-a--eo-t, ew-fynx = ew-f-o-td A-]-uc.
a-in-Zn\m-x a-iv-P-h-Ix g-Sm a-\-ex = A-\y-a-in
-A--X-a-\-\wh
- a- n-\X
- A-Hu- ]n-td n-eh
- n-ay-X
- t
- S tX-jo-eo-ud- -Zn- h|n-bw--e a--eo-t ew-f-ot+-
n-bo 12.124-nw u^n-Iw D-Zn-i-c-W-an-tb--nw.- a-in-n-w -P-h|o-I-;-an-b B-cm a----So
+xn 478 61
61
D-n-bo, A-e h|nx h|nx 5--Pnx -w-e-x

=AA-e-c-e--tS In-d-Km A-e-c-e--tS 5-P-I-tj
-wo-o. (61)62. h|n-ucn-No-g-uLn-n--a-L
Xn-a-uhn-ttc-e-X--Yn.-Nn-E-g-L a-in-uX--Pn
eo-e-h|-f-X G-e Nx-A-e--tS u]-m h|n-ucn-No-g, D--a, Xna-h, ttc-e-X, Nn-E-g -Sn-tX a-in-uX-Ph|o-bn-b eo-e-h|-X-t !-^ tte-e-h|-X. (62)63. h|n-bw--en-Zynx h-ttt -uX
a-\-uen --co-uX-P-hx.-uh| uh|--uc
h-cme-ao-Z--Xm]n-Zyn!-L-cn-N-c-am..-h|n-bw--e + B-Zynx G-uX h---co-uX-P-hx a-\ex = h|n-bw--e B-Zo G-?-a-- a-in-uXP-h|o-I-jn-bo--, uh| uh| A--uc = A-e-c-e-tS -wo In-d--jo, C-Zw h-cmew N-cn-N-cw
D-Zm]n-Zy = h-a- N-cn-N-c-P-K-Kw D-+n-Zo-om, B-!x = A-Xo-t\ -co-m ]n-do--u]n-.-
-A--X-a-\-\w-
-a--eo-t fo-gy-n-w ]o-p--n-b a---Xo

]-c--c--tS ]o-Kn-ao-I-;w 5-ho--cn-!--Xo-ue-o -Y-eo-t\ a---Xo-bo uN-Km a--eo-w
a---Xo-%w A-[o-I-an-\y-X-w, No-c-5-Xo-~-w
5-ho-o-w Io---Xo-\n-bo ~-1n-eo-t u]-&-o-u-m a---Xo-%w a--ew-f-o--X-tw I-j--an-o. A-n-c-W-n X-t 58 -X
63 e-tc-- u^n-I- 5-o--an-m.1) A-hn--o-Iw: -C-Hm -en-]-c h---%w eo---an-m. 52 -X 57 e-tc-- -eu^n-I--jo ]-c-an-Zn-eo-t Pn-r-Xm - -i-o
A-e--I-;-tS B-d-n-co-I e-W-\-I-;-1m. Pnr-Xm--i-o A-e--I Zo-\-cn-^--;-an-bo
hn-u]--an-bo-co-u B A-e--I-;-tS A-e-[o
A-Y-en In-d-ttZ-Lyw ]-l-ub--Hm B-e-fy-I=w h--n---d-=-an-bo--. X-t--a- 64
-X 73 e-tc-- u^n-I--jo A-Hm eo-f-Z-anbo e-Wo-o--1m. A-Xn-b-Hm ]-c-an-Zn-em G-H
]-I-w cn-ô-w D-W-o-co-%-I-w D-l--I-w
tN--. A-Xo-t h-a-b ttZ-Lyw A-e-[o F-^bn-m. C--t\ eo-f-Z-an-bo e-Wo-o--1m. C-HX-t Kw-J-dn--]-o ep-1w ep-1w B-eo-o-co-%-I-bn-m. 68-n-a-t u^n-I-o
Zo-\-cn-^--tj-%-lo-- e-W-\ tN-m 64-73
e-tc u^n-I-h----;w 52 -X 57 e-tc--
478 62 +xn
62
- ap\w Bg\nZw
u^n-I--;-tS A-Y-=-an-bo e-o--ew w-Ko-bnbo ubn-Po-o-o-co-%-. A--t\ 5-u-]-an-bo

uN--Xo-t 5-an-W-=w d-y-an-m. 58 -X
63 e-tc-- u^n-I- B h---t X-S-t--o-bo-co-%-. A--t\ -en-]-c-_--aon- u^n-I- 5-o-w X-t-bn-m.2) A--eo-ucn-[w:- -a---Xo -Y-u5n-2-uan A-Xo--m D-n-b fn--uan A-.- -a---Xo--tS --d
c-N-bo-Xn-em a- X-t-bn-m ~-1n-e-.58-n-a-t u^n-I-o a---Xo--tS -d c-Nbo-Xn-em ~-1n-en-tW-m ]-l-o--1m. B 5-Nnc-Ww -uen-2-ho-n--o--eo---an-m. B
tX-n-b 5-n-ew In-c-Ww 58-nw u^n-Iw 5-o-an-bo-. F--tIn-t-n _n-o-- 59--X
63 e-tc u^n-I- C-n-cy--tj B-[n-co-X-ano---Xn-m. A-Hm h|-Xx-5-an-W-n--t
5-o--an--Xn-w u^n-I-o e-o--
eo-ucn-[w -cp-I-co-%-en Sp-In-In-c-n B-=w-eo[w [-ao-t-o-w A-e--tS b-Uw \o--d-an-=-Ibn--n-b-Hm.Sp-In-In-c-n--tS A-o-5n-bw a---Xo--tS
-d-5-e-2n-em ~-1n-en-m. F-n C-Xo-t c-Nbo-Xn-em a--en-tW- ]-l---Xo-t In-c-Ww.-(1) a--eo-m ~-1n-em fn-n-f-b--]-o eo-[o
\o-ug-[--;-tS ]-T-\w \-S-o-tn--K. a-
A-Xo-t 5-Xo-]n-Z-\--]-o r-w c-No-.
A-Xn-b-Hm fn-n-f-b-]-o-- eo-[o \o-ug[--;-tS 5-Xo-]n-Z-\-r--an-m a---Xo F-
-Yw.-(2) r--o-t c-N-bo-Xn-em ~-1n-=-X-tbn-m. F-n a- C-Xo-t n-\w 5n-]o--Iko-m h|--]w A-Y-un-tSn-w a-cp-No B-Zobn-b E-go-an-%-ue-o 5-In-fo-o-. A--t\
C-Xm an-\-e-fn--ta- u]-co 5-ho--an-bo.- c-1 en-Z-K-Xo-I-;w A-So-n-\-c-io-X=w -2o-eo---=-an-m. C-Xo-t b-Yn-X-Y-an-b
A-Y-r-i-W-o-m H-nw A-[yn-bw H- -X
\n- e-tc-- u^n-I- A-e-[n-\-Xn--ew
K-i-\-an-b ]-T-\-]n-T-\--%-eo-u[-b-an--Ww.- u^n-I--;-tS n-g-w n-e-\-w [-o-n
Xn-tk--l-- In-cy- -w-an-!w.1) a---Xo A-Xo-t -d--]-o G-tX-ow -e-\o-_--fn--a-. F-t-n -d--]o Po-n-h---e-%m 5-e-N-\ -]-o
\-o-b D-c
- - 1
- m. ]o-p-SH
- m u?n-Up-Ic
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a-i-go-an a--eo-t\ h-ap-]o-m [-a-o-t

?-a-an-b A-lo-em H-S--bn-bo ]-To-%--Xo-m Xn+-cyw 5-I-So-o-%--1m. (1.1--2) A-e--tS [-a-Pon-h-m a- D--c-=w \---1m. (1.4)2) C-Xo-t -d 5-e-2n-em a- X-t-bn-m. C-ncyw ey-2-an-%-en 1.3 u^n-Iw 5-uXy-I (G-tl)
h-in-b-I-an-m. a-i-go-an uNn-Zyw uNn-Zo-Xo--uf-gw A-e F--tIn-1m Po-n-hn-fa-\-o-m a--eo-t\--t h-ap-]o- F-m ey2-an-%-I-w tN-o--1m. A-e ]-l--.
udn-I-o-t, A-No-y-=w A-5-ua-b-=w eo-[n\--]-=-an-b ue-Z-[-a-t = eyn-e-in-co-I-X|--tj A-lo--- B A--an-^-an-m. A-HtIn-n-m hw-f-b \o-en-c-W-o-\n-b Po-n--jn-b R- A--tb h-ap-]o--Hm. a-
A-n-d-t, eyn-e-in-co-I-=w hn-an-Po-I-=-an-b
C--cw eo-g-b--jo ]-co-W-X-5--w A-Xoeo-fo-w-eo-Z|n-\n-bo--. ue-Z-[-a-o h|-bw
]-7o-X-\n-bo-- a--eo-m a-e--e--tS hw-f-b
\o-en-c-W-o-- A-e-X-c-W-f-2o-w hn-anYy-=w D-n-bo--. ue-Z--;-tS cp-Xo-b--h-com G-tXn-t-bn- [-aw G-tXn-t A-[-aw
F-m 5-an-W-h-io-Xw ]-l- tIn--n--
a--eo-t en-Im Nn-H-cyw A-Xo-eo-uf-g-an-bo--.
C-tX-nw a-i-go-an X-t A-e--tS B-K-au\n-u-fw A-lo-bo-%-un A-u-i-un-X-t
]-l----1m. ~-1n-eo \o- u\-So-b n-\w
tIn-- a--eo-t\-u-So a-i-go-an F-ob-Hm. ]n-7o-Xy-=w n-\-=w en-oo-X-w H-KuN- A--F ey-2o-X-|-o--S-a-bn-bo-- a-
F-m a---Xo-bo-td tte-Zo-I-5-an-W--2-an-b
-Xo-e-N-\--;-tS Zo-KmZ-f-\w X-t tX-jo-en%-.-D-Zn:- 1.23--24, 87, 125, 129
I-ko-=-I ~-1n-eo-t ]-c--c-bo
\o- d-o--Xn-bn-w, a-i-go-an A-u-i-t
ue-Z- F- _-*-an-\--ew hw-u_n-[-\
tN-u- B-e-fy-ao-. X-t--a- ~-1n-eo-\om n-\w u\-So-b a-in-n-Ky-fn-do-bn-b-Xo-\ndn-m R- A--tb-u-So-tb-o-b-tX-m
A-e -No-o-%-u]n--ao-. A-u-i-o-t
h|-bn-Po-X-n-\-o-\n-[n-cw ue-Z-[-a-an-bo- F-m ue-Z-\o-~-an-b A-u-i-o-t D--c-X-t -w-an-%-. B n-\-o a-n%w ]-o- F--Xn- h-Xyw. h|-w ttf-do-w
a-u\n-n-e-\-w B-co-\o-w I-Sw tIn-n-tX,
X-t A-lo-eo-t A-]n-c-X-bo tte-Zo-I-[-at No-o-o-I-m I-t-o-b -K-I-jn-m

a---Xo-bo \o- d-o-%--Hm. h|-bw ho-an-b B-Jyn-\ ttf-do-bn-m 5-o--u^n-I--tj
H--t--o In-Wo-%--Hm.3) H-co-S-K-u]n-w ~-1n-em X-t Y--en-tWun, ~-1n-em C--t\ ]-l-o--t-un H-w
X-t a---Xo-bod-o, F- X-t--a- ~-1n
-eo-t H-c-o-5n-b-=w a- In-Wo-o-o-. [-u-ban-b a-tn--In-cyw [--an[-a--tj-%-lo-m ]-l-un-ukn, E-go--\o-an--tS hw-f-b-\o-en-c-Ww
\-S-K-un-ukn H-co- u]n-w h|- B-f-b-j-n-tX ~-1 hw-_-o-bn-b B-f-bw A-u-iw
h|p-I-co-o--o-. D-Zn: B-* a-\p-go-Wx (1.17),
[-cma-hy \\-ubn K-Xo-am (1.110, 2.88, 124) ~-1n-eo-m
CeotS F-t-o-w _w D-n-bo--t-o,
[-an-Zn-=w h-Xy-\o-~--an-b a- C-eo-tS A-H
-No-o-%-an-bo--. C-Xo \o-t-nw ey-2an-!--Hm a---Xo--tS -d 5-e-2n-em a- X-tbn-m F-n-m.4) a---Xo--tS ttf-do-bo \o- ho-o-%-Hm G-tX-o-w 5-Xy-b-fn--o-t -]-o-dnbo--o- a---Xo--tS -d--]-ta-n-m. fn-
-o-t -]-o-d-n- H- In-cyw -d h-+-o fnhw---tS ey-e-in-c-o,
5-ubn-Ko-o--ao-. F-o-w ~-1n-em fn-w
c-No- F- 5-n-ew X-t C-n- o-Xo-%m
a---Xo a--eo-t h|-w X-t F--Xo c-1]--ao-.5) a---Xo -d--]-o E-go-an--tS Po-nhn--co-X-an-b uNn-Zy--% \-o-b D--c-an-m.
A-Hm 5-e-N-\--]-o--an-m. uI-n-w uIo-n-w ue-o ]-l- 5-e-N-\-an-Ibn
eo-uf-g h---o-t H-S--o-w H---ow A-Y-e-n-b ?o-bn 5-ubn-K--;w In-(1 2), ]--b-Xn-am (1.4),
(1 4),
-1m. D-Zn:- e-3-a-cmi-ho (1.2),
ueno-[n-hyn-ao (1.42),
(1 42), Xw \o-u_n-[-X (1.120)
(1 120)
G-X-uZ|no-io-Xw h-cmew (3.286)
(3 286) eo-[n-\w ]--b
-Xn-am (3.286)
(3 286) a-ua-Zw h-cme--2-en\m (12.117)
(12 117) C-XynZo. a--eo-t fo-gy-n-cn-m A-H -o-u--Hm.
C-Hm 5n-cw--o-- 1.1-4 u^n-I--;-tS ttf-do
an-e--1m. h ttXx #-wx 5-ubn-Kw C-Xm -o-u-dn-tW- ey-2-an-%-. -o-u---I-%uf-g-an-m a---Xo "fn-" -]w F- u]-co\-i-X u\-So-b-Hm.+xn 478 63
63
-av-do-I-an-b -o-u---I F- ]-l---Hm

F-un-kn-uWn d5-e-2n-eo-t In-cy--tj
b-Yn-X-Y--]-o -o--d-K--Hm A-un
-X fnhw- av-do-I-a-n-Xn-!- F-nm. F--tIn-t-n G-tXn- 5-e-N-\-anuWn G-tX-o-w -o-u--udn A-t-o
fn---]-o-udn e--o-t-o A-Xo-t\ a-eo-t fn-w F-m F--t\ eo-jo- ]-l-bn
I-ko-w. a--5-e-N-\- --o-u---I-%uf-g-an-m fn--ta- u]-co eo-Jyn-X-an-b-Hm.
A- -X-ud ]n-I-o-k-I -d-#-Xo-I-jo
5-I-S-an-In H-S-o.-C-H-u]n-td 58-59 u^n-I--jo fn-
f-p-5-ubn-Kw ]o-n-d-KmA-Xo-t\ ]-c-e-p
5-o-tam ho--an-o.5) No-d eo-Z|n-n -I-jo ]-l-o-- B c-1
-2o-I-tj B-[n-c-an-o u^n-I- a--#-Xan-tW- en-Zo-n u]n-w A-e- C-H-K-#-X-antW-m Aw-Kp-I-co--Ww. -Yh--do-X-a F-Yw. a-- a-i-go-an-%-ue-o tN--5-e-N\w
]-To-m B-f-bw a-\-o-dn-o-bo-m B-f-bw an-o
]-l---Hm a- A-Xo-t -d-I-n-e-bn-H tInn-m. F-o-w -Y-=w a--eo-t B-f-b--tj
a-i-go-an--tS h-a-w h|--f-p-o ]-lo--1m. (58-60) C--t\ No-d-un -Y C-Xo-t
c-N-bo-Xn-en-Inw. C-5-In-cw -2o-I -2oZn-Xn--;-tS an-\y-X-u]n-w J-7o-%-.
J-7-\w tIn-1-X-t av-do-I-u^n-I c-N-bo-Xn-em
a- X-t-bn-tW-w ~-1n-eo-\o-Xo bn-tXn-
_--=-ao-t-w _n-o-- F-n 5-n-e-;w ]o-n-d-Km -o-u--Xn-tW-w 5-o--an-
tW-w ho-o-%-.6) 63-nw u^n-I-o a- N-cn-N-c-P-K-m -wo-

]n-do-m c-o- F- ]-l---1m. 1-6, 14--23 e-tc- u^n-I--jo-td 5-n-e--% eo---anWp u^n-In-Yw. A-Xo ]-l-o-co-%--Hm N-cnP-K-o-t D-+-o-w (-wo) o-Xo-w A-ey2-w--K=-an-b ]-c-an-Zn-em a-i-Zn-Zo X-|-;-tS ?-an--K-X-cp-Xo-bo tN- F-n-m. a-
-wo o-Xo I-a- tN- F- ]-l---H
X-t 5-#-Xo eo---an-m. A-hw-K-X-an-m.
f-cp-c-[n-co-bn-b B-t-o-w, ]-I-]-o--KIp-S-]-Xw-Kn-Zo Pp-eo-I-uj-w -ao ?-w ]-e-Xw
H-S-o-b n-e-c-e---tj-w -wo-n I-ko-ta- ]-l---H-X-t a-in-eo-o--an-m. 32
-X 41 e-tc-- u^n-I--;-tS eyn-Jyn-\-o
A--eo-ucn-[-ta- fp-g-Iw D-Zn-i-c-W-an-bo
u\n-%-I. C-5-In-cw 63-nw u^n-Iw 5-o--an-m.
58 -X 62 e-tc-- u^n-I- 5-o--an-tW--Xo-m h|-bw 5-an-W--jn-m.
-a---Xo c-N-bo-Xn-en-b a--eo-t\ ~-1n-eot 5-]v-^-w (1.32--33) fo-gy-w (1.58) F
]-l-o-m ]o-p--n-b B-c a---uj-w (1.61--63)
-X-In-d-o e-Wo-o-co-%--Hm, In-d-eo--=w A-hw--ey-=-an-m. C-H-u]n-td-X-t-bn-m
-Y-eo-t\ h|n-bw--e a--eo-t !-^-w (1.35)
fo-gy--an-bo (58-59) No-^p-I-co-m a--eo-t
]o-Kn-ao-I-tj -Kn-ao-I-jno AeXcoooco
%--Hw. (60-63) u^n-I--;w In-d-eo---=w
A-hw-K-X-=w A--eo-- 5-n-e--jn-m.
C-n-c-W--jn-td-w ua eo-e-co- u^n-I-
5-o--an-tW- ey-2w.
(HSw)
h|Kpb \-uc---g- -Bcwo ue-Z]-nT-\-w.
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tte-cn-Kyw.-AA-Yw:w:- uZ-in-Zo-~-1-]-cy-u = uZ-iw H-S-o
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o \o-Xya-n- un-K-e---jo, bn--Y-;n = bn-tXn-
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tte-cn-Kyw.
-H-o-t\-%-lo-w u-i-=w B-r-i-=w C-n-e (cn-K--tj A-S-o-b-e) F-n-m ttecn-Ko F- en-o-\-Yw. (tte-cn-Ko-m F-m
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h-e-un-Ky-e---jo-w uXn-- te-c-m (cn-Kao-n-) B-m tte-cn-Kyw.-cn-K-an- a--gy-tc !-w-_--jn-w h-Zn-b--jn-w cn-Py-en-ho-I-jn-w ---So Pp-eon u5-co-o-%--Hm. cn-K-o-t uI--_o-
'Rn' 'F-u-Xm' F-- eo-Nn-c-an-m. F-t
A-, F-t A-, F-t h-uin-Z-c- F-
H-S-o F-eo-tS-tb-nw cn-Kw D-n-bo-co-%-uen A-eo-tS-tb-nw A-o-X (Rn F- eo-Nncw)-w F-u-Xm F- B-I-g-W-=w D-n-!-.
F-u-Xm F- eo-Nn-cw e--un F-u-X-n-Xm F- u-Z-No- e--. A-[o-I-an-;-I-;w cn-Ko-t ue-G-bo !--o Pp-eo-%--H-tIn-m
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D-n-!-I-w tN--. ttZ-e-o-ud-% Xo-co--
a-I-t\-w a-I-tj-w an-Xn-]o-Xn--;w _--P-\-;w hw-f-b--wo-ubn---So u\n-%-I-w A-e
tX-n-b-an-J-I h|p-I-co-%--Xn-bo I--H-I-w
tN--. C--c-o-- F-Xo-m hn-[-I-t
a-\-o D-j-en-bo-co-%- -dy-u_n-[-t -X -K-an-bo ]-co-ufn-[o-%-en u5-c-W \-. A-H-tIn-1m dv-Io-I-an-b -dy--jo-\o-w
F-^-ubn o--an- Xn tX-c-t-- -dyta- \o-L-bo--l-%-I-w A-Xo -Vn--cn-Kw
e-j-o-tb--%-I-w tN--. -V-an-b
[--tb-w eo-f|n-h-t-w udn-I-o- a-\o-dn-%-en 5-bn-h-an-m. eo-g-]n-\-o-ud-%
\-S---%- uhn-?-p-ho-t\-w In-e-co-bo-td
!-co-fo-ud-m B-\-bo--t-- ?o--eo-t\-w
c-o-%-en hn-u]---dy-t u-io-%--e
(dv-Io-I) tIn-Xo-%-un \o-c-u]--an-b
(a-tn-o-t\-w B-[-bo-n-) h-Xy-n
B-#-w-cn-b uhn-?-p-w ub-I-?o--=w A-e
tX-c-t-- ]n-X-I-jo--So \o-Fo-f-w
-un--u]n-!-. A-h-Xy-o \o- ]o-Xo-co- Pp-eo-X-tte-cn-Ky-o-t an-J-I-bn-m \nw
C-e-co In---Hm.-u^n-Iw 22
-eo-c-Py eo-g-b-@n-Xnn
-un-n-g--wyn -*-cm-*x !-h|-d-uy \o-b-Xn-e-n-a-\-hx f-a D-Ny-uX. !!-]-Z-u--Zw:w:- eo-c-Py eo-g-b-@-nXn-Xm uZn-g--wyn
-*x -*x h|-d-uy \o-b-Xn-e-n a-\-hx f-a
D-Ny-uX.-AA-\|-bw:w:- -*x -*x uZn-g--wyn eo-g-b-@n-XnXm eo-c-Py a-\-hx h|-d-uy \o-b-Xn-e-n f-ax
D-Ny-uX.+xn 478 65
65
-A-Yww:-:- -*x -*x uZn-g--wyn = ep-1w ep-1w

uZn-g--wo-tIn-1m, eo-g-b-@n--Xn-Xm eo-c-Py = eo-gb-h--i--jo \o-m tte-cn-Kyw 5n-]o-m, a-\hx h|-d-uy \o-b-Xn-e-n = a-\--t h|-w
d-y-o D- \o-b-X-an-b o-Xo, fax D-NyuX = f-aw (Fm) ]-l-b-t--.-~-1-hn-n-Xmn-c--n-I-Ww F- Noom A-Xo-\n-bo Pp-eo-%- --E, eo-g-b--J-jo \o- tte-cn-Kyw 5n-]o- a-\-o-t h|w d-y-o-- \o-b-X-an-b o-Xo (-S-ntX-- A-e-) \o-c--c-an-b A-yn-hw tIn1 u\-uS--Xn-m. H- e- In--un-?w A-Xm
[-o-u--Xn-bo uXn--o-t-o '5-Jy'tb
(-w-an-b-Xo-t\) H-S--e-uc- '5-?-o'w
o-Xo-w (A-e--w) hw--eo-o-o-t--ueWw ]-l-bn.-5-Xy-n---e-o-m B-o, n-Xo, 5o-bw
F- --e--I D-j-j-Xn-bo ]-l--. C-tXn-
e--en-!- F- \o-u-fw (e--eo-t 'A-o-X')
A-o. e--5p-Xo D-n-bo--ko-n A-Hm
C- e--en-m F- 5-Xy-o- (Xocoloem)
Dn!Xm nXo. ]opSm 5Xyo 5-anZn-eo-t B-tI ey-2o-X|-t _n-[o-%--Hm
5o-bw. A-o n-Xo 5o-b--tj ]n-Ln-Xy
tIn-lo-g, tIn-uW-g, A-^- F-o-t\ ]-l--u]n--. H- e- eo-g-b-an-bo
]-co-W-ao-%--Xo- -]n-bo 5-an-Xn-eo-t
(A-lo---e-t) -J-x-J-I-+-\-I A-Xo
B-[yn-ucn-]w (A-_--an-b B-ucn-]-Ww) tN-t--. en--e-o ao-Yyn-n-\-an-m
5o-bn-5o-b-eo-g-b-an-bo ]-co-W-ao-%--Hm.5o-b-eo-g-b- -a-e-o-tb D-n-%-e-bn-m. 5o-b-eo-g-b--jo--n-!-en-\o-S--
-a-t Xo--o-bn an-^-ua u_n-[w h|-d-yan-b ~-1-Z-f-\-o \o-L-d-an-bo \o--I-->.
A-H-tIn-1m -ucn eo-g-b-=w 5o-b-X-tb D-j-en%-un A-Xo-\o-m a-\-o-t\ \o-e-o-o-m
A-h-Xy-o-\o-m h-Xy-o-ud-% \o-w-f-bw
I-S--u]n-!-en-- Xp--an-\w F-un-?--n-bo
-co--Ww. A--t\ a-\-o-t\ -a-In-c-W-an-b
eo-g-b-o-\o-m A-I-e-en I-ko--un
a-\-m G-H 5-fn-o-bo-ud-% a-S-o-un-!--uen
A-Xo-t\ ue-Ww f-a-an-bo a-\-o-dn-%-en. f-aw
B-e-fy-ao-n- H- \o-ao-g-=w --E-eo--n!-o-. udn-I-K- F-n A-[yn-Z-h--Zn-b-jo-w tte-cn-Ky-o-w f-a-o-w 5n-[n-\yw
478 66 +xn
66
- ap\w Bg\nZw
tIn--o--1m.-u^n-Iw 23
-eoeo-g-ubyx ]-cn-e-cmXy-n-]-\w h|-h|-uKn-d-uI!-D--ub-gn-ao-o-bn-Wnw-h Z-ax ]-co-Ip-cmo-Xx!!-]-Z-u--Zw:
w:- eo-g-ub-yx ]-cn-e-cmXy n-]-\w h|h|-uKn-j-uI D--ub-gnw C-o-bn-Wnw h Z-ax ]-coIp-cmo-Xx-A-\|-bw:w:- eo-g-ub-yx ]-cn-e-cmXy D--ub-gnw
C-o-bn-Wnw h|-h|-uKn-j-uI n-]-\w bx hx
Z-ax ]-co-Ip-cmo-Xx-AA-Yw:w:- eo-g-ub-yx ]-cn-e-cmXy = eo-g-b--jo
\o-m ]o-Xo-co-m, D--ubnx C-o-bn-Wnw = c-1X-c-o-- C-o-b--;-tS-w, h|-h|-uKn-j-uI
n-n-]-\w = A-Xn-Xo-t uKn-j--jo (n-\-jo) \o--!- A-e-, bx hx Z-ax ]-co-Ip-cmoXx = bn-tXn-un A-Xm Z-aw (F-m) ]-co-Ip-o-t-o-co-%-.-X-e-j, ]-o, -m, F--In-do -X-dn-b E-Pp-eo-I-;w \n-bm, B-Sm, ]-I -X-dn-b ep---K-;w !-do, I--e, how-iw -X-dn-b e-\y-Pp-eo-I-;w
5-#-Xo-Z--an-b-en-h-\ A--h-co--an-^w 5-eo-%-. A-e--tS t]--an--o 5n-#-Xo-Ian-b H- \o-_-w C-co-%-. C-n-cyw A-e-tS C-c-uX-S-do-\o- -w-an-!-. C-c--tS A-\w X-e-j--tS I-Bo-t]-n X-e-j- \n-%-\p-o
C-c-tb ]o-So-n-Xo-co-n I-ko-bo-. -tdo-tb I-o-m a-u\n-\o-b--Ww e--K-en
--n-eo-. C-c e-m F--In-do--tS e-d-bo
ep-Wn A-eo-tS-tb-o C-c-tb e-d-tIn-1
_-o-n-Xo-co-n F--In-do-% I-ko--o-.
C-Xo-td-nw Pp-eo-I-tj -co-%--Hm A-e--tS
h-i-P-en-h-\-bn-m.eo-ue-I-- Pp-eo-tb- h|-bw A-o-an-\o%- a--gy-w h-i-P-en-h-\-I-;-tS u5-c-Wbo \o- -2-\-. A-e-t 5-e-o-I-jo
F-]-H f-X-an-\-=w A-u_n-[-o \o-b--e-- ttP-e-5-[n-\-an-b u5-c-W-tIn-1
\-S-%--Xn-m. _n-o C--]-H f-X-an-\-o
]-Xo-\- f-X-an-\-=w hn-i-N-cy-o-t u5-cW-tb e-o-tIn-1 hn--I-co-m en-h-\--tS
e-f-u-% N-co- \o- tN---Xn-m. e-j-tc%-l- eo-g-b--jo an-^-ua H---a-a--gy-t
an-J-In Pp-eo-X-o- ubn-Po-%--eo-[-o--
eo-ue-Iw 5-e-o-%-->. C-eo-tS hn-i-N-cy
hw-_-w eo-ue-I-ao-n--m 5-[n-\-In-c-W-an-boco-%-. "H-l- en-Xo eo-I--t\-un-w uan-ioo-%-" F-tn- ]-k-tan-ko--1m.-hw-n-c-o-w h---o-w A--h-co-m
B---]n-Xo-I-an-b e-j--w X-j--w e-cn-\o-S-1m. A-H-tIn-n-m A-\n-ucn-Ky-I-c-an-b u5c-W--n-en-\o-S-- hn-i-N-cy--jo \o-w
n-u\-o-b--tj-w I-ua-o-b--tj-w H-koen-o \o--Ww F- ]-l---Hm. n-u\-ob--%m te-jo-bo \o- e-- -Jw A--eo-%--Xo- u5-c-W D-n-%-en I-ko---H
-u]n-td I-ua-p-b--%m eo-g-b-hw-_--an-b
5-e--\-o--So B-f|n-h-=w B-\--=w

u\--en-- Xn-+-cy--1m. [-a-]-cn-b-W-\n-b
ey-2o-bo-un-w F-n-bmun-?w ]-X-\w D-n%--Xo-m n-\-I-ua-o-b--jo \o-io-X-anbo-co-%- en-h-\ In-c-W-an-bo-p--. A-HtIn-1m a-\-o-t\ a-Yo-%-en-\o-S-- eo-g-b-jo-\o-m n-u\-o-b--tj-w I-ua-o
-b--uj-w
D-]-hw-i-co-m
]-co-]n-do--Ww
F- ]-l--. a-\x-fn-o-bo-n- Z-aw ao-YynN-c-t \o-c-Y-I-an-b _n-iy-h-\yn-hw an-^-ua
B-!-->.
(H--S-w)
h-e-Zn \o-d-tIn-=- ey-Xyn-hw
-B-Zn-eo-\m c-1-eo-[ f-2o-I-;-m. C-o-b--;-tS h-in-bw-tIn-m dv-Io-I-?-o-I-jo Gt---Xo-w C-o-b--;-tS h-in-b-ao-n-tX B--co-I-an-bo 5-e-o-%-Xo-w B-Zn-eo-
I-ko-w. B-Zy-u-Xo-t\ _-io--Jp-?-o F-w c-n-a-u-Xo-t\ A---Jp-?-o-tb-w
]-l--. C-e-bo G-tX-o-w H-m h-Zn-h-a-b-=w 5-e-o-%. c-1w--So H--ao- 5-e-o%o-. H-m \o-to-b-an-=-un a-tn-m h|-bw h-?o-b-an-=-. _-io--Jp-?-o-tb \o-K-Xo-t u]-cn-Wm \o-eo-g-b-an-. \o-eo-g-b-X|-o-- an-Kw [yn-\-an-Wm. \o-eo-g-ban-%- an-^-bo--t B-Zn-eo-t A---Jp-?-o B-cw-o%. Cv A-e--tb-bn-Wm
D-]-\o-g-m eo-uf-gn-e-tb- ]-l---Xm.- -[yn-\-n-e--tb 5n-]o-%- ubnKo G-I-X|Z-fo-bn-bo-p--. [yn-\n-e--bo ubn-Ko-m u[y-b-5n-o-%-ue-o-- ?o-b-bo \o-c-X-\nWm Xn F- u_n-[--n-bo-co-%w. F-n h-an-[o-tb- D--Xn-e--tb 5n-]o-%--uXn-tS
[yn-\-d-y-an-b ~-1-t--o-- u_n-[w-an-^-ua A-e-uf-go-%--=. Cv A-e--tb--o
-7-uIn-]-\o-g-K ]-l---H u\n-%-I.-- -Cv A--X--]w ~-1w-X-t. -]o-w ]o-]o-w,
C-S-Kw e-d-Kw, Xn-k-w -I-jo-w 5-h-co-o-co-%-Hw ~-1w-X-t. Cv eo-f|-an-tI u[-~an-b ~-1w-X-t. n-\o-m h-F-^ ~-1n---Xo D-n-!--te--Yw. Z|o-X|-n-e-\ C-eo-tS
D-n-!-o-. Cv B-f-b-t-bn-Wm F-?-- H-n-b \o-t-bo-i c-t- I--j -eo-ntbn-co- _-X-ao-n-e-X--a-a, ]-u I-W-%-e--en \o #-]n-e-do-I D-n-I-W-ta-w,
Rn-t\--n-e-a-H uXn-n- ue-W-ao-i uXn---Xn-Io-d-Jo-dw Rn-\o-tX- e-ko uXn-u-W-ua
F-- 5n-Y-\-bo--tS ey-o-o--Xm.- -h-a--P-K-o-w ~-1-o-t\ an-^-ua ubn-Ko Z-fo%->. X-t hmu\-i-n-P-\-o-t hmu\-i-o -?-Io X-p-\-\n-bo -eo-m a-t-nw a-l-
I-ko-- ubn-Ko-m h|-W---bo-w c-U--o-w -ao-n-t\--=. I-;w I--w--So \o-ao%-
_--]n-f--jo-\o-m -2-\n-bo uan-i-ud-f-ao-n-tX ufn-I-ud-f-ao-n-tX ubn-Ko e-o-%.
B A-e- 5n-]o- B-jo-t\ Pp-e--2 F- ]-l-bnw. ?-ua-W f-cp-c-\n-f-un-tS _--\--2-an-!-.-- -~-1-t A-lo---e ~-1-an-bo -eo-%te-n-Wm -7-uIn-]-\o-g-K ]-l---Xm.
A-u\-Iw eo-Z|n-n D-]-\o-g-Xm -e-N-\-t tX-o-m eyn-Jyn-\o-n-c-m. ~-1-n-\o, ~-1-h--f\n-bo-p--ta-n-Wm A-e--tS a-Xw. ]-u, C-5-In-cw A-Yw ]-l-ub- B-e-fy-ao-. Cv en-Iyo 5--2-an-b -eo-%- te- ?o-bn-]-Z-o-\o-m ey-2-an-!--Xm ~-1-n-\o -]m
~-1w A-n-bo---te-n-Wm. C-un B-bo F-n-tW-o B-Zo-- ~-1-an-tb-n-Wm A-Yw.
B-Zo D--Xo-t\-nw A--=--m. C-5-In-c-- n-gy- \o-cn-I-c-Wp-b-an-Wm. G-tXn- ~-1t A-lo--Xo-\n-dn-uWn ~-1-n-\o-bn-b-Xm A-Xm A-\n-Zo ~-1-an-Wm.Cv ey-Xyn-hw h-e-Zn
~-1-o-w ~-1-n-\o-bo-w \o-d-tIn-=-.
h- ]-cy-Kn-X-mI-?-a-In-b-a-@-W a-neo-c-am I-a-]n-]-eo-a--m. I-eocm-a-\p-gp ]-co-x h|-bww -cyn-YnX-Y-yuXn-f c--mYn ey-Z[n-nf|Xpyx hanyx..
+xn 478 67
67
ugnUfhwncw
ugnUfhw
ncw
-hwhw-n-cw
F-m? F-o-m? F--t\?

I-a-dn\ucg
n\uc
g
h|oenN\w
h|
oenN\w (HS)
( S)
25. - uZ-en-\nw -n --a-Xo-cmE-Pr-b-Xnw
uZ-en-\n-cn-Xo-co-o u\n \o-e-cmX-Xn-am.
-uZ-en-\n- h-Jy--]-uh-Zo-an e-bw
uZ-en \B\ B-x -5-Xo-c- Pp-e-uh.
-n-en-Yww:-:- uZ-en-\n-am = uZ-e-n-B--w [n-aoI-w, ]-ucn-]-In-c X-+-c--an-b eo-Z|n-n--tS, -n
-a-a-Xox=
ox A-z-Z-b \o-u[-b-h-In-co-Wo-bn-b h-Zm
e-o A--r-iw R--%m, E-Pr-b-Xn-am = \o-bn-hw d-o--Ww, uZ-en-\n-am = uZ-e-n--tS; cn-Xo
= Zn-\-fp-dw, \x
\x= R--jo-ud-%m; A-o = \n--]n-\o-w, \o-e-cmX-Xn-am = Xo-co--e-c-Ww; uZ-en-\n-am
= uZ-e-n--tS; h-Jy-am = ao-^-X|w, D-]-uh-Zo-a =
R- A-e-tc uh-en-I-]-g-I tN-m 5n--ano-tn-nw A-Xn-b-Hm R- A-e-ucn-tSn-w
Pp-eo-m A-e--tS Y-W-I-a-h|-n-e- B-Po-m
A-e--tS \- -,-K--jn-Inw. Pp-e-uh = Zp-Ln-o-\n-bo; \x B-x 5--Xo-c- = R--;-tS B--m
e-o-o-m; A-Xn-b-Hm B--!--g-n-cn-b, h-Xm!-g-n--an-- h-i-enhw \o-a-d-=w Zp-L-=an-b h--w-Pp-eo-X-o-m R--tj 5n--cn-%w.
Pp-e-w 5n-W-w e-o-%w f-2o-ub-!-en
5n-Wn-bn-aw H-S-o-b ubn-Kn-h-\- A-e--tS
\o-u-fn--h-c-Ww A-y-ho-m R- \--e-cn-bo
Pp-eo-n C-S-e-c-Ww. C-Xn-m 5n-Y-\.
a--gy uI-e-dw \-c-\n-bo P-\o-m \n-cn-b-W]-Zw 5n-]o-%--tX---t\-tb-n-Wo-eo-tS a-w
-H--Hm. uZ-e-n--tS --a-Xo = h-Zme-o A-Hm
\o-u[-b-o- In-c-W-an-m. cn-Xo = Zn-\-n-ew,
Xyn-Kw -an-fp-dw ao-X-X|w, h-Jyw = h-Jo-X|w,
ao-^-X|w, h-i-en-hw ttZ-ep-I-Y-W--jn-Wo-e-w, -a-Xo, cn-Xo, h-Jyw C-e Y-W-I-a-h|-n-e-an%- -an-\-e Zp-Ln--n-\n-bo-co-%-ta--Xo
hw-f-b-ao-. -w I-cmuW-ox K--bn-a-uZ-enx -w
68
478 68 +xn
- ap\w Bg\nZw
]-ufy--an--p-cm b-P-^n, Yo-ttc c-ttK -xenw h--u\n-o-cm ey-uf-a-io uZ-e-io-Xw b-Znx.x. (b-. 25. 21) C-H-X-t-bn-m uZ-e--Pn hwK-Xp-I-c-W Zn-\--]-an-b b--o-t n-e-\n-W-an-b ]-co-h-an-o. uZ-en-\nw -n --a-Xox =
uZ-e--P-tb hw-_-o-m, uZ-en-\nw cn-Xox = Zn-\w
tIn-1m, uZ-en-\n-am h-Jyw = hw-K-Xp-I-c-Ww.
\-c-\o \o-m \n-cn-b-W-\o-ud-%- Xp-Y-bn-^bn-Wp D--a-an-b b-w. b--5-hn-Zw hn-Py-=w AXnm ]-c-a-an-b uan-w. Pp-eo-X-o
\o- H-jo-un--a-, I-aw tN-m I-a--o-e-n-\n-m ue-Zw ]-l---Hm. I-a-^-dw B-r-ion-tX G-+o--uPn-do tN--I. C-a--n-tX u\no-bo-co-%- \yn-bn-[o-] A-i-an-b ^-dw
b-Yn-e-h-cw X-o-co-%w. -Xo-ue-. P--od-t-o e-w P---jo. \ A-\y-]-n-eo-ZyuX A-b-\n-b.
26. - X-ap-fn-\w P-K-Z-L--g--Xow
[o-bw-Po-\|-a-e-uh +--a-ui-e-b-am.
--gn-u\n b-Yn ue-Z hn-a-h-Zm ?--u[
c-o-Xn ]n--c-tn h|--ub.
(b-. 25. 18)
-n-en-Yw:w:- \- p-!--g-n-tc-nw, X-am fn-\w = N-cn-N-c-P-K-o-t wo-I-n-=w
A-[o-~n-Xn-=w hw-in-c-I--an-b h-I-d -f|-cy-;-tS-w h|n-ao, P-K-Zx X--gx ]-Xo-am = h-I-d
n-e-c Pw-K-a e---tjw, a--gy-w -K--;w,
5n-Wo-e-K--;w, ?--, [-iw cn-Pyw B-Zo
h-a- 5-]- e---tj-w ]n-do- hw-c-o%- -f|-c, [o-bw Po-\|w = n-\-t-w
I-a-u-w J--\n-%- A-Yen c-1w 5-Info-o--X-- ]-c-an-Zn-eo-t\, A-e-uh = h-eeo-[-c--w ue-o, +--a-ui = -Xo- 5n-Yo%-. B ]-c-an-Zn-em b-Yn \x = b-Yn-X-Y-an-bo
\--tS, ue-Z hn-a ?--u[ = [-\-o-w e-o-%w

X-Z---X-an-b -f|-cy--n-bo --gn A-h-Xm
= ubn-K-u-a-In-co-bn-I-t. h|--ub = eo-\n-f
\o-en-c-W-o-\n-bo, c-o-Xn = _n-iy-an-b B-]o-\o-m c-o-%-, ]n- = B--co-I-I-o
tN-m B-
- o-t\ c-o-%
- - eo-{ eo-\n-fI
- \
- n-b
A-Z-tyn uin-ue = A-iow-hn -o A-Xn-b-Hm
In--Wy--o B-I-t.
-h-I-d a--gy-w Aw-Kp-I-co-u- H-
h-Xy-an-m -f|-c-\n-Wp 5-]--o-t hwc--I F--Hm. A-u-i-an-m a--gy-m e-ow h-XmI-a u5-c-W-w \---Hm. A-e-\n-m
Pp-e-Pn-d--% n-\-=w [-\-=w \-o A-e-tc
c-o---r-io-%--Hm. A-e I--Wn-a-b-w,
eo-{-eo-\n-f-I-w, _n-iy-=w B-y--c-=-an-b
uZn-g--tj -cp-I-co-m Pp-e-t\ B-]-o \o-
c-o-%- B-]-Xm _n--eanm. B A--ri--o-tb ue-Ww a--gy-cn-bo---e D-]n-hou--Hm. A-e-t A--r-i-n ho-o-%-Xn-m h-a--I-a--;w A-e-bo--tS u\-- hvn-Ky--;w. A-e an-^-an-m b-Yn-Y D-]n-h-\n
ubn-Ky.
- a--o ]l- - h-eo-uf-g-YW-- -gn, c-o-Xn, ]n- - C-e h-ue-f|c-\n-b ]-c-ua-f|-c-u-Xn-m. un-K--;-tS c-oXn-em, A-Xn-m c-o-Xn-eo--Yw. ]n- F-n
B--m = Pp-e-\-In-dn-e-[o--tS ]n-d-I, -gn
F-n f-cp-c-o-t u]n-g-Ww \-S-K--e.
f-cp-cw I-aw tN---Xo- \o-ao--an-bo an-[y-aan-bo d-o-o-- D-]-I-c-Ww. f-cp-cw -f-2-=w
-c-o-X-=w B-tW-o-ud un-Kn---e-5n-o
hn-[y-an-. un-Kn---e--o-m B--?-o-w
A--u]--Wp-b-an-m. C-e -w -f|-c-Z-=w -f|-c-\n hw-c-o-X-=-an-!-un-uk an-\e-Pp-eo-Xw [-\y-an-bo-, A-o-au[y-b-an-b uan-an-K-o-td-K-I-->. a--o Pp-e-t
h|-o-n-bo Pn-Xo (eKw) A-Y-en I-a-u^w, B--m, un-Kw C-e--tS c--n-bo N-cnN-c--;-tS -o-Xo-n-bo -f|-ucn-]n-h-\
tN--. Z-b-= tN-m A-m R--;-tS h|--X-uS-w aw-K-j-o-t-w \o-c--c hw-c--I-w
eo-\n-f-\o-en-c-I--an-bo -eo-u. A--bn
]-co-c-o-X-cn-b R- \o-c--cw F-n In-cyo-w a-in-D--Xo-w ]-c-a-an-b B-\--=w
u\--an-ln-I-Ww. eo-n-\-a-b-w eo-n-\-5Z-w, J-o Zn-b-I--an-b A-e-t\ \--tS c--
n-bo eo-jo-m -Xo-m 5n-Yo-%-I. A-e -gn

(u]n-g-I-w) h|--ub (h|-o-In-c-W-w) ]n-
(]n-d-I-w) A-[-tnx = iow-hn-c-io-X--an-m.
A-e-t\ a-l---Hm. In-c-Ww h-a- hv-Jy--;tS-w A-So-n-\w A-e an-^-an-m.
27. - h|-o \C\ C-unn ?--[-enx h|-o- \x
--gn -eo-f|-ue-Znx.
h|-o \-n-uyn-cmA-co-w-u\-aox
h|-o-u\n g--i--Xo-cmZ-[n-H..
(b-. 25. 19)
-n-en-Yw:w:- ?--[-enx =C- = h-e-b-f--I-;-tS
A-[o-]-Xo-w ]-c-a--f|-cy-en--an-b ]-c-an-Zn-em,
\ h|-o = R--tj Zn-co-y (B-Zp-b-=w v-XoI-=w)-o \o- c-o--t. eo-f|-ue-Znx--gn
= h-I-d-[-\--f|-cy--;-tS-w u]n-g-I-\n-b
]-c-an-Zn-em A-n-\-o \o- R--tj
c-o--Ww. A-co-w-u\-aox Xn-cmy = F-un-?w
-un--an-^w A-Xo-ue-Kw ]n-m d-y-o-td
-K- A-Xo-ue-K-en-\n-b !-Xo-c-tb-un-td ]-c-anZn-em, A-\yn-bw A-I-a-Wy-Xn, eo--J-X, B-dhyw F-o-e-bo \o-m R--tj c-o--Ww.
g--i--Xo = h-I-d h-Xy-eo-Zy-I-;-tS-w ]-Zn-Yeo-Zy-I-;-tS-w D-l-eo-S-an-b h-ue-f|-c - B-Zo--d]-c-an-Zn-em - R--% h|-o G-Io-bn-w.
a-tn- n-e-o-w a--t eyn-Jyn-\onw. [--e-hm = A-w, A--an-m h-a--Pp-e-tw u]n-g-I-e-, ue-Z-hm = h-I-d-eo-[ D-]-d-toI-;w, A-co-w-u\-aox = h-e--J-o-c-X A-Y-en
eo-{-cn-io-Xy-Z-f. A-co-w-u\-ao te-cw -J--f|cy-Zn-Zn-=-an-^-a-. n-\-o-\-[o-In-co--an-m.
w A-e-t \o-P-=w-5-[n-\-=-an-b \n-a-an-!-.
h-e-c--I-w h-e-eyn-]-I--an-b B ]-c-anZn-em -wo-bo-- h-I-d Pp-e-Pn-d--%w
-o--an-b A-w eo-j-bo- \-o C--\n-bo \-tS -J hv-I-cy- udn-]-ao-n-tX o-c-an-bo
\o-d-\o-K-. h-I-d--J--;-uS-w uI--an-bB-Zo-un-X-m- Xn-cmy-\n-bo \--% fn-o \-. -Sn-tX Pp-e-Pn-d--% ubn-K-u-aw \-o
g-i--Xo-bn-bo \-t \-bo-%-.
-B-[o-v-Xo-In-Y-o u\n-o-bn [-\[n-\y--;w A--=w D-+n-Zo-o- X-m h--io-t -c- \o-d-\o-K- C- = ]-c-ttaf|-cy-fn-do-I-;w I-a-]---;-an-b-tte-fy-e-K-anm. A-e \--% h|-o-ub-I-t. D--a o-Xo
Zn-b-I-cn-b --gn = cn-Py-c--I-cn-b -ô-b
+xn 478 69
69
\--tS cn-Py-Km -ey-e- \o-d-\o-K--e-cnI-t. -J-=w hv-I-cy--;w \---Xo A-Z|oXp-b-cn-b A-Xy--]-co-[-a-fn-do-I-jn-b fo-+o-I-;w
A--_- eo-g-b- ttI-In-cyw tN--
tXn-ko eo-n-K--;w \--% h|-o-ub-I-t.
eo-Zy--tS uI-Zn-c-an-b g-i--Xo = ~n-1-W-cn-b
ue-Z-]n-cw-K-X h--i-o h-Zmn-e-\-I \o-d
-\o-o e-o u-Zw hw--eo-n-tX h-I-d-uc-w
5n--cn-o-p--t. (5n-n- = eo-uf-gn-\o-I)
28. - -w I-cmuW-ox K--bn-a uZ-en
--w ]-ufy-an--o-cm b P-ô-o-ttc-cmc -ttK -w-en- h---o-cm
ey-uf-a-io uZ-e-io-Xx b-Zn-.
(b-. 25.21)
-n-en-Yww:-:- ui uZ-enx = B--n-w, [n-ao-I
n-\o-I-;-an-b uZ-e-n-uc! R- I-cmuW-oxox=
tN-eo-tIn-1m h-Zn, -w = A-z-Z-b \o-u[-b-I-;-tS -J-eo-g-b--tj-%-lo-- N--I
K--bn-a = uI-%-an-ln-I-t. A-Xn-b-Hm A-z-Zb-o-w \o-u[-b-o-w eo---an-b x-J-ui-H-jn-b In-cy--tjn-w uI-n-\o-S-e-c--Hm.
b-P-^n = A--ubn! b--fp-d-cn-b h--\--uj

\o- R--%m [-a-]-c-an-b h-Xy- ]-l X-- ao-^--jn-. A--ox = I-C-I-jn
h-Zn, -w-]-ufy-a = --an-b-H an-^w In-Wn-\o-S-ec-u. A---an-b-Hw, A-^p-dw, a-\-o-t\-w C-ob--tj-w -go-o-%- -fy--;w hw--e--;w
H-co--w In-Wn-\o-S-e-cn-Xo-co--t. A-m uZ-en-cnb-- n-\-ubn-Ko-I-;-tS-w b--fp-d-cn-b
I-a-Nn-co-I-;-tS-w #-]n--wo-bn --an-b-H
In-Wn-w --e-N--I uI-%--Xo-w R-tj A--r-io-&. A--t\ R- o-o-ttcx AwttKx = h|--=w, f-2-=w, --V-=-an-b Aw-K
-5-Xyw-Kw tIn-1m h--w-an-b f-cp-c-[n-co-I-jn-IWw. -x-enw-hx = -f|-c-t -Xo-5n-Y-\D-]n-h-\n \o-c-X-cn-bo I--an-b a-\-w f-cp-c-=w
tIn-1m uZ-e-h-an-\-cn-bo Zp-Ln--n-n-cnbo
a-in-Zn--jn-bo-p-cn, ey-uf-a-io = eo-uf-g
--]-o-- A--r-iw X-n-w. R--%m
h-Xm5-?-o-w uZ-e--P-w tN-m a--gy-ubn-Kyan-b F-n \--I-;w A---eo-m uan- hn--Pyw
u\-Sn A-e-h-cw \--uW F--an-^-an-m R-(HSw)
;-tS 5n-Y-\.
ttZ-e-ao-n- H- n-n-\w
-H- e--=w Cv-f|-c-\o-n-tX e-o-%-o-. H- e--eo-w Cv-f|-c-\o-n-tX--ao-. Cv h-Xyw

a-\-o-dn-=-un a--gy-,-Z-bw eo-In-h-f-2o-bn-Po%-. eo-In-h-o-\n-e-fy-an-b-Xm ]n]-ip\-X-w hmu\-i-h---X--an-Wm. Cv-f|-c h-e-eyn-]o-bn-tW-w, he-=w Cv-f|-c-\o \o-dtIn-=--te-w a-\-o-dn-=-un -]-l- Y-W- c-1w D-n-!-.-- -]n-]w tN---Xo-\m
G-In--X-bn-Wm a--gy-\n-e-fyw. --t-o ]n-]w tN---Xo tte--Jyw In-Wo-%--e\n-Wm a--gy. Cv-f|-c-eo-f|n-h---e-\m G-In--X-tb--o No-o-n-\n-=-I-bo-. h--e-eyn-]o
-bn-b Cv-f|-c C-n- n-\-ao-. ey-o-Nn-c-fn-d-bo-w ey-o-Nn-co-bo-w Cv-f|-c--m. X-o--t- I--H- eo-S-\m B-fn-w-Kw D-n-=-. f-cp-c-o-w B-Zn-eo-w \n-f--n-!-
ey-o-Nn-c-#-Xy-o-\o-m ]o-Xo-co---Xo-\m u5-c-W \---Xm Cv-f|-c-t h--e-eyn-]o-X|t--o-- eo-f|n-h-an-Wm. C-Xo--Zn-i-c-W-an-bo H- I-Y ]-l-bnw.-- -H- a-Zy-]n-\o H-]n-^w
a-Zy-=-an-bo A--d-o I-b-lo-t-. a-Zy-]n-\o-tb--m uZ-gyw t]-- -Pn-co h|-w
ttf-do-bo ue-Z-uan-Xn H-S-o. C-Xm A--d-an-Wm. Cv-f|-c-\o eo-f|n-h--t-o Xn
C-eo-tS a-Zyw tIn-1-e-c--Xm, !-So-%I--a--Xm. ttZ-e-t Hn-m Xn C-eo-tS \o--u]nI-Ww.-- -a-Zy-]n-\o-bn-tW-o-w A-bn H- No--I-w c-ho-I--an-bo--. ud-f-=w tte-a\-hyw -Sn-tX A-bn Xo-co--So-.-- -Cv-f|-c-\o F-\o-% eo-f|n-h-tan-t--m, ]-u,
F-\o-% !-So--Ww. A-^-X-t. A--d-o-dn-uWn ttZ-e-o-t a-So-bo-dn-uWn-tb-m
A-u\|-go-u--H Rn-\- A-t-o Xn H- In-cyw tN-m. uI-un...-A-un-p...-ttZ-e-aon- H- n-\w In-Wo-- X-n a-Xo...-Rn-\-eo-tS-un-bo-- !-So--tIn-nw...-- ]n-]-aon--w hmu\-i-=w a--gy-t ,-Z-b-o dn-jo-Xyw D-j-en-%-. Cv-fn-en-hyao-ZMm hcm-ew
b-XmIo- P-K-Xynw P-K-Xm F- D-]-\o-g-Xm e-N-\-o-t Xn-Xm]-cyw Cv-f|-c h--e
eyn-]o-bn-tW- eo-f|-ho-%--Xo\o-- an-^-ua te-c-o-n--w hmu\-i-=w D-n-!-I--=
FnWm.
70
478 70 +xn
- ap\w Bg\nZw
Uo. Iadnnbo
n epcy=w,
nêpcy
w, tt[cy=w,
tt[cy w, IwXIjo
I XIjo \o
\ow,
w, eo
eo{jo
jo \ow
\o w AXofbIcanb
cpXobo Dbot?un
Dbot unww f2oejn
f
ejnmm ptb
ptb ueZw Dlo
Dlo
]l.. pInbo
]l
pInbo ueZw \
\ D]uZfjnWoeotS eoeco%Hm
eoeco
m.
a--=w A-Y-=w H--S--bn-bo en-bo-%--Xo-\n-m a-i-go Z-bn-\-
a-n-Y-=w So--Wo-w 5--uXy-Iw n-gyw tN-o-co-%--Hm.
eo-f-Z-]-T-\w B-r-io-%--e-%-ue-o-bn-m eo--P-\w.
A-u--i-o-t A--r-i-=w h-uef|-c In--Wy-=w, B-Nn-cy-Po--tS !--Wy-=w
tIn-n-m ue-Zw p-p-I-% \-o-bo-co-%- a-i-n-b ]-Z-eo C-^-tb-o-w
F-?-Xn-\-nb-Hm. P--\n ~n-n-1-W-\n-bo-- Z-bn-\- ue-Z-\o-ug-[-o-w
Pn-Xo-ey-e---ta-Xo-tc h-o-bo-n h-a-cw \-S-o Pp-e _-do-b-o-.
A-u--iw h|-+w I- B-g-n-c-X-o-t K-co-a udn-I-o---o
5--Xo-~o-n- -Auu -i-o- I-ko--Hw A-H-tIn-n-m.-
A-[yn-bw 7
-eo-Zyn-dw-#-X-ui \n-co. \o- eo-Zyn-dw-#-X-w D--a fo-I--an-m. fo-I-eo-t\ K-w [-co-%-un--t

\p- !-o-t eo-Zyn-yn-hw B-cw-o-%-I-bn-m.
P-\-\-uf-gw _n-dyw -X-ud A-Xo-t\ \o--b-X,
ep-c-X, h-Xy-fp-d-X, h-Zn-Nn-cw B-Zo-bn-b h-ZmYW--;-tS _p-Pw e-j-o-tb---Ww. A--cw
]-To-n H-S---Xo-t\n-w a-u\n-i-c--jn-b
-2o-I A-e-tc tNn-o ]-To-o--Ww. h|-bw
!-o-t\ ]-To-o-%--uXn-tSn-w !-w-_nw-K-tj-w A-Xo- u5-co-o--Ww. A-e-%m an-KZ-f-\w \-S-o A-e-tc-w I-uan--J-cn--Ww.
I-\yn-Y--!-d--jo-td A-[yn-]o-I-w B-Nn-cy-an-bo ~-1-Nn-co-Wo-I-tj fn---;w h--co-^-;w ]-To-o--Ww.
p-I-tj ue-Zw h-c-h|-Xo-tb-n-m eo-joo-co-%--Hm. \o--;-tS ,-Z-b-o B-k-ua-lo-bHw H-?-o-n--Hw fn--=-an-b P-dn-f-b-ta-u]n-td A-lo-eo-t 5-en-i--1m. I--an-b B
A-lo-eo-t 5-en-i-o h|-w a--tj-w a-e
fo-gy-n-tc-w n-\-n-\w tN-o-m A-e-tc
n-X-I-cn--Ww. A-un-uk ue-Zw \o----
jo-- h-c-h|-Xp F- \n-aw A-\|-Y-an-.

I-j-I-jn-c-e--Xo-Km H-?-Io-tb-K- P-d-[n-cu]n-td H-co--w e-n- h-Zn 5-e-io-%-
n-u\n-]-uZ-fw tIn-1 \p [-\y-bn-I-Ww.
A--ubn eo--go-I-tj \o--tj ue-Z-a---jn
R- -co--t.
1. aw:
a
]n-e-In- \x- h-c-h|-Xp, en-uP-o-cm
-en-Po-\p-e-Xp. b-w e-x- [o-bn-e-x
(b--ue-Zw 20.84)
w:- eo-Zyn-h---w e-o-a-Xo--an-b p
-n-en-Yw:R--;-tS Pp-eo-Xw ]-eo-^-an-%-. A-e \o-~n-ew I-a- tN-m R--;-tS Pp-eo-X5n-c-t-tj, ey-e-in-c--tj ]-eo-^-an-%-. A-e--tS
u[-~-an-b n-\-=w hw-I--an-b I-a-=w
tIn-1m h|-h-n-\--tj-w fo-gy-K-W--tj-w
h-ZmY-W-h---w, h-Xy-[-an-Zo-I-;-tS -p
--]--;-an-o-an-e-. B uZ-e--]o-bn-b p
[-i-n-[-a-[-a-an-!- b--=w, n-\-b-an-!- I-a--;w a-u\n-i-c-=w d-jo-X-=-an-bo
h|-Pp-eo-X-o h--bo-o-%-.
-a-n-Yw, So--Wo:o:- en-Po-\p-e-Xoo=n-\-I-ao c--u]n-td B-k-ua-lo-b-Hw
\o-~, h-c-h|-Xo=h+xn 478 71
71
P-d-[n-c-u]n-td A-lo-=- n-\o, en-uP-o=

o
eo-Zy--tS 5-n-e-=w I-a-=w tIn-1m f-2-bn-b,
\x ]n-e-I= R--tj ]-eo-^-an-%-, [o-bn-e- =
n-\-=w h-ZmI-a-=w h-ay-n-!w e-Bw H--aoo-co-%-o-Sw, b-w= [-i-n-[-a-=w n-\b--=w, e-x= a-u\n-tt[-cy-n h-n-d-\w
tN--tIn-o-co-%-.
-eo-Zy, en-Wo, \-Zp, \n-Uo-I C-e-I -Sn-tX
h-c-h|-Xp F- ]-Z-o-m eo--go-bn-b p F-
-So- A-Y--1m. Z-bn-\--n-gy-o A-u\-I-d-m A-Yw D-]-ubn-Ko-o--1m. p (b-
19.18), 5-f--n-\--2-bn-b n-cy (]-Up) b-.
19.82. eo--go-w eo-Zyn-yn-h-=- an-Xn-em (b-.
20.64), h-c-h|-Xpw=
pw _
_*eo[w
eo[w hucn ueZnZo
fneo
fn
eon\w
n\w eoZyuX bhynx Xnw eo-n-\-2n-am A-[yn-]o-Inw o-o-b-am. (b-. 9.27)
-en-Po-\p-e-Xo - 5--f--eo-n-\-?o-bn-h-ioXn (E-uK|-Zw. 6. 61. 4 Z-bn-\--n-gyw) [o-bn-e-x=
bn [o-bn 5--bn --I-cma-Wn en en-h-b-Xo
hn. (D-Zn. E-uK|-Zw 3. 28.1), [px
[px= I-cma 5-n N
(\o-L-1 2.1, 3.9) e-x, e-fn -In-v
2. aw:
a
uNn-Z-bo-^p --Xn-\nw, uN-X-p
--a-Xp-\nam. b-w Z-u[ h-c-h|-Xp.
(b-. 20. 85)
-n-en-Yw:w:- eo--go-bn-b p \-u a--c-=w, u-i
-\o--c-=w h-Xyn-[o-~o-X-=-an-b en-%-I ]-l--Xo-m u5-co-o-%-. \--tS ,-Z-b-o
[-a-u_n-[w e-j-K-en A-e--tS \yn-b-W-an-b en-%-I f-2o-ub-!-. A-e \--tS
[-i-n-[-a Pp-eo-X-=w, ey-e-in-c-b--=w,
n-\-b--=w h-ay-Im 5-In-uc-W hw-ubn-Po
o--m \o-Xy-Pp-eo-Xw [-\y-an-%-.
-a-n-Yw, So--Wo:o:- --Xn-\nw=annw -cy--, 5o-b
--, h-Xy-an-b en-%-I-tj; uNn-Zbo-^p=u5-co-o%--e, --a-Xp-\nw=
nw h-Zme-o-I-%m, uN-Xp=D-u-P-I-an-b, u5-c-Wn-f-2o, h-c-h|-Xpp=
eo--go-bn-b p, b-w= [-i-n-[-a-b-w,
ey-e-in-c-b-w, n-\-b-w, Z-u[=
[ [n-c-Ww
tN--, h-n-d-\w tN-.3. aw:
a-uin A-cmWx h-c-h|-Xp,
5 uN-X-b-Xo uI-H-\n.
-[o-ubn eo-f|n eo-cn-P-Xo
-(b-. 20. 86)
-n-en-Yww:-:- e--o-a-Xo-w eo--go--an-b p n478 72 +xn
72
- ap\w Bg\nZw
\-eo-n-\--;-tS ]-T-\ ]n-T-\--jn P-\-,-Z

-b-jo-ud-%m eo-n-\-o-t un-X--I
h-Zn 5-e-io-o-m P-\--;-tS h-a-r-an-b n-\=w, eo-Nn-c-eo-In-c--;w fn--u_n-[-=w h|-I-a5-In-f-n D-|-dan-%-.
-a-n-Yw, So--Wo:o:- h-c-h|-Xp=eop -gp-\n-cp, uI-H
-\n=
n n-\-eo-n-\-]-T-\-n, a-ix A-cmWx
o
= a-i-n-b n-\-5-en-i-t, 5--uN-X-b-Xo=
hncYotbuntd, eo-f|nx- [o-bx= \--tS h-a-
-n-\-=w, I-a-=w, eo-Nn-c--;w, eo-cn-Po-X=
D-o-~-an-%, 5-Zp--an-%-, uI-H-\n=
n I-cmaWn 5--bn- en (\-o-2w. 11.27) 5--uN-X-b-Xo=
o
5-n-]-b-Xo, No-Xo hw-n-u\, [o-bx=Ix I-cmanWo 5-nx N (\o-L-1. 2.1, 3.9)
4. aw:
b-u --\x f-f-ubn ubn a-ubn-cm
-ub-\ eo-f|n !--gy-ho en-cyn-Wo.
-ubn c-U-[n e--eo-Zm bx --Z-^x
h-c-h|-Xo X-ao-i [n-X-ue Ix..
-(E-uK|-Zw. 1.164.49)
-nn-en-Yw:w:- A--ubn eo--go! \p R--%
\-- A--X \o-gy-o-bn-b n-\--]--\yw
R--%-eo-[-a-ua-!- h-u-X-an-m. B-\-h-n-b-I-an-b B ]p--g-[n-c-bn R--;-tS
A--cw-K- h-a- e-c-Wp-b-=w u[-~-=-an-b
Y-W--jn !-w-an-!-. R--;-tS a-\-o c-aWp-b--jn-b No--I -]-t--K-. R--tj
n-\-h-n-Z-\-o- 5n--cn-%-. R--%
D-Xm#-w-=w a-i-K-an-b u\---tj 5n--an-%-
B Zo-ey-an-b n\]-\y-]n-\-o-m R-tj A--r-io-n-w
-a-n-Yw, So--Wo:o:- h-c-h|-Xp=
p ui eo--go-bn-b
p!, bx
bx= G-tXn-m, uX --\x = \o-t n-\-]--\w, f-fn-bx=
x fn--an-b D-l-w X--, bx
bx=
G-tXn-, a-ubn-x= B-\--Zn-b-I-an-m, ub-\=
A-H-tIn-1 \p, eo-f|n en-cyn-Wo=
o h-a--u[-~
Y-W--uj-w, !--gy-ho=]o co-!-w-an-%-, b=
[n=hv--K-X|w (-f|-cyw)
G-tXn-m, c-U-[n
5-Zn-\w tN--, e--eoeo-Xm=Zo-ey-an-b h--m
Ix !-So\--, X-am=B, C-i=C-eo-tS, [n-X-ue Ix=
o-m B-\-o-o-n-- ]-co-[-aw tN--I5. aw::
Ax-_o-X-ua \-Zp-X-ua uZ-eo-X-ua-h-c-h|-Xo. A-5-f-n C-e --ho
-5-f-o-aw-_ \\ -[o..
-(E-uK|-Zw. 2. 41. 16)
n-en-Yw:w:- A-Xz--a u[-Wo-bo-- A-[yn

-n-]-\n-[y-b-\-o-\-e-In-fo-bn-b p-ub \o-
c-i-hy-a-b--jn-b F-n fn---jo-w !-f-dbn-m. h-Zm eo-Zy-I-tj A-Xo-f-b-I-c-an-b cp-Xobo 5-N-co-o-%- A-u! R--% f-co-bn-b
an-Kw In-Wo--X-m R--;-tS Pp-eo-Xw 5-f-=w [-\y-=-an-o-bn-w.
-a-n-Yw:w:- Aw-_o-X-ua=
a ui D-Xm#-w-cn-b P-\a Aey2=w
uIn-So-I-tj ]-To-o-%-; \-Zp-X-ua=
c-i-hy-a-b-=-an-b eo-Zy-tb h-a-Y-an-bo Iv-fd--ew D-]-uZ-fo-%-, uZ-eo-X-uaa= A--ubn
h-Xy-eo-Zy-I-tj A-Xo-f-b-I-c-an-b cp-Xo-bo 5-Zp-an-%-, h-c-h|-Xp Aw-_= eo-Zyn-uZ-e-X-bn-b
A-u R-, A-5-f-nx C-e= A-5-f-oo x-Jo-X-cn-bo-p-o-co-%-, \x
\x=
bn, --ho=
ow= Ip-o, 5--f-o, #--[o=
o
R--%m, 5--f-ow
\-o-bn-w.
So--Wo-o:-:- hn-b-Wn-Zo-I \-Zp-]-c-I-an-bo-n-m
a-w eyn-Jyn-\o-o-co-%--Hm. F-n Z-bn\- eo--gp-eo-g-b-an-bo-n-m A-Yw ]-l-oco-%--Hm. A-Y eo--gp eo-g-b-am B-i. Aw-_o-Xua= bn Aw-_-uX A-[yn-]-b-Xo hn A-Xo-f-bo-Xn,
ua
X-Xm hw-e-v (A-_o f-up)) \-ZpX-ua = A-ey2-an-b Z-V-eo-Zy-I-tj A-Xo-f-b-I-c-an-b cp-Xobo D-]-uZ-fo-%--e (\-Zm A-ey-u2 f-up))
uZ-eo-X-ua=
a A-Xo-f-ub-\ eo--go, h-c-h|-Xp=
p he-eo-Zyn-]n-cw-K-uX, Aw-_=an-Xnx A-[yn--]o-uI.
-n-en-Yww:-:- ""nn-e-Xy-ix !--an-cynx h-o Xn eo-gp-Wnw h-Inw-fn-Zm A-[p-bp-c. Xn ~-1Nn-couWyn eo--gox G-ew 5n-n-cmY-ub- -e-uXynn
Xyn n
eo-Zyn--f-on-n 2nx !--X-C-Xo."
o.
6. aw:
a
uX|- eo-f|n h-c-h|-Xo, [o-o-Xn-w-go
-uZ-eyn-am. I--\-uin-u^-i a-e|.
5--Pnw uZ-eo Zp-Zo-UmVo \x
(E-uK|-Zw. 2.41.17)
n-en-Yw:w:- -A--ubn eo-Zyn uZ-e-X-bn-b A-u!
-nA--bo h-I-d Pp-eo-X-=w B-[o-X-an-m.
F-t-n A- F-n-e-%w b-Yn-ubn-Kyw
eo-Zy \--. eo-Zyn-?--cn-b-e--tS C-S-bo-unw B-\--Zn-b-\o-bn-W-. A-eo-Z|n-n-cn-b 5-PI-tj ue--e-Bw D-]-uZ-f \o-u-f- \-o
5-e--cn-o A-e--tS a-\-o eo-Zy--tS Z-oey-
5-In-fw ]-c-n uZ-ep A-u- I-ko--.

w:- h-c-h|-Xp=
p ui eo--gpx, uX|- uZ-eynw =
-a-n-Yw:B uZ-eo-bn, eo-f|n B-w-go=
o h-a- Pp-e-w,
[o-o-X=B-[o-X-an-m, I--\-uin-u^-i= eo-Zyn-?-
-n--tS a-u[y, a-Xmh|=
| h-un-g-eXobnIt
-Sn-tX, uZ-ep=
p ui! uZ-ep, \x
\x= R--;-tS, 5--Pnw=
nw
5-P-I-%m, Zo-Zp-o= D-]-uZ-fw tIn--%-I.
So--Wo:o:- h-c-h|-Xo=
o
]-c-a-eo--go, uZ-eyn-am=
eo--gyn-am (Zbn\ngyw), I--\-uin-u^-i=
I--\w ?--uX|-\ 5n-n- uin-^w eo-eo-[ n-n-\eo-n-\w ttbx uX-i f|o K-Xo ?--ubnx. +--buX Zp-b-uX Y--Wn C-Xo uin-^w n-n-\-am. Zp-ZoUmVo=
o Zo-f A-Xo h-cmP-u\.
7. aw:
a
]nepc-ep I-\yn No-^n-x
-h-c-h|-Xp ep-c-]-Up [o-bw [n-H
-ln-o-c-o-w f-c-Ww h-uPn-gn
--cn-[-cmg [--Wn-uX f-cma bw-h-Xm.
-(E-uK|-Zw. 6.49.7)
-nn-en-Yw:w:-IYItj ]-eo-^-an-%-, I-a-\p-b-an-b
Y-W-I-a-h|-n-e -2-w, A-W-X Pp-eo-X-cp-Xo-tS D-S-a-w, ep-c-]-Xo--tS ]-Uo-w, eo--go-an-b p h-I-d-%w D-Xm#-w -n-\-I-a--;-tS
D-]-uZ-fw \--. 5p-Xo--ew h|-w I-a-
uh-e-\-an-bo tN-- A-e X-t -f-o-o-Xan-b A--X-en-Wo-bo--tS ue-Z-]n-To-I-%m \oun-g-an-b f-c-W-=w A-5-ua-b-an-b B-\--=w
\-o-tn-o-co-%-.
-a-n-Yw:w:-]n]n-ep-c-ep=
p ]-eo-^-an-%--e, I-\yn
yn=
I-a-\p-b Y-W-I-a-h|-n-e-- No-^n-x=A-WPp-eo-X-cp-Xo--, ep-c-]-Uo= ep-c-\n-b -neo-t ]-Uo, h-c-h|-Xp=eop -gp-\n-co [o-bw [n-Xm
= n-\ I-a--tj-%-lo-m D-]-uZ-fo--Ww, h-uPn-gnx=
nx h-un-g-un---So uh-e-\w tN--
[--W-uX=
X ue-Z-]n-To-I-jn-b fo-gy-tc, ln-n-o=
o
en-Wo-I-jn, A-o-w=\o-uZn-gw, f-c-Ww=Bw
[-bw, --cn-[-cmgw=
w dnIcanb ]-cn-P-bw,
f-cma= -Jw, b-hw-Xm = 5-Zn-\w tN--I.
So--Wo:o:- ]n-ep-c-ep=ufnp
[-bo-^p, I-\yn
yn= I-a-\p-b,
-So[o-bw=
w fn-un-n-Qnw 5-n-am D--aw I-cma en,
ln-n-o=o -fo-o-Xn-ox en-oox, f-cma-=[--iw --Jw
en, bw-h-Xm = Z-Zn-Xo (Zbn\ngyw) (HSw)
w !cm
cm-e-uue-i -Icm-an-Wo PoPpeo-ug--XMm h-an:.-+xn 478 73
73
ueZ5Infm
ueZ
Infm
(]7om [p~ocapanwhItS ngy#XotS h|X Xa)
GIw eogcuhn io
i o fufu -t-tWIL
WI e[yuX.
hcn{ww h5Pw
hcn
h Pw io cnPn\w aeo
a eo8ex..
ex.. (1.50)
eogw !So%et\ an^w CntXbn%, B[=w dyan%Xot\bnWm
\wan%Xm, Fn (eoInc]canb) eoNnceo8ew cn{tw
5PIujw cnPneo\m \wan%XnWm.
]ZnYw:- GIam = Hot\, eogchx = eogw,

]ZnYw:ioo = tIn;. fu
fuW
W = B[n, GIx =
m, N = So, e[yuX = e[ot. hcn
hcn{ww =
cn{uw, h5Pam
Pam = 5PIujw, ioo =
\wtoj, cnPn\nam = cnPneo\m,
aeo
eoCex
ex = (eoInc]canb) a\\eoNnceo8e
n.
eynJyn\w:-:- a--gy-Pp-eo-X-o-m - X-d--;eynJyn\w
1m, ey-2o-]-cw, hn--io-Iw, [n-ao-Iw F-o-ebn-W-e. H- ey-2o X-t Pp-eo-X-t _n-[o%- Xp--an-\- F--%-un A-Xm G-Heo-[-o-dn-m a-e--e-tc _n-[o-%--Xm F-Xo-\--h-co-n-m X-d--%m 5n-[n-\yw
ttI-e---Hm. C-eo-tS cn-P-\p-Xo-bn-Wm eo-g-bw.
]-7o-X-\n-b eo--c hw-hn-co-%--Xn-I-t
n-c-X-e-g-o-td I--ew-f-cn-Pn-eo-u\n-w. e-cn\o-co-%- -w -n-\--c-^-d- C-e-tbnw eo--c-t\ B-f-n-!-d-\n-%--1m. eo-gw
!-So-m a-co-%- ey-2o--tS Pp-eo-Xw D-Zn-i-c-Wan-bo u^n-I-o \o-d-tIn-=--Hm ey-2o-]-can-b X-d-o-dn-m. B--[w F-un-?w a-tn-cn;-tS u\-n-m d-yw e---Hm. C-eo-tS A-Xm
h--i-o-t X-d-t In-Wo-%--Hw a--eo-8ew F--Hm [n-ao-I-X-d-t-w te-jo-en-%-.
h-Xy-o ey-2o--tS Pp-eo-Xw [n-ao-IX-d-o-t eo--X--]-an-m. H- ey-2o X-t
hn--iy-?-a-t [n-ao-I-an-bo I-t-K-un-knm A-e h-Zn-Nn-c \o-~-\n-%--Hm. cn-Pn-eo-t
5-e--\w [-an--~n-\-eo-[o-I---h-c-W-anue--Xo-t 5-h-2o-w C-eo-tS-bn-m.
74
478 74 +xn
- ap\w Bg\nZw
-eo--c -X-cn-{-ucn-Sm B-e-fy-t---Hm cn-{-tw 5-P-I-uj-w A-m \-w-t--K- 5-e-\-o G-t-S--Hm F-n-m. In-c-Ww eo-gw
!-So-m a-co-%--e ey-2o-]-c-an-b X-d-o
]-cn-P-b-t---e-\n-m A-H-tIn-1m in-\o
A-bn-%m an-^-an-m. B--[-t 5-ubn-Ko-%
-un-?w A-Hm uI-e-dw hp-ao-X-an-b \n-f-t
an-^-ua eo-X--->. F-o-udn eo-I-d-an-b eo-Nn-ceo-8-ew cn-{-h--+-t-w 5-P-I-tj-w X-t
eo-L-So-o--I-j--.
eo-8-ew a--W-o-t ^-d-an-m. \o-d-\o- hn--io-I-?-a- ey-2o--tS - X-d-uj-w A-h|n-X-y-o-t ua-J-d-I-jo-ud-%m
\-bo-%-un-?-n-!- A-\o-en-cy-an-b h|n-X-yu_n-[-o-t 5-e--\-an-m eo-8-ew. A-Xm
F-n-bmun-?w [n-ao-I-an-bo-co-o-. ey-2o--tSw h--i-o-t-w [-a-o-t-w ]-co-ao-Xo-Itj A-Xm 5-I-S-o-%-I-X-t tN-w. f-co tX-e-Itj \o-W-bo-%- In-d-uZ-f h|n-[p-\w A-Xo
5-I-S-an-bo-co-%w. a-in-n-c-X---o-ud-%m \-bo%- hn--io-I-?-aw e-w-In-d-n-c-X-o-m
h-n-\o-%- C--j-S- N-co-^-o-ud-%m -Sobn-m eo--c X-t en-%-I-jo--tS 5-In-foo-%--Hm. h-cn--P-I-an-b H- P-\-X-tb A-cn-P-IX-bo-ud-%m \-bo-n-Xo-co-u--Hm B P-\-X-tb
\-bo-%--e--tS Zp-L-ep--W-an-m. eo-g-=w
B--[-=w --=w hp-ao-X-an-b H- In-d-o-w
uZ-f-o--an-m A-Xo-t ^-d-t F-o-%-Xm a-lo-m a--W-^-d-an--n-!- eo-8-ew,
eo-Nn-c eo-8-ew H- P-\-X--tS A--[n-c-I-tj
\-fo-o-m I-j-w. Xo--I-tj \-fo-o-%- F-n

5-e--\--;w ]-co-[o \o-L-bo--t-Sn--ebn-m. cn-Pn-en-m 5-e--\-t \o-b-ou--Hm. A-eo-tS-bn-m cn-P-X-w eo-P-bo-u-Hw. h|n-X-y-=w A-h|n-X-y-=w A-\o-en-cyX-bn-m. A-Xo-t \o-b--W- [n-ao-I-X-tb
te-So--un-kn-m A-Xm e-ko-eo-m h--co-%--Hm.
d-yw tX-o-b ey-2o Pp-eo-Xw H- eo-g-%-obo-d-e-hn-\o-n A-Hm \-w-t--K--Hm H-
Pp-e-t In-cyn-[-b-t-an-^-an-m. d-yw tXo-b B--[-=w hp-ao-X-an-b ]-co-[o-bo-td \n-fw
eo-X--->. F-n cn-{ h--+-t te-So-
P-\-X-w 5-Pn-[-a-t ]-co-]n-do-n- cn-Pn-
=w a--gy-cn-fo--tS h-an-[n-\-o--X-t p-gWo-bn-m. a-in-n-c-X--w n-c-X-t X-t

\-w-an-%w F- -b-t-- eo--c-tc \--%m
u^n-I-o In-Wnw.-H-nw A-[yn-b-o-td C--]-o -nw u^nI-o-w u^n-I-o-w h-an-\n-f-bw 5-I-San-%--Xn-m. (23-nw u^n-I-=w eyn-Jyn-\-=w)a--gy-m I-a- tN--en-- A-[o-In-c-m. -X-In-d 5-?-o--tS ^-dw e--an-\-In-do A---eo-%--1m F- n-\w e-w-Ind--;-tS hv-Jy-t I-n-e-Ww \nw A---eou--Hm.
G-Ix h|n- \ -p-X G-I-Ln-cmYn- No--ub-Xm.-G-uIn \ K-u--Z-[|n-\w tt\-Ix --u-i Pn-[-bn-Hm..- (1.51)
GI\nbo D--a --W-t I-ko-Xm, GI\nbom [-\No--ub- tN-Hm,
GInbn^ AXm, D-l---e--tS C-S-bo D-W-o-co-%Xm.-
-]-Zn-Yw:w:- G-Ix = X-\o-ub, h|n- = D--a --Wt, \ = C-, -p-X = I-ko-%-I, G-Ix = X-\o-ub,
N = -Sn-tX, A-cmYn-m = [-\-t, \ = A--Hm,
No--ub-Hm = No-o---Hm, G-Ix = X-\o-tb, \ =
A--Xm, K-u--Zm = bn-^, A-[|n-\-am = an-K-o,
\ = A--Hm, G-Ix = G-I-\n-bo, --u-i = D-l--e--tS C-S-bo, Pn-[-bn-Hm = D-W-o-co-%-I.-eyn-Jyn-\w:w:- a-e--e-%m \-n-tX X-t -o--Hm. [-\-t-%-lo-w G-I-\n-bo No-o--Hm, bn-^-bo-w H--m u]n-I--Hm, a-e--e D-l-un H--m D-W-o-co---Hm. \o-b-a-jo No-d-tX-nw cn-Pn--n-tc D-u-fo---XntW-o-w G-e-%w ]n-do-n-=--Xn-m.-cn-Pn-eo-t Pp-eo-X-N-cy e-j-tc G-tl Xo-c-%-Xn-m. a-e--e -o-n-tX cn-Pn-em -o-%en ]n-So-. cn-Pn-eo-t --Ww D--a-an-!-Hm A-Xm a-e--e-%m -So \--un-kn-m. X-\o-ub
-o-%--e -So--u]n-!w F- \-Xo-e-N-\o-t n-gy-o--]-co-bn-m -Xo e-N-\o-t hn-[y-X. cn-{-X-w ~n-1p-b-an-b No-I-jo-d- e-j-uc--Hm. A--Zn-\w a-i-n-m
A-Xo X--ao-. F-n -ô-b-t Pp-eoX-N-cy-bo-td 5-?-o B A--Zn-\ a-i-X|o--]-co-bn-bo No-d X---jo A-So-n-\-an-
o-b-Xn-m. cn-Pn-eo-t A-w a-e--e-%m eo-j-un A-Xo -c---tS ep--W--m. B

A-w --X--o ]n-Iw tN--e-X-t-bn-eWw. A-H-tIn-m cn-Pn-em F-n-bmun-?w X-t
eo-f|--cn-b-e-ucn-tSn--ua --Ww I-ko-n->. [an-Y Ina-uan- Zn-b-I-an-b A-Y No- H-co-w G-In-Io-bn-bo \-S---Xm. cn-{-o-t [-\w
X-t A-[o-In-c-o---Xn-tW-o-w X-t A-.
A-Hm P-\--;-uS-Xn-m. eo-Z|n-n-cn-b H- h-Z-odn-e-Ww t]n-H-[-\-o-t eo-\o-ubn-K-No--I.
-Xn-cy-an-b-eo-[-o [-\-t eo-\o-ubn-Ko-u-Xn-m. H-co--w H--m bn-^ tN--en ]n--X-. -c--w eo-f|--cnb H- eo-n-K-t
X-t H-w F-un-?w tIn-1 \-S-u--Xn-m
cn-Pn-em. Xn D-l--un a-e--e D-W-o-co-t F-n-m cn-Pn-em B-r-io-u--Hm. F-ne-w D-l--un Xn-an-^w D-W-o-co-%-
F- No- cn-Pn-eo-m p-Xo--Zn-b-I-an-m. Aw-Kc--I D-l--un cn-Pn-em D-W-o-co-n
]n-So-. A-Xn-b-Hm A-e D-W-o-co-%- F-m
D-l-n-o-b-uf-g-ua cn-Pn-em D-l--en ]n-->.
\o-b-a- -ô-b-e-K-o-td 5--J-%m
]n-do-%-en---Xn-m. u^n-I-o-ud B-Zy]n-Zw 1.46 u^n-I-o-w 5-Xo-]n-Zo-X-an-m.-
G-I-ua-en-Z|o-Xp-bw X-Zm b-Zm -cn-P-\m \n-e-e-[y-uh

-h-Xyw h|-cmK-hy uhn-]n-\w ]n-cn-en-c-hy \v-co-e..- (1.52)
A--ubn cn-Pn-ue, G-I-an-b c-n-a-tXn-o-n- B hXyt B-cm A-lo---uen
Ae h|-K-o-t uhn-]n-\odn! h---XcWo \v-I u]n-td,-
+xn 478 75
75
cn-{-t A-Y-en [-\-t -2-an-b cp-Xo-bo

[n-ao-I-an-bo eo--Po-m \--. cn-{-[-\w
B-[y-Z-eo-Zy-bo 5-#-Xo F- hn-u-Xo-I-h-bn 5-I-S-an-!--Xn-m.-A-Xo-\n-dn-m eo--c ]-l---Hm. A--ubn
cn-Pn-ue A---tS A-Z|o-Xp-b-an-b f-2o A-m
A-lo--I. A-Xm h-Xy-an-!-. ô-In-d-o-w an-ao-n- h-\n-X-\-]n-X-bn-W-Hm. X-t -eo-I
A-Hm F-^-an-^w, [n-ao-I-an-bo B A-Z|o-Xp-b-f2o-tb 5n-]o-u]n--uen AuX- [--ubn-tS-w
-2o-ubn-tS-w B h|-K uhn-]n-\-t X-t
5-P-I-n-bo h-ap-]o-%-I. A-m 5-]-
hn-K-c-o-td A-Xo-g-i-n-b \v-I-u]n-tdbn-m. B \v-I--tS \n-eo-I A-Z|o-Xp-b-\n-b
A-n-m. \v-I--tS \o-b--Ww cn-Pn-en-b
A---tS ]--dn-m. d-yw tX-n-tX A-Xo-t\
h|-K-Xp-c-t-o-u--Hm A-n-m. \-Xo
-f|-c-t\ !-I-N--Hm In-0.- (b--ue-Zw. 31. 18)
-XX-ua-e eo-Zo-X|n-Xo-Xz-ua-Xo-\n-\yx ]-n eo-Zy-uXX -b-\n-bF-n-m. -a-tn- e-ko-w C- F-m 5-Jyn-]o-%un-?w. hn-K-c-o \o-w I-c-bo-ud-%- e-kobo A-eo-Zy--tS A-u\-Iw e-ko-I-;-1m. A-m
G-I-an-b e-ko A-lo-- \n-eo-I-\n-m. h|-K Xpc-an-!- ubn-K-u-a-o-ud-%m X-t cn-{-t
\-bo-u- \n-eo-I- Anm. A-Xo-\n-bo
cn-Pn-ue A-m ]n-do-u--Xm cn-P-[-a-ta-
A-Z|o-Xp-b-a-nb-h-\n-X-\ cn-P-[-a-t-bn-m.
A-Y-eo-No--\-un-Sm h-an-\-an-b H- a-d-bn-j]-Zyw [p-\n-cn-b-W Y--h|n-ao-I-;uS-Xn--1m.
ttZ-e-Z-f-I-o-td B-Zy u^n-Iw.
-ttZ-e-ua! In-K-tIn-I--ttI-eo-Sn-Xo- R--tj;
j
-\n-eo-I \p -en-to-unn
-cn-eo-e-uXn-Wo \o-]n-Zw.-cn-Pn-5-Xy- ttZ-e-Xw F- udn-In-b-X-a-X-=w
C---W-o -ao--t-uS--Xn-m. \-Xo-uS-w -Xo--uS-w h-\n-X-\ e-ko-I-jo cn-Pn-em
[-ao-~-\n-ue--Xo-t -a-t---dn-m eo--c
C-eo-tS \-S-K-Hm. H-w, e-cn-\o-co-%- C-j-S- n-c-X-o-t A-e-n--c--uj-w.(HSw)
Cww ao^w
ao w eWa
e Waloan
oan* cuYn Zoeyx h ]cm
]cmuWn KZn
K
n
GIw hXm eo5n
eo n _*[n
_ [n eZo
eZ
C, ao^, eW,Alo, Zoey, ]W, KZn Xdnb ]d
\najow ]jow eoZ|nn eWoncHm GIanb ]canZneot\bn!.
-]-Zn-Yw:w:- G-I-am = G-I-an-b, G-e = uI-e-dw,

A-Z|o-Xp-b-am = c-n-a-tXn-o-n-, X-Xm = A-Xm,
b-Zm = B-cm, cn-P-\m = A--ubn cn-Pn-ue, A-e-e-[yuh = A-lo---uen, h-Xy-am = h-Xyw, h|-cmK-hy
= h|-K-o-t, uhn-]n-\-am = uhn-]n-\-an-!-,
]n-cn-en-c-hy = h---o, \vx = \v-I-I,
C-e =u]n-td,-eyn-Jyn-\w:w:- e-Wn-[-a [-aw F--t\-bn-m
]-co-]n-do--t-uS--Xm F-m u^n-I-o--tS
eo--c -a-t--K-I-bn-m. ~n-1-W -ô-b
tte-fy F-p e-Wn-[-ao-I fn-n--hn-cw
uan--]-Zw 5n-]o-n I-ko---e-cn-m. a-igo-an-co ~n-1-W-?-o-b--~o-%--e-cn-m
5n-ub-W B-[yn-Zo-I-udn-I-t !-d-]-Xo-I.
F-n -ô-b-cn-b cn-Pn--n-w B-[ynZo-I eo-Zy-bo -u-lo-b-e---m. cn-P-go-I-jnbo A-e 5-ho--cn-!-. B-[yn-Zo-I udn-Iw
n-c-Xp-b-tc hw-_-o-m uI-e-dw n-\-o--tS
an-^w 5n-]o-n hn-[o-n--Xn-m. I-aw
A-\o-en-cy-Xb
- n-m. I-a^
- d
- h
- o-n-w f-2a- n-bo
A-Xo-t F-n -2o-ubn-w 5-Xo-~o-X-an-!--Hw
A-Xo-\n-dn-m. -f|-c Pp-en-Zn-em 5-#-Xo
F- ô-X|-u_n-[-o-dn-m cn-{ X-|-No-
e-j---Hm. cn-Pn-em G-In-[o-In-c-uI--an-m A-Z|oXp-b-an-b A-[o-In-c-uI--an-m cn-Pn-[o-In-c
-o-t f-2o. [n-ao-I-X 5-I-S-an-bo-co-%-o-Sun-jw A-]-co-ua-b-an-b f-2o A-Xo !-So-tIn=-. A-Xm G-I-an-b A-Z|o-Xp-b-an-b A-ttZ|-X
f-2o-X-t-bn-m. A-Xo-t u_n-[yw. B-n-m
D-n-!--Hm. A-Xn-m 5-P-I F- _-*-X|n-ew. 5-P-I h-an-\-cn-m, H-dy--an-m F-oudn? eo-Zy--tS In-cy-o, A-lo-eo-t In-cyo, [n-ao-In--~n-\--;-tS In-cy-o eo-o-an-b A-e--I-tj 5n-]o--e-w A-e-co
B u-Z-n-e--;-tS A-So-n-\-t -Xo-I-;-tS
\o-b-a--;-tS A-So-n-\-o h-an-\-n-e-t
I-t-u- [-a-I-c-an-b Zv-Xy-an-m cn-Pneo \o-o-an-!--Hm. -f|-c-w Pp-en-Zn-=w.
G-I-X|-t-w _-*-X|-t-w 5-I-S-an-%-
ey-Xy- h--I X-t-bn-m. G-I-\n-b cn-Pnem 5-P-I-;-tS u-a-o-\n-bo X-t h--n-b
76
478 76 +xn
- ap\w Bg\nZw
uNnZyw
\o;w
Dcw
KvXaw
uNnuZync
u]n%InUo am{Xw wanbo uNnZyta?Xo
KvXa Bg\nZw X]nt]o28 tN689 121 F eodnhodb%I.
A-lo-o-co-u- e--X-I
[p.p. Fw. F-hm. i-co-uKn-eo--f-a, [p-p--d-\-K-cw? !--cn-W--jo, a-in-uZ-e-t Pp-e-N-co-^w, h-Xo,

]n-F-Xo F-p c-1 n-cy-an--an-bo e-Wo-o-co%-. -n-e-Xn-c-ta-m --No-o-%- i--an-t
P--=w, K-P--]-an-b K-W-]-Xo--tS P--=w, a-inuZ-e-t dp-d-bn-tW-m --N-\-I-;-1m. I-Y-Ijo A--en-N-I A-lo-o-co-u- e--X-I
F-n-bo-co-nw?= A-lo-ub--Xm H--an-^w. I-Y-I F-w I-Y-I
an-^-an-bo-co-%w. eo-e-c---e I-Yn-!--g
-n-ucn- ]-l-o-m I-Y-bo-t-I--Xo I-Y-I
-jo X-|--m c-i-hy--m F-w a-ew ]-l-m
c--5n-]o-%w. ]n-ew I-Yn-u[n-Xn-em I-YI-jo-ud
X-|w uX-So A-d-w. In-d-uZ-f-u-Z---h-co-m Hn-ucn I-Y-I-;w uI-m In-dw I-ko-%w.
I-Y--tS c-h-t I-d--tS fn--an-o-b -c-X
--\o--tS \n-o _n-td A-e-X-co-o-%--e
-co-u. eo-uZ-fo--tS _n-td I-o--udn uI-c-j
-o-td u-^--jo _n-td A-e-X-co-o-o--Xm. In-dw C-Xo an-w tIn-1-e--H u]n-td
!-cn-W--jo-w an-w 5-Xp-o-nw. fo-e-In-fobo-td No-^-In-c-t -n-e-\-bo-td fo-e-!-w-_w
C--5-Xy--an-bo-co-%-. ]-I-cw W-m C-un
fo-e-t\-w #--t\-w cn-a-t\-w eo---m.
!-cn-W- I-+o-X-I-Y-I-jn-Wm F- \nw
A-lo-b-Ww. H-w ~-1-W--uj-w \n-cn-fw-hoI-uj-w Kn-Y-tb-w !-cn-W--uj-w I-jo-bn%--Xo--ue-o ttf-e fn-u2-b tte--e
-]-- I-+o-t-- tI-I-Y-I-jn-Wm C-m \nw
In-- !-cn-W- F-nw.
? --udn-I-tte-!-6 n-K-e-X-h-^w A-Xo-Kw-p-c-anbo Y--en- u-^-h-o-[o-bo \-S-. !--cn-Ww
en-bo-w I-Y ]-l-w, --Ww I-ko-w, F-ne-w In-dw I-ko-. F-n-e-%w h-un-n-g-an-bo.
2 uIn-So --]-ubn-jw --S-o-b Y--en--c-mm H-

\-S-- H- -2 h-a-o-o-co-%-. Y-en- I-Y-I hn-[n-c-W P-\--%m A-W-Xw
X-t. -c-W-=w, cn-{p-b-=w F-nw--So, Y--en--c--h-o-[o-bo P-\- D-]-un-2n--jn-bo
eyn-]n-cw tIn-?-o-%-I-bn-m. Y--en--c--t
Cw-Ko-X-an-uWn A-e--I, A-uXn Pp-enZn-n-eo-t B-o-ubn, A-i-n-c-uan F-m
F--t\ A-lo-bn ]-ew?
= H-c-+w -So In-o--n a-Xo. H- --H-tInw -m uI-c-j-o H- u\-c-t Xo-co-te-n
I-ko-eo-n- uZ-f-uZ-e-n--n-bo--. A-m B
uZ-e-n--tS X-o-w ua-fn-o-w \n-d--f-jw uan-io-m eo-8-e-n-o ]-^-o ]-^n-[o-]n-cn-bo u]n-bo--. A-Xo-w e--an-\w A-d-o--n-b-un uI--]-l-m ]-d-w ]-dHw Xo-co--en-o. f-_-co-a-d-w Y--en--w
\-S-%--Xm -2o--tS e ey-e-hn-b-an-Wm. A-Xm
-2-P-\--;-tS A-lo-uen-tS-bn-Wm \-S-%--Xm.
uI-c-jp-b-t ]- [-\w A-Xy-[o-I--m. A-Xm
A-e h|-W-I-S-I-jo-w, H-Wo--S-I-jo-w, eo-Zyn
-yn-h--un-j-o-w,
^--cp-u-^--jo-w
tNd-eo-ko- uf-gw _n-o-e---Xm Y--en--cotd -7n-c-o-do--. f-_-co-a-d-bo X-ao-k-w
tX---w n-\w A-d--co-%-. uI-c-j-otd p-I-m f-_-co-a-d-bo u]n-In I-ko-Xo x-Jo-m X--;tS a--tj-w -n-eo-u\-w
e-g-o-tdn-co- f-_-co-a-d-bo-ud-m tI-m
tI-o-%-. ]n-ew [---j-j -2-m uZ-fu-m F-o-u\n-%-en u]n-w I-ko-bn-\n
-eneo-[w h--\--^ hw-eo-[n-\- Zo-\w
5-Xo \o-d-eo e--. In-cy--jo--t\-bn-b-Xo\n-dn-Wm H-c-+w -So In-o--n a-Xo F-
]-l--Xm...
? \--H ]-l-bn C-n-w C-n-tX-u]n-ubn?
uI-n-w!
+xn 478 77
77
Xpbnw \H ]lbn CeotS Bao

alom uIn Hutlum. Gew
uIeoncnbXot H uZngua F tNw
uInw Au?
uZ-e-Xn h--+w
uUn. P-K-Zp-gm ]Zma\n ln=

ln= FlWn
FlWn!jw
jw
? ue-uZn-]-\o-g-K--jo a-in-In-d-t\ !--lo--
5--Xo-]n-Z-\w D-un? D-t-o F-n-Wm B uZe-Xn h--+w? ue-uZn-]-\o-g-K--jo F-eo-tSbn-m ]-cn-a-fw D--Xm? B -2- G-tXnt-bn-m?
= a-in-In-d F- 5-ubn-Kw ue-Z--jo I-oo- a-lo-m 5-ho--an-b In-d--2w A-Y-e-ue-Zo-t ]-tn--Xnw In-7-o A--o-nw -2-an-Wm. tte-Zo-I hn-io-Xy-o
b-a F- en-o-t ]-cyn-b-an-Wm In-d.
]v-cn-Wo-I In-d-t\ a-in-In-d-\n-%--Xo
eo--X-n-cn-Wm. tte-Zo-I-X-|-No--bo uZ-en F-n Zo-ey-X|---e F-n-Wm A-Yw.
Pp-e-- uZ-e-X-I-;w AuNX\anb uZ-e-X-I-;w
D-m. an-Xn-=w ]o-Xn-=w Y--=w a-ew Pp-e---ebn-Wm. F-n -cy N- \--^- \-ZoI ]-e-X- F-o-e Pp-e-\o-n- uZ-e-X
-I-jn-Wm. c-m uZ-e-n--uS-w uZ-e-\n-b a-inuZ-e-uZ-e-\n-Wm G-I-\n-b -f|-c. B -f|c-n-^-an-Wm D-]n-h-\-b-m A-i. uZ-e-X|an--Po--e -P-\p-b-cn-Wm. F-n D-]n-h-\-i-c-. uZ-e-Xn h--+w H-u-tl tX-o-nc-W-I-o-S-\-o-bo--m. n-c-Xp-b _-*-ttZe-eo-f|n-ho-I-jn-Wm F-m ]-l---e a-inuZ-e-Xn h--+-t In-Wn-tX u]n-!--e-cn-Wm.
G-uI-f|-c-en-Zw udn-I-o-\m 5-Zn-\w tN--Xm
n-c-Xp-b-cn-Wm. b-a F- tte-Zo-I h--+-tn-0. b-a tteZoI h+otd uZ-e-X-bnWm. 5-In-fo-%--H-tIn-1w Zn-\w tN---H-tIn1w uZ-e-\n-Inw. In-d--]-o 5-In-fo-%-I-w
Pp-eo-I-m h-a-bw (B--m) \--I-w tN--
Cv uZ-e-X -cy-!-^-\n-!-. ]-I-w cn-ô-w
D-n-%--Xm -cy-\n-Wm. A-e uN-m In-d-ot a-e -]--jn-b -K, hw-e-e-c, E-H, Zo-ehn-Zo-I-;-n-!-. C-e 5n-Wo-I-;-tS A-w e-K--Xo-\n In-d-\m A--I-t\- u]--e-.
F-n-o-t\-w tIn-;--Xo-\n -Xz-te- u]-w
In-d- Io-o. Cv In-dt In-dw c-1-X-c--m.
478 78 +xn
78
- ap\w Bg\nZw
J-7-In-d-=w A-J-7-In-d-=w. A-J-7-In-d-anWm J7Indot AYen cyt ]o-Xn-em.

F-n e---;-tS-w In-c-Ww Cv a-in-In-d\n-Wm. Aun ainInd AJ7Indta
f|c Xttbm I1eun? A-Y-e-ue-Zo In-d-a-io-a e-Wo-o---Xm ]-tn--Xnw
In-7-o-td 5354 -2--jo-dn-Wm Fm u\
ct ]l. AeotS 5Zo]nZoo A-J-7In-d-a- b-at J-7-In-dw. a-c-Wn-\--cw -I-a
-^-dw Pp-eo-I-% \--- uZ-e-X-bn-Wm b-a. -Xzeo--uf-gw -I-a-^-dw \-n I-ko-en- f-2otb H- uZ-e-X-bn-o e-Wo-o-c-o-t-u--=.
Cv -]-In-d-n-cw hn-[n-c-W I-eo-X-bou]n-w F-n-w In-Wnw.- -I-a-^-dw \-n ue-Xn-b Y-W--;-tS -o-a-Zmn-e-an-bo In-d-t\
No-^p-I-co-o-co-%-. b-a \--m e-ko-In-o-bnWm. b-a In-o-- e-ko-bo--tS u]n-I-Ww. a-c
e-ko-ub u]n-I--tX-m E-uK|-Zw (10.14.1.2) \-unuSn-H--m. u\n-%-I:-- -'eo-e-h|n-t !-^-\n-b
b-a-cn-Pn-eo-t h-o-[o-bo I-w ]-l---e-w
h-Xyn---X-an-bo Iaw tN---e-w te-uF-tl
B-\p-X-cn-!-. uZ-e-X-I-tj -Po-%--e-w ~n1-W-tc -Po-%--e-w C-eo-tS ue-Xo-co--lo-bt--, F-m ttX-o-cp-bn-c-Wy-I-=w ]-l--m. (6.5.1314)- -b-a uZ-e-X-I-;-tS cn-Pn-en-!-.
C-eo-tS-\o- u]n-!--e-tc-nw b-a-t A--tK-. A-e-tc \yn-b-5-In-cw, A-e--tS -I-a-o\--h-co-m A-e-c-e--tS n-\-u-m \-bo-%-Xm b-a-\n-Wm. cn-Pn-en-bo e-Wo-o-co--bn
A-Xo-\--ubn-Po- -]-n-en-Zo-I b-a-cn-Pn-eo-\m
\-o No-^-Ww tN-o-co-%-.- -v-Xo-In-Yo
te-cw In-dw F- an-^-an-Wm b-a-\-Yw.- -tte-ZoIn-Yo J-7-In-d-o-\m In-c-W-an-b -cyw hw-e-e-cn-Zo-In-d-eo-n-K--;w b-a-\n-Wm.
B-[yn-Zo-In-Yo Cv-f|-ct ]-cyn-b-]-Z-anWm b-a. a-i-go Z-bn-\- h-Xyn-Y5-In-fw
H-n-a[yn-o \-- \o-e-N-\w C-5-In-c-anWm: [-a-o 5-In-fo-%-I-w A-[-a-c-io-Xan-b [-a-t an-^w 5-In-fo-o-%-I-w tN--Xo-\n Cv-f|-c [-a-cn-Pn-en-Wm. (ubn [cmua
cn-uP h [cm-a-cn-Px) (b- D-]-c-ua) \o-b-a--jo
_-o--t--I F--Yw e-- b-a-[n-H-eo\o-m b-a hw- D-n-!-. F-n 5n-Wo-Itj-w \o-b-a-5-In-cw \-bo-%--Xm b-a-\n-!-.
F-n 5n-Wo-I-%w -I-a-^-dw \---Xo-\m eye- tN--I-w F-n A-\yn-b--jo-\o-

ue-lo- \o--I-w tN-- ]-c-an-Zn-eo-t H-
u]-cn-Wm b-a' (bx hcmen 5n-Wo-u\n \o-b-Xo h b-ax). b-a, [-a F-o-e H-uc uZ-e
-\n-tW-w A-t-w ]-7o-X-n-o-S-bo a-X
-u-Z--m. Cv a-X-u-Z-o H- I-k--ao-. f-cpc-[n-co-I-jn-Wm Cv uZ-e-n F- f-o-%--eu a-X-u-Z--n-uI- In-cy-->. A-n--em eo-e-h|n-t-w hw---tS-w !-^-\n-b
b-a In-d-en-No-bn-tW-w ~-1n-eo\o-n-b [-a- B-[yn-Zo-In-Y5-Xp-I-an-tW-w
a-\-o-dn-n I-ko-w.- -~-1n-eo-t e-d-H -d
u-Zo-m !-l-K-e- [-a Z--5-Pn-]-Xo--tS
[-, tta-ô, Z-b, fn-o, !-wo, H-wo, ?o-b,
D--Xo, e-o, ua-[, Xo-Xo-, }i-p, -o F-p
13 u]-tc-w In-d--Zo-fn--]-cyn-b--jn-b a-e ]-K
I-\y-I-an-tc-w --X F-tn--o-tb-w eoen-iw tN--u^. C-e Hn-ucn---co-\o-w
[-a-\m ew-f--;-n-bo. [- I--w, tta-ô
5-hn-Z-w, Z-b A--b-w, H-wo uan-Z-w, fn-o
-J-w, D--Xo Z--w, e-o A-Y-w, ua-[
-#-Xo-%w, Xo-Xo- f-a-w, -}ip 5-[-b-w, o \-c-\n-cn-b-W-n-%w P-w \-o-tb-n-Wm
n-K-e-X-I-Y (\-e-a--w)-. -e-d-t -d u-Zo-
F--Xo-\m [-aw h|-bw--en-tW--Yw. hw-ubnK-P-\y-a--Xm. \o-Xy-an-Wm. ue-Z-en-Wo u]n-td
A-Xm ~n-1-an-Wm-~-1-o \o--n-b-XnWm. A-Xm Z--5-Pn-]-Xo--tS---wo--tS H-S-o X-t--a--tj ]-co-W-bo-. B u]--I
u\n-%-I. A-e-ucn----tS-w a--;-tS u]-w
Xn-c-X-ayw tN--I. [-a-]n-d-I-\n-b a--gy-t
n-cy-an-cn-W-e. A-e-co-\o-m D-n-b a--;tS u]-w u\n-%-I. [- I-w \--. tta-ô
5-hn-Zw--h-un-gw \--, Z-b A--bw \--.
H-wo uan--Zw \--. fn-o -Jw \--. D--Xo
A-i-n-c-o- ui-H-en-Wm. Xo-Xo- Z--t
A-a- tN--. -}ip (d-) B-[-bo-n
e-I \--. -o \-c-\n-cn-b-Wn-tc--X-]-ot ]-cyn-b--tj--\--. C-e-tb-nw eyn-Jyn\o-u- In-cy-ao-. --w-an-Wo-e. --X \-
E-X (Rythem) an-Wm. C-e-b-u^ udn-I-t !-dK--Xm.- -C-Xo-\o- ey-Xo-N-do-%-un b-a
\-c-Iw \--. No-^w b-Yn-X-Y-an-Wm. A-Xo-t\
uKn-]-\w tN---e-\n-Wm No-^-Y-. \--tS -Ia--;-tS No-^w No-^-Y- -o-%-. In-d-t

B a-o Hn-ucn Pp-eo--tS-w [--an-[--a--;-tS
I-W-% te--In-c-\n-Wm. B I-W-o-\--h-co-m
b-a--In-dw--P---jo--tS \-c-I-uan h|-K-uan
tIn--%-. A-Xo-\o-m B-%w eo--\o-n
I-ko--I-bo-. A--t\ b-a-w [--a-w -So-um b-a-[-a\n-!-. C-tXn- g-i-Zmh-Xy-an-Wm.
D-r-an-b E-X-an-Wm. In-d-Zp--w X-]--an-Wm.
~-1-b--an-Wm. C-X-u^ #-Yo-eo-tb [n-c-Ww
tN---Xm. A-Y-ue-Z-o-td -ap--2-a--ot ---an-Wp-tb-?-Xo-b-Xm. (h-Xyw g-i-Zm
E-X--rw Zp-n X-u]n ~-1-b- #-Yo-epw [n-cb-o. 12.1.1) -wo\o-b-a-o-t Cv A-So-n-\X-|-t !-cn-W-I-n- uN-uXn-i-c-an-b
I-Y-I-jn-o -o-o-co-%-.- -u]-So-t--K-
\-c-In-[o-]-\- b-a-t\-w, B e-W-\-I h-+w an-^-an-tW-w ]-c--c--c-I--jn-b b-a-w
[--a-w uN-n-Wm b-a-[--a-\n-b-tX-w ey-2an-b-un.
? \--m A---j--tS uZ-e-X-bn-bo B-tc-o-w
h--+o--t-o--un? D-t-o A-Xm B-cn-m?
= A--t\ H- h--+--t-o Kv-X-a-\m
A-n-c-o hw-f-b-ao- A-Xm tte-Zo-I-uZ-e-Xn
-h|--]-an-b A--]-Xo- A-=-I-ub X-c-->. en
eoZybo Alo X foe etc Hucn eoZy
n%w Aj uZenm. ainIndInd
foe\ntWw !cnWw
tX-n-tW-o-w H--S-w.
[p.p. eo. . en--uZ-e\--Xo-co, e-S-I-c? Kn-b-ô?---o-m C--]-o-\n-d--cw ue-Wa-t^.. P-]o-%- Kn-b-ô-m C--]-o--u-->.
e-uc-Wyw- e-uc-Wo-b-an-o-bn 24 Io-w tX-ntW-o-w H--S-w. F-n f-co-b-lo-bn B-rio-%-.-.=Kn-b-^p a--o Kn-b-^p O--m e-n-u
C--]-o-dn-ue--H->, -N-s-ZmKn-b-^p O--o
H- !-l-en-Wm A--cw. tte-Zo-I-en-Mma-b-o
H-]-Xm Zo-o a-w In-Wnw F-eo-tS-w
Kn-b-^p O--m 5-ubn-Ko--In--o-. a-lo-m
b- (I-Bw) 3.19, 3.44 F-p a-- Kn-b-^p
O--o-dn-Wm F-Bo-bn C--]-o-\n--m.
\--jn-bo fp-dw an-u-. an-ul--un fp-d-=
--n-eo-. --X-d-lo-bn ue-Z-_--eo-t E-uK|-Z
+xn 478 79
79
.......
.......
CXoinhIYn]n^\nauInfw
nhIYn]n \nauInfw
hnZI - [paXo.
paXo. ueZcWo
ueZc
A-Pn-X-f-:- -[o-~o-c-t H- ]-cyn-bw-A-Yw:w:- f-- C-n--e, P-bo--t-Sn-e, A-a- tN-n hn[on--e-.

-(a-in-n-c-Xw h-n-]-ew. A-[yn-bw 13, u^n-Iw
9)A-Po-X::- a-in-\n-b H- cn-Pn-em
-A-(a-in-n-c-Xw B-Zo-]-ew A-[yn-bw 1, u^n-Iw
22)-AA-Po-X::- 14-nw a-\|--c-o-td h--goan-co H-cn. -(a-in-n-c-Xw i-co-ew-f-]-ew
A-[yn-bw 7, u^n-Iw 87)A-uP-b::- 5n-Np-\-n-c-X-o-td a-in-\n-b
-AH- cn-Pn-em. 5v-V-cn-b cn-Pn--n-tc-%-lo-m
h--b -[o-~o-c-u\n-Sm ]-l-- n-K-m Zoeyn-- d-o--e-w an-ui--h-a 5v-Vo--e-w [-ao-~--an-b A-uP-b F- cn-Pneo-t u]- ]-l---1m.-(a-in-n-c-Xw B-Zo-]-ew A-[yn-bw 1, u^n-Iw
231)-AA-ttP-I-]n-Xm 1:- --n-co H-cn.-!-cn-W--jo 100 --n-tc-%-lo-m 5-ne--1m.- -a-in-n-c-Xw B-Zo-]-e-o ~-1!-^-\n-b n--eo \o-w P-\o- 11 -n--tS u]--I In-Wnw. A-Xo H-cn-jn-m
A-ttP-I-]n-Xm.-
-(a-in-n-c-Xw B-Zo-]-ew A-[yn-bw 66, u^n-Iw

2; A-[yn-bw 123, u^n-Iw 69; i-co-ew-f-]-ew
A-[yn-bw 3, u^n-Iw 52; fn-o-]-ew A-[ynbw 208, u^n-Iw 19)-AA-ttP-I-]n-Xm 2:- eo-f|n-ao-^-t !-^-\n-b H-
A-ttP-I-]n-Xo-t\-%-lo-m a-in-n-c-X-o
5-Xo-]n-Zo-o--1m. -K--o-- h|-W-ot hw-c--I-\n-m A-ttP-I-]n-Xm.-(a-in-n-c-Xw D-uZyn-K-]-ew A-[yn-bw 114,
u^n-Iw 4)A-uPn-Z-c::- --tth-\y-o-td H- ubn-An-em (a-in-n-c-Xw f-dy-]-ew A-[yn-bw 45,
u^n-Iw 60)A--\ :- i--an-t an-Xn-em. -e-P--o
-A!-o-I--d F- A-;-c-hm B-bo--.
g-i--Xo--tS fn-]-n A--\ F- en\-c-p-bn-bo P-\o-. uI-h-co F- en-\-c-t\
eo-en-iw I-ko-. !-^-dn--o-\n-bo fo-e-t\
-Po- A--\-m fo-e-_p-P-o \o-w
D-n-b !-^-\n-m i--an.-(endmap-Ip cn-an-b-Ww Io-lo-n-In-7w 66-nw
h-Kw)A--\::- a-in-K-P--jo H-m.-A-a-in-n-c-X --o B-\-I-;-tS !-l-u-lo
cn--h-n ---j-o F-o-b-Xn-bo
5-n-e--1m. A--\ A--c-n--tS B-\bn-m. -5-Xp-I-t ew-f-o P-\-\w.-(a-in-n-c-Xw D-uZyn-K-]-ew A-[yn-bw 99, u^nIw 15: p--]-ew A-[yn-bw 64, u^n-Iw 57)
(H--S-w)
uNnuZync HS
S
-5-ue-fo-I te-c-tX-tbn- a-lo--u\n-%-I. A-Hw ep-1w B-ucn-i-Ww tN---H-an-b A-un-d-anen-\n-m hn-[y-X. B-un-d-a-c--e-o te-Bp
tX-n-bo H-S-cn-a-un? A-lo-bn-\-u F-nw.
eo-X-lo-bn cn-ô Xn-uk-ep-W In-b-ua-udn-? --P-m A--c-\yn-hw ue-Ww. C-un ---u]n-bo tR-o H-o-b-H In-Wnw. B-o X-d
c-ao-. F-n-m e-ko?...
-bo ep-W \{--t -Y--X|n-Ig-Wn-A-un-dw
= cw ]okn ]ot uXnyncanbo.. A--c-o-%w. B-un-d-In-b F-B C--Pn-dfpdw X YWua, e-uc-Wyw- e-uc-Wo-b-an-o- n a-c--o-tIn-1 a-o-b te-jo-m I-?bn 24 Io-w, Nodun m !lw Foun m, I-m, In-do e-c-n --l--Xn-bo uXn-tkow uXnobun Aum \uanenIw...
a-t^.
? --Xz--ba--o-td -en-c-Iw te--co- = KvXa\m uanudnm u]nbo H CPndw
-tbn \p-an-X-j-uan B-en C-S--un? tR- Alobo, anXja F JfPbnWm Dcmen
o-bo \o--eo-Sn-lo-. D-eo-bo- ep-?-I-w Ikw. atnw CPndanenu\ Xc>.
80
478 80 +xn
- ap\w Bg\nZw
ngoXhnKcw
ngoXhnKcw
h-n-Z-I: i-co-#--n-c-Xo-o
D--uc-Zn-Z-\n-Zn-\w-h--X-@-X-hn-[-tt\x-B-uZn-n-n-cw eo-\n-udn-uI-]-ucn-n-cx --l-cx-A-Yw:w:- \o-c--c-an-b @-X-hn-[-\-I tIn-1m
X-t-n D-b--Ww. X-t-n D-b-cn-tX
udn-I-o A-\y-tc D-b- G--=w -l-can-m.-Xn-+-cyw:yw:- D-b-c--jo-ud-%- bn-^--tS C--\w
@-X hn-[-\-I-jn-!-. @-Xw F--Hm C-m G-tl
eo-I-d-an-b [n-c-W-I-jn-m. --W-]n-\p-b-
D-u]-o-m te-cw \o-d-Km Io-S-m AYu_n
[aontX \o-c--cw a-- D--eo-m Xo-I-w
G-In-Io-bn-bo x-Jo-X-\n-bo B-Z-]p-U-\--ujn
fn-cp-co-I ]p-U-\--ujn F--Xn-bo an-lp-bo-co%-. F-n @-Xw E-X-(Xn-jw) an-tW-m E-goan ]-l-o-co-%-.
-\--tS -]o-- E-Xw ]n-do-%- 5n-]o-I e---tj \o-cp-o-%-un-kn-m @-X-]n-d\w u_n-y-an-=-I. A-lo, en-, -cy, N-
B-Zo-bn-b-e X--;-tS h|-n-e-u-w, I--ey-uj-w A--eo-S-tX-n-tX \o-b-a-_-o-X-an-bo
5-e-o-%--Xn-m @-X-]n-d-\w. C-H-u]n-td
\n-uan-ucn---w Pp-eo-X-N-?w -p-I-co-%en -ucn Indbjeow G-t--u-o-e--
I--ey-]n-d-\-t--o-- -W-an-b A-eu_n-[-an-!- @-X-hn-[-\-I. !-^-[-aw, eo-Zyn
-Yo [-aw, ]-Xo-]-Uo [-aw, an-J-]o-J-[-aw F-ue- Pp-eo-X-nyw e-ucw \--tS I--eyw a-e-e-%m io-X-I-c-an-!-un an-^-ua @-X-hn-[-\
F-m ]-l--en hn-[o-&. ~-1-N-cyw, [-i-n[-aw, en-\-5-w, h-yn-hw -X-dn-b-e ]-c
--c-_----e-w H-S-5-?o-b-I-;-an-m F-n
H-o a-tn-m Id-m 5-e-o%-I e-. [-i
B-yn-Zo-I en-b-\-bn-udn 5-n-g-W-[-eW-n-udn en-\-5-o--tS eo-c-2o-ubn h-yn
-ho--tS -2o-ubn Xyn-K-uan A--~o-n @-Xw
tX-ew. Xn-jw tX-ew, ]-Xo-X-\n-!w. B-uZn-n-c-Ww
\-S-o- X-t. A-H-tIn-1-X-t-bn-m a-inZn- A-e-c-e--tS I-a- I-p-I-co-m
-u-ln D-]-uZ-fo-%--Hm. -ucn I-an--~n-\o \o-w B-Po-%- I-ko-en-m n-\w.
B-Zn-em B-Po-%- n-\-h--bw H-e-t\ a-in-Zn-en-%w. B-uZn-n-c-W 5-
?o-b \-S-n-tX A-]-c- t\ D--co-%-I A-hn-yw.

A-e-Xn-c !--g-n--tS Pp-eo-Xw u\n-o-n-un \--%m A--c-m D-n-Inw. \nw A-e-tS P-w an-^-ua A-lo---> F--Xn-m
bn-Yn-Yyw. A--I-co--d- A--h-co--dn-m
@-Xn--~n-\w.I-Yn--Xw-I-ao-^-hw-5n-o:-:- io-c-Wy-I F- F-do No-^rpe-t\- 5n-=-I-;-tS cn-Pn-eo-u\-w 5n-=-I-uj-w
e-d-bo \o-w c-o--Xm I-1-tIn-o-- d-x]-X-\-I F- In- io-c-Wy-I-u\n-m N-nw -Sn B-r-io-m an-j-o-t en-Xo-
e-m a--an-bo eo-jo-, ep-1w G-uXn 5n-=m h-inb-o-\n-bo eo-jo-%--te-m [-co-m io-c-Wy-I
uNn-Zo-. F-uSn \p-bn-cn-m. In-: 'Rn d-x]-X-\-I F- In--bn-m.' A-H-uI-m A-I-Km
a-l-o---tIn-1-X-t io-c-Wy-I f-In-co-.
"F-uSn F-t ]-So- \o-m ue-Kw u]n" In--m
B en-%-I uI-m h--Sw uXn-o. " Rn e-j-tc
5-[n-\-t- H--In-cyw ]-l-bn-\n-m e-o---Hm.
\o-\-%m F-t H- In--I-tb-o-w tN---tS."
io-c-Wy-I X-o--b-lo "\o-un-- h--w
tIn-1m F-\o-%m bn-tXn- 5-ubn-P-\-=-ao-."
In- h-eo-\-bw ]-l-. "F-uSn No-^-rp-e
\o-t A--K-e-m e-d--b -lo- u]n-b-Hw
a-ew Rn I-1. F-\o-%m e-j-tc h-un-gw uXno A-H-u]n-td Rn-w e- _--\-o-w t]-u]n-bn \o-t A--K-e-m uan-N-\w u\-Sn-aun A-Xo-\n Rn-w \p--an-bo -,-Zm_-w
n-]o--W-ta--t-\o-%m."
io-c-Wy-I F-Xo-K "F-uSn A-H-f-co-bn=-I-bo-. \p Xo---e-\n-m. Rn Xo--t--e-w. A--t\-bo-co-t P--\n eo-ucn-[o-Ijn-b \nw X-o F--t\ u-i-_---n-!w.
A-Xo-\n u]n. h-a-an-b !-d-o P-\o--e-w
h-a-an-b [-\-o-Xo---e--an-bo an-^-ua ttaô-w eo-en-i-=w ]n-->. X-u-n Xn-W-eu\n-uSn D-b--e-u\n-uSn u-i-_-w n-]o%--e-t\ P-\- ]-co-i-ho-%w. A-Xo-\n
u]n. In- ep-1w tI-o. F-uSn io-c-Wy-In
Rn-\o-Xn \o-t uIn- en-Xo--do-co-%-I-bnm. \p F-t ao-^-an-bo-co-n -n-%-I-bo-to Rn C-eo-tS \o-t -o-o-S- X-t
N-K I-j-w." io-c-Wy-I A-+-tan--b-:
+xn 478 81
81
"F-uSn Rn P--f--en-b \o-t ao-^-an-bo-co%--tX--t\? f--=-an-bo H- In-c-W-e-fn-w

h-o-tN---Xm. Xo-j- te--an-tW-o-w A-o-tdn-ko-n Xp tI--a-un?" In- uNn-Zo-
"F-uSn \nw X-o I-o--u]n--ao--un ]o-t
F- f--X-bn-m. D-No-X-a-n--H ]-l-b--Hm".
io-c-Wy-I: f--X c-1 X-c-o--1m. h|-uX
D--Hw e- In-c-W-e-fn-w D-n-b-Hw. \p h|-uX
X-t F-t f--en-m. e- In-c-W-e-fn-w
D-n-b f--X-bn-tW-o Y-Ww 5-e-o-%-Iw a-ew tN-n A-Xo-n-tX-bn-=w. h|-uX--
f--X 5n-W-Zn-\-un---So an-^-ua C-n-tX-bn=-I--=" In- Iv-H-I-un-tS A-u]-o-.
"F-uSn c-1-X-cw f--X---m \p ]-l--e-un
F-\o-%m A-e--tS d--W- uI--W-ta-1m ]-l-".
io-c-Wy-I ]-l-: F-uSn In-c-W-un-
-So-b f--X b-Yn-ubn-Kyw D-]-In-cw tN-n
C-n-tX-bn-bo-un-=w. h|n-n-eo-I-an-b f--X
F--t\ B-bn-w C-n-tX-bn-=-I-bo-. Ip-co-w
]n-w, h-hy--n-b -K-=w \-J- B--[-an-]-ubn-Ko-%- anw-h--n-b -K-=w, te--=w Xpw, uZ-e-w A--c-w, ]-o-w --w, ]-W-n-cw Z-co--w, h-]-Uo-an, ue-S-w an-w, ue-Z-w \n-o-I-w, ]-7o-X-w -V-w, ]-Xo-@-X-w
!-d-S-w, h--\-=w --\-=w C-e-tc-nw h|uX f---jn-m. A-e-tcn-t X-o X-o
tIn-;---- ]-l--Xm B-Zn-eo- x-J-n-%--te-n-m. In- A-Xo---cw ]-l " In-c-W--n-bo-n-W-un tta-ô--n-!Hm. In-c-W--n-bo--X-t-bn-m f--X-w. A-HtIn-1m e-o-fn-do-I tta-ô-bn-m !-d-u-Hm. f--X-b-. \p F-un-m uN-m ao-^-nue-\ e-o-%-I. io-c-Wy-I A-H h--Xo-o-.
"F-uSn \p-Xo-hn-cw uI-% f--eo-u\n- ui-_-w n-]o-%--e \-fo--u]n-!-ta-m
uI-o-o-u? eyn-I-c-W-I-n-en-b ]n-Wo-\o--tS
eo-d-t- Pp-e H- how-iw A-]-i-co-. ap-anwh-I-\n-b ttP-ao-\o a-i-go-tb H-cn-\ tIn-
I-j-. O-un-n-\o-bn-bo-- ]ow-K-j-t\
I-S--c-bo e-m H- -X-d \o-r-io-. A-lo-eon- -b--c-n-%m a-i-X|-o-m F- eo-d?
In- ep-1w ]-l-. "A-tXn-t f-co.
hn-[n-c-W udn-I-%m A-u\yn-\y-- D-]-In-cw
tIn-1w. ]-o--Kn-Zo-I-%m F-t-o-w In-cW-e-fn-w -V-%m -bw tIn-1w -c (A-i-ncw) tIn-1-an-m. tta-ô D-j-en-!--Hm. --
-\--;-tS u-iw a-!-Sw u]n-td-bn-m. e-j-tc
82
478 82 +xn
- ap\w Bg\nZw
-ue-Kw X-I--u]n-!-. -o-u-n hn-[o%-I-bo-. h--\--;-tS tta-ô t]n-!-Sw

u]n-td-bn-m. A-^-ue-Kw X-I-n-=--X-
F-;--o -o-eo-j-o f-co-bn-%-I-w tN-nw
h--\--;-tS u-iw I-co-o h-K-u]n-d-bnm A--K-\o- H-S-o -ucn I-m I-ko--uncw, a--cw -So e--. --\--;-uS-Xm u\-uc
eo-]-cp-X-an-m. H-S--o e--Xn-w, ?-ua-W
!-l--!-l--ao-co-%- --\--;-tS tta-ô
5-n-X-o-td \o-k-u]n-td-bn-m. h--\--;tS tta-ô tte-!-u-c-t \o-k-u]n-td H-S-o A-[o-I-ao-n-tX-w, ?-ua-W e-o--ao-co%w. io-c-Wy-In Rn \--e-\n-m h-Xyw tN-
\o-t -bw C-n-tX-bn-o--j-bnw.
F-do ]-l-. "F-\o-%m \o-t h-Xy-o-tdnw eo-f|n-h-ao-. h-Xyw tN- ubn-Po-n-bn-t-w f---tj eo-f|-ho---Hm. C-
f-]-Yw tN--uf-g-an-m ?-^n--c-t\-tn--Hm.
A-Xo--K-an-b Z|n-c-o-&-So-bn-bn-w f-
A-I-K I-S-n \n-f-an-m ^-dw. uXn-Wo-bo
te-w I-S-n-td--u]n-td. eo-f|--\-n-e-t\ eo-f|-ho---Xm. eo-f|--t\-un-w Xo-Iw eo-f|-ho---Xm. eo-f|-ho-n A-Xo-\o-m
-b--j-en-!w. B -bw h-I-d ue--I-uj-w A-cK-I-j--. B-uc-w eo-f|-ho-n- -_-d-t\
f-2-n-%-u]n-w \-fo-o-n I-ko-bo-. a-lom a-e--e-co eo-f|n-h-a-o- _-d-en-t\ _-d-n-u]n-w F-;--o \-fo-o-%-. f-eo-t\ eo-f|-ho-m ]-Ww tIn--u-+o-%--e,
u-i-ao-n- n-cy-tb eo-f|-ho-%--e F-oe--tS Pp-eo-Xw A-e-hn-\o--te--l-o-nw.
C-tXn-t-uI-m d-x-]-X-\-I (In-) D--c-tanw uXn-n-tX B-udn-No--tIn-o--. C-e-m
\p-Xo-eo-g-b-o-- A-lo-=m A-hn-an-\yw X-t
C-e--an-bo tta-ô--n-I-W-ta-m F-\o-%m
A-[o-Iw uXn--I-bn-m. A-e ep-1w ]-l-.
"io-c-Wy-In h--\- H-w G-k-So \-S-%I-ubn F-?-en-%m hw-hn-co-%-I-ubn tN-n
ao-^--jn-bo-p- I-ko--te-n-m ]-7o-X
a-Xw. A-Xo-\n \p F-t u-io-X-\n-bo-co%-. Rn ]-l---Hm uI-& \p F-t eo-f|ho-%-o-t-o ue-. \p uIn---tS D-o
X-t-bo--n a-Xo. Rn !-l-K \o--tInnw. F-o-m \--%m Zo-e-uh-\ hw-hn-co-nw.
Y-W-uZn-g-eo-Nn-c-=w A-o--e-N-\--;w hZ-mY-I-;w ]-l- c-ho-nw.A-H-uI-m io-c-Wy-I B-udn-No-.
d-x-]-X-\-I hw-hn-co-n ao---\n-m.
u^n-n-I-]-co-N-bw
\nb uc
uc\nYm
\nYm
#--Xo:o: H- Xp-b-%-o--tS eo-Nn-cw-c-N-\: a-in-I-eo !--an-c-\n-fn-?-w:

w: e-h--Xo-d-Iw-tNn-nw e-h--Xo-d-Iw-X--Pw-P-Kw-Kw-F-o--n-c-X [-uc! I-c--? ]n-c-X-yw \o-\-%-eo-[o I-+o-X-an--Xn-ub,-No-o-, Pn-Xo a-Zo-cn--, c-So- X-oo
-d--t-w-X-\-b, tc-o-\-ub-'h|-cn-Pyw'?yw ?-]-Zn-Yw:w:- n-c-X [-uc! = n-c-Xnw-u_, ]n-c-X-yw =
A-So-a-w, Xn-b = A-, Pn-Xo-a-Zo-cn- = Pn-Xo
-n--tIn-1 I-C-In-Wn-X-nb-e, A--t--I =
A-e-hn-\o-%-I (a-co--u]n-=-I) \-fo- u]n-!-I,
X-\-b = a--hnhn-cnw-fww:-:- A--ubn n-c-Xnw-u_! Pn-Xo-n- -?K Xo-ao-cw _n-[o- A-eo--t a- ]-c--cw
u]n-c-So- \-fo-%-un, h|-cn-Py-o--ue-o
(h|n-X-y-o--ue-o) F-o--uI-?-? A-u
P--\n \o-\-%-eo-[o-o---H ]n-c-X-y-an-m.-r--]-co-N-bw:w:- a-d-bn-j-n-g--tS u-i-Kn-bI-\n-b !-an-c-\n-fn-t 10 u^n-I--j-S-o-b 'H-
Xp-b-%-o--tS eo-Nn-cw' F- I-eo-X-bo-td H-
u^n-I-an-Wo-eo-tS uN-o-co-%--Hm. 1908
c-No- I-eo-X-bo-td -Jy 5-ua-bw Pn-Xo-te-lo-tS u]-co eo-Zyn-eo-ip-\-cn--t- -co-]-
P-\-X--tS ucn-Z-\-an-m. h|n-X-y-h-a-c-o-t
B-Zy-\n-;-I-jo-td uI-c-j-o-t-w n-c-X-ot-w hn--iy-Pp-Wn-e---tS \-l No-^w
-So-bn-Wo--eo-X; A-H-tIn-1-X-t H- N-co^-fo-dn-^-d-I-=w. I-eo--tS-X-t n-g-bo
]-l-n "tXn---Sn--e Xp-o-&-Sn--e -wo-bo-t]-n-w uZng-un"-tS In-d-an-bo-. Pn-Xo--tS u]-co X-o--o-X-d-Ip-c-
P-\-X--h|n-X-yw d-o-n-td--^-d-ta-m, H-
-n-1-- I-eo uNn-Zo--Xo---cw C-\o-w \nw
I-t-o-bo-o-. I-eo-en-Iyw 5-e-N-\-an-In-c-1m.-
ngoXhnKcw
ngoXhnKcw (HS)
( S)
h-Xyw ]-l---e-\n-tW-w uXn---1m. C-e-an-bo tta-ô !-d-K--Hm X-c-u-So-n-

-In-cy-an-m. F-n F-t uIn--bo In-td--K!-n h--Xo---tX- an-^w. B-Zyw f-
-b-t- -b-t- ]-H---H-t an-^-ua A-So-e-&.
-a-d-bn-j-n-gn-In-ey-cw-K-Km -X-\n-f-b--;-tS
!--hc
- W
- o- te-o-Kl-
- a-in-Ie
- o 1873 G-5o
12-nw Xp-b-Xo In-bo--c-bo P-\o-. C-u-iw
[p-\n-cn-b-W-Y--eo-t e-e-d-fo-gy-w [p-\ncn-b-W-[-a ]-co-]n-d-\-hw-L-o-t 5-Y-a-Incy-Z-fo--an-bo--. hw--X-In-eyfn-n-d-ncn-Zo-I-jo 5n-ep-Wyw u\-So-b B-fn-m Bw-K-d
eo-Zyn-yn-hw ho-o--Hm uUn. ]-,-eo-t h-in-bn-dn-bo--. Y--eo-t Z-f-\--;w B-Zp-bNo-n-]-c-X-w B-fn-t In-ey--%m ao-ko-=w
-P-w ]-I-. Pp-eo-X-o-t u5n-P|-d-n-e=w, \-f|-c-X-w, !-\--\o-w A-Xo-n-=-I-untS No-^p-I-co-o-co-%- H- In-ey-#-Xo-ub a-d-bnj-n-g-bo--=. A-Hm B-fn-t ep-W -en-m. a-e
#-Xo-I H- how-i-5-h-ew, \-jo-\o, dp-d, No-neo-w-bn-b hp-X, -c-e-, N-7n-d-o-E-Io-,
I--W, 5-ucn-Z-\w, _n-d-cn-an-b-Ww, [p-e-N-co-Xw, a-Wo-an-d, un-^-#-Xo-I, e-\-an-d, h-ZnNn-c-f-X-Iw, rn-a-o-td-!-bo, hv--cyd-i-co
(eo-e--\w), n-gn-ua-L-h-u-fw (A--Ww),
!--en-So Xdnbe uXn---do-- B-fn
n-c-I-o A-u-i-o-t #-Xo-I-;-tS ttIt-?-K-5-Xo-I -o-o--1m. "an-e-eo N--tj-b--o-d-e an-e-ap \o--tj-n" F--l-t
5-Jyn-]o- A-\-f|-c I-eo ]--\-bn-o
e--n-b u_n--]-I-S-o 1924 P--e-co an-hw
51--na-t e-b-o A--co-.
]o-t tt[-cyw-e-w ---co--tS f-cp-c-o
Pn-ct ttI-I-tj--u]n-td... A-e ]o-p-Sm
In--ubn- ]-l- -,-u A--t\-bn-I-t
A- -X-%m A-e c-1-u]-w h-Zm e-N-\--;w
hZm-Y-I-;w ]-l-n-\-o-w A-u\yn-\yw I-ko- D-]-In-c- tN-w In-dw I-ko-.
+xn 478 83
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PADMASREE
CENTRAL SCHOOL
(C.B.S.E)
SANTHI VALLY, ENATHU, PATHANAMTHITTA Dist.

Phone: 04734-213528 Mob: 9447045071
A-n-cn-{ \o-d-en-c-o---B-8n-Z-I-c-an-b ]-T-\-]--Xo-bo--tS [-u-b-an-b . -I-jo-nw, No-co-nw, B-h|-Zo- ]-To-nw. -B-So-n-Sn \--u\n-Zyn-\w.
-I-ko-=-I e-j-n e-mugn-m.
PLAY SCHOOL X 1111-mw

mw Bnhm etc
Ip-I
ARJUNS
COACHING
CENTRE
(ABOVE S.B.I)
CHENGANNUR- 689121
Phone: 0479-2457715 Mob: 9447045071
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PHONE: 0469-2630718, 3290630

5uai hw_anb u\ûcnK,
u\^nXoaw, }ih|Zswo, cn^yX HSo
B\oIfno 5Xoeo[oI ]lbn
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ha\|bootInm BuKnjXdo
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Aoan\Fw 20 egw ]oo.
SUDARSHANAM NETRALAYA
NETRA CHIKILSALAYAM AYURVEDA EYE CLINIC
www.netrafoundation.com
e-mail: sudarshanam@sify.com
Chief Physician:
DR. B.G. GOKULAN
(BAMS, FAIP (USA) FCRY (IND)

TRAINED AT SANKARA NETRALAYA, CHENNAI)
Sr. Physician:
Physician:
APARNA MOHAN
DR. CHITRARAJAN (BAMS)
SUDARSHANAM SCHOOL OF AYURVEADA NURSING & PANCHAKARMA

ONE YEAR DIPLOMA COURSE
Accredited Centre for
GURUSHISYAYA PARAMPARA of R.A.V. Govt. of India
86
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tImbw 686 001 a0481256 3114, 9846133336 ccustomercare@dcbooks.com
Visit our online bookstore at www.dcbookshop.net, www.dcbooks.com
88
Printed and published by N. Vedaprakash, Dayananda Bhavan, Narendrabhooshan road, Chengannur 689 121 and
printed at Amrita Bharathi Press, Chengannur 689121, Kerala and published at Dayananda Bhavan,
Narendrabhooshan road, Chengannur 689 121 Kerala. ChiefChief-Editor
Editor : Kamala Narendrabhooshan.
2013 APRIL 10 | Price ` 20/- | Vol - 39 | No - 8 |
Regd. News Paper 20060/70 INDIA

Postal Registration No KL/TLA/3/2012-14 Arshanadam Malayalam Monthly
The only vedic-philosophical journal in malayalam
WPP No: KL/TLA/WPP/137/2012-14

Arshanadam 478 SPL Issue 2013

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eod ` 20/-

uZehy ]fy Ineyw \ aanc \ PpcyXo.

EgoenWo aigo Zbn\

uIn--bw ............. Kw-Kn-[-c-\n-b

-f|-c -wo-\-S-o-tb-m Aw-Kp-I-co-n-

-(EuK|Zw 10.62.1--4) -a7dw

-E-gox- - \n-n-u\-Zo-gmuTn an-\-ex. uZ-e-Xn-n -eo-uf|uZ-en B- Ko-c-uhn,

A\|bw:- ub b-u--\ Z-o-W-bn C--hy AXX|w

ARSHANADAM 478 APRIL - 2013

eyn-Jyn-\w:w:- E-uK|-Z-o-t A-e-hn-\-a-7-d

Zp-f|-c-t b--Zn-\-an-Wm. a-i-n-b Zn-\-an-Wm.

t. Z-bn-\--]-w -un--te-- H- Zn-f-\oI-en-Zw D-m. -2o-bo \o-w D- !-\-cn-K-\-aw.

-uNn-Zyw:- -2o F- ]-l---tX-n-Wm?

Yo-%-I-w D-]n-ho-%-I-w tN--I- A-Xn-b-Xm

-uNn-Zyw:- -2o-bo Pp-en-Zn-eo-t d-bw

I-+- tN--un a-\-n-w, \o-L-bo-%un e-o-bn-w, Hn-a-e-n No--an-w,

!-. -b-Zn ]-n-e-Xo-~-u n-\n-\o a-\-hn

eo eo-N-co-%-. f-cp-c-[n-co-I-m hw-hn-c

--2o-bo \o- Xo-co--e-c-e-m

-uNn-Zyw:- uan-w 5n-]o- Pp-en-Zn-em ep-1w

-uNn-Zyw:- Pp-en-Zn-em -2o-bo \o-w a-S-oe--ta-o F-^-In-dw A-Xm -2o-bo I-ko-w?

dn-o-tn-=-I. C-^-w h-a-b-an-Wm -2n-e-bo B-\--a---eo-%--Xm.

n--Hw tN-d-=-an-^--j-j-H-an-b -7n-cw F-^

h|--]-an-b h-Xy-t B-N-co-m B-Zo-Xy-h|--]an-b P-K-Zp-f|-c-t\, Zo-ey-Y-W--2-an-b R;tS

eojoo H Xoco FcoXo\n AH 5Infan=w, B Xoco AWun Fnw

-No-d h-Xy-5-n-e--tj Z-V-an-ubn c-i-hy-an-ub

c-hn---Xo _n-[-I-an-!--Xo-\n 5-ui-jo-I

-;- ]--1-an-hw = 1 e-gw- (Id)

]-ui-do-%m \- 5-ho- A-Y-an-b In-

H- a-\-un-tS H-?-Io-tb-K- A- \-Zo-I-%

5-N-co-o-%-I-bn-m a--gy-[-aw.tte-Zo-I 5-ui-jo-In-ttf-do ttI-In-cyw tN-un G--=w [-o-u- H- In-cyw -ucn

--d-an-b In-c-W-5-#-Xo A--c-an-m, \n-f-c-io-X-an-m. A-Xo-t eo-In-c-an-b In-cyw (uZ-iw)

ARSHANADAM 478 APRIL - 2013

fn-p-b \n-a-o-td 'Pp-\-m' 'H-ttl-h' F-

-#-go--tS D-V-e-t-%-lo-m B-[o-In-co-I-an-b

]-u, A-ua-co--bo tIn-jw-_-hm In--!-K-Xo-\m F-^-ubn h-i-n-p--%m -m X-t

bo F-o-b-Xm). C-Xo C-y ]--o--tS

ARSHANADAM 478 APRIL - 2013

fo-Yo-d-an-b ]n-l-&---;w (G-uXn !-cn-X-\ u^n-e-fo-ww) A-eo-tS In--I--n-bo! C-tX-nw

-i-c-n-tann tan-i P-Zn-ucn hw-n-cw-

[n-cn-jw tX--I e-j-o-- h-hy-fyn-a-jan-b H- -d-an-bo-- F-m I--X-t--.

-ta-h-t-un-ao-b hw-n-c-o-t A-uX ]-k-w

an-Wm ]o-p-Sm n-c-X-o D-Z-bw tN--Xm.-

n-p-ta-m -o-bn-un-w n-c-Xp-b #-go-m

ARSHANADAM 478 APRIL - 2013

\o-u-f- C--t\ h-an-i-co-nw:

-~-1n-eo-t ]v-^-w a-cp-No--tS !-^--an-b

-]o-Xn-a-i-t D-]-uZ-f-5-In-cw cn-Pyw -co-

I-d-f-o tIn-1-e- P-d-n en-a-\-t

]-c-I-cn-a I-Y--uS-w a-in-_-do N-co-^-o-u- B-Z-\o-?-Xo-bn-Wm C-Xo-in-h-o-td in-hw.

A- uc--I-tb a-I ]-c-I cn-a e-[o--Hw

hw-n-e-\-I an-^-an-Wm.-Xo--uen-W-I-Y--tS 5n-t-]w f-X-]-Y ~n1-W-r--o (1. 2. 5.1 - 5) In-Wnw. 5-Pn-]-Xo

tte-Zo-I I-+-\-bn-Wm. A-Zo-Xoc-Zp-\n -uZ-e-an-Xn

-an-bo. B -2o-tn--eo a-in-I-+-o-tdnco- !-\-P-w d-o-%-ta- B-f-b-an-Wm Cv

ARSHANADAM 478 APRIL - 2013

-udn-I-u-w A-j-%-. -nw ]n-Zw te-n

e-o Hn-ucn \n-eo-w Hn-ucn B-f-bw. a--gy

-uI-c-jw -co- a-in-_-do B-cm?-

-5n-Np-\ uI-c-j-t-%-lo-- I-Y-I [n-cn-jw

In-dw \--%-n-bo-- F- In-cy-o X-

ARSHANADAM 478 APRIL - 2013

-e Xyn-Ko, --u\-cw B-in-cw I-ko-%--e n H-S--un F-^-w ue-Kw A-Xm

N-H-ue-Z hw-io-X-bo A--c--u]-W--