1..

Adjudicate:

adjudicate (on / upon / in sth) | adjudicate (between A and B) to make an official decision about who is right in a
disagreement between two groups or organizations:
[v] A special subcommittee adjudicates on planning applications. [vn] Their purpose is to adjudicate disputes
between employers and employees.
[v] to be a judge in a competition: Who is adjudicating at this years contest?

2..Rescind:

(formal) to officially state that a law, contract, decision, etc. is no longer valid
SYN : revoke

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------3..Fray:

if cloth frays or sth frays it, the threads in it start to come apart: [v] The cuffs of his shirt were fraying.
This material frays easily. [vn] It was fashionable to fray the bottoms of your jeans.
if sbs nerves or temper frays or sth frays them, the person starts to get irritated or annoyed:
[v] As the debate went on, tempers began to fray. [also vn]
frayed adjective: frayed denim shorts. Tempers were getting very frayed.
IDIOMS: fray at / around the 'edges / 'seams
to start to come apart or to fail: Support for the leader was fraying at the edges.
Noun the fray [sing.] a fight, a competition or an argument, especially one that is exciting or seen as a
test of your ability:
They were ready for the fray. to enter / join the fray At 71, he has now retired from the political
fray.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------4..Vulnerable:
(to sb/sth) weak and easily hurt physically or emotionally:
to be vulnerable to attack. She looked very vulnerable standing there on her own. In cases of food poisoning,
young children are especially vulnerable. The sudden resignation of the financial director put the company in a
very vulnerable position.
Noun vulnerability (of sb/sth) (to sth): financial vulnerability. the vulnerability of newborn babies to disease

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------5..Clemency:
(formal) kindness shown to sb when they are being punished; willingness not to punish sb so severely.
SYN : mercy: a plea for clemency.
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6..Invoke:
invoke sth (against sb) to mention or use a law, rule, etc. as a reason for doing sth:

It is unlikely that libel laws will be invoked.

to mention a person, a theory, an example, etc. to support your opinions or ideas, or as a reason for sth: She
invoked several eminent scholars to back up her argument.
to mention sbs name to make people feel a particular thing or act in a particular way: His name was invoked as a
symbol of the revolution.
to make a request (for help) to sb, especially a god.
to make sb have a particular feeling or imagine a particular scene.
SYN: evoke

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7..Prolonged:
continuing for a long time: a prolonged illness. a prolonged period of dry weather.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------8..Discretion:
the freedom or power to decide what should be done in a particular situation: Ill leave it up to you to use your

discretion. How much to tell terminally ill patients is left to the discretion of the doctor.
care in what you say or do, in order to keep sth secret or to avoid causing embarrassment to or difficulty for sb;
the quality of being discreet: This is confidential, but I know that I can rely on your discretion.
IDIOMS : at sbs discretion according to what sb decides or wishes to do: Bail is granted at the discretion of the
court. There is no service charge and tipping is at your discretion.

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------9..Tautological:
a statement in which you say the same thing twice in different words, when this is unnecessary, for example
They spoke in turn, one after the other.

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------10..Enormity:
of sth (of a problem, etc.) the very great size, effect, etc. of sth; the fact of sth being very serious:

the enormity of the task. People are still coming to terms with the enormity of the disaster. The full enormity of
the crime has not yet been revealed.
(formal) a very serious crime: the enormities of the Hitler regime.
Enormous: extremely large
SYN huge, immense: an enormous house / dog. an enormous amount of time. enormous interest. The problems
facing the President are enormous.

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------11..Acquit:
acquit sb (of sth) to decide and state officially in court that sb is not guilty of a crime: The jury acquitted him of

murder.
acquit yourself well, badly, etc. (formal) to perform or behave well, badly, etc.: He acquitted himself brilliantly in
the exams.
Acquital : an official decision in court that a person is not guilty of a crime: The case resulted in an acquittal. The
jury voted for acquittal. OPP conviction.

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------12..Incarceration:
incarcerate sb (in sth) (formal) to put sb in prison or in another place from which they cannot escape
SYN imprison.

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------13..Manoeuvres:
a movement performed with care and skill: a complicated / skilful man oeuvre. You will be asked to perform

some standard man oeuvres during your driving test.

a clever plan, action or movement that is used to give sb an advantage
SYN move: diplomatic manoeuvres. a complex man oeuvre in a game of chess.
man oeuvres [pl.] military exercises involving a large number of soldiers, ships, etc.:The army is on man oeuvres
in the desert.
IDIOMS freedom of / room for man oeuvre the chance to change the way that sth happens and influence
decisions that are made.

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------14..Assassinate:
often passive] to murder an important or famous person, especially for political reasons: The prime minister was
assassinated by extremists. a plot to assassinate the president.
Assassination: The president survived a number of assassination attempts. the assassination of John F. kennedy.

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------15..Prejudices:
(against sb/sth) an unreasonable dislike of or preference for a person, group, custom, etc., especially when it is
based on their race, religion, sex, etc.:

a victim of racial prejudice. Their decision was based on ignorance and prejudice. There is little prejudice against
workers from other EU states. I must admit to a prejudice in favour of British universities.

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------16..Assertion:
a statement saying that you strongly believe sth to be true. SYN claim: He was correct in his assertion that the

minister had been lying. Do you have any evidence to support your assertions?
the act of stating, using or claiming sth strongly: the assertion of his authority. The demonstration was an
assertion of the right to peaceful protest.

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------17..Proliferate:
to increase rapidly in number or amount. SYN multiply: Books and articles on the subject have proliferated over
the last year.

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------18..Surge:
[+adv. / prep.] to move quickly and with force in a particular direction: The gates opened and the crowd surged
forward. Flood waters surged into their homes.

[usually +adv. / prep.] to fill sb with a strong feeling. SYN sweep: Relief surged through her.
(of prices, profits, etc.) to suddenly increase in value: Share prices surged.
(of the flow of electrical power) to increase suddenly.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------19..Abate:
(formal) to become less strong; to make sth less strong: [v] The storm showed no signs of abating. [vn] Steps are
to be taken to abate pollution.

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------20..Emulate:
(formal) to try to do sth as well as sb else because you admire them: She hopes to emulate her sisters sporting

achievements.
(computing) (of a computer program, etc.) to work in the same way as another computer, etc. and perform the
same tasks.

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------21..Infallible:
never wrong; never making mistakes: infallible advice. Doctors are not infallible.
that never fails; always doing what it is supposed to do: an infallible method of memorizing things
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------22..Inflict:
inflict sth (on / upon sb/sth) to make sb/sth suffer sth unpleasant: They inflicted a humiliating defeat on the

home team. They surveyed the damage inflicted by the storm. Heavy casualties were inflicted on the enemy.
(humorous) Do you have to inflict that music on us?
PHRASAL VERBS inflict yourself / sb on sb(often humorous) to force sb to spend time with you/sb, when they do
not want to: Sorry to inflict myself on you again like this! She inflicted her nephew on them for the weakend.

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------23..Punitive:
intended as punishment: There are calls for more punitive measures against people who drink and drive. He was
awarded punitive damages (= in a court of law).
very severe and that people find very difficult to pay: punitive taxes.

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------24..Obscure:
not well known. SYN unknown: an obscure German poet. He was born around 1650 but his origins remain

obscure.
difficult to understand: I found her lecture very obscure. For some obscure reason, he failed to turn up.
Obscurely (adv.) They were making her feel obscurely worried (= for reasons that were difficult to understand).
[vn] to make it difficult to see, hear or understand sth: The view was obscured by fog. We mustnt let these
minor details obscure the main issue.

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25..Pronouncement:
(on sth) a formal public statement.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------26..Dubiety:
(formal) the fact of being uncertain.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------27..Dubious:
[not usually before noun] dubious (about sth) / (about doing sth) (of a person) not certain and slightly suspicious

about sth; not knowing whether sth is good or bad. SYN doubtful: I was rather dubious about the whole idea.
(disapproving) probably not honest. SYN suspicious: They indulged in some highly dubious business practices to
obtain their current position in the market.
that you cannot be sure about; that is probably not good: They consider the plan to be of dubious benefit to
most families. (ironic) She had the dubious honour of being the last woman to be hanged in England (= it was not
an honour at all).

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------28..Reconcile:
reconcile sth (with sth) to find an acceptable way of dealing with two or more ideas, needs, etc. that seem to be

opposed to each other: an attempt to reconcile the need for industrial development with concern for the
environment. It was hard to reconcile his career ambitions with the needs of his children.
reconcile sb (with sb) to make people become friends again after an argument or a disagreement: The pair were
reconciled after Jackson made a public apology. He has recently been reconciled with his wife.
reconcile sb / yourself (to sth) to make sb/yourself accept an unpleasant situation because it is not possible to
change it. SYN resign yourself to:

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------29..Plunge:
[+adv. / prep.] to move or make sb/sth move suddenly forwards and/or downwards: [v] She lost her balance and

plunged 100 feet to her death. [vn] The earthquake plunged entire towns over the edge of the cliffs.
[v] (of prices, temperatures, etc.) to decrease suddenly and quickly. SYN plummet: Stock markets plunged at the
news of the coup.
[v + adv. / prep.] (of a road, surface, etc.) to slope down steeply: The track plunged down into the valley.
[v] to move up and down suddenly and violently: The horse plunged and reared. (figurative) His heart plunged (=
because of a strong emotion).
PHRASAL VERBS plunge 'in/ plunge into sth, to jump into sth, especially with force: The pool was declared open
and eager swimmers plunged in.
to start doing sth in an enthusiastic way, especially without thinking carefully about what you are doing: She was
about to plunge into her story when the phone rang. Hes always plunging in at the deep end (= becoming
involved in difficult situations without being well enough prepared).

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------30..Litigation:
(law) the process of making or defending a claim in court: The company has been in litigation with its previous
auditors for a full year.
Litigious : (formal, disapproving) too ready to take disagreements to court.

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------31..Contravene:
[vn] (formal) to do sth that is not allowed by a law or rule. SYN infringe: The company was found guilty of
contravening safety regulations.

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------32..Taboo:
a cultural or religious custom that does not allow people to do, use or talk about a particular thing as people find

it offensive or embarrassing: an incest taboo. a taboo on working on a Sunday. to break / violate a taboo. Death
is one of the great taboos in our culture.
a general agreement not to do sth or talk about sth: The subject is still a taboo in our family. taboo adjective:
in the days when sex was a taboo subject.

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33..Philanderer:
(old-fashioned, disapproving) a man who has sexual relationships with many different women.
Philandering: (old-fashioned, disapproving) (of a man) the fact of having sexual relationships with many different
women. SYN: womanizing

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------34..juggle:
juggle (with sth) to throw a set of three or more objects such as balls into the air and catch and throw them

again quickly, one at a time:

[v] to juggle with balls. My uncle taught me to juggle. [vn] (figurative) I was juggling books, shopping bags and
the baby (= I was trying to hold them all without dropping them).
juggle sth (with sth) to try to deal with two or more important jobs or activities at the same time so that you can
fit all of them into your life: [vn] Working mothers are used to juggling their jobs, their childrens needs and their
housework.
[vn] to organize information, figures, the money you spend, etc. in the most useful or effective way
Juggler: a person who juggles, especially an entertainer.

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------35..Rejuvenate:
[vn] to make sb/sth look or feel younger or more lively.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------36..Flaunt:
to show sth you are proud of to other people, in order to impress them: He did not believe in flaunting his

wealth. She openly flaunted her affair with the senator.

flaunt yourself to behave in a confident and sexual way to attract attention.
IDIOMS: if youve got it, flaunt it (humorous, saying) - used to tell sb that they should not be afraid of allowing
other people to see their qualities and abilities.

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------37..Pessimism:
(about / over sth) a feeling that bad things will happen and that sth will not be successful; the tendency to have
this feeling:There is a mood of pessimism in the company about future job prospects. OPP: optimism

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------38..Agitation:
worry and anxiety that you show by behaving in a nervous way: Dot arrived in a state of great agitation.
(for / against sth) public protest in order to achieve political change: widespread agitation for social reform.
(technical) the act of stirring or shaking a liquid.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------39..Demeaning:
putting sb in a position that does not give them the respect that they should have. SYN humiliating: He found it

demeaning to work for his former employee.

demean yourself to do sth that makes people have less respect for you: I wouldnt demean myself by asking for
charity.
Demean: to make people have less respect for sb/sth. SYN degrade: Such images demean women.

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------40..Scavenge:
(for sth) (of a person, an animal or a bird) to search through waste for things that can be used or eaten:[vn]

Much of their furniture was scavenged from other peoples garbage. [v] Dogs and foxes scavenged through the
trash cans for something to eat.
(of animals or birds) to eat dead animals that have been killed by another animal, by a car, etc.: [vn] Crows
scavenge carrion left on the roads. [v] Some fish scavenge on dead fish in the wild.

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------41..Excreta:

(formal) solid and liquid waste matter passed from the body: human excreta.

Excrete : (technical) to pass solid or liquid waste matter from the body.
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42..Abhorrent:
(to sb) causing hatred, especially for moral reasons. SYN : repugnant: Racism is abhorrent to a civilized society.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------43..Cocoon:
a covering of silk threads that some insects make to protect themselves before they become adults.
a soft covering that wraps all around a person or thing and forms a protection: (figurative) the cocoon of a caring

family.
sb/sth (in sth) to protect sb/sth by surrounding them or it completely with sth: We were warm and safe,
cocooned in our sleeping bags.

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------44..Trolls:
(in Scandinavian stories) a creature that looks like an ugly person. Some trolls are very large and evil, others are

small and friendly but like to trick people.

(informal) a message to a discussion group on the Internet that sb deliberately sends to make other people
angry; a person who sends a message like this.
(for sth) (especially Name) to catch fish by pulling a line with bait on it through the water behind a boat.
(sth) for sth (informal) to search for or try to get sth: He trolled the Internet for advice on the disease. Both
candidates have been trolling for votes.

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------45..Crowning:
[only before noun] making sth perfect or complete: The cathedral is the crowning glory of the city. His
Beethoven sculpture is seen as the crowning achievement of his career.

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------46..Decipher:
[vn] to succeed in finding the meaning of sth that is difficult to read or understand: to decipher a code. Can
anyone decipher his handwriting?

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------47..Epiphany:
a Christian festival, held on the 6 January, in memory of the time when the Magi came to see the baby Jesus at
Bethlehem.

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------48..Obnoxious:
extremely unpleasant, especially in a way that offends people. SYN -offensive: obnoxious behavior. a
thoroughly obnoxious little man. obnoxious odours.

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------49..Perils
[U] serious danger: The countrys economy is now in grave peril.
[C, usually pl.] peril (of sth) the fact of sth being dangerous or harmful: a warning about the perils of drug abuse.
IDIOMS: do sth at your (own) peril -used to warn sb that if they do sth, it may be dangerous or cause them
problems.

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------50..Voyeur:
a person who gets pleasure from secretly watching other people have sex.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------51..Sporadic:
happening only occasionally or at intervals that are not regular.
SYN intermittent: sporadic fighting / gunfire / violence, etc. sporadic outbreaks of the disease.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------52..Subtle:
(often approving) not very noticeable or obvious: subtle colours / flavours / smells, etc. There are subtle

differences between the two versions. Shes been dropping subtle hints about what shed like as a present.
(of a person or their behaviour) behaving in a clever way, and using indirect methods, in order to achieve sth:
I decided to try a more subtle approach.
organized in a clever way: a subtle plan. a subtle use of lighting in the play.

53..Lampoon:
[vn] to criticize sb/sth publicly in an amusing way that makes them or it look ridiculous. SYN satirize: His
cartoons mercilessly lampooned the politicians of his time.
a piece of writing that criticizes sb/sth and makes them or it look ridiculous.

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------54..Tarnish:
if metal tarnishes or sth tarnishes it, it no longer looks bright and shiny: [v] The mirrors had tarnished with age.

[vn] The silver candlesticks were tarnished and dusty.

to spoil the good opinion people have of sb/sth. SYN taint: He hopes to improve the newspapers somewhat
tarnished public image.

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------55..Fugitive:
(from sb/sth) a person who has escaped or is running away from somewhere and is trying to avoid being caught:
a fugitive from justice
(literary) lasting only for a very short time: SYN fleeting: a fugitive idea / thought.

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------56..Abscond:
(from sth) to escape from a place that you are not allowed to leave without permission
(with sth) to leave secretly and take with you sth, especially money, that does not belong to you: He absconded
with the company funds.

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------57..Ligature:
(technical) something that is used for tying sth very tightly, for example to stop the loss of blood from a wound.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------58..Scribble:
(sth)/scribble sth down to write sth quickly and carelessly, especially because you do not have much time

SYN scrawl: [vn] He scribbled a note to his sister before leaving. She scribbled down her phone number and
pushed it into his hand. [v] Throughout the interview the journalists scribbled away furiously.
[v, usually + adv. / prep.] to draw marks that do not mean anything: Someone had scribbled all over the table in
crayon.
Noun: [U, sing.] careless and untidy writing. SYN scrawl: How do you expect me to read this scribble?
[C, usually pl.] marks or pictures that seem to have no meaning. SYN scrawl: The page was covered with a mass
of scribbles.

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------59..Oblivious:
[not usually before noun] oblivious (of / to sth) not aware of sth: He drove off, oblivious of the damage he had
caused. You eventually become oblivious to the noise.

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------60..Amicus curia:
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------61..Turmoil:
[U, sing.] a state of great anxiety and confusion. SYN confusion: emotional / mental / political turmoil. His
statement threw the court into turmoil. Her mind was in (a) turmoil.

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------62..Adamant:
determined not to change your mind or to be persuaded about sth: Eva was adamant that she would not come.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------63..Harbinger:
(of sth) (formal or literary) a sign that shows that sth is going to happen soon, often sth bad.
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