Temperature Compensation Arrangement

Scale

Pointer
Coil (Cu)

Swamping Resistors R1 R2 (M ) (Mn) (M ) (Mn) Sh t R Shunt Resistor it R3 (Cu)

Temp. increases Rcoil il increases

DC Ammeter
PMMC can be used as ammeter Im Rm

Range selection of Rsh

I Ish Rsh Im Rm

I m Rm I m Rm Rm = = Rsh = n 1 I sh I Im
where n = I/Im.

Multirange Ammeter
I R1 10A R2 R3 5A 1A S Im Rm

S I

1A 5A 10A

Im R3 R2 R1 Rm

Simple Arrangement

Ayrton Shunt Arrangement

Selection of resistances for different range

Ammeter Sensitivity y
Determined by the amount of current required by the meter coil to produce full full-scale scale deflection of the pointer

Ammeter Loading
R E I E R Im1 Rm

Im1/I =

R + R

DC Voltmeter
PMMC can be used as Voltmeter RS
Im DC Input, Vin Rm

Range selection - Rs depends on meter range

V RS = I

in m

Multirange Voltmeter
R1 R2 R3 R4

10V 50V 100V 1V S DC Input, Vin

Im Rm

Value of Resistances depends on Voltmeter range

Voltmeter Sensitivity (Ohms per volt rating)

Sensitivity S =

Ohm Volt
1 I fsd

Rm + RS = = V in

Voltmeter Loading
The insertion of voltmeter connection change the operation of circuit, is called Loading.

Ohmmeter
An instrument used to measure resistance or checking continuity

Type of ohmmeter:

1. Series Type 2 Shunt Type 2.

Series Type yp Ohmmeter

Unknown resistance is connected in series with meter
R1 I2 Rm I R2 E A Rx B

Series ohm meter Design

Half Deflection Method (To calculate R1 and R2 ) Let Rh = Half deflection resistance. For unknown Rx= Rh , I = Ifsd/2. /2 At half deflection:

R2 Rm Rh = R 1 + R2 + Rm E E , Itotal = Ih = Rh 2 Rh
R1 Rm I R2 I2 Itotal E A Rx B

Designing series ohm meter

Let Rh = Half deflection resistance. resistance For unknown resistance Rx = Rh ,I = Ifsd/2. Further, at half deflection

E Ih = 2 R

R2 Rm Rh = R 1 + R2 + Rm E , I = I - I and I R = I R 2 2 fsd m , Itotal = 2 total fsd Rh

I
R2 =

fsd

RmRh
fsd

E I

Rh

R1 = Rh -

fsd

Rm Rh E

Shunt Type
Unknown resistance is connected in parallel with meter
R1 It E S Im Rm Ish Rsh B A Ix Rx

Designing shunt ohm meter

Half Deflection Method (To calculate R1 and R2 ) Let Rh = Half deflection resistance. For Rx= Rh , I = Ifsd/2. /2 At half deflection Ix = Ish + Im
R1 E It S Im Rm Ish Rsh h B A Ix Rx

To calculate R1 and Rsh (Half Deflection Method) Let Rh = Half deflection resistance. For this value of Rx, Im = Ifsd/2. Further, at half deflection Ix = Ish + Im

Ix =

Em Rh
m

Im Rm = Rh
h

Ish = I

R Rh

) =I

fsd

R Rh

) / 2

To calculate R1 and Rsh (Half Deflection Method) Solving these equations, we get

I m Rm Rsh = I sh
It = Ish + Ix + Im = 2(Im + Ish) = 2Im(Rm/Rh)

R1 = (E ImRm)/It

Ohmmeter Scale:

Scale is logarithmic g expand p at lower end and compressed in higher range. Series type is used for relatively higher values of resistances while shunt type is used for low values of resistances.