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Possible Emission of Cosmic X- and γ-rays by Unstable Particles at Late Times
Possible Emission of Cosmic X- and γ-rays by Unstable Particles at Late Times
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X
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:
1
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0
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.
6
9
7
5
v
2
[
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Possible Emission of Cosmic X and rays by Unstable Particles at Late Times
K. Urbanowski
i
2
0
)],
(E
0
(t) has
the exponential form,
0
,
where
= 1/
(t) =
i
a(t)
a(t)
t
[H[; t
[; t
. (2)
2
The instantaneous energy c
(t), c
(t) = (h
(t ),
(t) = 2 (h
(t)).
There is c
(t) = E
0
and
(t ) =
0
at the canonical
decay times and at asymptotically late times,
c
(t) E
min
+
c
2
t
2
+
c
4
t
4
. . . , (for t T), (3)
(t )
c
1
t
+
c
3
t
3
+ . . . (for t T), (4)
where c
i
= c
i
, i = 1, 2, . . ., so lim
t
c
(t) = E
min
and
lim
t
(t) and
thus of c
(t) and
(t ) at t T.
The sharp and frequent of uctuations of T
(t) at the
transition times region are a consequence of a similar be-
havior of real and imaginary parts of the amplitude a(t)
at this time region. Therefore the derivatives of a(t) may
reach extremely large negative and positive values for
some times from the transition time region and the mod-
ulus of these derivatives is much larger than the modulus
of a(t), which is very small for these times. This means
that at this time region the real part of h
(t) which is
expressed by the relation (2), ie. by a large derivative of
a(t) divided by a very small a(t), can reach values much
larger than the energy E
0
(EE
0
)
2
+(
0
/2)
2
,
where (E) is the unit step function.
Note that from the point of view of a frame of refer-
ence in which the time evolution of the unstable system
was calculated the Rothe experiment as well as the pic-
ture presented in Figs (1), (2) refer to the rest coordinate
system of the unstable system considered. Astrophysical
sources of unstable particles emit them with relativistic
or ultrarelativistic velocities in relation to an external
observer so many of these particles move in space with
ultra high energies. The question is what eects can be
observed by an external observer when the unstable par-
ticle, say , which survived up to the transition times re-
gion, t T, or longer is moving with a relativistic veloc-
ity in relation to this observer. The distance d from the
21.56 21.6 21.64
0
2
4
6
8
10 y
x
b a
15 20 25 30
10
5
0
5
10
Figure 1. (a) The instantaneous energy E
/
0
= 20. Axes: y =
E
(t)/E
0
, x = t/
(t)/E
0
/
0
= 10.
source reached by this particle is of order d d
T
, where
d
T
= v
, T
=
L
T and
L
L
(v
) = (
_
1
2
)
1
,
= v
/c, v
= m
0
c
2
L
, where m
0
is the rest
mass of the particle . We have m
0
c
2
E
0
at canonical
decay times and thus W
E
0
L
at these times. At
this time region E
0
= c
, t T
we have c
(t) ,= E
0
(t) = m
0
(t) c
2
denes the instantaneous rest
mass m
0
(t) = m
0
(t) c
2
L
(t) c
(t)
L
(t), (for t T). (5)
Here
L
(t) =
L
(v
(t)), v
, W
(t), that
is there should be
W
(t)
L
(t) = const. (6)
3
From relation (6) one can infer that this is possible only
when the changes of c
(t)
of the considered particle). So, in the case of moving
unstable particles, an external observer should detect
rapid uctuations (changes) of their velocities at dis-
tances d d
T
from their source. These uctuations of
the velocities mean for the observer that the particles are
moving with a nonzero acceleration in this space region,
1
W
2
W
3
(i) (ii) (iii)
Observer
dT
Source
Figure 3. Time regions: (i) Canonical decay, (ii) Transition,
(iii) Asymptotically late. W
i
= W
(ti), (i = 1, 2, 3) and
W
i
(ti) is the energy of moving relativistic particle , t1
t2 t3, t1
, t2 T, t3 T and W
(t1) = m
0
c
2
L =
E
0
)
2
, P (
v
)
2
(see e.g. [16]) and
v
,= 0
implies that there must be P ,= 0. The same conclusion
also concerns neutral unstable particles with nonzero
magnetic moment [16, 17]. One should expect that the
spectrum of this radiation will be very wide: From high
radio frequencies, through Xrays up to high energy
rays depending on the scale of the uctuations of the
instantaneous energy c
/
0
1, [11]:
T
T
2 ln
_
2
_
E
0
_
2
_
, (7)
whereas for the model considered in [6, 13] one has
T/
5 ln
_
E
0
/
0
_
(see (11) in [13]). Consider-
ing a meson
170
202
). The distance d
T
from the source reached
by muon, which survived up to the time T
170
= 10
9
[eV], up to d
T
0, 027
[pc] if W
= 10
18
[eV]. Similarly, for mesons one
obtains: d
T
8.5 10
3
[m] if W
= 10
9
[eV] and
d
T
8.6 10
12
[m] if W
= 10
18
[eV]. For the neu-
tron one nds: d
Tn
16, 23 [au] if W
n
= 10
9
[eV] and
d
Tn
2228 [kpc] if W
n
= 10
18
[eV].
Let us now analyze Fig (1) in more details. Coor-
dinates of the highest maximum in Fig (1) are equal:
(x
mx
, y
mx
) = (21.60, 10.27). Coordinates of points of
the intersection of this maksimum with the straight line
y = 1 are equal: (x
1
, y
1
) = (21.58, 1.0) and (x
2
, y
2
) =
(21.62, 1.0). From these coordinates one can extract the
change v
= v
(t
mx
) v
(t
1
) of the velocity v
of the
considered particle and the time interval t = t
mx
t
1
at
which this change occurred. Indeed, using (6) one nds
L
(t
1
) =
c
(t
mx
)
c
(t
1
)
L
(t
mx
). (8)
There is c
(t
1
) E
0
(t
mx
)/E
0
L
(t
mx
). Next having
L
(t
1
)
L
and
L
(t
mx
) it is
easy to nd v
= v
(t
mx
) v
(t
1
). Now using rel-
ativistic generalization of the Larmor formula (see eg.
formula (14.43) in [16]) one can estimate the energy P
of the electromagnetic radiation emitted in unit of time
by an unstable charged relativistic particle during the
time interval t: That is one can nd v
/t and thus
P (v
/t)
2
. This procedure, formulae (6), (8) and
parameters describing the highest maximum in Fig. (1)
lead to the following (simplied, very conservative) esti-
mations of the energies of the electromagnetic radiation
emitted by ultra relativistic muon at the transition times
region (in a distance d d
T
from the source): P 4.6
[eV/s]. Analogously coordinates of the highest maximum
in Fig (2) are equal: (x
mx
, y
mx
) = (18.69, 37.68) and
coordinates of points of the intersection of this maksi-
mum with the line y = 1 are: (x
1
, y
1
) = (18.67, 1.0) and
(x
2
, y
2
) = (18.72, 1.0). This leads to the following esti-
mation: P 0.84 [keV/s]. Similar estimations of P can
be found for neutral ultrarelativistic unstable particles
with nonzero magnetic moment.
The question is where the above described eect may
be observed. Astrophysical and cosmological processes
in which extremely huge numbers of unstable particles
are created seem to be a possibility for the above dis-
cussed eect to become manifest. The fact is that the
probability T
(t) = [a(t)[
2
that an unstable particle
survives up to time t T is extremely small. Let T
(t)
be T
(t)
tT
10
k
, where k 1, then there is a
chance to observe some of particles survived at t T
only if there is a source creating these particles in A
(t)
tT
A
1. So if a source
exists that creates a ux containing A
10
l
, un-
stable particles and l k then the probability the-
ory states that the number N
surv
of unstable particles
N
surv
= T
(t)
tT
A
10
lk
1, has to survive up
to time t T. Sources creating such numbers of unstable
particles are known from cosmology and astrophysics: as
4
example of such a source can be considered processes tak-
ing place in galactic nuclei (galactic cores), inside stars,
etc. According to estimations of the luminosity of some
rays sources the energy emitted by these sources can
even reach a value of order 10
52
[erg/s], [3, 1820], and
it is only a part of the total energy produced there. So,
if one has a source emitting energy 10
50
[erg/s] then, eg.,
an emission of A
0
6.25 10
47
[1/s] particles of en-
ergy 10
18
[eV] is energetically allowed. The same source
can emit A
0
6.25 10
56
[1/s] particles of energy 10
9
[eV] and so on. If one follows [13] and assumes that for
laboratory systems a typical value of the ratio E
0
/
0
is
E
0
/
0
O(10
3
10
6
) and then taking, eg. E
0
/
0
=
10
6
one obtains from (7) that A
(T) 2.5 10
26
A
0
and from the estimation of T used in [13] (see (11), (12)
in [13]) that A
(T) 10
30
A
0
. This means that there
are A
(T) 14 10
21
particles per second of energy
W
= 10
18
[eV] or A
(T) 1410
30
particles of energy
W
= 10
9
[eV] in the case of the considered example
and T calculated using (7). On the other hand from
T obtained for the model considered in [13] one nds
A
(T) 6.25 10
17
and A
(T) 6.25 10
26
respec-
tively. These estimations show that astrophysical sources
are able to create such numbers A
0
of unstable particles
that suciently large number A
(t) is a
purely quantum eect resulting from the assumption that
the energy spectrum is bounded from below and it was
found by performing an analysis of the properties of the
quantum mechanical survival probability a(t).
email: K.Urbanowski@proton.if.uz.zgora.pl
email: K.Raczynska@proton.if.uz.zgora.pl
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