Example 10.

2
CM

Solution
Can you work it out ???
In- Out + Generation = Accumulation QC0 QC + rV = V (dC/dt)

Q, C0

Q, C V, C

Evaluation and Selection Factors

For selection of unit operations and processes

Evaluation and Selection Factors

For selection of unit operations and processes

Evaluation and Selection Factors

Wastewater Flow Rate

Domestic WW
Residential
Rate vary with density of living, internal uses such as dishwasher, food waste grinder Restrictions, reuse and improved performance reduce FRs

Commercial Districts
hotels, shopping centers, theatre, industrial buildings Flow rates vary depending on the function and activity records of actual or similar facility are important

Institutional Facilities
Schools, hospitals, prison Flow rates vary with region, climate, type of facility

Recreational
resorts, Camps, Cottages, vocation homes etc FRs with seasonal variations

Wastewater Flow Rate

Industrial WW
FRs vary with
type and size of the facility Water reuse Onsite waster water treatment methods, if any

without reuse or recycling, 85-95% water used becomes WW

Typical residential wastewater FRs in USA

Source: Metcalf & Eddy, Wastewater Engineering, 4thEdition, McGraw-Hill, 2003

Typical rates of various household devices in USA

Source: Metcalf & Eddy, Wastewater Engineering, 4thEdition, McGraw-Hill, 2003

Typical commercial wastewater FRs in USA

Source: Metcalf & Eddy, Wastewater Engineering, 4thEdition, McGraw-Hill, 2003

Typical Institutional wastewater FRs in USA

Source: Metcalf & Eddy, Wastewater Engineering, 4thEdition, McGraw-Hill, 2003

Typical recreational wastewater FRs in USA

Source: Metcalf & Eddy, Wastewater Engineering, 4thEdition, McGraw-Hill, 2003

WW FRs in other countries

Water use & wastewater generation rates in developing countries can be significantly lower.

Source: Metcalf & Eddy, Wastewater Engineering, 4thEdition, McGraw-Hill, 2003

Analysis of Wastewater Flow Rate Data

The hydraulic design of both the collection and treatment facility is affected by the variations in WW FRs If flow rate data is only available in the collection system, the flow rate may differ from the flow rate entering the treatment plant due to the dampening effect of the sewer system Peak hourly flow rate may also be attenuated by the available storage capacity in the sewer system

Analysis of Wastewater Flow Rate Data

Short-Term Variations Wastewater flow at treatment plants tend to exhibit a diurnal pattern Minimum flows occur during the early morning hours 1st peak flow occurs in the late morning when wastewater from peak morning water use reaches the treatment plant A 2nd peak occurs in the early evening

Typical hourly variations in domestic wastewater flow rate

Source: Metcalf & Eddy, Wastewater Engineering, 4thEdition, McGraw-Hill, 2003

Other Variations
Seasonal Variations
Commonly observed
in resort areas, in small community with college campuses in communities with seasonal commercial and industrial activities

Industrial Variations
Industrial wastewater discharges are difficult to predict, as it depends on the
internal processes the clean up shutdown schedule

Other Variations
Infiltration/Inflows: extraneous flows
Infiltration: Water entering through such means as defective pipes, pipe joints, connections, or manhole walls. Steady inflow: Water discharged from cellar and foundation drains, cooling water discharges, and drains from springs and swampy areas. Direct inflow: Types of inflow that immediately increase the wastewater flows. Possible sources are roof leaders, yard and areaway drains, manhole covers, cross connections from storm drains and catch basins, and combined sewers Total inflow: The sum of the direct inflow at any point in the system plus any flow discharged from the sewer system upstream through overflows, pumping stations, and bypasses etc. Delayed inflow: Stormwater that may require several days or more to drain.

Other Variations
Control of Infiltration/Inflows
Cost benefit analysis,
either improving the collection system increasing the capacity of WWTP

By correcting I/I problem,

No overload or surcharged sewers or overflow problems More efficient operation of wastewater treatment facilities Hydraulic capacity of collection system is effectively utilized.

Flow Rates for Design

Average daily flow: averaged over a year period
for determining plant capacity for pumping & chemical costs, sludge production, organic loading etc

Maximum daily flow: determined in a year

for design of facilities requiring retention time such as equalization tanks, chlorine contact tanks

Peak hourly inflow:

For collection system design, pumping stations, wastewater channels in the treatment plant etc. Peaking factors could be used

Minimum daily flow:

Important to size conduits to avoid solids deposition

Minimum hourly flow:

Important to size wastewater flow meters, particularly those that pace chemical feed system

Sustained flow:
The flow rate value sustained or exceeded for a specific number of consecutive days based on annual operating data

Analysis of Wastewater Flow Rate Wastewater Flow Rate Factor

Peaking factor (PF), a measure used to determine the maximum flow into the wastewater treatment plant Developed based on maximum hour, day, month, or any other time periods (Analysis of flow rate data) PF are applied mostly to determine peak hourly flow rate

Flow Rate Factors for WWTP Design

Loading Factors for WWTP Design

Flow Equalisation
Variations in FR and concentration An equalisation basin smoothens the variation in FR and quality, it equalise
Dry weather flows Wet weather flows from separate sanitary sewers Combined stormwater and sanitary wastewater flows

Flow Equalisation
Variable flow rate over 24-h period

Flow Equalisation
Diurnal variation of flow rate

(a). Typical sewage flow variation: no difference to the approach outlined on previous slides if the double humped portion of the curve lies above the average flow rate line (b). If the valley extends below the average line, the basin should be designed for a volume of
V5, if V4<V2 V5+V4-V2, if V4>V2

Location of Equalization Basins

Optimum location vary with
Characteristics of the collection system WW to be handled Land requirements and availability Type of treatment required

FEB adjacent to WWT plant

It is necessary to evaluate their integration into the flow process

In some cases, equalization after primary treatment and before biological treatment may be appropriate
FEBs after primary treatment: fewer problems with solid deposits and sum accumulation FEBs ahead of primary settling and biological systems
Sufficient mixing required to prevent solids deposition and concentration variations, and aeration to prevent odor problems

Analysis of FEB
In-line

Off-line

Volume Requirement for Flow Equalisation

In practice volume of equalization basin is about 10-20% greater than theoretical value
Draw down is not possible Volume must be provided to accommodate the concentrated plant recycle streams that are expected, if such flows are returned to the equalization basin ( a practice that is not recommended due to possible odour problem) Some contingency to accommodate unforseen changes in diurnal flow

Benefits of FEB

Biological treatment is enhanced, because shock loadings are eliminated, inhibitory substances are diluted, and pH can be stabilised Most of the other process performance was found to greatly improved

System Material Balances

Individual operations assembled
To form a the complete treatment train Chemical addition, sludge withdrawal, flow recycle, and chemical/biological transformations cause L and S flows to differ at several locations sometimes split treatment (a portion of water treated to a degree higher than the desired level with the remainder bypassing the treatment)

To characterize the system

Performance of individual operation including input and output information is required Mass balances are applied without the specific design details To facilitate making mass balances
a color scheme can be used or liquid lines can made solid and solids flow lines can be dashed