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Digital Digital Meters Meters
Digital Digital Meters Meters
DIGITAL METER
Digital meter have better accuracy, greater easy of reading, and greater reliability. Analog meter respond faster for transient changes. Analog meter based on electromechanical movement as digital meters use alphanumeric display. Digital meters use ADC and digital processing circuit Digital meters can used for other functions also such as audio signal, frequency, period, temperature, true rms, checking h ki semiconductor i d t devices, d i four f wire i ohm h testing, capacitor measurements.
DIGITAL METER
AC Attenuator AC Converter Digital Processing g Digital Display
AC DC Ohm
Ohm Converter DC Att Attenuator t
AC DC Ohm
A/D C Converter t
Precision Shunts
Precision Reference
LO ( (-) )
Block Diagram
Digital AC Voltage
AC Attenuator AC Converter Digital Processing P i Digital Display
AC DC Ohm
Ohm Converter DC Attenuator
AC DC Ohm
A/D Converter
Precision Shunts
Precision Reference
LOW (-)
Digital DC Voltage
AC Attenuator AC Converter Digital Processing P i Digital Display
AC
DC Ohm
DC DC Attenuator
AC DC Ohm
A/D Converter
Precision Shunts
Ohm Converter
Precision Reference
LOW (-)
AC
DC Ohm
DC Attenuator
AC DC Ohm
A/D Converter
Precision Shunts
Precision Reference
LOW (-)
AC
DC Ohm
DC Attenuator
AC DC Ohm
A/D Converter
Precision Shunts
Ohm Converter
Precision Reference
LOW (-)
The number of counts usually y applies pp to the DC volts function. Fewer counts may be displayed on the same instrument for certain other functions.
Accuracy
represents the uncertainty of a given measurement. Accuracy is expressed as:
Problem:
Digital multimeter set to the 10 V range is expecting a 7 V signal. The accuracy specifications is (20 ppm of reading + 6 ppm of f range). ) Determine D t i accuracy of f th the digital di it l multimeter lti t under these conditions.
Solution
Accuracy = (ppm of reading + ppm of range) = (20 ppm of 7 V + 6 ppm of 10 V) = ((7 V(20/1,000,000) + (10 V(6/1,000,000)) = 200 V
Resolution
Resolution is the smallest change in an input signal that produces a change in the output signal. Resolution is expressed in terms of bits, digits, or absolute units, which can be related to each other.
Sensitivity
This is the smallest change of the measured signal that can be detected. It depends p on both resolution and the lowest measurement range of the instrument. Example: findout the sensitivity of a 5-1/2-digit DMM on the 200mV range. 1V
Crest Factor
Crest factor is defined as the ratio of the peak or "crest" voltage l to the h RMS voltage. l Crest factor should be considered when making AC voltage measurements of non-sinusoidal waveforms. This specification is important because it indicates the maximum peak value of an arbitrary waveform that the h DMM can handle h dl without ih overloading l di with i h much h smaller rms value. The crest factor also affects the accuracy of the AC measurement. measurement
Crest Factor
Example: Given a certain DMM with an AC accuracy of 0.03% (this is always specified for sine waves), and has an additional error of 0.2% for crest factors between 1.414 and 5. Find the accuracy of triangular wave measurement. t The total accuracy for measuring a triangular wave (crest factor = 1.73) is 0.03% + 0.2% = 0.23%.
Waveform
Crest Factor1
Form Factor2
Actual Pk-Pk
Actual Peak
Actual RMS
TRMS AC+DC
DC Sine Triangle Square Sine+1 VDC Pulse* (25%) Pulse* (12.5%) Pulse* (6.25%)
2.000
1.202
1.000
1.000
0.500
0.500
0.433
0.416
-3.8%
2 833 2.833
1 453 1.453
1 000 1.000
1 000 1.000
0 353 0.353
0 353 0.353
0 331 0.331
0 243 0.243
-26 5% -26.5%
4.000
1.923
1.000
1.000
0.250
0.250
0.242
0.130
-46.2%
*Positive going pulse between 0 and 1Volt, 1Ratio of peak to RMS, 2Ratio of RMS to average
Specifications of DMM Many True RMS DMMs are not capable of measuring the True RMS value of the combined AC+DC. A few DMMs offer the ability to select average, AC TRMS, or AC+DC TRMS thus allowing the user to choose the optimum mode for the desired measurement. t True RMS conversion is normally yp performed by y an expensive dedicated chip.
Averaging Filter
Log
Amp. X0 0.5 5
Antilog
RMS of Input
Input X2 Mean
RMS of Input
Averaging Filter
Log
Amp. X 0.5 0
Antilog
RMS of Input
Zero or Offset Zero or offset should be removed the measurement, otherwise they introduce a fixed error (in terms of volts, volts amps or ohms) throughout the measurement range.
Frequency Response Frequency response is a measure of the d i i deviation f from an assumed d flat fl response over specific frequency bands and may be specified ifi d in i ppm or %. % Depending on the RMS conversion t h i technique used, d a DMMs DMM AC response can suffer from low frequency problems as well as high hi h frequency f roll-off. ll ff
Input Resistance
The parameter describes loading effect of the DMM on the test circuit. For o DC C vo voltage ge up to o 20 0 V, the e input pu resistance es s ce may y be greater than 1012 . For AC voltage, the resistance is usually be lower - typically 1M in parallel with 150 pF capacitor. capacitor At high frequencies the input impedance reduces. I Input tF Frequency 100 Hz 1 kHz 10 kHz 100 kHz I Input tR Resistance it 1 M. 850 k. 160 k. 16 k.
I Input t Bi Bias C Current t Sensitive DMM design seeks to minimize leakage current by component selection and careful circuit design. A small current of 10 pA flowing in a 1M resistance develops a voltage of 10 mV. mV A modern sensitive DMM is expected to have an input p bias current of <50 p pA.
Auto ranging
It is process to auto range selection. Input voltage is compared with the full scale of the next lower range. If the present reading is less than the full scale of the next lower range, the attenuation is reduced. Otherwise attenuation is increased.
IO
I=IO
IO
I=IO
Neglecting DMM input resistance is normally very large. The measured voltage is given by the following equation. Vmeasured = I x ( RU + 2Rlead) Therefore, Rmeasured = (Vmeasured / I) = ( RU + 2Rlead) Error in measurement is 2Rlead.
I 0 I=0 I=0
RU
No current flows through the sense leads. DMM measures the voltage developed across the unknown resistor only. Therefore, Rmeasured = RU = Vmeasured / IO This more accurate method is recommended for measuring resistance below 100 ohms.
Environmental Specifications The environmental concerns for DMMs are 1. Temperature 2. Humidity 3. Altitude 4. Shock 5. Vibration.
Safety Ratings New DMMs must conform to an IEC 1010-1 standard. (I t (International ti l Electrotechnical El t t h i l Commission) C i i )
the
features
R di A Reading Assignment i t
2.2 : Digital-To-Analog Converter 2.3 2 3 : Analog Analog-To-Digital To Digital Converter