Albert G.J.

Tacon
Aquaculture Consultant
agjtacon@aol.com
.
Can a growing aquaculture industry continue to use
fishmeal & fish oil in feeds and remain sustainable?
Growth of global aquaculture & the feed ingredients available
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
1950 1954 1958 1962 1966 1970 1974 1978 1982 1986 1990 1994 1998 2002 2006
91.18 mmt
2.8% APR
65.19 mmt
8.4% APR
Capture Fisheries
Aquaculture
GLOBAL CAPTURE FISHERIES & AQUACULTURE PRODUCTION
1950 2007 (Million tonnes; Source: FAOSTAT, 2009)
1989
2007
Is this growth
Sustainable?
Total global aquaculture production 2007
over 340 species of plants and animals
65.2 million tonnes valued at US $ 94.5 billion
(FAO FISHSTAT, 2009)
Fed aquaculture species production 2007
(commercial feeds, farm made feeds, fresh feeds)
Total fish & crustaceans 36.82 mmt
Fed species 28.99 mmt
Top fed aquaculture & livestock producers 2007
(FAO FISHSTAT/FAOSTAT, 2009)
Values in million tonnes - Mt
Grass carp 3.61 Mt
Common carp 2.87
White shrimp 2.30
Catla 2.27
Nile tilapia 2.12
Crucian carp 1.94
Atlantic salmon 1.43
Pangasius catfish 0.93
60.7%
Total fed sp production - 29 Mt
APR 10.59% since 1980
Top six fed livestock species Top six fed aqua species
Pig 99.2 Mt
Chicken 75.8
Cattle 59.8
Sheep 8.3
Turkey 5.9
Goat 4.8
Duck 3.6
Buffalo 3.3
96.7%
Total meat production - 269 Mt
APR 2.54% since 1980
Total global production of fed fish & crustacean species
FAO - FISHSTAT (2009)
Is this growth
Sustainable?
Reported global usage of fishmeal and fish oil by major user (values
give in %: Tacon & Metian, 2009)
Total global production of fed freshwater fish species
FAO - AQUASTAT (2009)
Is this growth
Sustainable?
APR %/year
80-85 +5.5
85-90 +32.7
90-95 +18.6
95-00 +14.8
00-05 +11.6
05-06 +4.5
06-07 +18.9
Reported global usage of fishmeal and fish oil by major user (values
give in %: Tacon & Metian, 2009)
Total global production of fed diadromous fish species
FAO - AQUASTAT (2009)
Is this growth
Sustainable?
APR %/year
80-85 +6.5
85-90 +12.4
90-95 +4.7
95-00 +8.3
00-05 +4.8
05-06 +5.7
06-07 +9.8
Reported global usage of fishmeal and fish oil by major user (values
give in %: Tacon & Metian, 2009)
Total global production of fed marine fish species
FAO - AQUASTAT (2009)
Is this growth
Sustainable?
APR %/year
80-85 +4.0
85-90 +6.6
90-95 +11.5
95-00 +12.2
00-05 +10.2
05-06 +12.7
06-07 +6.6
Reported global usage of fishmeal and fish oil by major user (values
give in %: Tacon & Metian, 2009)
Total global production of fed crustacean species
FAO - AQUASTAT (2009)
Is this growth
Sustainable?
APR %/y - MC %/y - FC
80-85 +24.3 +23.7
85-90 +25.7 +12.2
90-95 +7.7 +8.1
95-00 +5.3 +32.7
00-05 +17.6 +16.3
05-06 +15.2 +4.4
06-07 +6.2 +40.2
Top fed fish & crustacean country producers 2007
(FAO FISHSTAT, 2009)
Values in metric tonnes
China 15,100,058 (52.1%)
India 2,890,948 (10.0%)
Indonesia 1,365,284 (4.7%)
Viet Nam 1,305,700 (4.5%)
Thailand 1,016,948 (3.5%)
Norway 827,707 (2.8%)
Philippines 669,093 (2.3%)
Chile 658,525 (2.3%)
Egypt 635,516 (2.2%)
Bangladesh 597,411 (2.1%)
USA 367,056
Japan 303,598
Brazil 266,188
Myanmar 262,163
Taiwan 228,384
Ecuador 171,020
Mexico 150,325
UK 147,378
Turkey 138,921
Pakistan 130,092
Top 11-20 countries Top 10 countries
Greece (25) 90,736
Spain (29) 63,464
Italy (31) 58,674
Estimated global production of commercial aquaculture feeds
by major species grouping in 2007: 27.1 million tonnes
Total global
animal feed
production:
700 mmt in 2008;
Aquafeed ca. 4%
Feed International
CEREALS
INCLUDING
BY-PRODUCT
MEALS
& OILS
AQUATIC
ANIMAL
PROTEIN
MEALS &
LIPIDS
LAND
ANIMAL
PROTEIN
MEALS &
FATS
MICROBIAL
FEED
INGREDIENTS
OILSEED
MEALS, PULSES
& OILS
MAJOR DIETARY NUTRIENT SOURCES USED IN AQUAFEEDS
40
essential
nutrients
- Fish/shellfish meals and oils: produced from wild harvested whole fish
and macro-invertebrate animals, including by-catch;
- Fish/shellfish by-product meals and oils: produced from seafood and/or
aquaculture processing waste;
- Zooplankton meals and oils: produced from wild harvested marine
invertebrates krill, red fish;
- Fish/shellfish hydrolysates, silages and fermentation products:
produced from wild harvested whole fish, macro invertebrates,
zooplankton, and/or seafood processing wastes; and
- Marine polychaete meals: produced from wild harvested and/or cultured
annelid worms.
AQUATIC
ANIMAL
PROTEIN
MEALS
& LIPIDS
Proportion of catch
destined from reduction
static or decreasing
Static food fish landings from capture fisheries
Increasing farmed
fish & crustacean
production
Disposition of the fisheries catch and aquaculture production
(Values given in million tonnes: FISHSTAT, 2009)
63.4
50.3
20.4
26.7
Source: IFFO/Shepherd/Jackson (2009)
-Poultry by-product meals and fats: produced from slaughtered farmed
poultry, and includes poultry by-product meal, turkey meal, feather meal,
chick hatchery waste, and poultry fat;
-Meat by-product meals and fats: produced from slaughtered farmed
livestock (cattle, pig, sheep etc), and includes meat and bone meal, meat
meal, meat solubles, and lard/tallow;
-Blood by-product meals: produced from slaughtered farmed livestock
(ruminant and monogastric), and includes blood meal, haemoglobin meal,
and dried plasma products;
- Miscellaneous invertebrate terrestrial products: produced from wild
harvested and/or cultured annelid worms, insect larvae/pupae.
LAND
ANIMAL
PROTEIN
MEALS
& FATS
Global production of terrestrial meat products
(expressed in tonnes; FAO, 2009)
Land animal by-product meals and fats represent the largest source of
feed grade animal protein & lipid available to the feed industry
For example, in 2008 the U.S. alone slaughtered:
34.4 million cattle (50% not used for human food),
116.5 million pigs (42% not used for human food),
9.1 billion chickens (37% not used for human food),
271 million turkeys (36% not used for human food)
U.S. generated:
8.7 million tonnes of
rendered products in
2008 (4.1PM/4.6FG)
>90% consumed in USA
Globally: 20-25 mmt of
rendered products
LAND ANIMAL PROTEINS & FATS
Total global production of
rendered animal protein
meals in 2008:
12,984,715 tonnes,
major producers:
USA 31.5%, South America
30.6%, EU-18 29.8%
Australia 5.0%, New Zealand
1.6%, Turkey 1.4% (Swisher,
2009)
Total global production of
rendered fats and greases
in 2008:
10,235,987 tonnes,
major producers:
USA 44.7%, EU-18 26.2%,
South America 22.2%,
Australia 4.6%, New Zealand
1.4%, Turkey 0.8% (Swisher,
2009)
U.S. production of animal protein meals
U.S. production of fats & tallows
- Cereals, including by-product meals and oils: includes milled/processed
cereals (maize/corn, wheat, rice, barley, sorghum, oats, rye, millet, triticale
etc), by-product meals (corn/maize gluten, wheat gluten, dried distillers
grains with solubles, rice protein concentrate, rice bran, wheat bran), and
extracted oils (corn/maize, rice);
- Oilseed meals and oils: includes full-fat and solvent extracted oilseed
meals (soybean, rapeseed, cotton, groundnut/peanut, sunflower, palm
kernel, copra), by-product meals (soybean protein concentrates,
rapeseed/canola protein concentrate), and extracted oils (palm, soybean,
rapeseed, sunflower, linseed, cotton seed, olive); and
- Pulses and protein concentrate meals: includes milled/processed pulses
(peas, lupins) and by-product meals (pea protein concentrate, lupin
protein concentrate); and
PLANT
NUTRIENT
SOURCES
0
50
100
150
200
250
Soybeans Rapeseed Cottonseed Groundnuts, with
shell
Sunflower seed Palm kernels
1995 2000 2005 2008
Millions tonnes
Soybeans
230.9 mmt
S4.1
kapeseed
S7.8 mmt
13.S
Cottonseed
42.3 mmt 9.9
Groundnuts
38.2 mmt 8.9
Sunf|ower seed
3S.6 mmt
8.3
a|m kerne|s
11.8 mmt
2.8
Cthers, 2.4
Global production of major plant oilcrops
(Values given in million tonnes: FAOSTAT, 2009)
Total oilseed
production in
2008 was 427.1
million tonnes
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
Soybean meal 8apeseed
meal
CoLLonseed
meal
Sunflowerseed
meal
alm kernel
meal
eanuL meal Copra meal
2003/06 2006/07 2007/08 2008/09
Mllllon Lonnes
Global production of major oilseed meals
(Values given in million tonnes: USDA, 2010)
Soybean mea|
1S1.S mmt
67.8
kapeseed mea|
30.8 mmt
13.8
Cottonseed mea|
14.4 mmt
6.S
Sunf|owerseed
mea|
12.6 mmt
S.6
a|m kerne| mea|
6.2 mmt , 2.8
eanut mea|
6.0 mmt
2.7
Copra mea|
1.9 mmt
0.9
Total major
oilseed meal
production in
2008 was 223.5
million tonnes
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
2005/06 2006/07 2007/08 2008/09
Global production of major oilseed oils
(Values given in million tonnes: USDA, 2010)
Ma|ze
822.7 mmt
32.6
Wheat
689.9 mmt
27.3
k|ce, paddy
68S.0 mmt
27.1
8ar|ey
1S7.6 mmt
6.2
Sorghum
6S.S mmt 2.6
Cthers, 4.1
Global production of cereals in 2008 was 2,525 million tonnes
(Values given in million tonnes: FAO, 2009)
Global production of agricultural crops and meat
(expressed in tonnes; FAO, 2009)
Production of corn feed by-products from alcohol
biorefineries within the US (Renewable Fuels Association)
Microbial derived feed ingredient sources include the use of mass
produced harvested/extracted:
- Algae: Chlorella/ Spirulina/ Crypthecodium/ Nannochloropsis spp. etc
- Thraustochytrids: Schizochytrium spp.
- Yeasts: Saccharomyces/ Candida/ Rhodotorula spp etc
- Filamentous fungi: Aspergillus spp etc
- Bacteria: Pseudomonas/ Methylophilus/ Methylococcus/ Bacillus spp.
- Mixed SCP: activated sludges, floc
MICROBIAL
INGREDIENT
SOURCES
The world population increased from 3 billion in 1959 to 6 billion by 1999, a
doubling that occurred over 40 years. The world population is projected to grow
from 6 billion in 1999 to 9 billion by 2045, an increase of 50 percent that is
expected to require 46 years.
CEREALS
INCLUDING
BY-PRODUCT
MEALS
& OILS
AQUATIC
ANIMAL
PROTEIN
MEALS &
LIPIDS
LAND
ANIMAL
PROTEIN
MEALS &
FATS
MICROBIAL
FEED
INGREDIENTS
OILSEED
MEALS, PULSES
& OILS
40
essential
nutrients
CEREAL
BY-PRODUCT
MEALS
& OILS
AQUATIC
ANIMAL
PROTEIN
MEALS &
LIPIDS
LAND
ANIMAL
PROTEIN
MEALS &
FATS
MICROBIAL
FEED
INGREDIENTS
OILSEED
MEALS, PULSES
& OILS
40
essential
nutrients
We need to be able to use all of the above listed feed ingredient sources:
and in particular those ingredient sources which can be sustainably
produced and keep pace with the growth of the aquaculture sector
ANIMAL ILLD L1 ICCD 8ICIULL ICCD
Ieed |ngred|ent use cr|ter|a: econom|c, susta|nab|||ty of
product|on, c||mate change, and]or food secur|ty cons|derat|ons
Ma|nutr|t|on |s st|||
the number one
k|||er on th|s p|anet

Can a growing aquaculture industry continue to use

fishmeal & fish oil in feeds and remain sustainable?
Yes it can, but the aquaculture feed manufacturing sector
must be able to freely use ALL nutritionally sound
& safe feed-grade ingredient sources
available in the market place
if it is not allowed to do this
then the aquaculture sector will not be truly
ecologically & economically sustainable
in the long run