Internet & Mobile Communications

Master 1 - Spring 2011

MI 021 Ho Chi Minh Ville

Anne Fladenmuller Assistant Professor UPMC (France)

Overview of the lecture

Introduction

Wireless LANs

Use-cases, applications Definition of terms Challenges, history frequencies & regulations signals, antennas, signal propagation Link budget multiplexing, modulation, spread spectrum, cellular system motivation, SDMA, FDMA, TDMA (fixed, Aloha, CSMA, DAMA, PRMA, MACA, collision avoidance, polling), CDMA

Basic Technology IEEE 802.11a/b/g, .15, Bluetooth DHCP Mobile IP Ad-hoc networking Routing Reliable transmission Flow control Quality of Service

Wireless PANs

Wireless Transmission

Network Protocols

Media Access

Transport Protocols

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Bibliography

Course mostly based on

the book :

"Mobile Communications", Addison-Wesley de Jochen Schiller

Other reference books :

Data and computer communications , William Stallings Rseaux de mobiles et rseaux sans fil Khaldoun Al Agha, Guy Pujolle, Guillaume Vivier Wi-fi par la pratique, Guy Pujolle, Davor Mals

Several Tutorials :

Vadia Nitin Gwendal Le Grand

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Computers for the next decades?

Computers are more and more integrated

small, cheap, portable, replacable - no more separate devices computer are aware of their environment and adapt (location awareness) computers recognize the location of users and react appropriately (e.g., call forwarding, fax forwarding, context awareness)) more computing power in smaller devices Heterogeneous devices and diverse capacities flat, lightweight displays with low power consumption new user interfaces due to small dimensions more bandwidth per cubic meter multiple wireless interfaces: wireless LANs, wireless PANs, wireless WANs, regional wireless telecommunication networks etc. (overlay Internet & Mobile Communications networks)

Technology is in the background

Advances in technology

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Number of wireless clients in the world

Market of mobile telephony between 1999 and 2003
350 300 250 200 150 100 50 0 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 Year
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North America Europe Asia - Pacific - Japan South America Middle East - Africa total

Wireless telephony worldwide

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Millions of units

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Increase of the number of smartphones

In 2010, 82 % of french, elder than 12, have a mobile phone

16 % have a smartphone 25 % of french customers equipped with a professional phone have a smartphone. 29 % access to the Internet or to their e-mails, (86 % for smartphones owners ). In one year the number of mobile internet users has gone from 4,2 to 7 millions.

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Internet Market

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Internet Market

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Wifi chips

The number of Wifi chips sold in 2008 reached 387 millions of unit for all market areas.
+ 52% for the Wi-Fi telephony market. + 51 % for the printing market. + 23% for the notebook, laptops (144 millions unit). + 33% for the mobile devices market (MID, camera, audio players , video players ) (71 millions unit) Stable for the game market, set-top-boxes, According to the Wi-Fi Alliance and In-Stat, the increase should reach 12% for laptop market.

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Commercial market of WLANs (ABI Research). !

Increasing number of Wi-Fi hotspots in 2006"

Up to 143 700 access points in the world, growth of 47 % compared to 2005." 74 % of Wi-Fi Access Points are in North America and Europe" Forecast : In 2011, the Asia Pacific area should overtake Europe and North America in terms of number of Access Points." In Europe: "

First market for Wi-Fi, with 57 000 Access points. " Growth mostly in commercial areas which set up free Wi-Fi access. Typical example : McDonald's, which has equipped 17 % of its 4000 fastfoods." nearly 40 000 Access Points worldwide. " future : Voice over IP through wireless connections" In 2010, ABI foresees more than 109 000 Wi-Fi AP for this particular market."

Hotel sector : currently the biggest market in the world"

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Promissing commercial benets before the effective use of Wimax technologies."

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Vietnamese Market

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German market research group, GFK predicted in 2008 that around 320,000 laptops ought to be sold in Vietnam for that year, doubling that of 2007 In 2010eEight licensed mobile service providers operate their GSM and/or 3G CDMA mobile networks in Vietnam. The introduction of 3G mobile broadband and new IP-based services to the Vietnamese market during the 2008 and 2009 has given alternative providers new scope and opportunities. Vietnamese fixed-line market has been expanding continuously - from 11.2 million in Q4 2007 to 14.8 million in Q4 2008 followed by 17.4 million by Q4 2009 VinaPhone, MobiFone, Viettel and S-Fone - SPTs joint venture EVN Telecom launched their CDMA mobile phone networks in late 2006. S-Fone launched its 3G CDMA2000 1X network in July 2003. In 2008, Russian operator Vimpelcom formed a joint venture with the Vietnamese government to acquire a 40 per cent stake in a seventh mobile GSM operator named Gtel. The new network operator is allowed to go to market with a whole range of communication services including mobile, fixed-line, broadband, VoIP and WiMax services.
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Vietnamese market

VTC will provide 3G services over the infrastructure of EVN Telecom, which commercially launched its 3G network earlier in June 2010.

The mobile service market in Vietnam is booming and competition is intensifying. Mobile subscriptions increased by 31 per cent from 74.87 million at end-2008 to 98.2 million by end-2009.

Viettel ranks first with a 33.8 per cent market share, followed by Vinaphone with 27.19 per cent and MobiFone with 27.15 per cent.

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Vietnamese Market

Operators view

No standard wireless model though Wifi is praised for its business potentials, telecom firms are hesitating to develop Wifi. Most of them are just testing services After an experimental period, we see space barriers and we are seeking better solutions for these, said Viettels Deputy Director in charge of technology, Hoang Son. S-Fones wireless Internet service for mobile phone is praised for its good quality but the charges are still high. For EVN Telecom, though the service is wireless, users have to use a slow dial-up connection. Security is a problem for wireless Internet services as it is said that hackers can attack computers through Wifi system.

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Some service providers have warned that as wireless services in Vietnam are in a trial period and there is no standard security model users must protect themselves. Internet & Mobile Communications

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Wireless in the world

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Growth of the 3G+

In Europe, forecast for of the growth of 3G+ telephony (CCS Insight).

2009 subscribers incom 22 millions 6 billions of Estimation for2011 43 millions 11 milliards of

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Long Term Evolution

Average annual growth rate (conseil Pyramid Research)

Motorola : + 404 % between 2010 and 2014, Estimation of 136 millions of subscribers by the end of 2014. (growth of UMTS/HSPA subscribers was of 100 millions in 6 years)

Goal: transfert of high speed data with a longer transmission range, higher number of user per cell and lower latency.
USA/ Sweeden/ : An offer is set up for 2010 (Ericsson : HSPA (3G) network with very high speed (84 Mbits/s) over Danemark other major cities in Sweeden before the end of 2010) France : Arcep (Autority dof regulation of communications) : Licences allocated in 2010 and sold in 2011.

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- Sprectrum of 2,6 GHz Band (military) should be freed by 2010 and 2012 - Spectrum of 800 MHz Band (television and army) freed by december 2011
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Internet Market

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Commercial Wifi market (ABI Research). !

Increase of the number of WiFi hotspots"

2008 : Paris noticed an increase of 534% of its public and professionnal Wi-Fi connexion.

"

400free hotspots in Paris" London remain the most connected city with12.276 connexion area in the city In Europe : important increase in commercial centers with setting up of free Wi-Fi. Example : McDonalds (1 sur 2 Paris)" 143 700 access points in the world, +47 % compared to 2005." 74 % of this wi points are in North America and Europe" In 2011, South Pacific should overtake Europe and America in terms of number of access points. " Hotels: First user ofe WiFi in the world. Promissing market since VoIP is progresing. "

In2006 :"

Forecast: "

In 2010, ABI foresee more than 109 000 WiFi AP for this area."

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2013 : forecast of wi market x4 (ABI)"

Promissing market, until LTE/WiMAX is being deployed ?"

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WiMAX (Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access)

WiMAX available in 2 solutions:
fixed WiMAX (within a building) mobile WiMAX (connection of nomad clients). Device maker 10 000 Wimax base station delivered by Motorola

Annual growth rate of 40 % since the delivery of the first WiMAX access points in 2007 802.16m (WiMAX Release 2) is the next generation for this high speed mobile technology.

In the USA

Consortium : Sprint and Clearwire planed an investment of 10 billions of $ WiMAX and similar services are restricted to areas with no or very little high-speed wired connectivity. LTE (long term evolution) seems to be the natural evolution of HSPA
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In Europe

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Introduction
Fixed telephony : stable market
Cellular : growing market Evolution of wired telephony : GSM More services GPRS/EDGE UMTS/ IMT2000 4 G

Internet : Growing market

Wireless ATM IP/IPv6 IEEE 802.11 WDM Bluetooth IP with/without QoS Wimax

The development of wireless interfaces generates a need for integration :

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standardisation of W -LAN/MAN/PAN technologies IEEE 802.11,.15, . 16, Internet: extensions of Mobile IP to the IP protocol Wide area networks Internet & Mobile Communications

Different aspects of mobility

Mobile computing refers to different aspects :

Terminals mobility
Wireless connection between a mobile terminal and an access point or between several mobile terminals Maintain the connection when users are on the move Allow handover and paging

Users mobility

Identify a user whichever terminal or network he uses. User profiles should always be recognised Allow adaptation of the service to the operating environment Allow to pause and restart a session on different environments
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Service mobility

Session mobility

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Mobile Communications

Two aspects of mobility:

user mobility: users communicate (wireless) anytime, anywhere, with anyone device portability: devices can be connected anytime, anywhere to the network

Wireless vs. mobile

Examples

stationary computer notebook in a hotel wireless LANs in historic buildings Personal Digital Assistant (PDA)

The demand for mobile communication creates the need for integration of wireless networks into existing fixed networks:

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local area networks: standardization of IEEE 802.11, ETSI (HIPERLAN) Internet: Mobile IP extension of the internet protocol IP wide area networks: e.g., internetworking of GSM and ISDN
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Applications

Vehicles

transmission of news, road conditions, weather, music via DAB personal communication using GSM position via GPS local ad-hoc network with vehicles close-by to prevent accidents, guidance system, redundancy vehicle data (e.g., from busses, high-speed trains) can be transmitted in advance for maintenance early transmission of patient data to the hospital, current status, first diagnosis replacement of a fixed infrastructure in case of earthquakes, hurricanes, fire etc. crisis, war, ...
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Emergencies

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Typical application: road traffic

UMTS, WLAN, GSM, Wimax ...

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Personal Travel Assistant, DAB, PDA, laptop, GSM, UMTS, WLAN, Bluetooth, ...
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Applications

Traveling salesmen

direct access to customer files stored in a central location consistent databases for all agents mobile office remote sensors, e.g., weather, earth activities flexibility for trade shows LANs in historic buildings outdoor Internet access intelligent travel guide with up-to-date location dependent information ad-hoc networks for multi user games

Replacement of fixed networks

Entertainment, education, ...

t Buil C B 150 t Buil C B 150

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Applications

Location aware services

what services, e.g., printer, fax, phone, server etc. exist in the local environment automatic call-forwarding, transmission of the actual workspace to the current location push: e.g., current special offers in the supermarket pull: e.g., where is the Black Forrest Cherry Cake? caches, intermediate results, state information etc. follow the mobile device through the fixed network who should gain knowledge about the location
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Follow-on services

Information services

Support services

Privacy

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Applications

The ultimate goal : overlay networks

integration of heterogeneous networks Fixed and mobile with different caracteristics area Vertical handover city

campus
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home
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Horizontal handovers

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Mobile devices
Pager receive only tiny displays simple text messages Sensors, embedded controllers PDA simple graphical displays character recognition simplified WWW Laptop fully functional standard applications

Mobile phones voice, data simple text displays

Smartphone keyboard simple versions of standard applications Palmtop tiny keyboard connectivity simple versions of standard applications

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Effects of device portability

Power consumption

limited computing power, low quality displays, small disks due to limited battery capacity higher probability, has to be included in advance into the design (e.g., defects, theft) compromise between size of fingers and portability integration of character/voice recognition, abstract symbols limited value of mass memories with moving parts (flash-memory or ?)

Loss of data

Limited user interfaces

Limited memory

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Wireless in comparison to fixed networks

Higher loss-rates due to interference

emissions of, e.g., engines, lightning frequencies have to be coordinated, useful frequencies are almost all occupied local some Mbit/s, regional currently, e.g., 9.6kbit/s with GSM connection setup time with GSM in the second range, several hundred milliseconds for other wireless systems radio interface accessible for everyone, base station can be simulated, thus attracting calls from mobile phones secure access mechanisms important

Restrictive regulations of frequencies

Low transmission rates

Higher delays, higher jitter

Lower security, simpler active attacking

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Always shared medium

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Early history of wireless communication

Many people in history used light for communication

flags (semaphore), ... 150 BC smoke signals for communication; (Polybius, Greece) 1794, optical telegraph, Claude Chappe

Here electromagnetic waves are of special importance: 1831 Faraday demonstrates electromagnetic induction J. Maxwell (1831-79): theory of electromagnetic Fields, wave equations (1864) H. Hertz (1857-94): demonstrates with an experiment the wave character of electrical transmission through space (1886, in Karlsruhe, Germany, at the location of todays University of Karlsruhe)
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History of wireless communication I

1895 Guglielmo Marconi

first demonstration of wireless telegraphy (digital!) long wave transmission, high transmission power necessary (> 200kw) huge base stations (30 100m high antennas)

1907 Commercial transatlantic connections

1915 Wireless voice transmission New York - San Francisco 1920 Discovery of short waves by Marconi

reflection at the ionosphere smaller sender and receiver, possible due to the invention of the vacuum tube (1906, Lee DeForest and Robert von Lieben) wires parallel to the railroad track
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1926 Train-phone on the line Hamburg - Berlin

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History of wireless communication II

1928 many TV broadcast trials (across Atlantic, color TV, TV news) 1933 Frequency modulation (E. H. Armstrong) 1958 Analog telephony in Germany

analog, 160MHz, connection setup only from the mobile station, no handover, 80% coverage, in 1971: 11000 customers 1972: evolution : analog, 160MHz, connection setup from the fixed network too (but location of the mobile station has to be known) goal: pan-European digital mobile phone system with roaming

1982 Start of GSM-specification

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1983 Start of the American AMPS (Advanced Mobile Phone System, analog) 1984 CT-1 standard (Europe) for cordless telephones
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History of wireless communication III

1991 Specification of DECT

Digital European Cordless Telephone (today: Digital Enhanced Cordless Telecommunications) 1880-1900MHz, ~100-500m range, 120 duplex channels, 1.2Mbit/s data transmission, voice encryption, authentication, up to several 10000 user/km2, used in more than 50 countries Fully digital, 900MHz, 124 channels automatic location, hand-over, cellular roaming in Europe - now worldwide in more than 170 countries services: data with 9.6kbit/s, FAX, voice, ...

1992 Start of GSM

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History of wireless communication IV

1996 HiperLAN (High Performance Radio Local Area Network)

ETSI, standardization of type 1: 5.15 - 5.30GHz, 23.5Mbit/s recommendations for type 2 and 3 (both 5GHz) and 4 (17GHz) as wireless ATM-networks (up to 155Mbit/s) IEEE standard, 2.4 - 2.5GHz and infrared, 2Mbit/s already many (proprietary) products available in the beginning for UMTS (Universal Mobile Telecommunication System) as European proposals for IMT-2000 66 satellites (+6 spare), 1.6GHz to the mobile phone
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1997 Wireless LAN - IEEE802.11

1998 Specification of GSM successors

Iridium

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History of wireless communication V

1999 Standardization of additional wireless LANs

IEEE standard 802.11b, 2.4-2.5GHz, 11Mbit/s Bluetooth for piconets, 2.4Ghz, <1Mbit/s Decision about IMT-2000

Several members of a family: UMTS, cdma2000, DECT, First step towards a unified Internet/mobile communicaiton system Access to many services via the mobile phone

Start of WAP (Wireless Application Protocol) and i-mode

2000 GSM with higher data rates

HSCSD offers up to 57,6kbit/s First GPRS trials with up to 50 kbit/s (packet oriented!) UMTS auctions/beauty contests Cdma2000 in Korea, UMTS in Europe, Foma (almost UMTS) in Japan
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2001 Start of 3G systems

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2001: start of WiMax (Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access) 802.16 2003: 802.11g (amendment) 2007: first draft for 802.11n ..

Moving fast

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Wireless systems
cellular phones
1981: NMT 450 1983: AMPS

satellites

cordless phones
1980: CT0

wireless LAN

1982: Inmarsat-A

1984: CT1 1987: CT1+ 1989: CT 2 1991: DECT 1995/96/97: IEEE 802.11, HIPERLAN

1986: NMT 900

1988: Inmarsat-C 1991: CDMA 1991: D-AMPS

199x: proprietary

1992: GSM 1993: PDC 1994: DCS 1800 analog

1992: Inmarsat-B Inmarsat-M

1998: Iridium 2001: UMTS/IMT-2000

2005?: MBS, WATM

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digital

4G fourth generation?
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Areas of research in mobile communication

Wireless Communication

transmission quality (bandwidth, error rate, delay) modulation, coding, interference media access, regulations ... location dependent services location transparency quality of service support (delay, jitter, security) ... power consumption limited computing power, sizes of display, ... usability ... Internet & Mobile Communications

Mobility

Portability

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Simple reference model used here

Application Transport Network Data Link Physical Radio Network Data Link Physical Network Data Link Physical Medium

Application Transport Network Data Link Physical

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Influence of mobile communication to the layer model Application

layer Transport layer

Network Data

layer

link layer layer

Physical
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service location new applications, multimedia adaptive applications congestion and flow control quality of service addressing, routing, device location hand-over authentication media access multiplexing media access control encryption modulation interference attenuation frequency

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Systmes sans fil

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Wireless & mobile Internet

Ongoing research
Wireless communications transmission quality (bandwidth, error rate, delay) Modulation, coding, interferences Access support, regulation,

Mobility

Services dependant on the localisation QoS support (delay, jitter, security),

Portability
Energy consumption Limited processing power, Usages

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Reference model for the course

Application Transport Network Data Link Physical Radio Network Data Link Physical Network Data Link Physical Medium

Application Transport Network Data Link Physical

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Reference Model for this course

Influence of mobile communications on the hierarchical OSI model

Application Layer: localisation services, adaptive applications Transport Layer: Flow control and congestion control. Network Layer: addressing, locating, routing, handover, Quality of Service Data Link Layer: authenthication, medium access, multiplexaging Physical Layer: encryption, modulation, interference, loss, frequencies
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Course outline

transport layer

Network Layer

Wireless LAN and PANs

Medium Access Control

Transmissions sans fil

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Overview of the lecture

Introduction

Wireless LANs

Use-cases, applications Definition of terms Challenges, history frequencies & regulations signals, antennas, signal propagation multiplexing, modulation, spread spectrum, cellular system motivation, SDMA, FDMA, TDMA (fixed, Aloha, CSMA, DAMA, PRMA, MACA, collision avoidance, polling), CDMA

Wireless Transmission

Basic Technology IEEE 802.11a/b/g, .15, Bluetooth DHCP Mobile IP Ad-hoc networking Routing Reliable transmission Flow control Quality of Service

Network Protocols

Media Access

Transport Protocols

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Wireless Transmissions

frequencies & regulations signals, antennas, signal propagation multiplexing, modulation, spread spectrum, cellular system

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Electromagnic spectrum and its usage

f (Hz) 100 102 104 106
radio

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1010 1012 1014 1016 1018 1020 1022 1024

infra red UV X Rays Gamma rays

micro waves

lumire visible

f (Hz) 104

105

106

107

108

109

1010

1011

1012

1013

1014
fibre

1015

Twisted pair
coaxial navy radio AM radio FM TV

satellite -waves terrestrial

bande

LF

MF

HF

VHF

UHF

SHF

EHF

THF

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Frequencies and regulations

ITU-R manages auctions of new frequencies and frequency bands in the world (f in MHz)

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Frequencies and regulations

Lots of frequency bands have been Higher frequencies are less used because more allocated fot :

Satellite links Communications with planes Radio Frequencies Paging services Military, police,

subject to losses.

Non regulated Band under study. How about UWB (ultra Wide Band)?

Spectrum allocation in the US

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Frequencies allocation

For a dedicated usage

The larger the spectrum is, the higher the throughput

At the International level

l'ITU proposes some Recommendations, which are only recommendations le government allocates frequency bands : AM or FM radio, TV, cellular phones, police, military, navy,

At a national level

For operators

algorithms

Selection based on proposals auctions lottery

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ISM band
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The ISM Band

Industrial, Scientific, Medical

Microwave ovens, opening systems for garage doors, computer mice, phone, toys with remote control, Anyone can transmit at wish but the transmission power is limited Varying bands in the spectrum depending on the country, with varying maximum permissiable power depending on both the band and the country

Main Idea

ex : US, limited power to 1 Watt in 5.7GHz band, but only 200mW in the 5.1 to 5.3GHz band
BP 26 MHz 83,5 MHz 125 MHz

902 928 MhZ MHz

2,4 GHz

2,4835 GHz

5,735 GHz

5,860 GHz

ex : In France, the ANFR (Agence Nationale des Frquences) publishes the TNRBF (Tableau National de Rpartition des Bandes de Frquences)

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