Characteristics of Selected Elements

Element

Symbol

Atomic
Number

Aluminum
Argon
Barium
Beryllium
Boron
Bromine
Cadmium
Calcium
Carbon
Cesium
Chlorine
Chromium
Cobalt
Copper
Fluorine
Gallium
Germanium
Gold
Helium
Hydrogen
Iodine
Iron
Lead
Lithium
Magnesium
Manganese
Mercury
Molybdenum
Neon
Nickel
Niobium
Nitrogen
Oxygen
Phosphorus
Platinum
Potassium
Silicon
Silver
Sodium
Sulfur
Tin
Titanium
Tungsten
Vanadium
Zinc
Zirconium

Al
Ar
Ba
Be
B
Br
Cd
Ca
C
Cs
Cl
Cr
Co
Cu
F
Ga
Ge
Au
He
H
I
Fe
Pb
Li
Mg
Mn
Hg
Mo
Ne
Ni
Nb
N
O
P
Pt
K
Si
Ag
Na
S
Sn
Ti
W
V
Zn
Zr

13
18
56
4
5
35
48
20
6
55
17
24
27
29
9
31
32
79
2
1
53
26
82
3
12
25
80
42
10
28
41
7
8
15
78
19
14
47
11
16
50
22
74
23
30
40

Atomic
Weight
(amu)

Density of
Solid, 208C
(g/cm3)

Crystal
Structure,
208C

Atomic
Radius
(nm)

Ionic
Radius
(nm)

Most
Common
Valence

Melting
Point
(8C)

26.98
39.95
137.33
9.012
10.81
79.90
112.41
40.08
12.011
132.91
35.45
52.00
58.93
63.55
19.00
69.72
72.64
196.97
4.003
1.008
126.91
55.85
207.2
6.94
24.31
54.94
200.59
95.94
20.18
58.69
92.91
14.007
16.00
30.97
195.08
39.10
28.09
107.87
22.99
32.06
118.71
47.87
183.84
50.94
65.41
91.22

2.71

3.5
1.85
2.34

8.65
1.55
2.25
1.87

7.19
8.9
8.94

5.90
5.32
19.32

4.93
7.87
11.35
0.534
1.74
7.44

10.22

8.90
8.57

1.82
21.45
0.862
2.33
10.49
0.971
2.07
7.27
4.51
19.3
6.1
7.13
6.51

FCC

BCC
HCP
Rhomb.

HCP
FCC
Hex.
BCC

BCC
HCP
FCC

Ortho.
Dia. cubic
FCC

Ortho.
BCC
FCC
BCC
HCP
Cubic

BCC

FCC
BCC

Ortho.
FCC
BCC
Dia. cubic
FCC
BCC
Ortho.
Tetra.
HCP
BCC
BCC
HCP
HCP

0.143

0.217
0.114

0.149
0.197
0.071
0.265

0.125
0.125
0.128

0.122
0.122
0.144

0.136
0.124
0.175
0.152
0.160
0.112

0.136

0.125
0.143

0.109
0.139
0.231
0.118
0.144
0.186
0.106
0.151
0.145
0.137
0.132
0.133
0.159

0.053

0.136
0.035
0.023
0.196
0.095
0.100
,0.016
0.170
0.181
0.063
0.072
0.096
0.133
0.062
0.053
0.137

0.154
0.220
0.077
0.120
0.068
0.072
0.067
0.110
0.070

0.069
0.069
0.010.02
0.140
0.035
0.080
0.138
0.040
0.126
0.102
0.184
0.071
0.068
0.070
0.059
0.074
0.079

31
Inert
21
21
31
12
21
21
41
11
12
31
21
11
12
31
41
11
Inert
11
12
21
21
11
21
21
21
41
Inert
21
51
51
22
51
21
11
41
11
11
22
41
41
41
51
21
41

660.4
2189.2
725
1278
2300
27.2
321
839
(sublimes at 3367)
28.4
2101
1875
1495
1085
2220
29.8
937
1064
2272 (at 26 atm)
2259
114
1538
327
181
649
1244
238.8
2617
2248.7
1455
2468
2209.9
2218.4
44.1
1772
63
1410
962
98
113
232
1668
3410
1890
420
1852

Values of Selected Physical Constants

Quantity

Symbol

SI Units

cgs Units

Avogadros number

NA

23

Boltzmanns constant

6.022 3 10
molecules/mol
1.38 3 10223 J/atom # K

Bohr magneton
Electron charge
Electron mass
Gas constant
Permeability of a vacuum
Permittivity of a vacuum
Plancks constant

mB
e

R
m0
e0
h

9.27 3 10224 A # m2
1.602 3 10219 C
9.11 3 10231 kg
8.31 J/mol # K
1.257 3 1026 henry/m
8.85 3 10212 farad/m
6.63 3 10234 J # s

Velocity of light in a vacuum

3 3 108 m/s

6.022 3 1023
molecules/mol
1.38 3 10216 erg/atom # K
8.62 3 1025 eV/atom # K
9.27 3 10221 erg/gaussa
4.8 3 10210 statcoulb
9.11 3 10228 g
1.987 cal/mol # K
unitya
unityb
6.63 3 10227 erg # s
4.13 3 10215 eV # s
3 3 1010 cm/s

a
b

In cgs-emu units.
In cgs-esu units.

Unit Abbreviations
A 5 ampere

in. 5
J5
K5
kg 5
lbf 5
lbm 5
m5
Mg 5
mm 5
mol 5
MPa 5

5 angstrom
Btu 5 British thermal unit
C 5 Coulomb
C 5 degrees Celsius
cal 5 calorie (gram)
cm 5 centimeter
eV 5 electron volt
F 5 degrees Fahrenheit
ft 5 foot
g 5 gram

inch
joule
degrees Kelvin
kilogram
pound force
pound mass
meter
megagram
millimeter
mole
megapascal

N
nm
P
Pa
s
T
mm

newton
nanometer
poise
Pascal
second
temperature
micrometer
(micron)
W 5 watt
psi 5 pounds per square
inch

SI Multiple and Submultiple Prefixes

Factor by Which
Multiplied

Prefix

Symbol

109
106
103
1022
1023
1026
1029
10212

giga
mega
kilo
centia
milli
micro
nano
pico

G
M
k
c
m
m
n
p

Avoided when possible.

5
5
5
5
5
5
5

Power
1 W 5 0.239 cal/s
1 W 5 3.414 Btu/h
1 cal/s 5 14.29 Btu/h

1 cal/s 5 4.184 W
1 Btu/h 5 0.293 W
1 Btu/h 5 0.070 cal/s
Viscosity

1 Pa-s 5 10 P

1 P 5 0.1 Pa-s

Temperature, T
T(K) 5 273 1 T(8C)
T(8C) 5 T(K) 2 273
T(K) 5 95 [T(8F) 2 32] 1 273
T(8F) 5 95 [T(K) 2 273] 1 32
5
T(8C) 5 9 [T(8F) 2 32]
T(8F) 5 95 [T(8C)] 1 32
Specific Heat
1 J/kg # K 5 2.39 3 1024 cal/g # K
1 cal/g # 8C 5 4184 J/kg # K
24
#
#
1 J/kg K 5 2.39 3 10 Btu/lbm 8F
1 Btu/lbm # 8F 5 4184 J/kg # K
#
#
1 cal/g 8C 5 1.0 Btu/lbm 8F
1 Btu/lbm # 8F 5 1.0 cal/g # K
Thermal Conductivity
1 W/m # K 5 2.39 3 1023 cal/cm # s # K
1 cal/cm # s # K 5 418.4 W/m # K
1 W/m # K 5 0.578 Btu/ft # h # 8F
1 Btu/ft # h # 8F 5 1.730 W/m # K
1 cal/cm # s # K 5 241.8 Btu/ft # h # 8F
1 Btu/ft # h # 8F 5 4.136 3 1023 cal/cm # s # K

Periodic Table of the Elements

Metal
IA

Key

29

Atomic number

Cu

Symbol

1.0080
3

IIA

63.55

Li

Be

6.941
11

9.0122
12

0
Nonmetal

He

Atomic weight
Intermediate

VIII

IIIA

IVA

VA

VIA

VIIA

4.0026
10

Ne

10.811
13

12.011
14

14.007
15

15.999
16

18.998
17

20.180
18

Na

Mg

22.990
19

24.305
20

IIIB

IVB

VB

VIB

21

22

23

24

25

26

27

28

29

30

Ca

Sc

Ti

Cr

Mn

Fe

Co

Ni

Cu

Zn

Ga

Ge

As

Se

Br

Kr

39.098

40.08

44.956

47.87

50.942

51.996

54.938

55.845

58.933

58.69

63.55

65.41

69.72

72.64

74.922

78.96

79.904

83.80

VIIB

IB

IIB

Al

Si

Cl

Ar

26.982
31

28.086
32

30.974
33

32.064
34

35.453
35

39.948
36

37

38

39

40

41

42

43

44

45

46

47

48

49

50

51

52

53

54

Rb

Sr

Zr

Nb

Mo

Tc

Ru

Rh

Pd

Ag

Cd

In

Sn

Sb

Te

Xe

85.47
55

87.62
56

88.91

91.22
72

92.91
73

95.94
74

(98)
75

101.07
76

102.91
77

106.4
78

107.87
79

112.41
80

114.82
81

118.71
82

121.76
83

127.60
84

126.90
85

131.30
86

Cs

Ba

132.91
87

137.33
88

Fr

Ra

(223)

(226)

Rare
earth
series
Actinide
series

Rare earth series

Actinide series

Hf

Ta

Re

Os

Ir

Pt

Au

Hg

Tl

Pb

Bi

Po

At

Rn

178.49
104

180.95
105

183.84
106

186.2
107

190.23
108

192.2
109

195.08
110

196.97

200.59

204.38

207.19

208.98

(209)

(210)

(222)

Rf

Db

Sg

Bh

Hs

Mt

Ds

(261)

(262)

(266)

(264)

(277)

(268)

(281)

57

58

59

60

61

62

63

64

65

66

67

68

69

70

71

La

Ce

Pr

Nd

Pm

Sm

Eu

Gd

Tb

Dy

Ho

Er

Tm

Yb

Lu

138.91

140.12

140.91

144.24

(145)

150.35

151.96

157.25

158.92

162.50

164.93

167.26

168.93

173.04

174.97

89

90

91

92

93

94

95

96

97

98

99

100

101

102

103

Ac

Th

Pa

Np

Pu

Am

Cm

Bk

Cf

Es

Fm

Md

No

Lr

(227)

232.04

231.04

238.03

(237)

(244)

(243)

(247)

(247)

(251)

(252)

(257)

(258)

(259)

(262)

Unit Conversion Factors

1 m 5 1010
1 m 5 109 nm
1 m 5 106 mm
1 m 5 103 mm
1 m 5 102 cm
1 mm 5 0.0394 in.
1 cm 5 0.394 in.
1 m 5 3.28 ft
1 m2 5 104 cm2
1 mm2 5 1022 cm2
1 m2 5 10.76 ft2
1 cm2 5 0.1550 in.2
1 m3 5 106 cm3
1 mm3 5 1023 cm3
1 m3 5 35.32 ft3
1 cm3 5 0.0610 in.3

Length

Area

Volume

Mass
1 Mg 5 103 kg
1 kg 5 103 g
1 kg 5 2.205 lbm
1 g 5 2.205 3 1023 lbm
1 kg/m3 5 1023 g/cm3
1 Mg/m3 5 1 g/cm3
1 kg/m3 5 0.0624 lbm/ft3
1 g/cm3 5 62.4 lbm/ft3
1 g/cm3 5 0.0361 lbm/in.3
1 N 5 105 dynes
1 N 5 0.2248 lbf

Density

1 5 10210 m
1 nm 5 1029 m
1 mm 5 1026 m
1 mm 5 1023 m
1 cm 5 1022 m
1 in. 5 25.4 mm
1 in. 5 2.54 cm
1 ft 5 0.3048 m
1 cm2 5 1024 m2
1 cm2 5 102 mm2
1 ft2 5 0.093 m2
1 in.2 5 6.452 cm2
1 cm3 5 1026 m3
1 cm3 5 103 mm3
1 ft3 5 0.0283 m3
1 in.3 5 16.39 cm3
1 kg 5 1023 Mg
1 g 5 1023 kg
1 lbm 5 0.4536 kg
1 lbm 5 453.6 g
1 g/cm3 5 103 kg/m3
1 g/cm3 5 1 Mg/m3
1 lbm/ft3 5 16.02 kg/m3
1 lbm/ft3 5 1.602 3 1022 g/cm3
1 lbm/in.3 5 27.7 g/cm3

Force
1 dyne 5 1025 N
1 lbf 5 4.448 N
Stress
1 psi 5 6.90 3 1023 MPa
1 kg/mm2 5 9.806 MPa
1 dyne/cm2 5 0.10 Pa
1 psi 5 7.03 3 1024 kg/mm2

1 MPa 5 145 psi

1 MPa 5 0.102 kg/mm2
1 Pa 5 10 dynes/cm2
1 kg/mm2 5 1422 psi

Fracture Toughness
1 MPa1m 5 910 psi 1in.
1 psi1in. 5 1.099 3 1023 MPa 1m
1 J 5 107 ergs
1 J 5 6.24 3 1018 eV
1 J 5 0.239 cal
1 J 5 9.48 3 1024 Btu
1 J 5 0.738 ft # lbf
1 eV 5 3.83 3 10220 cal
1 cal 5 3.97 3 1023 Btu

Energy
1 erg 5 1027 J
1 eV 5 1.602 3 10219 J
1 cal 5 4.184 J
1 Btu 5 1054 J
1 ft # lbf 5 1.356 J
1 cal 5 2.61 3 1019 eV
1 Btu 5 252.0 cal