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Scientists Develop Lab-Grown Kidney: Cutting Edge
Scientists Develop Lab-Grown Kidney: Cutting Edge
In brief
Bio-engineered rat kidneys developed by Massachusetts General Hospital (MGH) investigators successfully produced urine both in a laboratory apparatus and after being transplanted into living animals. In the study published in Nature Medicine, the researchers described building functional replacement kidneys on the structure of donor organs from which living cells had been stripped, an approach previously used to create bio-artificial hearts, lungs and livers. What is unique about this
approach is that the native organs architecture is preserved, so that the resulting graft can be transplanted just like a donor kidney and connected to the recipients vascular and urinary systems, said Harald Ott, of the MGH Center for Regenerative Medicine, senior author of the study. If this technology can be scaled to human-sized grafts, patients suffering from renal failure who are currently waiting for donor kidneys or who are not transplant candidates could theoretically receive new organs derived from their own cells, Ott said. The approach used in this study to engineer donor organs, based on a technology that Ott discovered as a research fellow at the University of Minnesota, involves stripping the living cells from a donor organ with a detergent
solution and then repopulating the collagen scaffold that remains with the appropriate cell type - in this instance human endothelial cells to replace the lining of the vascular system and kidney cells from newborn rats. The research team first decellularised rat kidneys to confirm that the organs complex structures would be preserved. They also showed the technique worked on a larger scale by stripping cells from pig and human kidneys. The researchers first tested the repopulated organs in a device that passed blood through its vascular system and drained off any urine, which revealed evidence of limited filtering of blood, molecular activity and urine production. Bio-engineered kidneys transplanted into living rats from which one kidney had
have identified 14 new genetic variations that are associated with heart rate and may provide insight into the treatment of cardiovascular disease. The study led by researchers at the Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai in New York and the Medical Research Council Epidemiology Unit in Cambridge, UK, through a collaborative genome-wide study on individuals discovered the new genetic variations linked to heart rate. Senior author of the study Dr Ruth Loos from Mount Sinai and her team, spent three years working on a genomewide association study using data from 181,171 participants from 65 studies during 20092012. Without any prior hypothesis, we studied the entire human genome hoping to identify new genetic variations that no one before had even imagined would play a role in the regulation of heart rate, said Loos. This discovery is just the beginning of something new and exciting and can hopefully be used to identify new drugs that can be used for the treatment of heart rhythm disorders, Loos said. In a follow-up study, experimental down-regulation of gene expression was then conducted on fruit flies and zebra fish, to better understand how genetic variations might affect heart rate. These experiments identified 20 genes with a role in heart rate regulation, signal transmission, embryonic development of the heart, as well as cardiac disorders, such as dilated cardiomyopathy, congenital heart failure and sudden heart failure. Our findings in humans as well as in fruit flies and zebrafish provide new insights into mechanisms that regulate heart rate, said Dr Marcel den Hoed, post-doctoral fellow at the Medical Research Council Epidemiology Unit and lead author of the study.
balls of ice can safely kill cancerous tumours that have spread to the lungs, according to the first prospective multicenter trial of cryoablation. Cryoablation is a process that uses extreme cold to destroy or damage tissue. Cryoablation has potential as a treatment for cancer that has spread to the lungs from other parts of the body and could prolong the lives of patients who are running out of options, said David A Woodrum, author of the study and interventional radiologist at the Mayo Clinic in Rochester. We may not be able to cure the cancer, but with cryoablation we can at least slow it down significantly and allow patients to enjoy greater quality of life
longer, he added. Metastatic lung disease is difficult to treat and often signals a poor prognosis for patients. In the initial results of the study trial, 22 subjects with a total of 36 tumours were treated with 27 cryoablation sessions. Cryoablation was 100 per cent effective in killing those tumours at three-month follow-up. Follow-up at six months on 5 of the 22 patients (23 per cent) showed the treated tumours to still be dead. Cryoablation is performed by an interventional radiologist using a small needle-like probe guided through a nick in the skin to cancerous tumors inside the lung under medical imaging guidance. These tumours have spread - or metastasised - to the lung from primary cancers in other areas of the body. Once in position, the tip of the instrument is cooled with gas to as low as minus 100 degrees Celsius. The resulting halo of ice crystals can destroy cancer by interrupting its cellular function, protecting nearby healthy, delicate lung tissue. Lung cryoablation has been promising in part due to the low periprocedural morbidity.
The 1000-year Antarctic Peninsula climate reconstruction published in the journal Nature Geoscience, shows that summer ice melting has intensified almost 10-fold, and mostly since the mid 20th Century. Summer ice melt affects the stability of Antarctic ice shelves and glaciers. In 2008, a UK-French science team drilled a 364-metre long ice core from James Ross Island, near the northern tip of the Antarctic Peninsula, to measure past temperatures in the area. They discovered that this ice core could also give a unique and unexpected insight into ice melt in the region. Visible layers in the ice core indicated periods when summer snow on the ice cap thawed and then refroze. By measuring the thickness of these melt layers the scientists were able to examine how the history of melting com-
pared with changes in temperature at the ice core site over the last 1,000 years. We found that the coolest conditions on the Antarctic Peninsula and the lowest amount of summer melt occurred around 600 years ago, said lead author Dr Nerilie Abram of The Australian National University and British Antarctic Survey (BAS). At that time temperatures were around 1.6 degrees Celsius lower than those recorded in the late 20th Century and the amount of annual snowfall that melted and refroze was about
Female birds may be socially connected to one male for its entire life, but they are not always faithful to the same mate, reports ANI from Washington. In some cases, scientists have found that up to 70 percent of the eggs found in some nests were fertilized by a male other than the primary occujournal Molecular Ecology, repant, protector, and supplier PTI searchers from the University of the nest, the ABC News reof East Anglia found that feported. male Seychelles warblers preThis provides two advanfer having their eggs fertilized tages: greater genetic diversi- by a male other than their soty in her chicks, and thus cial partner. more resistance to disease, They captured more than and yet the man of the nest 97 percent of the warblers on will remain around to help the tiny island of Cousin in the raise the brood, probably unSeychelles and drew DNA aware that some of the chicks samples from the birds and arent his. observed their breeding 0.5 per cent. Today, we see alIn a study published in the habits. most ten times as much (5 per cent) of the annual snowfall melting each year, Abram said. Summer melting at the ice core site today is now at a level A "nanosponge" invented toxins regardless of their molecular structures. In a study that is higher than at any other by engineers at the Uniagainst alpha-haemolysin toxtime over the last 1000 years. versity of California, San in from MRSA, pre-innoculaAnd whilst temperatures at Diego, can safely remove a this site increased gradually in broad class of dangerous tox- tion with nanosponges enphases over many hundreds of ins from the bloodstream in- abled 89 per cent of mice to survive lethal doses. years, most of the intensifica- cluding toxins produced by Administering tion of melting has happened MRSA, E. coli, poisonous nanosponges after the lethal since the mid-20th century, snakes and bees. These nanosponges, which dose led to 44 per cent surAbram said in a statement. vival. "This is a new way to reThis is the first time it has thus far have been studied in move toxins from the bloodbeen demonstrated that levels mice, can neutralize "porestream," said Liangfang of ice melt on the Antarctic forming toxins," which deZhang, a nanoengineering Peninsula have been particu- stroy cells by poking holes in professor at the UC San Diego larly sensitive to increasing their cell membranes. Unlike other anti-toxin plat- Jacobs School of Engineering temperature during the 20th century. What that means is forms that need to be custom and the senior author on the that the Antarctic Peninsula synthesized for individual tox- study. Red blood cells are one of the primary targets of porehas warmed to a level where in type, the nanosponges can even small increases in temper- absorb different pore-forming forming toxins. ature can now lead to a big increase in summer ice melt, Abram said. SU-DO-KU-2752 Having a record of previous melt intensity for the Peninsula is particularly important because of the glacier retreat and ice shelf loss we are now seeing in the area, said Dr Robert Mulvaney, co-author of the paper.
been removed began producing urine as soon as the blood supply was restored, with no evidence of bleeding or clot formation. The overall function of the regenerated organs was significantly reduced compared with that of normal, healthy kidneys, something the researchers believe may be attributed to the immaturity of the neonatal cells used to repopulate the scaffolding. Based on this initial proof of principle, we hope that bioengineered kidneys will someday be able to fully replace kidney function just as donor kidneys do. In an ideal world, such grafts could be produced on demand from a patients own cells, helping us overcome both the organ shortage and the need for chronic immunosuppression, Ott said.
dramatically reduce interference. The software, GapSense, lets these devices that can't normally talk to one another exchange simple stop and warning messages so their communications collide less often. GapSense creates a common language of energy pulses and gaps. The length of the gaps conveys the stop or warning message.
Money matters
discussing salaries, most employees still follow the dont ask, dont tell policy, according to a new global study. Discussing salary is still an office taboo and a majority of workers globally admit they are not only uncomfortable discussing their salary, but also talking about vacation, sick time and bonuses with their co-workers, the study found. The research was based on the responses of 3,000 people on an employment website. Overall, 35 per cent of workers said that they are
never comfortable talking about salary with co-workers. An additional 20 per cent of workers said they are seldom comfortable talking with fellow employees about their pay. Only 18 per cent of workers said they are very comfortable talking about salary, while 14 per cent said they are often comfortable when discussing salary, BusinessNewsDaily reported. Workers in North America were most uncomfortable when discussing what they earn. Overall, 63 per cent of workers in the US and 61 per
they are comfortable talking about their salary, the study by Monster.com said. German workers were the most comfortable workers when talking about salary, with 64 per cent of workers in Germany saying they are comfortable discussing their pay. Pay transparency is a hot topic, especially among startups. But its clear that many workers are just as uncomfortable with the notion as their bosses are, said Mary Ellen cent of workers in Canada said rope were much more comSlayter, career advice expert they are not comfortable talk- fortable when talking about what they earn. Forty-nine per for Monster.com. ing about salary. cent of workers in the UK said PTI However, workers in Eu-
To solve the puzzle: To solve a su-do-ku puzzle, every digit from 1 to 9 must appear in each of the nine vertical columns, in each of the nine horizontal rows, and in each of the nine boxes.
Sensex 18,358
40
H H C L Infosys 38.5(39.0)48-30(16) H C L Tech 765.7(776.1)807-453(52) H D F C Bank 642.35(643.95)705-482(83) Hdfc 775.05(767.2)882-610(187) Hdil 46.95(46.75)123-43(3135) Hero Honda 1437.25(1450.55)22781434(16) Hexaware Tec 89.85(90.95)142-72(225) Hind Petro 311.95(297.35)381-275(276) Hind Zinc 112.7(116.8)146-110(76) Hindalco Ind 91.15(91.55)137-86(1622) Hpcl 311.95(297.35)381-275(276) Hsng Dev Infra 46.95(46.75)123-43(3135) Hsq Dev Fin 775.05(767.2)882-610(187) Hul 474.95(478.0)579-406(62) I I C I India 987.65(994.65)1095-820(0) I T C 299.95(293.1)310-224(237) Icici Bank 1047.6(1044.95)1231-767(326) Idbi 82.95(81.7)118-78(294) Idea Cellular 109.8(110.75)124-71(95) Idfc 146.45(144.25)185-110(428) India Cements 83.9(83.55)104-70(84) India Infoline 55.55(57.15)93-44(20) Indiabulls Real Est 55.75(54.3)82-41(549) Indian Bank 157.05(158.5)237-152(9) Indian Hotels 56.4(56.05)71-51(56) Indian Ovrsea 64.45(63.95)99-62(111) Indusind Bank 402.15(399.85)448288(1421) Infosys Tech 2333.95(2295.45)30102101(985) Ingersollrand 389.55(385.6)543-371(1) Ingvysya 533.35(524.9)627-310(5) Ioc 301.65(290.75)375-239(149) Ipca Lab 516.45(507.65)566-320(52) Ispat Ind 8.72(8.88)13-7(250) J,K,L J & K Bank 1215.4(1190.3)1473-840(7) J B Chem 80.1(80.0)96-59(71) Jaiprakash Ass 72.45(70.6)106-58(2416) Jaypee Infratech Limited 38.95(38.4)6134(32) Jet Airways 500.55(474.05)688-275(756) Jindal 80.25(79.8)163-78(12) Jindal Stainless 56.25(53.95)88-44(220) Jindal Steel 329.55(327.7)519-321(160) Jsw Steel 665.4(678.9)893-566(158)
Key Indicators
M arket Watch
Gold (22 carat)
(Blore /Rs/10gm)
25,110 45,900 54.62 83.69 71.41 N/A 55.67 N/A N/A N/A
Silver
(Rs per kg)
US dollar* Pound* Euro* Swiss Franc* Yen* Aus dollar* Sing dollar* HK dollar* *Price at banks sell
Sensex 18,358 115 0.63 Midcap 6,109 09 0.15 Smallcap 5,898 25 0.43 BSE100 5,587 33 0.59 BSE200 2,251 11 0.51 BSE500 6,978 34 0.49 BSEIPO 1,454 -29 -1.94
40 02 31 23
Table guide
The data with the company name is from Bombay Stock Exchange. Values are: days closing price, previous closing price in brackets, 52-week low and high in bold and volume traded (in 000) in brackets. Data for 200 companies.
COMMODITIES
BULLION Bangalore Bar Silver wholesale per kg 46,500; Retail 10 gm 467 Local silver wholesale per kg 45,900; Retail 10 gm 461 Standard gold per 10 gm 27,145; Ornament gold per gm 2,511 Chennai (per kg) Bar Silver 45,440; Standard Gold 26,830 Retail Silver 48.60 Ornament gold (per gram) 2,509