LED Characteristics: - Eye Sensitivity - Color Vision - Color Space Xy - Dom. Wavelength CCT

LED Characteristics
Erik Swennen & Patrick van der Meulen
Copyright (c) Lumileds Lighting LLC Company Confidential
LED Characteristics
Basic Optical Units Human vision Eye Sensitivity Color Vision Colorimetry Color space xy Dom. Wavelength CCT Working Principle of an LED Optical and Electrical Characteristics LED Binning
2
Copyright (c) Lumileds Lighting LLC Lumileds Confidential
LED Characteristics
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Flux (units: lumen, watts)

The amount of light radiated by a light source. source.
Unit: lumen (lm - photometric) photometric) Watts (W - radiometric) radiometric)

4
Luminous Flux Measurement
Baffle sphere v Electrical signal area area detector
Sphere with highly reflective white diffuse coating on inside surface
Photometrically weighted optical detector
Device under test
Defined acceptance angle
LumiLeds test method Test method measures total luminous flux emitted into a defined acceptance angle
5
Intensity (unit: candela (lm/sr), W/sr)

The amount of light radiated by a light source in a given direction. direction.
1 candela = 1 lumen per steradian
6
Luminous Intensity Measurement

d Iv Electrical signal Area detector Photometrically weighted optical detector
2
Area detector d2
Device under test
Test method only accounts for luminous flux in a small portion of optical beam
7
LED Characteristics
8
Radiometry & Photometry

Radiometric light is specified according to its radiant energy and power without regard for the visual effects of radiation. Prefix: Radiant or Radiometric Photometric light is specified as radiation in terms of human visible response according to the CIE standard observer response curve (photopic luminous efficiency function). Prefix: Luminous
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Eye Sensitivity
relative eye sensitivity 1,0
0,8
0,6
V()
0,4 555 nm 0,2
400
500
600
1 W555nm = 683 lm
700 800 wavelength (nm)
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From Watts to Lumens

Wavelength Luminous Conversion Efficiency Factor [lm/W] 400 0.004 0.3 450 0.04 26 500 0.3 221 555 1.0 683 600 0.63 431 650 0.11 73 700 0.004 2.8
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Basics of human vision

Light projected on the retina by the lens Retina contains light sensitive cells rods & cones Rods are more sensitive, no color difference (scotopic vision) Cones have color sensitive pigments red, green & blue (photopic vision)
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LED Characteristics
13
Colorimetry
Basic quantity for colorimetry is the spectrum S() standard observer CIE 1931 :color matching functions
X, Y and Z are called the tristimulus values Y represents brightness (nit, lumen, ... ) Many different spectra can yield the same color for the human eye (metamerism) there is no way back from XYZ to spectrum
color matching value color matching value
X = 683. S( ).x( ).d Y = 683. S( ).y( ).d Z = 683. S( ).z( ).d

380 380 780 380 780
780
1.8 1.6 1.4 1.2
1.8 2 1.6 1.4 1.2

1
CIE x-ba r CIE x-bar CIE x-ba y-ba r r CIE y-bar CIE y-ba z -ba r
CIE z-bar
1.5
z -ba r
0.8 0.6
0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2

0 400 0 300 300
0.4 0.5 0.2
400
500 400
500 600 600 wa ve le ngth (nm ) 500 600
700 700
700
800 800
800
wavelength (nm) 14
Colorimetry
xyxy-diagram CIE1931 uvuv-diagram CIE1976
x=
X X+Y+Z
y=
Y X+Y+Z
u' =
4x 2x + 12y + 3
v' =
9y 2x + 12y + 3
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Peak or Dominant Wavelength

0.9
520
Dominant Wavelength
540
0.8 0.7 0.6

500
Relative Intensity
(x, y) Coordinate
560
1.0 0.9 0.8 0.7 0.6
CYAN BLUE GREEN RED AMBER
ROYAL BLUE
580
0.5 b 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.1 0 0

480
a
600 620
CIE Illuminant E
a Color Purity = b
640
0.5 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.1 0.0 400
450
500
550
600
650
700
Wavelength (nm)
460
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4 x coordinates
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
Color purity = a / b Dominant wavelength (Illuminant E)

16
Peakwavelength = highest radiometric energy

Visual perception of white light

The color impression of light is characterized by: Color temperature (Tc) Color rendition (Ri) Reflection properties of material being illuminated
17
Blackbody radiators
18
Color Coordinates of Blackbody (Planckian) Radiators

0.9
520
0.8
540
Tc = 5500K
560 12V Halogen Bulb 3000K Household Incandescent 2800K M.P. Tungsten 3700K 580 12V Instrument Cluster Bulb 2500K M.P. Copper 1360K M.P. Iron Warm-white 1810K Fluorescent 3000K 600 "Red-hot" Poker (1000K = 1340F) 620 640
0.7
0.6 y coordinates
500
0.5
0.4
NTSC White 6500K Blue Dwarf Star 20K-50K
Cool-white Fluorescent 5400K
0.3
0.2
480
CIE Illuminant E
Tc = 2200K
0.1
460
0 0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4 x coordinates
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
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Color Temperature in CIE1931 Diagram

0.9
520
0.8 0.7
540
560
0.6
500
3333K 3077K 2857K 2500K 2000K 580 1667K
0.5
8000K 10,000K
5714K 6667K
5000K 4444K 4000K 3636K
0.4 0.3 0.2 0.1 0 0
20,000K 50,000K
600 620 640 CIE Illuminant E
480
Planckian Locus
460
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4 x coordinates
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
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Color Rendering Index
Sunlight Has a CRI of 100. When objects are illuminated with sunlight, all the colors look good.
Low Pressure Sodium has a CRI less than 0. Objects illuminated by it all look brown.
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Color Rendering Calculation

Light Grayish Red Light Bluish Green
400
500
600700
400
500
600700
Dark Grayish Yellow
Light Blue
Spectra of 8 defined samples are combined with the spectrum of the source (e.g. White LED) The shift of the color point of every sample is calculated: R1 to R8 The average Ra shift is then calculated: Ra = 1/8 (R1 + R2 +...+ R8)
400
500
600700
400
500
600700
Strong Yellow Green
Light Violet
400
500
600700
400
500
600700
Moderate Yellowish Green
Light Reddish Purple
400
500
600700
400
500
600700
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Wavelength [nm]
Color Rendering Index (Ra)

Ra = 90 - 100 Excellent color rendering properties Ra = 80 - 90 Good color rendering properties Ra = 60 - 80 Moderate color rendering properties Ra < 60 Poor color rendering properties
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LED Characteristics
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Working Principle of an LED

Electrical Model
Iforward
Anode
(Electrons)
Vforward
Cathode
visible
(Photons)
Same principle for all colors PN-Junction (AlInGaP & InGaN) Power dissipation:1-5 Watt Package Extraction Efficiency: >95% Maximum Ratings Tjunction-max = 120 C / 135C Iforward-max = Product dependent
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InGaN vs AlInGaP LED Technology

InGaN
LED Junction InGaN Light Silver reflector Sapphire
LED Junction p-Al0.5In0.5P (UCL) (AlxGa1-x)0.5In0.5P Active Layer n-Al0.5In0.5P (LCL) VPE GaP Window ( ~ 50 m)
AlInGaP
AuZn Contact Pad
GaP Substrate ( ~ 200 m)
Wire bond
Silicon submount
Anode
3.4 V at 350 mA Blue
Anode
3.0 V at 350 mA Red/Amber
7 V at -100 uA
20V at -100 mA
Cathode
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Cathode
Luxeon Slug Electrical Potential

LED Chip Plastic Lens Body Cathode Lead
Slug AlInGaP Die in 1W Batwing Package
Anode Lead
Slug
slug
+ OR InGaN Die in all Luxeon Packages

Slug
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Slug + AlInGaP Die in 1W Lambertian & Side Emitter Package
LED Characteristics
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Light Output Characteristics

Flux with Current Tjunction = 25oC
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Light Output vs Junction Temp
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Forward Current Characteristics
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Wavelength Characteristics
1.0 0.9 0.8 0.7 0.6
CYAN BLUE GREEN RED AMBER
Relative Intensity
ROYAL BLUE
0.5 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.1 0.0 400
450
500
550
600
650
700
Wavelength (nm)
Dominant Wavelength: RED=629nm AMBER=590nm GREEN=530nm CYAN=505nm BLUE=470nm ROYAL BLUE=455nm

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Spectral Halfwidth: RED=19nm AMBER=19nm GREEN=35nm CYAN=30nm BLUE=25nm ROYAL BLUE=20nm
LED Characteristics
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Luxeon Binning Example: Green

Number of Parts Produced Number of Parts Produced
Batch to Batch Variations
Flux bins Bin Limits [lm]
Voltage bins F Bin Width [V]
13.9 18.1 23.5 30.6 Number of Parts Produced 1.3 1.3
Bin Limits [V] 2.79 3.03 3.27 3.51 0.24 0.24 0.24
Ratio Upper/Lower 1.3 Bining =
Subdividing large quantities into manageable quantities
Color bins
Bin Limits[nm] 525 530 535 540

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Bin Width [nm]
5.0
5.0
5.0
Luxeon Binning
Lumileds LEDs are 100% electrically and optically tested Each unit is binned for
Luminous Flux, Forward Voltage Dominant Wavelength or Correlated Color Temperature
All binning is done at

nominal current Junction Temperature of 25C (Flash mode)
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LED Parameter vs.Temperature

As temperature rises: Light Output decreases Wavelength gets longer (towards red), except for White Forward Voltage decreases
2 Relative Intensity
400 350 Forward Current (mA)

Royal Blue, Blue, Cyan, Green, White (InGaN) Red, Reddish Orange, Amber(AlInGaP)
Tamb = -20C
Amber
300 250 200 150 100 50
+25C +85C
Vf -2mV / C
0 570
36
580
590
peak 610 600
0
620 630
Wavelength [nm]
0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 Forward Voltage (V)
Dominant vs. Temperature

D (nm/C) T
As LEDs get hotter, colors shift to longer wavelengths.

NOTE: This number is different for peak
Example: What is the color shift of an amber LED whose Tj is 40C? What will D be at Tj 40 C? D1 = 590 nm (@T1= 25 C) D2 = ? nm (@T2= 40 C) D T (D2-D1) (T2-T1)
Color Amber Red Blue Green Cyan

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K (nm/C) .09 .03 .04 .04 .04
D = (.09 nm/ C)* (T2-T1) = (.09 nm/ C)*(40 -25 C) = 1.35 nm Therefore, D2 = 591.35 nm
LED Characteristics
Erik Swennen & Patrick van der Meulen
38
Copyright (c) Lumileds Lighting LLC Company Confidential
= .09 nm/ C

LED Characteristics: - Eye Sensitivity - Color Vision - Color Space Xy - Dom. Wavelength CCT

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LED Characteristics: - Eye Sensitivity - Color Vision - Color Space Xy - Dom. Wavelength CCT

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LED Characteristics

Erik Swennen & Patrick van der Meulen

Copyright (c) Lumileds Lighting LLC Company Confidential

Flux (units: lumen, watts)

Unit: lumen (lm - photometric) photometric) Watts (W - radiometric) radiometric)

Luminous Flux Measurement

Baffle sphere v Electrical signal area area detector

Sphere with highly reflective white diffuse coating on inside surface

Photometrically weighted optical detector

Device under test

Defined acceptance angle

Intensity (unit: candela (lm/sr), W/sr)

1 candela = 1 lumen per steradian

Luminous Intensity Measurement

Device under test

Radiometry & Photometry

0,4 555 nm 0,2

700 800 wavelength (nm)

From Watts to Lumens

Basics of human vision

color matching value color matching value

X = 683. S( ).x( ).d Y = 683. S( ).y( ).d Z = 683. S( ).z( ).d

1.8 1.6 1.4 1.2

1.8 2 1.6 1.4 1.2

0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2

0.4 0.5 0.2

500 600 600 wa ve le ngth (nm ) 500 600

Peak or Dominant Wavelength

0.8 0.7 0.6

1.0 0.9 0.8 0.7 0.6

CYAN BLUE GREEN RED AMBER

0.5 b 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.1 0 0

0.5 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.1 0.0 400

Color purity = a / b Dominant wavelength (Illuminant E)

Peakwavelength = highest radiometric energy

Visual perception of white light

Color Coordinates of Blackbody (Planckian) Radiators

NTSC White 6500K Blue Dwarf Star 20K-50K

Cool-white Fluorescent 5400K

Color Temperature in CIE1931 Diagram

3333K 3077K 2857K 2500K 2000K 580 1667K

5000K 4444K 4000K 3636K

0.4 0.3 0.2 0.1 0 0

600 620 640 CIE Illuminant E

Color Rendering Index

Color Rendering Calculation

Dark Grayish Yellow

Strong Yellow Green

Moderate Yellowish Green

Light Reddish Purple

Copyright (c) Lumileds Lighting LLC Lumileds Confidential

Color Rendering Index (Ra)

Working Principle of an LED

InGaN vs AlInGaP LED Technology

GaP Substrate ( ~ 200 m)

Luxeon Slug Electrical Potential

Slug AlInGaP Die in 1W Batwing Package

+ OR InGaN Die in all Luxeon Packages

Slug + AlInGaP Die in 1W Lambertian & Side Emitter Package

Light Output Characteristics

Light Output vs Junction Temp

Forward Current Characteristics

0.5 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.1 0.0 400