PROBLEM 1.

38
KNOWN: Initial temperature of water and tank volume. Power dissipation, emissivity, length and diameter of submerged heaters. Expressions for convection coefficient associated with natural convection in water and air. FIND: (a) Time to raise temperature of water to prescribed value, (b) Heater temperature shortly after activation and at conclusion of process, (c) Heater temperature if activated in air. SCHEMATIC:

ASSUMPTIONS: (1) Negligible heat loss from tank to surroundings, (2) Water is well-mixed (at a uniform, but time varying temperature) during heating, (3) Negligible changes in thermal energy storage for heaters, (4) Constant properties, (5) Surroundings afforded by tank wall are large relative to heaters. ANALYSIS: (a) Application of conservation of energy to a closed system (the water) at an instant, Equation (1.11c), with  = dU /dt, E  = 3q , E  = 0, and E  = 0, E st t in 1 out g
yields dU t dT = 3q1 and c =3q1 dt dt

Hence,

dt = ( c/3q1 )

Ti

Tf

dT

t=

990 kg/m3 10gal 3.79 103 m3 / gal 4180J/kg K 3 500 W

( 335 295 ) K = 4180 s

<

(b) From Equation (1.3a), the heat rate by convection from each heater is = Ah ( Ts T ) = ( DL ) 370 ( Ts T ) q1 = Aq1
4/3

q1 Hence, Ts = T + 370 DL

3/ 4

500 W =T+ 2 4/3 370 W/m K 0.025 m 0.250 m

3/ 4

= ( T + 24 ) K

With water temperatures of Ti 295 K and Tf = 335 K shortly after the start of heating and at the end of heating, respectively, Ts,i = 319 K and Ts,f = 359 K (c) From Equation (1.10), the heat rate in air is 4/3 4 q1 = DL 0.70 ( Ts T ) + Ts4 Tsur Substituting the prescribed values of q1, D, L, T = Tsur and , an iterative solution yields

<

Ts = 830 K

<

COMMENTS: In part (c) it is presumed that the heater can be operated at Ts = 830 K without experiencing burnout. The much larger value of Ts for air is due to the smaller convection coefficient. However, with qconv and qrad equal to 59 W and 441 W, respectively, a significant portion of the heat dissipation is effected by radiation.
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