Z Transform (1)

Hany Ferdinando
Dept. of Electrical Eng. Petra Christian University

Overview

Introduction Basic calculation RoC Inverse Z Transform Properties of Z transform Exercise

Z Transform (1) - Hany Ferdinando

Introduction

For discrete-time, we have not only Fourier analysis, but also Z transform This is special for discrete-time only The main idea is to transform signal/system from time-domain to zdomain it means there is no time variable in the z-domain
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Introduction

One important consequence of transform-domain description of LTI system is that the convolution operation in the time domain is converted to a multiplication operation in the transform-domain

Z Transform (1) - Hany Ferdinando

Introduction

It simplifies the study of LTI system by:

Providing intuition that is not evident in the time-domain solution Including initial conditions in the solution process automatically Reducing the solution process of many problems to a simple table look up, much as one did for logarithm before the advent of hand calculators
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Basic Calculation
X(z)

k k x z k

or

X(z)

n x(n)z

They are general formula:

Index k or n refer to time variable If k > 0 then k is from 1 to infinity Solve those equation with the geometrics series

Z Transform (1) - Hany Ferdinando

Basic Calculation
Calculate:

xk

0, k 0 2 ,k 0
k

-2 ,k 0 xk 0, k 0
k

z X(z) z2

z X(z) z2
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Z Transform (1) - Hany Ferdinando

Basic Calculation

Different signals can have the same transform in the z-domain strange The problem is when we got the representation in z-domain, how we can know the original signal in the time domain

Z Transform (1) - Hany Ferdinando

Region of Convergence (RoC)

Geometrics series for infinite sum has special rule in order to solve it This is the ratio between adjacent values For those who forget this rule, please refer to geometrics series

Z Transform (1) - Hany Ferdinando

Region of Convergence (RoC)

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Region of Convergence (RoC)

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Region of Convergence (RoC)

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RoC Properties

RoC of X(z) consists of a ring in the zplane centered about the origin RoC does not contain any poles If x(n) is of finite duration then the RoC is the entire z-plane except possibly z = 0 and/or z =

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RoC Properties

If x(n) is right-sided sequence and if |z| = ro is in the RoC, then all finite values of z for which |z| > ro will also be in the RoC If x(n) is left-sided sequence and if |z| = ro is in the RoC, then all values for which 0 < |z| < ro will also be in the RoC
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RoC Properties

If x(n) is two-sided and if |z| = ro is in the RoC, then the RoC will consists of a ring in the z-plane which includes the |z| = ro

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Inverse Z Transform
Use RoC information

Direct division Partial expansion Alternative partial expansion

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Direct Division
a X(z) za If the RoC is less than a, then expand it to positive power of z

a is divided by (a+z)

If the RoC is greater than a, then expand it to negative power of z

a is divided by (z-a)
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Partial Expansion

If the z is in the power of two or more, then use partial expansion to reduce its order

a 0 z m a1z m1 a 2 z m2 ... a m A1 A2 An ... (z p1 )(z p 2 )...(z p n ) z p1 z p 2 z pn

Then solve them with direct division

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Properties of Z Transform
General term and condition: For every x(n) in time domain, there is X(z) in z domain with R as RoC n is always from to

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Linearity

a x1(n) + b x2(n) a X1(z) + b X2(z) RoC is R1R2 If a X1(z) + b X2(z) consist of all poles of X1(z) and X2(z) (there is no pole-zero cancellation), the RoC is exactly equal to the overlap of the individual RoC. Otherwise, it will be larger anu(n) and anu(n-1) has the same RoC, i.e. |z|>|a|, but the RoC of [anu(n) anu(n-1)] or d(n) is the entire z-plane
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Time Shifting

x(n-m) z-mX(z) RoC of z-mX(z) is R, except for the possible addition or deletion of the origin of infinity For m>0, it introduces pole at z = 0 and the RoC may not include the origin For m<0, it introduces zero at z = 0 and the RoC may include the origin
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Frequency Shifting

ej(Wo)nx(n) X(ej(Wo)z) RoC is R The poles and zeros is rotated by the angle of Wo, therefore if X(z) has complex conjugate poles/zeros, they will have no symmetry at all

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Time Reversal

x(-n) X(1/z) RoC is 1/R

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Convolution Property

x1(n)*x2(n) X1(z)X2(z) RoC is R1R2 The behavior of RoC is similar to the linearity property It says that when two polynomial or power series of X1(z) and X2(z) are multiplied, the coefficient of representing the product are convolution of the coefficient of X1(z) and X2(z)
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Differentiation

dX(z) nx(n) z dz

RoC is R One can use this property as a tool to simplify the problem, but the whole concept of z transform must be understood first
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Next
For the next class, students have to read Z transform:

Signals and Systems by A. V. Oppeneim ch 10, or Signals and Linear Systems by Robert A. Gabel ch 4, or Sinyal & Sistem (terj) ch 10

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