Rosa Martinelli

03/22/09
Chap 31

Disaster and Détente: The Cold War, Vietnam, and the Third World
1961-1989

 John F. Kennedy
-Catholic, youngest elected pres.
-Naval hero from WWII
elected for pres. in I 960, Democrat
-shot by Lee Harvey Oswald —* LBJ succeeded.
believed in the concept of nation building
-Alliance of Progress — to encourage economic development in L.
America
-Created Peace Corps — sent American teachers, agricultural specialists,
and health
workers to assist authorities in developing nations.
-counterinsurgency — US military trained native troops/police to put
down rebels.
 The 1961 Berlin Crisis
-Us wanted Soviets to stop testing nuclear weapons —÷ SU refused
○ Berlin Wall — West Berlin merged, built a wall -+ SU wanted US to
leave W. Berlin
 The Bay of Pigs Invasion
-Soviets help Castro —* US planned to help Cubans overthrow Castro
○ Troops landed on Bay aof Pigs —* surrounded by Castro supporters —>
troops captured
 Operation Mongoose
-disrupt Cubans trade, support raids on Cuba from Miami, kill Castro, SU
and Cuba knew about the attacks.
 Cuban missile crisis
-Khrushchev wanted to put missiles in Cuba — closer to US, prevent
attacks, and force Kennedy to leave W. Berlin
○ a U-2 plane found missile site —> Kennedy announce on TV that the
US would put a naval quarantine on Cuba —+ Khrushchev wanted the
missiles in Turkey removed and they’ll withdraw theirs.
 The Pentagon Papers
-researched by Daniel Ellsberg
-recorded progress in Vietnam
went public —* showed Nixon lied and got the US deeper in the war.
 New Politics of Identity
○ African American Cultural Nationalism
 AA looked to culture change rather than political or social
changes.
• opposed equality — it was giving up traditional gender
roles.
 long hair, afros, dread locks.
 celebrate Kwanzaa
○ Mexican American Activism
○ 1 . Mostly in the SW US or California
• poor, paid less, no education, discriminated
• Cesar Chavez led UFW to strike against lower wages—*
they won.
○ Chicano Movement
 I . Federal Alliance of Grants — fought to fight for the return of
the land lost
• during the Mexican-American War.
• created by Reies Tijerina
 El Pia,, Espiritual de Aztlan
• a manifest by the brown people declaring their
independent nation.
• wanted to take out the hyphen in Mexican-American
○ called themselves chicanos/as
 Native American Activism
○ 1 . Activists tried to take back Alcatraz
 Red Power
 Indian Self-Determination and Education Assistance Act — Gov.
returned
○ millions of acres of land to tribal ownership.
○ Affirmative Action
 1 . Johnson believed that the gov. must help individuals attain the skills
necessary
• to compete in American Society to a new concept.
• Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC) —
oversees discrimination in the workplace.
• Philadelphia Plan — required businesses contracting with
the fed. gov. to show “affirmative action to meet the goals
of increasing minority employment” and set goals for
employers.
 The Women’s Movement and Gay Liberation
○ -Feminist Mystique written by Betty Friedan
 + blamed the role of women and the society that created it for
failing to adapt to women’s proper role.
○ Liberal and Radical Feminism
 1 . National Organization for Women — goal was to pressure the
EEOC toenforce the 1 964 Civil Rights Act
• mostly educated professional women
• Accomplishments ofthe Women’s Movement
 I .Equal Rights Amendment — equality of rights under the law shall not be
 denied or abridge by the US or by any state on account of sex.
 2. Title IX of the Higher Education Act — prevented federal funds form
going toany college or university that discriminated against women.
• more women sports
 • Roe v. Wade (1973) — ruled that privacy rights protected
a woman’s choice to end a pregnancy.
○ Opposition to the Women’s Movement
 Phyllis Schiafly — STOP ERA
 Gay Liberation
○ 1 . Stonewall Inn — NYC homosexuals gathered and stood up to the
police
• illegal for more than three homos to occupy a bar
• “Gay Power”
 The End of Vietnam
○ Tonkin Gulf Incident and Tonkin Gulf Resolution
 1 . Offthe coast ofN. Vietnam, US destroyers were under attack
from North Vietnamese patrol boats.
• Johnson ordered air strikes on certain N. Vietnamese
patrol boats and oil depot.
• Tonkin GuifResolution — gave president the authority to
take all necessary measures to repel any armed attack
against the forces of the US to and to prevent further
aggression.
• After the deaths of 32 Americans in South Vietnam —>
Johnson called for Operation Rolling Thunder — a bombing
program.
• northerners would not back down — they hid in shelters
• Johnson called for a troop increase reaching 536,100.
○ 3 . Tet Offensive — attack on Vietnam in 1 968 on the first day of the
Vietnamese Year (Tet)
 N. Vietnam attacked and captured S. Vietnam
○ NV took the capital Saigon, the Presidential Palace, and ARVN
headquarters.
 Invasion of Cambodia
○ 1 . Nixon’s policy (Vietnamization) — building up South Vietnamese
forces to replace US forces more troops went home
 The draft was in a lottery system
 Nixon bombed Cambodia b/c ofenemies’ supplies depots
• Cambodia was neutral
• US bombed them fOr I 4 months
 B . Protests and Counter-Demonstrations
 1 . Kent State University, Ohio protested vhen US entered
Cambodia — 4 killed
 2. Tonkin GuifResolution of 1964 - US troops withdrew from
Cambodia
 Morale Problems in Military
 1 . Troops weren’t discipline — drug addiction, desertion, racial
discord, and murder ofunpopular officers by enlisted men
(fragging)
 2. My Lai Massacre — 300 unarmed South Vietnamese civilians
were murdered.
• Lieutenant William Calley was charged
  Cease-Fire Agreement
○ 1 . After an apparent peace agreement collapsed —* US launched a
massive

irstrike on the North called the Christmas bombing.

 2. Kissinger and Le Due Tho signed a cease-fire agreement.

• US had to withdraw their troops w/in 60 days Jews started
to settle in
 Palestine Liberation Organization — with terrorist made hit and
run raids on Jewish settlements, hijacking jetliners, and
murdering Israeli athletes at the
 Olympic Games — Israelis retaliated by murdering PLO officials.
• Egypt and Syria attacked Jews on Yorn Kippur.
• US supported Israel
 3 . (OPEC) Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries, mostly Arab
nations, joined together to raise prices of oil, embargoed shipments to the
US and others that supported Israel.
○ Kissinger arranged a ceasefire — embargo lifted.
 Antiradicalism in Latin America and Africa
○ 1 . Salvador Allende — elected pres. in Chile in 1970
• a Marxist —* US interfered — Allende was murdered
• Gen. Augusto Pinochet, authoritarian regime, took over.
 Nixon backed the white minority regime in Africa.
• built economic ties —* sent arms
 Presidential Politics and the Crisis of Leadership
○ Nixon’s Domestic Agenda
 1 . Supported environmeiital legislation.
• created OSHA — Occupational Safety and Hazardous
Administration
• Wanted to give states and locals more power but still very
conservative beliefs.
 Enemies and Dirty Tricks
○ I . CREEP — caught breaking in the Watergate building
• Nixon still defeated McGovern
• Plumbers — a secret group created by Nixon
• assigned to break in a psychiatrist office and look for
material to discredit Ellsberg.
• also accused Democrat candidates of sexual misconduct
during the 1972 pres. elections
○ caught in Watergate
○ Watergate Cover-up and Investigation
 1 . Nixon covered up their connection to the break-ins
• had the CIA stop the FBI’s investigation
• was asked for recordings in the Oval Office
 Impeachment and Resignation
○ 1 . Spiro Agnew resigned for charges of bribery
• Nixon appointed Ford, House Minority Leader, as VP.
  House impeached him
 Nixon gave out edited tapes > S. Court asked for all tapes —*
Nixon resigned.
 Gerald Ford’s Presidency
○ 1 . Pardoned Nixon
○ 2. vetoed a lot of bills.
 Jimmy Carter as “Outsider” President
○ 1 . Promised to never lie to America
• shortage in gas —f cold winter of 1977
• but created the Department ofEnergy and Education.
• est. $ 1 6 billion to clean up abandoned chemical waste
sites.
 Economic Crisis
○ Stagflation and Its Causes
○ 1 . A stagnant economy characterized by high unemployment
combined with out- of-control inflation.
○ 2. America began its trade deficit.
 Attempts to Fix the Economy
○ 1 . Nixon ended dollar links to gold standard
○ 2. Ford’s WIN (Whip Inflation Now) to encourage grassroots anti-
inflation efforts
• he asked the Federal Reserve Board to tighten credit —k
worst recession
 Impacts of the Economic Crisis
 1 . “deindustrialization” —÷ laying off workers in companies and
factories
• but newjobs created in service sectors
• ppl moved to the Sunbelt and the west where newjobs
were at.
 big cities almost fell.
 Tax Revolts
○ 1 . in the west — taxpayers blamed it on the corrupted gov.
 Credit and Investments
○ 1 . Consumers were in high debt b/c of deficit spending.
○ 2 Ppl were investing more than saving.
 An Era of Cultural Transformation
 Environmentalism
○ I . Oil spills, polluted rivers —* fires.
• damaged health for workers
 Celebrate Earth Day on April 22, 1970
 Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) produced major
environmental regulations and initiatives.
 Technology
○ I . Neil Armstrong stepped on the moon in ‘69.
○ 2. Tech caused pollution, unemployment, crime, urban decay, etc.
 Religion and the Therapeutic Culture
○ 1 . Evangelicals and fundamentalist Christian churches grew.
○ 2. New Age — Zen Buddhism, yoga, shamanism
 ○ 3. Ppl were self-centered.
 Sexuality and the Family
○ I . sex was more publicly accepted.
• b/c ofTV > showed more skin, gays, talk about sex. Etc.
 Diversity
○ 1 . Bakke v. Board of Regents (U of Calif.)
• a white man with a strong academic record was denied
admission to the medical school —* Bakke sued said they
denied equal protection — S Court ruled in favor of Bakke.
• idea of diversity in education

○ Renewed Cold War and Middle East Crisis

 Carter’s Divided Administration
○ 1 . Zbignew Brzezinski vs. Cyrus Vance
• Brzezinski, Polish political scientist, Carter’s national
security adviser
• Cyrus Vance — Carter’s Sec of State
○ Carter listened to Brzezinski more than Vance
○ pp1 thought Carter was too relaxed w/ Soviets.
 2. Panama Canal Treaties of 1977 — Panama would control Canal Zone in
2000
• also the US had the right to defend it.
 Camp David Accords
○ 1 . First mediated peace treaty b/w Israel and Arab nation
• Israel had to withdraw from Sinai Peninsula.
• March 26, 1978
 Soviet Invasion of Afghanistan in 1979
○ 1 . Invaded for its strategic position —÷ Carter suspended grain and
high tech.
equipment to the Soviets —* Carter also armed the Pakistanis.
○ 2. Carter Doctrine — the US would intervene, unilaterally and militarily
if the Soviet aggressions threaten the petroleum-rich Persian Gulf.
 Iranian Hostage Crisis
○ 1 . US supported the shah —* Iranians didn’t like him b/c he resented
traditional ways —* anti-American race riots —> shah went to exile —
went to US for medical Reasons —* mob attacked Americans in the
embassy —÷ captured and beaten --‘ kidnappers videotaped
○ 2. Carter broke diplomatic relations with Iran — Iranian rescue mission
—÷ failed but later rescued.
 Rise of Saddam Hussein
○ I . Hussein — Ba’athist Party leader
• pres. oflraq in 79
• threatened the Teheran Gov.

Five pictures
Pg 884 picture of Egypt’s Anwar el sadate talking to jimmy carter at the camp David
accords. The peace has been held to this day despite conflict in the rest of the
Middle East.
Pg 885- picture of propaganda. An Iranian in pictured reading a newspaper not long
before mobs in Teheran stormed the American embassy and took more that fifty
Americans hostage. Behind him posters mock the president
Pg 881- Picture of the celebrants of the first earth day. They gathered in an urban
park. More than 20 million Americans participated in teach ins celebrations and
posttests to draw attention to environmental issues.
Ph 879 Map of the united states. Throughout the 19702 Americans continued to
leave the economically declining areas on eh North and east in pursuit of happiness
and opportunity in the Sun Belt.
Pg 876 Picture of Nixon. Resigning in disgrace as impeachment for his role in the
Watergate cover up because a certainty Richard Nixon flashes the V for victory sign
as he leave the white house for the last time