Chapter 6 Radiation Exchange

(Material presented in this chapter are based on those in Chapter 13, Fundamentals of Heat and Mass Transfer, Fifth Edition by Incropera and DeWitt)

6.1

Introduction

Exchange of radiation depends strongly on the surface geometry, orientations, properties of the surface and temperature. Geometric features are characterized by view factors.

6.2

View factors

Consider two surfaces Ai and Aj that exchange radiation between them (Fig. 6.1). View factor Fi j is dened as the fraction of the radiation leaving surface i that is intercepted by surface j . Suppose that the dierential areas A1 and A2 are connected by a line of length R. Assume that the line forms an angle i and j respectively with the two surfaces normals. The radiation that leaves surface dAi and is intercepted by dAj is dqij = Ii cos i dAi dij where the solid angle dij =
cos j dAj . R2

(6.1)

91

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CHAPTER 6. RADIATION EXCHANGE

Figure 6.1: View factor associated with the two surfaces Assuming that the surface i emits and reects diusely, and if Ji is the corresponding radiosity, then Eq. (6.1) can be re-written as cos i cos j dAi dAj (6.2) R2 and the total rate at which radiation leaves surface i and is intercepted by j is cos i cos j qij = Ji dAi dAj (6.3) R2 Ai Aj dqij = Ji From the denition of the view factor, qi j 1 cos i cos j Fij = = dAi dAj Ai Ji A i Ai Aj R2 Similarly, Fj i = 1 Aj
Ai Aj

(6.4)

cos i cos j dAi dAj R2

(6.5)

6.2.1

Reciprocity relationship
Ai Fij = Aj Fji (6.6)

From Eqs (6.4) and (6.5), one can readily identify that

6.3. BLACKBODY RADIATION EXCHANGE

93

which is called the reciprocity relationship. This relationship is useful in determining one view factor from the knowledge of the other.

6.2.2

Summation rule
N

If there are N surfaces in an enclosure (see Fig. 6.2) then Fij = 1

j =1

(6.7)

Figure 6.2: N surfaces in an enclosure Note that Fii = 0 when the surface is concave and Fii = 0 when convex.

6.3

Blackbody radiation exchange

Consider a radiation exchange between two blackbodies (Fig. 6.3). The rate

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CHAPTER 6. RADIATION EXCHANGE

Figure 6.3: Radiation exchange between two blackbodies at which radiation leaves surface i and is intercepted by surface j is given by qij = Ai Ji Fij = Ai Ebi Fij as radiosity for blackbody is equal to the blackbody emissive power. Similarly, qj i = Aj Ebj Fji Therefore, net radiation exchange between the two surfaces is qij = qij qj i = Ai Ebi Fij Aj Ebj Fji = Ai Fij (Ti4 Tj4 ) (6.10) (6.8)

(6.9)

If there were N such blackbodies exchanging radiation in an enclosure, then Eq. (6.10) can be readily extended to obtain the net transfer of radiation from surface i to be
N

qi =
j =1

Ai Fij (Ti4 Tj4 )

(6.11)

6.4
6.4.1

Radiation exchange between diuse, gray surfaces in an enclosure

Net radiation exchange at a surface

Consider an opaque surface i in an enclosure that receives a net irradiation of Gi and if Ji is the radiosity from the surface which includes the reected quantity i Gi (Fig. 6.4a).

6.4. RADIATION EXCHANGE BETWEEN DIFFUSE, GRAY SURFACES IN AN ENCLOSURE95

Figure 6.4: (A) Net radiation exchange at a surface (B) Surface radiative resistance The net radiation that leaves the surface i is given by qi = Ai (Ji Gi ) From the denition of radiosity, Ji = Ei + i Gi = i Eb,i + (1 i )Gi Gi = Ji i Eb,i 1 i (6.13) (6.12)

where i is the emissivity of the surface. Substitution of Eq. (6.13) into Eq. (6.12) leads to qi = Ai Ji Ji i Eb,i 1 i = Eb,i Ji
1 i i Ai

(6.14)

Eq. (6.14) provides a representation for the net radiative heat transfer rate from a surface. This may be viewed as a network element associated i with the driving potential (Eb,i Ji ) and a surface radiative resistance 1i Ai (Fig. 6.4b). If qi > 0 in Eq. (6.14) then there will be net radiation transfer from the surface otherwise, that is, qi < 0, there will be net radiation transfer to the surface.

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CHAPTER 6. RADIATION EXCHANGE

6.5

Radiation exchange between surfaces

Consider the case of N surfaces in an enclosure exchanging radiation with each other. The total rate at which radiation reaches a surface i from all surfaces, including i is
N

Ai Gi =
j =1

Fji Aj Jj

(6.15)

Using reciprocity relation (Eq. 6.6) and summation rule (Eq. 6.7) and substituting Eq. (6.15) into Eq. (6.12 gives
N N N

qi = Ai

Ji
j =1

Fij Jj

= Ai
j =1

Fij Ji
j =1 N

Fij Jj
N

=
j =1

Ai Fij (Ji Jj ) =
j =1

qij (6.16)

Equation (6.16) shows that the net radiation heat transfer from surface i, qi , is equal to the sum of components qij which represents the radiative exchange with the other surfaces. Each of these components can be represented by a network element with driving potential Ji Jj with (Ai Fij ) 1 as the space or geometrical resistance (Fig. 6.5). Equations (6.16) and (6.14) can be used to obtain the expression Eb,i Ji
1 i i Ai N

=
j =1

Ji Jj (Ai Fij )1

(6.17)

Equation (6.17 can be rearranged to nd an expression for Ji . Thus, the radiosity of a surface can be estimated if the temperature and other properties of surface i are known. Similar expressions for other surfaces can be obtained and the radiosities for all the surfaces in the enclosure can be estimated.

6.5. RADIATION EXCHANGE BETWEEN SURFACES

97

Figure 6.5: Network representation of N gray surfaces in an enclosure exchanging radiation.