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Vitruvius Marcus Pollio - The Architecture
Vitruvius Marcus Pollio - The Architecture
B.B. liil
ffithranj
D*7 i'orm
i
2009
NCSU
http://www.archive.org/details/architectureofmaOOvitr
THE
ARCHITECTURE
JOSEPH GWILT.
C.
WOODFALL, akgbl
THE
ARCHITECTURE
TEN BOOKS.
JOSEPH GWILT,
FELLOW OP THE SOCIETY OF ANTIQUARIES OF LONDON.
LONDON
-.
&
CONTENTS.
PAGE
Dedication
List of Subscribers
vii
ix
Preface
Life of Vitruvius
List of the several Editions and Versions of Vitruvius
List of the Chapters contained in the
.
. .
xv
xvii
xxi
Work
xxxv
xl
The
Architecture of Vitruvius,
Book
33
75 97 123
161
191
227
IX BookX
Book
Plates,
259
293
347
Index
369
98197
TO THE KING.
SIRE,
The
by the
Writings of
Marcus Vitru-
now added
It
would be presumptuous
in
me
to
when we
read the
first
memoPatron,
"
Urbem marmoream
se relinquere,
quam
Vlll
lateritiam accepisset,"
we
minded of the
present
taste
Sovereign, that
we
look
forward
we
reflect
with gratitude
on the
With
your
Majesty
me
and the
may
its
wishes, I
YOUR MAJESTY'S
MOST DUTIFUL AND FAITHFUL
SUBJECT AND SERVANT,
JOSEPH GWTLT.
IX
LIST OF SUBSCRIBERS.
ONLY TWENTY-FIVE LARGE PAPER COPIES HAVE BEEN PRINTED.
A.
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Robert, Esq.
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B.
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Bishop, J.
M. Esq.
Brown and
Burn,
J.
Co., Messrs.
c.
Carpenter and
Carter,
Son, Messrs.
Mr. B.
Mr. G. A.
Chantrey, F. L. Esq. LL.D. R.A. F.R. and A.S. &c. (large paper).
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Clelland
Clisby,
Mc. Mr.
J.
Mr.
W.
Brighton.
Mr.
W.
Richmond, Surrey.
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D.
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J.
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XI
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the Earl
of,
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&
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J.
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M. Esq.
I.
J.
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B., Leeds.
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(large paper).
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O.
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W.
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R. Esq.
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Webster,
J.
Co., Messrs.
Edinburgh.
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Wheler, John, Esq. (large paper).
Wilkins, William, Esq.
A.M. F.S.A.
Esq.
Yoi-ni;, James,
Esq.
PREFACE.
The
following Translation was
a
it
commenced many
I
my
architectural studies;
it,
its
publication
my
more
especially to that
and published the whole of the text of Vitruvius. That translation I found so unsatisfactory and incorrect, that my resolution was early formed of making an endeavour, at some period,
I
more conpresume to
truer interpretation
author.
Whether
adhered more closely to the text than the idiom of our language may allow, but I trust that this will
from a serious charge against me. The editions chiefly used have been those of Philander,
be
far
and that of Schneider, which is a most valuable book not, however, without freElzevir, the Bipont,
:
XVI
The
them
The
following version
I
is
it
am
in
hopes that
may,
and doc-
among
the antients, on
am
an humble professor.
J.
G.
LIFE OF VITUUVIUS.
The
materials for a
in
life
found
his
is
own
Treatise.
Among
the antient
merely mentioned by Pliny, as one and of those writers from whom he compiled by Frontinus, in his Treatise on Aqueducts, as the first who introduced the Quinarian measure.
authors he
;
Though
practising in
in the service of
city,
Verona
as
L.
hereunder
however, been built by our Author, it would not prove him a native of the city, not looking to the difference in the agnomen, a circumthis arch,
Had
by
supposing that of Pollio to be a corruption of Pellio, and that then it would be synonymous with
c
XV1I1
conjecture,
of a
rule
insisted
on by
From
di
Gaeta),
it
has been
was
in
in
this territory
The age
tle
it
reign of Titus.
a great
after the
But
mention of
number of magnificent
buildings, erected
Pompey
as the
only one of
is
not
warranted by circumstances.
over, points to
The
dedication, more:
Augustus
and the incident of C. Julius, the son of Masanissa, who was in the army of Julius Caesar, having lodged
with him, as related in the third chapter of his
eighth book, seems clearly to indicate the time of
his existence.
It is likely that
and that
it
was pretitle
XIX
of Augustus, that
is,
Christian a?ra, inasmuch as he speaks of a temple erected to Augustus, in his Basilica at Fano. collected from his writings, by no means a successful professor, though well born and well educated, and certainly, notwith-
He
was, as
may be
standing the
common
work, a
appear
in
his
man
of no ordinary talent.
civil architect, as
first
He
was no
less a military
than a
may be
now incompretime
book,
sufficiently
but doubtless
in
his
laid
down
in
the tenth
respecting
military engines.
third
From
age.
book we
to
learn, that
and lived
some
in
the present day call themselves architects, and meet with considerable patronage, are of the same class as those that flourished subsequently to the time of
LIST OF
VERSIONS OF VITRUVIUS.
.
.
Rome, by George
"
10.
Cum
di-
non modo
studiosis
last
quorum copia
disces
:
rara fuit.
:
Hsec lege
nam
vides
:
nova : magna
recondita
pulchra
Et qua;
Emendata
Corrige
nemo
"
de aquis que
in
urbem inHuunt
libcllus mirabilis.'"
The
ninety-four
The
Gaignat Catalogue 54
Polenus says there are
says
it
La
Valiere ditto
130
francs.
Harwood
in
is
a very
1496.
"Hoc
:
quod Panepistemon
inscribiti-
Angeli Politiani
in priora
Florentia?
imprcssum anno a
nalali Christiano
m.cccc.lxxxxvi.'"
fol.
xxu
According
more
respects
it is
to Fabricius, the
is
in other
very like
it.
It is quite as scarce as
the editio
princeps.
1497-
" Hoc
in
Volumine continentur
Cleo-
Placentino.
cern.
Liber unus.
inscribitur.
Lamia."
tiis,
At the end of the Vitruvius, " Impressum VeneSimonem Papiensem dictum Bivilaquam
tertio
:
per
Anno
a
m.cccc.lxxxxvii. die
Augusti.
1"
fol.
With
few
more than a
reprint
as regards
Vitruvius.
The
Cleonidas
is
;
an addition
to
it.
The name
of the Editor
first
This
1511.
" M. Vitruvius
Iocundum
cum
alio
figuris et tabula, ut
iam
At the end,
die
sumptu miraque
diligentia Ioannis de
Tacuino.
inclito
Anno Domini
m.d.xi.
xxn.
Regnante
fol.
With
many wood
blocks.
edition
text of the
doing
513.
collatione licuit."
At
the end
" Hoc
opus
est
summa excusum
mini
M.i). xiii.
as the
but consider-
xxm
ably
cut.
It
is
extremely
at
scarce,
an
1522.
di-
Aquae:
ductibus
libris propter materia? afnnitatem." At the end " Impressum Florentia? per haeredes Philippi Iuntce Anno
Novembris." Small
octavo.
This
1523.
is
same blocks
decern,
summa
diligentia
numquam
antea impressis.
Aquaeductibus
libris,
Small octavo.
counterfeit
Without place
This
is
And
though Polenus
is little
conjectures
that
it
doubt
Huyon
of Lyons.
The
figures
from
of the
first
Italian version
is
1543.
"M.Vitruvii,
scripti
:
hereinafter noticed.
suae
Augustum Caesarem
in
accuratiss. con-
nunc primum
Germania qua
potuit diligentia
Romae
libellum.
Item
mentum.
meliori,
Cum
quam
antea."
In
offi-
Anno
1543."
Quarto.
The
The
cundus.
borrowed
1550.
" M.
Caesarianus.
Vitruvii Pollionis, viri suae professionis peritissimi, de
XXIV
Architecture Libri
conscripti, et locis
iunctis
x.
ad
AuguBtum Caesarem
accuratissime
quam
AdGalli,
Civis
Rom.
Una cum
Roma?,
ct Nicolai
Cum
elaboratissimo.'"
At
the end
" Argentorati,
The
text
is
ex officina
Au-
Anno
m.d.l."
Quarto.
The
added, were
first
published in 1544 at
Rome in
1552.
" M.
sarem Augustum omnibus omnium editionibus longe emendaAccesserunt Gulielmi tiores, collatis veteribus exemplis.
Philandri Castilionii, civis
et
Rom. Annotationes
Adiecta
et est
castigatiores,
Epitome
in
ponderibue Libros,
codem
Quarto.
autore.
Cum
pletissimo.
Lugduni.
Apud
following
MSS.
edition.
The wood
1567-
Libri decern,
cum
de-
Danielis
Machinarum
scriptionibus, ct liguris,
illustratis.
copiosis, auctis et
Venetiis.
Apud Franciscum
Fransciscium
Se-
nensem,
et loan.
Folio.
Bar-
1586.
" M. Vitruvii
of 1552.
XXV
datiores, collatis veteribus exemplis.
Accesserunt Gulielmi
castigatiores,
Rom. Annotationes
Adiecta
est
Epitome in omnes Georgii Agricolas de mensuris et ponderibus libros eodem auctore. Cum Graeco pariter et Latino Indice locupletissimo, m.d.lxxxvi.
Apud
Reg. Lugd."
Quarto.
Harwood
and that
it is
more
correct,
in
1649-
" M.
sim
ab
though
less elegant
1552.
cum
Gulielmi Philandri
integris
insertis.
illustri
et
De
Pic-
De
Cum
variis Indicibus
Omnia in unum
Ioanne de
Laet Antverpiano.
Amstelodami.
Apud
:
Lud.
Elzevirium.
Author
it
was
edition, to
which
pro-
the Elzevir
type not a
little
De Laet
;
Philanders edition
but neither
was
would import.
The most
1758.
the
Commentary
Folio.
An
will
Galiani.
Naples.
Har-
wood
ticed
"a
fair
1 ''
Not no-
by Schneider.
XXVI
1800.
" M.
Germ.
Ope
Augustus
Rode
Two
The
The
The
though
five
languages,
1807- " M.
pended.
Vitruvii
Optimas Editiones
diis Societatis
Bipontinae.
Accedit
Anonymi
indicibus.
scriptoris ve-
teris
Architectural
compendium cum
Argentorati
1807-
"
Ex
Typographia
Societatis mdcccvii.'"
Octavo.
Io.
De
Ex
Gottlob
Anno mdcccvii."
3
is
This Edition,
is
much
;
be regretted that
it
was pubit
would
SPANISH VERSIONS.
1G02.
Marco Vitruvio
Pollion,
Alcala de He-
1602." Folio.
diez libros de Architectura de
1 7^7-
M. Vitruvio Pollion, traducidos del Latin y commentados por Don Joseph Ortiz y Sanz. Presbitero. Madrid. 1 787." Large Folio, with
xxvn
FRENCH VERSIONS.
bastir
Jan Martin, secretaire de Monseign. le Cardinal de LenonPour le Roy tres Chrestien Henry II. A Paris. court.
Pour
1572.
la
veuve
et
heriticrs
de Jan. Barbe.
1547."
Folio.
first
Cavellat
1618.
Version.
1673.
Paris, chez
Large
Folio.
This was a
worthy of Perrault
it is
the Translator.
Though
in
many
him
in
1684.
The
figures are
Notes
des Figures.
et
augmentee.
Par M.
en
Bapt.
Sciences, Docteur
Medecine de
Bible dor.
Facultu de Paris.
Jaques, a la
Large
Folio.
This
is,
notwithstanding
;
and
in
machinery
1
1816.
Bioul.
Bruxelles 1816."
Quarto, with
GERMAN VERSIONS
1548.
XXV1U
rercm Bcricht und beSserem Verstand gezicrct und
Durcfa D.
erkla?rct.
Vormals in
Gualtherum H. Rivium. Medic. & Mathem. teutsche sprach zu transferiren noch von nie-
mand
With
1575.
wordcn.
Zu NUmberg
triickts
Johan
Petreius."
Folio.
plates on
1614 Another
tccti,
namhafftigsten
" Vitruvius.
Folio.
unnd Kunstreichen Werck oder Bawmeisters, Marci Vitruvij Pollionis, zehen B'ucher von der Architectur und
kunstlichem Bawen.
thematischen unnd
fleissiger
Ein
Schl'ussel
und eynleitung
Kunst,
aller
Ma-
Mechanischen
Scharfsimiigcr
Wercke
&c.
verordnet durch
Teutsche Sprach zu
Durch Sebastian
Henricpctri,
1796.
Polio.
Aus der RcemisZwey Thaile.
a
life
Quarto.
In the
volume
is
of Vitruof the
This edition
contains
many
illustrations
Author.
ENGLISH.
1771- and 1791
" The
W.
Newton, Architect,
first
London, Dodsley."
Large
Folio.
The
volume was
many plates.
lan-
with so
to
much
intelligence in
some of the
notes, that
it
is
difficult
same hand.
XXIX
Latterly has appeared a translation of the third, fourth,
fifth,
and
by
W.
Wilkins,
A.M.
that
F.S.A.
The
and the
introduction to each of
them
is
omitted altogether.
is
So
that by
Newton
above mentioned.
ITALIAN.
1521. " Di Lucio Vitruvio
Pollione de Architecture Libri Dece
:
Commentati:
et
con
per
il
summo
cleati
ad Immensa
de ciascuno Studioso
" Qui
e
di epsa opera.
finisce
Cum
Gratia et Privilege."
At
:
the
end,
Commentata
D. Auin
Comense
Regio Referendario
epsa Citate
Milanese
Emendata
cum summo
quali
studio e dili-
Errori
li
fugire
per langustia
dil
tempo,"
de
&c. " E
1
amoena
et delectevole Citate
Como
Signore
il
Julii.
Regnante
Chris-
Re
" Laus
Deo.'''
Large
&c.
is
exceedingly
year 1810 it was in contemplation to some parts of that cathedral according to drawings left
late as the
As
by him.
Some of
the
wood engravings of
this edition
were
in the
Giunta
XXX
edition of 1523.
translation, are,
folio 15, a
Among
on
folio 14,
1524.
le figure
li
soi loci
con
la
de
li
vocabuli
:
li
soi loci
con
summa
diligentia expositi
et enucleati
mai
At
V enetia,
in
et
Nel
Folio.
Del mese
di Martio."
This
is
1535.
esemplare
tradotto
con
le
figure a suoi
la tavola
Anchora con
si
stampato a
of the In-
grande
utilita di
ciascuno studioso."
At the end
dopo
la
is
mese
di
Marzo."
Folio.
is
This
1536.
Translation of the
Perugia. Folio.
first five
1556.
"
i
rali.
Architettura di
M.
Vitruvio, tradutti et
di tutto qucllo
si
contienc per
le
cose
importanza.
" 1567et
Folio.
I dieci
M.
Vitruvio.
Tradotti
eletto Patriarca
in piu
d'A-
quilcia,
rivedutiet ampliati;
et
hora
commoda
XXXI
forma
chi
ridotti.
Senese,
Giovanni
mdlxvii."
Quarto.
Crugher
Alemanno C'ompagni
1584."
I dieci Libri,* &c. (ut supra). " In Venetia, Appresso Francesco de' Franceschi Senese, mdlxxxiiii." Quarto. Si-
1629.
"
et
M.
Vitruvio, Tradotti,
Commentati da Monsig. Daniel Barbaro Patriarca d'Aquileia, da lui riveduti, et ampliati et hora in questa nuova
;
le
materie
Libro ridotte sotto capi, &c. In Venetia. Appresso Alessandro de Vecchj, mdcxxix." Small Folio. Very similar
to the
preceding edition.
di Vitruvio Libri Dieci.
Tradotta, e
Com-
Et hora
in questa
nuova ImpresPer
etc.
In Venetia, mdcxxxxi.
li
di
M. Vitruvio
Comento
del
nense, &c.
niana."
In Napoli mdcclviii.
Folio.
1790.
THE
ARCHITECTURE
LIST OF
THE CHAPTERS.
(Page
1.)
is
:
What
Architecture
I.
Chapter
Of those things on which Architecture depends. Chap. Of the different Branches of Architecture. Chap. III. Of the choice of Healthy Situations. Chap. IV. Of the Foundations of Walls and Towers. Chap. V. Of the Distribution and Situation of Buildings within
Chap. VI.
II.
the Walls.
Of the
Chap. VII.
Of the Of the
Chap.
Of Bricks. Chap. III. Of Sand. Chap. IV. Of Lime. Chap. V. Of Pozzolana. Chap. VI. Of Stone Quarries. Chap. VII. Of the different kinds of Walls. Chap. VIII. Of Timber. Chap. IX. Of the Firs called Supernas and Infernas, and
Chap. X.
of the Apennines.
(Page 75.)
Of the Design and Symmetry of Temples. Chap. I. Of the Five Species of Temples. Chap. II. Of Foundations, and of Columns and their Ornaments.
Chap. III.
(Page 97-)
Chap.
Of the
Capital.
Of the Ornaments of Columns. Chap. II. Of the Doric Proportions. Chap. III. Of the Interior of the Cell and the Arrangement
Chap. IV.
of the Pronaos.
Of the different Aspects of Temples. Chap. V. Of the Proportions of the Doors of Temples. Chap. VI. Of the Tuscan Proportions of Circular Temples, and other
:
Species.
Chap. VII.
Of Altars
to the
Gods.
Chap. VIII.
(Page 123.)
Of the Forum and Basilica. Chap I. Of the Treasury, Prison, and Curia. Chap. II. Of the Theatre, and of its Healthy Situation. Chap. III. Of Harmony. Chap. IV. Of the Vases used in the Theatre. Chap. V. Of the Shape of the Theatre. Chap. VI. Of the Portico and other Parts of the Theatre. Chap. VII. Of the Three Sorts of Scenes, and of the Theatres of the Greeks.
Chap. VIII.
Of the
Chap. IX.
XXXV11
Of the Arrangement and Parts of Baths. Chap. X. Of the Pahestra. Chap. XI. Of Harbours and other Buildings in Water. Chap. XII.
(Page 161.)
Chap.
Of the Of
Places.
Chap.
II.
Of Courts Of Courts
Of
(Cavaedia).
(Atria),
Chap. III.
or Aisles (Alee), the
Wings
Peristylium.
Triclinia,
Chap. IV.
and
Dimensions.
Chap. V.
Of the Grecian CEci. Chap. VI. Of the proper Aspects of Different Sorts of Buildings. Chap. VII. Of the Forms of Houses suited to different Ranks of Persons. Chap.
VIII.
Of the Proportions of Houses in the Country. Chap IX. Of the Arrangement and Parts of Grecian Houses. Chap. X. Of the Strength of Buildings. Chap. XI.
(Page 191)
Of Pavements. Chap. I. Of Tempering Lime for Stucco. Chap. II. Of Stucco Work. Chap. III. Of Stucco Work in Damp Places. Chap. IV. Of the Use of Painting in Buildings. Chap. V. Of the Preparation of Marble for Plastering. Chap. Of Natural Colours. Chap. VII. Of Vermilion and Quicksilver. Chap. VIII. Of the Preparation of Vermilion. Chap. IX.
VI.
Of Artificial Colours. Of Black. Chap. X. Of Blue, and of Burnt Yellow. Chap. XI. Of White Lead, Verdigrease, and Red Lead. Of Purple. Chap. XIII. Of Factitious Colours. Chap. XIV.
Chap. XII.
(Page 227-)
Of the Method of Finding Water. Chap. I. Of Rain Water. Chap. II. Of the Nature of various Waters. Chap. III. Of the Qualities of Waters in certain Places. Chap. IV. Of the Means of Judging of Water. Chap. V. Of Levelling, and the Instruments used for that Purpose.
VI.
Chap.
Of conducting Water.
Chap. VII.
(Page
"259.)
Of the Method of Doubling the Area of a Square. Chap. I. Of the Method of constructing a Right Angled Triangle. Chap. II. Of the Method of detecting Silver when mixed with Gold. Chap.
III.
Of the Universe and the Planets. Chap. IV. Of the Sun's Course through the Twelve Signs. Chap. V. Of the Northern Constellations. Chap. VL Of the Southern Constellations. Chap. VII. Of the Construction of Dials by the Analemma. Chap. VIII. Of Various Dials, and their Inventors. Chap. IX.
(Page 293.)
Chap.
I.
XXXIX
Of Machines of Draught. Chap. II. Of Another Sort of Machine of Draught. Chap. III. Of a Similar Machine, of Greater Power. Chap IV. Of Another Machine of Draught. Chap. V. Of Ctesiphon's Contrivance for Removing Great Weights.
VI.
Chap.
Of the Discovery of the Quarry whence Stone was procured for the Temple of Diana at Ephesus. Chap. VII. Of the Principles of Mechanics. Chap. VIII. Of Engines for raising Water; and first of the Tympanum. Chap.
IX.
Of Another Sort of Tympanum, and of Water Mills. Chap X. Of the Water Screw. Chap. XI. Of the Machine of Ctesibius for Raising Water to a Considerable
Height.
Chap. XII.
Of Water Engines. Chap. XIII. Of Measuring a Journey. Chap. XIV. Of Catapultas and Scorpions. Chap. XV. Of the Construction of the Balista. Chap. XVI. Of the Proportions of the Balista. Chap. XVII. Of the Preparation of the Balistae and Catapulta?. Of Machines for Attack- Chap. XIX. Of the Tortoise for Filling Ditches. Chap. XX. Of Other Sorts of Tortoises. Chap. XXI. Of Machines for Defence. Chap. XXII.
Chap. XVIII.
Plan of Rome.
II.
Mount Athos,
crates.
as proposed to be sculptured
by Dino-
Forum.
Roman
Shops.
of the Zodiac.
X. Catapultas from
THE
ARCHITECTURE
1
2
^ v''I.IA
rjOE.TU?:.i TTRI
T.OF
FOP""
PE..
9
1
TK
INTRODUCTION.
Whilst,
engaged
valour
Caesar,
in acquiring the
all
and the conquered nations were awaiting your nod; whilst the Roman senate and people, freed from alarm, were
enjoying the benefit of your opinions and counsel for
their governance; I did not presume, at so unfit a period,
to
trouble
you,
thus
engaged, with
my
writings
on
When, however,
was
its
many
numerous
grandeur
is
amply manireverence
considered
it
you.
My
for the
well
cil
memory of your virtuous father, to whom I was known, and from whom, now a participator in counthe gods,
the empire descended to you,
will
with
has
towards me.
Hence,
M.
Aurelius,
P. Numisius,
to,
to
me on
As,
right
you
and
I feel
duced
to
built,
and being
It is
engaged
to deliver
many
edifices.
proper
down
to posterity, as a memorial,
I
some account
may
have developed
all
the prin-
CHAPTER
WHAT ARCHITECTURE
Architecture
sciences,
I.
is
many
other
judgment
is
is
parents.
Practice
templation of the
the
mere operation of the hands, for the conversion of the material in the best and readiest way. Theory is the result of that reasoning which demonstrates and explains that the material wrought has been so converted as to answer the end proposed. Wherefore the mere practical
architect
is
forms he adopts
also fails,
He who
is
doubly armed
equally so to carry
in other arts,
it
into execution.
In architecture, as
two considerations must be constantly kept in view ; namely, the intention, and the matter used to express that intention but the intention is founded on
:
purpose
he, therefore,
art,
who
is
branches of the
architect.
of
An
and apt in
should be a
He
good
geometry and
informed
what of a musician, not ignorant of the sciences hoth of law and physic, nor of the motions, laws, and relations to
each other, of the heavenly bodies.
By means of the
first
named
acquirement, he
is
to
commit
servations
and experience,
memory.
Drawing is employed in representing the forms of his deto it signs. Geometry affords much aid to the architect
:
and
square
whereby
his
delineations
of buildings on
The
science of
requi-
him
to introduce with
judgment the
works
this, assisted
occasion to introduce.
crowned with a
will explain it
by the following
history.
These
by a most
ryans.
its
glorious
victory from
Carya was,
in
matrons carried
into slavery,
Thus, in their
architects,
statues,
hand down
of the Caryans.
Again
a small
number of Lacedae-
command
Cleombrotus, overthrew the prodigious army of the Persians at the battle of Platea.
and, as an appro-
priate
monument of
admiration of posterity,
indi-
same time, the merited contempt due to haughty projects, intimidating their enemies by fear
to
countrymen
support of an entablature
riched
many
exhibits.
professors being
well versed in
tect to be
Moral philosophy
will
above meanness in
it
his dealings,
and
to avoid
arrogance:
will
;
make him
and what
just,
to his employer
it will
is
in the shape
his
manners,
In these respects
;
we
philosophy
That branch of
or the doc-
call (pv<rwXoyioc,
various problems
for
instance,
its
in
the
conduct of
grounded
he
many
Music
tical
other authors
assists
who have
is,
written on
the subject.
him
in the use
proportion.
It
whose frames are holes for the passage of the homotona, which are strained by gut-ropes attached to
pions, in
by their sound when struck, the bent arms of the engine do not give an equal impetus when disengaged, and the
strings, therefore,
flight
harmony and
;
being fourths,
is
and octaves
so that
when
the voice
power
is
on.
He
would, moreover, be at a
constructing hy-
and other engines, if ignorant of music. physic enables him to ascertain the salubrity of
draulic
tracts
Skill in
different
cli-
and
water of different situations, being matters of the highest importance, no building will be healthy without attention to those points.
Law
relating to
his
window
lights.
The
ployers
is
finished.
for
the execution
of the
:
works, should be
cause,
to
be-
when without
Astronomy
instructs
him
tial
of the heavens, the laws of the celesbodies, the equinoxes, solstices, and courses of the
all
of which should be well understood, in the construction and proportions of clocks. Since, therefore,
stars;
founded upon and adorned with so many different sciences, I am of opinion that those who have not, from their early youth, gradually climbed up to the summit, cannot, without presumption, call themselves
this art
is
masters of
it.
unaccountable that a
man
memory such a variety of learning ; but the close alliance with each other, of the different branches of science, will
For as a body is composed of various concordant members, so does the whole circle of learning consistin one harmonious system. Wherefore
explain the difficulty.
those,
who from an
some knowledge of
with each other.
antients,
all,
from their
common connexion
Minerva
at
On
this
which
is
in particular,
ing themselves in
sary
;
for
how can
it
be ignorant of grammar.
In music,
though
it
be evi-
something of
in painting,
know Though he need not excel, as Apelles, nor as Myron or Polycletus, in sculpture,
it.
arts.
also, in
in
For
in
it
cannot be
and
bearings, cannot
We
see
how few
hence,
if
so
as to distinguish
themselves
individual art,
obtain
how should
the architect,
who
is
required to
who have
been in
and theory.
all,
Theory
is
common
to,
but the
art only.
own
physician and musician are each obliged to have some regard to the beating of the pulse, and the motion
The
of the
feet,
wound
but who would apply to the latter to heal a or cure a malady? so, without the aid of the for-
mer, the musician affects the ears of his audience by modulations upon his instrument. The astronomer and musician delight in similar proportions, for the positions
of the
to a fourth
holds in
which are quartile and trine, answer in harmony. The same analogy that branch of geometry which the Greeks call
stars,
and
fifth
art,
many
common
any one
to
:
all.
Practice alone
sufficiently educated, whose general knowledge enables him to give his opinion on any branch when required to do so. Those unto whom nature has been so bountiful that they are at once geometricians, astro-
nomers, musicians,
and
skilled in
many
other
arts,
go
beyond what
is
may be
properly called mathematicians, in the extended sense of that word. Men so gifted, discriminate acutely, and
met with. Such, however, was Aristarchus of Samos, Philolaus and Archytas of Tarentum, Apollonius of Perga, Eratosthenes of Cyrene, Archimedes and Scopinas of Syracuse: each of whom wrote on all the
are rarely
sciences.
yet
it is
Since, therefore, few men are thus gifted, and required of the architect to be generally well init is
formed, and
art,
I beseech you,
Caesar,
this
10
my
an accomplished philosopher, an
however, of my art and
prin-
an architect:
in respect,
its
thority to those
down rules which may serve as an who build, as well as to those who
auare
11
CHAPTER
II.
(ordinatio)
and
ar-
(dispositio), the
in
latter
foa,@e<ri$; it
depends on propor-
uniformity, consistency,
call oiKovof/Ja.
Greeks
Fitness
fabric
it
call
scale of the
effective.
work,
may
all
tell
and be
Arrangement
effect
of the same
It
is
keeping
in
view
its
appropriate cha-
racter.
together,
constitute design
:
these,
named
<
Jea/
and scenography.
compasses.
slightly
The
first is
the representation on a
The second
is
building.
The
and a receding
side
vanishing points.
result of thought
and invention.
incited
Thought
Invention
is
an
effort
by
ing an object.
12
throws a new light on things the most recondite, and pro-
These are
Proportion
is
that agreeable
each other
Uniformity
is
the parity
its
human
figure.
The
other
spond.
In the
balista,
by the
;
size
in ships,
Greek is called hiK-si^aucr,, we have a measure, by the knowledge of which the whole of
may be
developed.
Consist-
ency
is
found
in that
and nature.
Ssf/MTto-fAog,
From circumstance, which the Greeks when temples are built, hypaethral and
Coelus, the
un-
inclosed,
to Jupiter, Thunderer,
Sun and
all
Moon
space.
and Hercules
on account
and without
delicate ornament.
The
cha-
tains
because
its
13
and
its
to bear
medium
be-
which should be of
Doric and
the
slenderness
rinthian order.
pre-
served
when
are
for
those
mean
entrances.
So
used
in the
Doric order,
to one order
another,
the
eye
will
be
offended,
otherwise
applies
these peculiarities.
ency
arises
and water;
more
lapius, to the
ties as
Goddess of Health, and such other diviniFor thus possess the power of curing diseases.
which they have been accustomed for those that are healthy, sooner convalesce and a reliance upon the
;
light,
light
is
and
at other
times obscured,
but
is
Economy
consists in
14
proper application of the means afforded according to the
ability of the
prudently conducted.
In
easily
of
in
where
some
a distance, with
much
In
may be
and
sand
sorts
cypress,
poplar, elm,
like
of
fir
and the
of the
according to
cir-
cumstances.
The
to
;
other branch of
economy
is
consists in
to be
made of
the
money
priate thereto
stances
prevails,
design
should be varied.
as a
That
town house, would in which store-rooms must be ill suit as a country house, provided for the produce of the farm. So the houses of
men
which are
men
of taste.
Mansions
for
men of
consequence in the government must be adapted to their In short, economy must ever depend particular habits.
on the circumstances of the case.
15
CHAPTER
III.
purposes
lic.
Those
for
immortal gods.
Those
for public
and the
like
meet the convenience of the public. All these should possess strength, utility, and beauty. Strength arises from
carrying
down
is
produced by
by the dimensions of
tioned to each other.
all
1G
CHAPTER
IV.
of the
first
importance
it
should be on high
;
its
aspects
The neighbourhood of a marshy place must be avoided ; for in such a site the morning air, uniting with the fogs that rise in the neightemperate in both respects.
bourhood,
will
and
over
fenny animals,
will diffuse
city
on the sea
side,
;
for in
summer mornings,
it
would be
evening of
scorched.
at sunrise
A city,
also,
be warm,
at
noon
hot,
and
in the
a burning temperature.
Hence
inhabitants of such places, from such continual and excessive changes of the
air,
would be much
vitiated.
:
This
effect is likewise produced on inanimate bodies nobody would think of lighting his wine-cellar from the south or the
and
For heat,
17
on which
it
acts.
becomes
when heated
;
but
if,
when
in
heated,
it
it
immediately regains
original quality.
also
in
unwholesome, but
in winter,
salubrious
the
;
summer
and
and
the
Hence,
those
who change
on the other
hand, those
who
Much
may
not be obnoxious
For
as,
ac-
call irroi^sicc,
air,
bodies are
compounded of fire,
engendered
their
so, in
those bodies
is
wherein
fire
predominates,
temperament
de-
Such
is
the case
heat insinuates
neces-
and
and
properties.
Hence bodies
are
much
injured by
damp
Lastly,
18
nished more than
is
will
its
equi-
this, let
and
ani-
among them.
and an-
For there
is
one
flesh of birds,
another of
fishes,
Fishes,
of but a moderate degree of heat, a considerable proportion of air and earth, and
and hence,
it,
easier
they soon
Terrestrial animals,
much
air, heat,
preponderating
composition.
Since, then,
we
are
we have mentioned
and
want or superabundance
much
The
precepts
in this respect,
They
whereon a
stative
encampment was
in-
19 tended.
If the livers were diseased and livid, they tried
hut
if
the greater
experiments proved,
livers, that
cattle, so in that
of the
human body,
become
in search
pestiferous
and they
salubrity
of another, valuing
health above
all
other considerations.
is
That the
of a tract of land
which
lities
it
furnishes,
is
river
states
when opened,
in their
endea-
Hence
call
When,
therefore, a city
is
whose
ters
level
is
site is
for
may be
and
at those times,
when
and runs
up the sewers,
20
prevents the generation of marshy insects
;
it
also soon
An
When
the marshes
rivers
or drains, as
become
built, as
putrid,
pesti-
lent nature.
some
by Diomedes on his return from Troy, by Elphias the Rhodian, was so placed
At
and
select a
to
which the
might be removed.
Roman
city.
removal of the
He
soil
a moderate valuation.
city.
Thus
the
now
21
CHAPTER
V.
When we
of the
city, as well in
by good
roads,
and
river
we
if
and should be built thereon of such thickness as may be necessary for the proper support of that part of the wall which
stands above the natural level of the ground.
They should
the exte-
From
an approaching enemy
An
easy
By
this
arrangement, the
by
sieged.
open to the weapons of the beThe plan of a city should not be square, nor
;
so that the
may
be open to observation.
is
whose plan
;
is
acute-angled,
fended
for such a
the attacked.
ficient for
The
thickness of the walls should be sufto pass each other with ease.
tied,
from front to
rear, with
olive
wood
will
is,
by which means
endure for ages.
that
it
connected,
The advantage
affected
earth, or
is
neither
by weather, by
or
it
by age.
lasts
Buried in the
:
immersed
in
water,
unimpaired
and
for
this
walls,
such walls as are of extraordinary thickness, tied together therewith, are exceedingly lasting.
The
distance
flight
at
attack be
and other missile engines stationed on the towers right and left of the point in question. The walls will be intercepted by the lower parts of the towers where they
occur, leaving an interval equal to the width of the tower;
will
so that,
if
enemy obtain possession of any part of the walls, the wooden communication may be promptly cut away by the defenders, and thus prevent the enemy from penetrating
to the other parts of the walls without the danger of precipitating themselves into the vacant hollows of the towers.
either
round or polygonal.
easily frac-
square
is
whereas the
battered, the
when
pieces of masonry
23
displacing the whole mass.
security of walls
to the
or terraces
it
of undermining.
walls,
from
In
first
excavated
further
dug
wall.
This must be of
space
Then, according
the
to
in
drawing up
towards the
cohorts
is
military
another wall
city.
to
be
The
outer
walls,
and inner
by cross
comb
fill-
many and
less forces,
I
do not think
requi-
composed
not,
We
such as
not provided, as
is
bitumen
yet there
is
may
not be
24
CHAPTER
VI.
They should be
so planned as to
;
if hot,
if
damp, destructive.
in so
which occurs
many
cities.
For instance
is
in
magnificently
built,
but imprudently
it,
When
;
the inha-
coughs
but
so great, that
lanes.
no one
is
in the streets
and
Wind
wave of air, whose undulation continually varies. generated by the action of heat upon moisture, the That such
is
of wind.
the case,
may be
satisfactorily
acolipylae,
which clearly
inventions
shew
human
size,
be
filled
with water.
fire,
over the
but
little
wind
is
>5
Thus
and de-
winds, those
ill
who
those
who
are
The
disorders
which are treated by replenishment instead of exhaustion of the natural forces. Such disorders are cured
with difficulty.
First,
diminished by the disorder, the air agitated by the action of the winds becomes poor and exhausts the body's moisture, tending to
make
it
which from
its soft
agitation, nourishes
and refreshes
its
strength.
Accord-
more curious in these matters reckon eight winds ; among such was Andronicus Cyrrhestes, who, to exemplify the theory, built at Athens an octagonal marble tower, on each side of which was sculptured a figure representing On the wind blowing from the quarter opposite thereto.
the top of the roof of this tower a brazen Triton with a rod
in his right
figure
hand moved on a pivot, and pointed to the The other of the quarter in which the wind lay.
by many
E
called
D. H. HILL
LIBRARY
26
Corus, the north-west wind, and Aqnilo the north-east
wind.
Thus
To
:
find
let
and lay
down
their situation
we
proceed as follows
a marble
by
may
not be necessary.
gnomon must be erected. The Greeks call this gnomon <nc/a^aj. The shadow cast by the gnomon is to
brazen be marked about the
fifth
gnomon
stands,
shadow
con-
gnomon
From
the
moment when
its
extremity again
the two
other,
and through
their
intersection
draw a
north and south points. One-sixteenth part of the circumference of the whole circle
left
is
we
each side into three equal parts, and the divisions or regions of the eight winds will be then obtained
:
let
the
by the
27
tendency of the
which separate the different regions turned of the winds. Thus will their force be broken and away from the houses and public ways for if the dilines
;
winds, rections of the streets be parallel to those of the violence, latter will rush through them with greater
the
that
when
may be
the broken against the angles of the different divisions of Those who are accustomed to city, and thus dissipated. the
names of
so
many
of the circuit of the earth was ascertained by Eratosthenes Cyrene, from mathematical calculations, founded on the
^jr a
shadow of an equinoctial gnomon, and the equal obliquity of the heavens, and was discovered to be thirty-one to two hundred and fifty-two thousand stadia or part millions and five hundred thousand paces, an eighth
sun's course, the
millions whereof, as occupied by each wind, being three
-^
?><so
thousand
five
hundred
number
of impediments and reverberations it must naturally be subject to in travelling such distance through such
varied space.
To the
right
and
left
respectively Euronotus
cus,
and Altanus.
On
the
south-west wind,
Subvesperus northward.
On
and on
its
northern side
the western side of Caurus, the north-west westwind, Circius, on its northern side Corus. On the north ern and eastern sides respectively of Septentrio, the
On
28
wind, Thrascias and Gallicus.
From
northern
and Ornithiae on
its
southern
turnus on
Many other
or are
also
his
There
rising
from
These remain
after
sunrise, and are classed among the east winds, and hence receive the name of evgog given by the Greeks to that wind,
Some deny
was correct
in his
of no consequence
:
whence
Inas-
for
it is
clear there
much as the brevity with which down may prevent their being
thought
it
right to
add
understanding
the Greeks
call
them a-^^aTo,,
re-
end of
this
book.
The
first
The
second, the
as to
in-
streets in such a
manner
Let
gnomon is erected. The antemeridianal shadow of the gnomon being marked at. B, from A, as a centre with the distance AB, describe a
29
complete
circle.
Then
replacing the
gnomon
after the
correctly,
watch
its
sun has
till it
become
then
the
made
in the forenoon,
From
B and. C,
as centres, describe
other in D.
From
the circle, draw the line EF, which will give the north
and south
parts.
points.
From
and
and
left
sixteen parts,
and
in the
side,
mark
HI,
G
;
to
will
be given to the
I to
south
wind and
its
region
that from
K
;
to the
north wind.
The remaining
sides, to
be
L and
to
:
NO
from
and from
to
draw
lines crossing
each other
winds.
The
Thus, beginning
be the
cus,
H
j
that
trio
and Caurus,
between Aquilo
30
and Solanus,
Thus
gauge be applied
to the different
and
lanes.
31
CHAPTER
VII.
The
of
lanes
and
sites for
to be decided
on
and
if in-
The tem-
Jupiter, Juno,
as also the
temple of
public square.
gymnasium, the temple of Hercules should be near the circus. The temple of Mars should be out of the city,
in the neighbouring country.
to the
gate.
According to the regulations of the Hetrurian Haruspices, the temples of Venus, Vulcan, and Mars
first
be not in the
way of contaminating
influence of lust
;
that those of
danger of
fire
and
sacrifices
performing
The temple of Mars should be also out in his temple. of the city, that no armed frays may disturb the peace of
32
the citizens, and that this divinity may, moreover, be ready
to preserve
them from
their
perils
of war.
the city, to which the public are not necessarily led but
for the purpose of sacrificing to her.
This spot
is
to
be
re-
affairs
it.
Appropriate
and places
I shall
it
sacrifice to the
other divinities.
edifices themselves,
;
pears to me, that in the second book I ought to explain the nature of the different materials
employed
in
and use
and then,
in the other
and
their proportions.
THE
ARCHITECTURE
INTRODUCTION.
Dinocrates the architect, relying on the powers of his skill and ingenuity, whilst Alexander was in the midst of his conquests, set out from Macedonia to the army, desirous of gaining the commendation of his sovereign.
That
cilitated,
he obtained
letters
first
from
his
relations to
men
;
of the
king's person
by
whom
34
sought them to take the earliest opportunity of accomplishing his wish.
in
They promised
fairly,
performing
sion.
He
man of tall
stature, pleas-
Trusting to the
gifts
crowned
his
when
The
crowd
to
make way
he was. " A Macedonian architect," replied Dinocrates, " who suggests schemes and designs worthy your royal
renown.
of a
I
propose to form
Mount Athos
shall
man
left
hand, and in
all
his right a
be collected
the
made immediate
such a
plies
state.
of the neighbourhood
sufficient
produce
for
When, however, he found that all its supmust be furnished by sea, he thus addressed Dino:
crates
"
am
For
but
am
of opinion he would
its
mother,
35
depending thereon
depends on the
its
fertility
it
for
and not
Though your
it
plan might be
I never-
impolitic.
facilities
whose name
should be Alexandria.
through
to
his
face
my my
constitution.
ments,
my
scientific
In the
book
I have treated
it is
divided
The
and symmetry,
will follow
and be explained
but
and
in-
workmanship used
different cases.
an
and application
in
in-
Even
this I
36
buildings,
and
their gradual
advance to perfection.
In
who have
ized
life,
latter
state of society.
Thus guided,
I will
proceed.
37
CHAPTER
I.
in
lives in
af-
which nature
alarmed those
in
Return-
ing to the spot after the tempest had subsided, and finding the warmth which had thus been created extremely
comfortable, they added fuel to the
to preserve the heat,
fire
excited, in order
and then went forth to invite others, by signs and gestures, to come and witness the discovery.
In the concourse that thus took place, they testified their
different opinions
and expressions by
dailv association
;
different inflexions
of the voice.
From
words succeeded to
these indefinite
modes of speech
Thus
gave
rise to
the
first
assembly of
their union
mankind, to their
they were more
first
deliberations,
and to
in a state of society.
fitted
which
by nature than other animals, from also gave them the advantage
less
an object, and
38
turn
it
fingers.
In the astogether,
first
boughs of
tains,
some by excavating caves in the mounand others in imitation of the nests and habitations
trees,
and covered with mud or clay. From observation of and improvement on each others' expedients for sheltering
themselves, they soon began to provide a better species
of huts.
imitative
It
and docile turn of mind, and proud of their own inventions, gaining daily experience also by what had been
previously executed, vied with each other in their progress towards perfection in building.
The
first
attempt
means of timbers
and boughs,
flat
for the
made
their roofs of
oft"
We
are
may be
such
seen in
Gaul, in Spain, in
The
abun-
Pontus,
furnish
39
Two
on the
earth, right
and
left,
at
of
On
the
laid
two other
trees
will inclose is
The
towers are raised, whose walls consist of trees laid horizontally but kept perpendicularly over each other, the
alternate layers yoking the angles.
The
level interstices
is filled
and mud.
On
a pyramidal form.
They
;
and
and thus
rude fashion
The
and
who
permit.
bound
of the covering of
huts.
Each
the country.
At
At
remote antiquity,
is
10
Romulus
nifests
It
is
in the capitol,
by
its
method of building. Daily practice made the original builders more skilful, and experience increased their confidence those who took more delight in the science making it their exclusive profession. Thus
ideas of the early
;
man, who,
in
mals enjoy in
common
with him,
is
gifted
by nature with
him from his superiority of intellect, proceeded by degrees to a knowledge of the other arts and sciences, and passed from a savage state of life to one of civilization. From the courage which his gradual success naturally excited, and his engagement in those various speculations with which the arts are connected, his ideas expanded and from building huts
creation are subject to
;
tiles.
obser-
attained,
;
which
in the
in
arts
was carried
now, to the
Lest
I shall
best of
my
ability,
and
use.
my
4,1
in
question be not
well
think
it
proper
first
connected, to explain
its
origin
and
different species,
and
Hence, having
first
on which the
now proceed
to an ex-
employed
origin,
in the practice of
treatise
it.
in-
tended for a
passed to
its
present
state of perfection,
This
book
is
consequently
treat, in
proper place.
shall
now
proceed to
rials
how
they are
formed by nature, and of the analysis of their component parts. For there is no material nor body of any sort whatever which
ticles
;
is
and
if their
stood,
no law of physics
our
satisfaction.
42
CHAPTER
II.
first
principle of
all
by the
fire.
Democritus, and
liis
by which term
is
understood
or, as
some
To
water and
fire
the phi-
Hence
calls the
elements
them incapable of corruption or alteration, and of eternal duration and infinite solidity, his hypothesis makes the particles not
for
when he
considers
Since, therefore,
all
is
affects
may
and
make
a proper choice of
may
want.
43
CHAPTER
III.
OF BRICKS.
I
shall
rirst
treat of bricks,
ought to be made.
unfit for that sorts
purpose
for if
made of
rain,
either of these
built of
moulder away,
also,
with which
they are mixed, will not sufficiently bind the earth toge-
because of
its
rough
quality.
These
sorts
The proper
in
seasons for
Those made
summer
hence,
when thoroughly
dry,
they shrink and break those parts which were dry in the
first
instance and thus broken, their strength is gone. Those are best that have been made at least two years
;
for in a period less than that they will not dry thoroughly.
When
plastering
is
laid
and
set
less
From
its
14
it-
and
in its failure
sometimes
at least five
There are
Greeks
is,
the
first is
call
Didoron
long,
in
(hittugov'),
that
one foot
The two
is
Grecian buildings
one
Tetradoron.
By
the word
daigov signifies
which can
that
be borne
in the
That
sort, therefore,
;
which
sorts
is five
called Pentadoron
The former
to suit
it
;
of these two
latter in private.
Each
a wall
made
so that
when
bricks
line
on each
face, the
bricks on each
below.
this
bed bond alternately over the course Besides the pleasant varied appearance which
gives,
it
method
by the
The
bricks of
Calentum
Asia, are,
in Spain,
when wrought and dried, specifically lighter than water, and hence swim thereon. This must arise from the porosity of the earth whereof they are made
the air contained in the pores, to which the water cannot
penetrate, giving
Earth of
45
this sort being, therefore,
lity,
and impervious
size,
it
to water,
be a lump thereof of
pumice-stone.
;
whatever
swims
naturally like
heavy nor
liable to
be injured by the
46
CHAPTER
OF SAND.
In buildings of rubble work
that the sand be
fit
it
IV.
is
of the
first
importance
The
black,
The
best of each of
these sorts
is
that which,
the
is
and does not possess the roughness above named, is fit for the purpose, if it merely leave a stain or any particles of earth on a white garment, which can easily be
earthy,
brushed away.
sand
If there be
no sand-pits where
dries
it
can be
may be had
it
walls wherein
it is
however,
In plas-
on walls
built with
new
pit sand,
safely spring
from them.
dug
a long
it
time, and exposed to the sun, the moon, and the rain,
loses its binding quality,
neither
when used does it bind the rubble stones together so as to prevent them sliding on their beds and falling out:
nor
is
it
fit
to be used
in
walls
pit
;
are to be supported.
Though
excellent for
rich
mortar,
it
is
for being of a
47
quality,
when added
to the lime
it
and straw,
its
great
The
beaters,
as
hard as cement.
48
CHAPTER
OF LIME.
Having
either
V.
we proceed
is
which
burnt
flint.
That which
;
is
of a
close
as that
more porous is better for plastering. When slaked for making mortar, if pit sand be used, three parts If river or sea sand of sand are mixed with one of lime. be made use of, two parts of sand are given to one of
which
lime,
be found a proper proportion. If to river or sea sand, potsherds ground and passed through a sieve, in the proportion of one third part, be added, the
which
will
mortar
will
The
coming
solid
are
added
to the lime,
pound of elements
of air being
soft,
brittle.
For
stones which, when burnt, would make excellent lime, if pounded and mixed with sand, without burning, would
neither
bind the
work together,
kiln,
nor
set
hard;
lost
but
the
in-
and having
by the action of
air
which
were
in the
body of the
re-
when
the substance
immersed
in
water before
49
the heat can be dissipated,
it
all
its
pores, effervesces,
and
at last
its
excluded.
Hence,
limestone, previous to
it
is
burning,
is
much
:
heavier than
for,
after
having passed
it is
though equal
it
in bulk,
known,
previously contained,
of
its
The
;
more
easily takes
it,
and
ii
50
CHAPTER
There
VI.
OF POZZOLANA.
is
extraordinary qualities.
territory in the
if
their bases,
The inward
fire
the neighbourhood,
is
Since, then,
arising
combine
in
one
is
because
in the
at
in
former times
fires
under Vesuvius
51
stone, appears to be acted on by fire so as to possess a
The
is
species of sponge-stone,
how-
bourhood of yEtna and the hills of Mysia, which the Greeks call xaruxexoivpiiioi, and places of such description. If, therefore, in these places hot springs and heated
vapours are found in the cavities of the mountains, and the spots are recorded by the antients to have been subject to fires issuing out of the lands,
it
the moisture
their
is
neighbourhood, by the strength of the fire, as from Dissimilar and unequal actions lime-stone in a kiln.
being thus concentrated towards the same end, the great want of moisture quickly supplied by water binds and
strongly cements them, and also imparts a rapid solidity,
It
is
many
hot springs in
Tuscany, we do not there find a powder, which, for the same reason, would harden under water: should I be
thereon questioned,
stance.
is
nor
Some
of land, in different parts of the earth, varies as much For instance ; on the side of as even the climate itself.
Apennines towards Tuscany, sand-pits are found whereas, on the other side of the Apenin abundance nines, facing the Adriatic, none are discoverable: so also
the
;
in Achaia, Asia,
and universally on the other side of the It does not. therefore sea, such things are not known. follow, that in all places abounding with hot springs all Nature has not other circumstances should be similar.
52
made
all
ferently
and
fortuitously.
Hence,
in places
where the
soft
is
hard
is left.
when
burnt, becomes a
of Tuscany a coal.
building,
in
is
and from
entire subjec-
fire, it
becomes that
sand which
is
called carbunculus.
53
CHAPTER
VII.
OF STONE QUARRIES.
I
their qualities.
of building, will
these differ very
Tbe
soft
,
qualities of
neighbourhood of Rome,
Some
flints.
moderately
so,
as the Tiburtine,
Amiternine, Soractine,
and those of
that sort.
There are many other species, as the red and black sandstone (tophus) of Campania, and the white sort of Urn bria, Picenum, and Venice, which is cut with a saw like
wood.
The
soft species
have
this
advantage, that
when
in
open and
and
rain,
and subjected to the action of the frost they soon become friable, and moulder away.
They are
also
salt
their strength
when
ex-
weights no
less
than the
fire.
The
their
earthy particles, also, are few, and the quantity of air and
fire in
tion
them considerable. Hence, from the small porof earth and water which they contain, the fire easily
54
acts
interstices, drives
own hot
much resembling
Alban
stone.
They are worked in most abundance in the neighbourhood of the Volscinian Lake, and in the prefecture of
Statonia.
affects
it.
It is
from
its
containing but
little air
and
but a moderate
Close in tex-
much
earth.
The
stone, prove
monuments about Ferentinum, which are built of this its durability; among these may be observed
and acanthus leaves and flowers elegantly carved, which, as fresh as though
moulds,
for
Rome,
to
it
would be used
it
is
city,
which
indeed worthy
to
But
as necessity,
on account of proxi-
that
of the Pallienses
in the
city, in
defective, let
it
be selected as follows.
the building,
Two years
the stones
before the
commencement of
in
by no means
after
the winter
Those which,
55
the weather,
may be used
in the foundations
but those
endure in
These
56
CHAPTER
VIII.
The
like), a
method now
which
is
in general use,
certain),
The
its
reticulatum
is
very liable to
split,
from the
deficiency in re-
The
selves to,
by sucking up, and attaching themthe mortar, may last the longer. For as the stones
and porous nature, they absorb,
this,
are of a soft
in drying, the
if
used plentifully,
;
and
power, leaves
it,
and
in
We may
;
see
several
city,
which have
that
on the
face,
Time,
and destroyed
on which
walls
fall
it
acted.
by the porosity of the surface All cohesion is thus ruined, and the
to decay.
He who
is
may
57
not happen to his work, should huild his two face walls
two
flint,
common
cavity.
at ran-
and duly preserving the middle space or The materials, in this case, not being thrown in
lead,
dom, but the work well brought up on the beds, the upright joints properly arranged, and the face walls, moreover, regularly tied together, they are not liable to bulge,
They
when,
make no use of
soft
stone in
their buildings
sorts of
of work
pseudisodomum.
all
its
The
so called, because in
it
name from the unequal heights of the courses. Both first, because the these methods make sound work
:
and
solid,
longest period
and
level,
moreover,
comes
called
eternal.
bonded throughout its whole thickness, beThere is still another method, which is
(emplectum), in use even among our
In
this species the faces are
'Ip^XiKTov
country workmen.
wrought.
The
two
faces,
and bedded
in mortar as
the wall
But the workmen, for the sake of despatch, carry up these casing walls, and then tumble
is
carried up.
58
in the
distinct
and the
vertical joints; neither do they fill in the middle at random, but, by means of bond stones, make the wall solid,
piece.
They moreover
cross the
single piece,
which they
call iiurovoi,
(diatoni) tending
is
de-
enabled, by what
have
laid
his purpose.
Those
walls
and
made of external
;
walls,
we must
the
number of
cost,
gone through, we
must deduct
of such
their value,
and
set
down
inasmuch
years.
This
is
first cost.
Hence,
in
some
states,
We may
instance that
part of the
wall at
and Pentelicus, the temples of Jupiter and Hercules, in which the cells are of brick, whilst the columns and their
entablatures are of stone, in Italy the antient and exquisitely
the
official
residence of the
Some
59
after being cut out,
were packed up
in
wooden
cases
and transported
to the
Comitium
comfort of the citizens in their old age, as also in the house of Mausolus, a very powerful king of Halicarnassus,
though
all
present day, and the plastering with which they are co-
vered
prince
is
The
how-
was
not,
ever, restrained
by economy
for, as
king of Caria, he
must have been exceedingly rich. Neither could it be urged that it was from want of skill and taste in architecture, that he did so.
Born
for
at Mylasa,
and perceiv-
The
site
of
it,
was
built
up the
hill,
a large square in the centre of which stood the mausoleum, a work of such grandeur that
it was accounted one of the seven wonders of the world. In the centre, on the summit of the hill, was the temple of Mars, with
which
is
Some, however,
at-
to Leocharis
others to Timotheus.
On
who happen
to
As, how-
60
ever, this error
is
general,
It is
it
will
the impression.
men The
effeminate and
is
clear as
and of the
it
finest flavour.
origin of the
story,
by which
is
quality,
as follows.
When
laid
Some time
the fountain,
established
close to
of
its
;
sorts of
merchan-
dize
and thus
it
became
barbarians
small,
Coming,
at
first,
in
and
The
its
being the means through which the minds of the barbarians were civilized. I must now, however, proceed to finish
my description
described
the right summit we have Venus and the above named the temple of
of the
city.
On
:
on the
left
This
commanded, on
61
was transacting
therein.
could give
After
who succeeded
to
the
government,
fleet, for
governing
the purpose of
Artemisia,
;
she
commanded her
fleet to
sailors
When
town.
The Rhodians,
;
the town
at
ed by
its sailors
forum and
slain.
own
Rhodes.
The
thought their
and received
and
of two brazen
sta-
state of
Rhodes, the
mark of infamy
on the
was contrary to the precepts of the religion of the Rhodians to remove a trophy, they encity.
it
As
and covered
it
after
62
the custom of the Greeks, giving
therefore, kings of such great
it
the
name
olfBocrov.
If
brick structures
when
well executed.
is
shall
now
explain
why
this species
of walls
not permitted in
the city of
be permitted.
Rome, and also why such walls ought not to The public laws forbid a greater thick-
Now
brick walls,
at all
two or three
bricks,
fit
to carry
floor, so that
number
to be
accommodated,
it
Thus by means of
The
Roman
when
the
may be
durable.
On
like the
corona of a cornice
63
thus the injury to be guarded against in such a wall, will be
prevented
for if
any
tiles
or dislodged
rain, the
by the wind,
it.
To judge
is
not at
first
an easy matter
the
way of ascertaining their goodness is to try them through a summer and winter, and, if they bear out
only
may be
used.
Those by the
will
and rain
hence
if unfit to
are conse-
As
much
covered with
is
laid
swells
But
if expedition, or
let it
The
be
to stand
must
somewhat
it
raised
from
the ground
it
or pavement.
and bend forward, whereby the face of the plastering will be injured. I have already treated on walls, and generally
Should
ever be placed below them
will rot, settle,
64
for
now proceed
and
to a description of
its
mode
may be
as
65
CHAPTER
IX.
OF TIMBER.
Timber should be felled from the beginning of the Autumn up to that time when the west wind begins to blow
never in the Spring, because at that period the trees are
as
it
their
natural
we
see females
in indifferent health
till
the period of
Hence
slaves
about to be sold
;
for the
body,
more unwell
as the foetus
is
the party by
whom
it
is
borne
as soon
is
free
rate the
vessels,
body by the juices flowing to the large and empty and to enable it to regain its former natural
So,
in
the
Autumn,
the fruits
being ripened and the leaves dry, the roots draw the
moisture from the earth, and the trees are by those means
Up
to
air
if it
be then
be seasonable.
at
per
way
is
to cut
through
66
trunk of the tree, and then leave
juices
it
for
some time,
that the
may
in the tree,
its
it is
external rings,
all
tendency to decay
removed, and
preserved sound.
it
After the tree has dried and the draining has ceased,
may
this
fit
for use.
That
should be the method pursued, will appear from the nature of shrubs. These, at the proper season,
at the bottom, discharge
when pierced
made
in
them
all
On
when
good
for nothing.
them
whilst in their
growing
much
the
more
to
if
when they
are about
be
felled, will
they
last for
a longer period
when con-
The
qualities of trees
and others
is
The
useful
where the
would be improper and so with respect to the cypress and the elm. Nor do the others differ less widely, each, from the different nature of its elements,
fir
the
fir,
and
fire,
and very
light
its
stituted of such
elements,
not
it
heavy
hence
bound together by
bend, but keeps
to
fir is,
natural hardness
in
its
shape
framing.
The
objection
that
it
contains so
much
is
heat as to generate
it.
verv destructive to
67
It
is
because
fire,
fir
its
it
open
close
that
yields a
is
The lower
part of the
its
is
which
by
the
upper part,
it
throwing
out
fire
contains, a great
many
from
its
hardness,
is
The lower
and
part,
sawed
are rejected,
is
called Sapinea.
its
The
oak, however,
containing
among
and
fire,
ground
is
its
pathy to water
is
so great that
is
it
twists
and
splits
very
much
is
the
(esculus),
used.
it
damp which
fire
quickly penetrates
off, it
and
its air
and
being driven
soon
rots.
(cerrus),
the cork tree, and the beech soon rot, because they confire, and earth, which are by no means capable of balancing the great quantity of air they contain. The white and black poplar, the willow, the
lime tree
in
(tilia),
They
abound with
fire
and
air.
Though not
68
and excellently adapted for carving. The alder, which grows on the banks of rivers, and is to appearance an almost useless wood, possesses nevertheless most excellent
qualities,
inasmuch
as
it
contains
much
air
and
fire,
not a
water makes
for piling
it
it
these situations,
which it does not possess naimmense weights and does not decay. Thus we see that timber which above ground soon decays, lasts an amazing time in a damp soil. This is
receives that moisture
turally.
most evident at Ravenna, a city, the foundations of whose buildings, both public and private, are all built upon piles. The elm tree and the ash contain much
water and but
tion of earth.
little
air
and
fire,
They
so full of water,
under
well
a superincumbent weight. When, however, from proper keeping after being felled, or from being
dried
while
moisture, they
capable of forming sound work. which contains but little fire and earth, and a considerable portion of air and water, is not easily broken, and is, moreover, easily wrought. The Greeks,
pliability,
from their
The maple
tree,
therefore,
for
vyct)
of this timber,
The
for
cypress and
though they
bend
in
use
they
last,
69
rot,
worm.
number of
The
qualities as the
two
last
named
called
is
worm
The
as well as the
The
and
press,
statue of the
Ephesus, are
made of
it
and
it
is
great durability.
These and
in
trees
grow
some parts of
in the districts
The
larch,
which
is
only
known
juices,
is
worm, neither will it take fire or burn of itself, but can only be consumed w ith other wood, as stone is burnt
the
T
it
emit flame
and
;
air.
It
is,
on the contrary,
full
of water
fire
and earth
could penetrate,
repels
Its
its
power, so that
is
it
is
not
will
is
weight
so great, that
it
when
conveyed
in vessels,
This
property of the
circumstances.
the following
his
army near
provi-
him with
70
sions.
Among them
was a
fortress called
Larignum,
spot immediately.
and constructed
after the
manner of a funeral
its
It
appearing
soldiers.
As
soon as the
demoli-
But
still
was
peared
unhurt
it
and
Caesar,
wondering
of
it,
ordered
to
by its trembling inhabitants. They were then asked where they obtained this sort of wood, which would not burn. They shewed him the trees, which are in great
abundance
called
in
those parts.
Po
to
Ravenna,
it
to
Rome,
it
would
if
not generally, at
plates
those houses in
Rome which
71
thus secured from catching
ignite nor
fire,
since they
would neither
The
leaves
fibres
of these trees are similar to those of the pine-tree; the of them straight, and not harder to work in joinery
The wood
a good remedy in
I have now treated of the different of timber, and of their natural properties, as well as of the proportion of the elements in each. It only re-
mains to enquire,
in
Rome by
which
is
is
known
good
in
so
as that
called
Infernas,
whose durability
explain
buildings
so great.
I shall therefore
how
in
their
qualities arise
which
may be
72
CHAPTER
X.
The Apennines
to the Alps
on one
the other
and
their
summits spreading
shape of a
in the cenSicily.
The
is
warmed by
The further
The
side,
which
is
lies to-
enclosed
therefore,
grow
much
saturated with
When
change
On
the contrary,
those which
grow on the
in
in
when squared
The
fir,
warm open
parts,
is
73
Supernas, which comes from a closely and thickly wooded
country.
To
the best
of*
my
ability I
bad
who
build
may be
well
informed thereon.
my
directions,
it is
and
ap-
do
right.
rations to be
made, we
and
their
symmetry and proportions as the importance of the subject requires, which will form the subject of the following book.
THE
ARCHITECTURE
ATH EN
INTRODUCTION.
The
Delphic Apollo, by the answer of
observed that
as
his priestess, deit is
Of him
said
he
sagaciously
breasts
it
if
men's
it
ments.
Would
to
God
We
might then not only find out the virtues and vices of persons with facility, but, being also enabled to obtain ocular
70
knowledge of the science they
of their
skill
with certainty
really clever
proper esteem.
But
lents of
many men
it
lie
renders
so difficult to lay
any
art.
However an
artist
lents, if
connexion from
gifted with a
or if he be not
good address
way
to persuade
a competent artist.
We
find a corro-
among whom,
applause are
;
those
who
fame and
posterity
dias,
art.
cities,
still
living in the
remembrance of
who
by kings, or by wealthy
of their
art,
citizens.
Now others,
who,
not
less studious
nor
less
genius
and skill, did not enjoy equal fame, because employed by persons of lower rank and of slenderer
means, and not from their unskilfulness, seem to have
Pharax the
;
many more
among
nei-
But
ill
their
success
77
in respect
of art
it
many
skilful artists
remain
in
obscu-
rity
but
is
should lead men, for their sake, to give partial and untrue opinions.
If,
as Socrates
it,
every
and information
in science could
be open to view, neither favor nor ambition would prevail, but those,
greatest
would be eagerly sought after. Matters are not however in this state as they ought to
than the learned being successful,
as
I
it is
and
man,
of the science
I laid before
In the
first
book,
Emperor,
and the learning an architect should possess, and I added the reasons why he should possess them. I also
divided
it
then,
have explained
method of
and
obtaining a healthy
site for
in diaI
have
shewn the best methods of laying out the streets and lanes, and thus completed the first book. In the second book I have analysed the nature and qualities of the materials used in building, and adverted to the purposes to
which they are best adapted.
explain
them
particularly.
78
CHAPTER
I.
The
Symmetry
avocXoyia.
arises
call
Proportion
due adjustment of
the size
;
on
Hence no
of the forehead,
From
head
is
From
hair a sixth
to the
fourth.
third
from the
last to
the
The
The
The
to
members
their
much
79
spond with each other, and with the whole.
is
The
navel
and,
human hody,
if in
man
feet extended,
from
be
described,
it
will
touch
his fingers
and
toes.
is
It is
not
human body
it
thus circum-
may be
seen by placing
within a square.
For
form
square.
made
it
the
human body
members of
mined that
in all perfect
be observed in
all
and since they direct, that this works, it must be most strictly attendwherein the faults as well as
It is
ed to
worthy of
buildings
all
human body,
Greek
palm
is
The
derived
number,
and
also
is
composed of
which
also
80
The mathematicians, on the other hand, contend for the perfection of the number six, because, according to their reasoning, its divisors equal its number for a sixth part
:
is
they
MfAotgog
five,
the
fifth
in
order,
which they
six.
call
w^rapj^o?,
it
When
is
advances beyond
called 'upexrog,
we have
the
number
triens,
Eight are
and
;
by the Greeks
it,
tfAwXiog
ten,
if
we add
which form
it is
Greek l^^'i^o^og. The number eleven, being compounded of the original number, and The number the fifth in order is called iTtiitiVTa.y.o{^og.
called bes alterus, or in
is
called
namely
six,
the
number of feet
six
in height,
is
perfect
Hence
which were
Our ancestors, however, were better pleased with the number ten, and hence made the denarius to consist of ten brass asses, and the money The sesterto this day retains the name of denarius.
call dichalca, others trichalca.
tius,
composed of two
finding the
numbers
six
and the half of another. Thus and ten perfect, they added them
81
still
The
foot measure
gave
cubit, four
remain, which
the
and
as each
digits,
was made
to contain an equal
number of asses.
their origin
If
it
numbers had
is
from the
proportion
and to the
who,
the
in
so arrange
parts
may harmonize in their proportions and symmetry. The principles of temples are distinguished by their different forms. First, that known by the appellation in antis,
call vocog iv
xtt.^u.irra.ffi
Their difference
is
as follows.
tem-
ple
is
called in antis,
when
it
between the
tioned as
and crowned with a pediment, proporwe shall hereafter direct. There is an examantee,
The prostylos
antae at the
temple
is
similar,
except that
it
antae in front,
angles of the
and support the entablature, which reAn example of turns on each side as in those in antis. the prostylos exists in the temple of Jupiter and Faunus,
in the island
of the Tyber.
The amphiprostylos
is
si-
The peripteros
82
in the front
and
rear,
flanks, count-
equal
cell
of
may be
by Hermodus,
and
in the
The pseudodipteros
in front
is
and
rear,
and with
on the
sides,
including
The
Hence from
all
round.
No
is
to be
found
in
Rome,
by Ctesiphon. The hypjethros is decastylos, in the proIn other respects it is similar to the naos and posticum.
dipteros, except that in the inside
it
columns
all
The middle
is
the rear.
there
is,
Of
no example
it
at at
Rome,
Athens,
83
CHAPTER
II.
whose names
:
are, pyc-
nostylos, that
thick set
with columns
:
systylos,
diastylos, where
they are
wider apart
arveostylos,
when placed
ought to
more
be
:
distant
in fact they
tem-
god Julius, in that of Venus in the forum of Caesar, and in other similar buildings. Systylos, is the distribution of columns with an intercolumniation of two diameters the distance between their plinths is then Examples of it are to be seen equal to their front faces.
:
in the
and
in
This, no
;
less
arrangement,
faulty
arm
other
much
in
shadow.
The
for walking.
The
inconvenience of
this
species
is,
from their
84
traves are of wood,
the
heavy
roofed, low and wide, and their pediments are usually ornamented with statues of clay or brass, gilt in the Tuscan
fashion.
Of this
species
is
We now
Its
proceed to the
nience, as of beauty
tions are of
and strength.
intercolumniain-
three
effect,
it
but
is
con-
affords to the
door of the temple, and the great room allowed for walking round the
cell.
designing
it is
as follows.
The
it is, if
tetrastylos, to
half,
if
hexa-
eighteen parts
if octastylos,
into twenty-
One
Each intercolumniation, except the will be equal to two of these measures and one quarter, and the middle intercolummiddle one, front and rear,
niation three.
parts
and a
half.
The heights of the columns will be eight Thus the intercolumniations and the
proportions.
;
There
is
is
no example of eustylos
in Asia,
in
Rome
but there
one at Teos
which
is
octastylos,
and dedicated
to Bacchus.
Its proportions
genes,
who was
85
pseudodipteral formation.
It
was he who
first
omitted
number
obtained
walking
all
round the
and the
effect
of the tem-
ple
was not injured because the omission of the columns was not perceptible ; neither was the grandeur of the work
destroyed.
The
effect,
shelter,
round the
cell.
have
dis-
it
have derived
of the columns must be an eighth part of their height. In diastylos, the height of the columns is to be divided
into eight parts
is
to be taken
In pycnostylos,
is
lumns.
which
is
column.
must the
shafts of the
columns increase in
86
thickness.
If;
were a
and slender
hecause the
air
interposed between
if,
thickness or diameter were an eighth part of the height, the effect would be heavy and unpleasant, on account of
of the intercolumniations.
fore indicated
The arrangement
is
thereat the
Columns
air
angles,
round
effect.
they
may have
more graceful
The
for in execution.
at
the hypotrachelium,
From
is
fifteen
and a
and
five parts
When
must be divided
From
From
is
forty
di-
to
be
If the propor-
must be found
after the
always
re-
membering, that
as the
87
distant from the eye, they deceive
it
we
if
The eye
is
beauty
and
we do not endeavour
by
size, where necesand thus remedy the defect of vision, a work will
Of
the swelling
which
is
made in
may be
shall
88
CHAPTER
III.
the foundation,
it is
weight,
may be
is call-
ed the stereobata
Thus,
also,
should
all
The
the columns,
rammed down
come
piles,
to,
hard, or
and either
alder,
olive, or
oak
previously charred,
to each other as
piles, filled
must be driven with a machine, as close possible, and the intervals, between the
ashes.
with
The
heaviest foundations
may be
laid
on such a
stylobatae
base.
When
level, the
ment
may
be.
In the
araeostylos
it is
89
twice the breadth.
columns
make one intercolumniation more than should be The number of steps in front should always be odd,
in that case, the right foot,
will
be
that which
first
alights
The
which
will
The
and
if
the steps
cymatiura,
may accord
under the
The
by means of small
may be
For if it be set out level, it will have the appearance of having sunk in the centre. The mode of adjusting the steps (scamilli impares), in a proper manner, will be shewn at the end of the book.
scamilli being prepared
The
and
set,
may be
tion,
laid,
ter of the
and
their projec-
tzcpogu,
added together,
Thus the height and breadth, amount to one diameter and a half.
it must be so subdivided that the upper part be one-third of the thickness of the column, and that the remainder be assigned for the height of the
plinth.
parts,
Excluding the
one of which
is
to be given to the
upper torus
90
parts,
one
will
which the
Greeks
ness
attic base.
The
plinth
which
is
its
astragals
and
listel,
the other to the lower cavetto, which will have the ap-
its
plinth.
tia,
The
astragals
to project three
sixteenths of a diameter.
pleted,
The
we
columns on them.
Those of
on the
flanks, right
and
left,
are to be so placed
The
mentioned.
effect to the
Thus the diminution will give a pleasing temple. The shafts of the columns being
The
is
to recede within
Having
set
on the
listel
tical lines.
These are
is
called catheti.
The whole
height
of the capital
half,
now
and a
abacus, and the remaining eight are for the eye of the
volute.
found, let
fall
another vertical
and so divide
it
that
four parts and a half being left under the abacus, the
may
from
if
will
be the
size
Through
its
quadrant be described
than
the last by half the width of the diameter of the eye, pro-
which happen
in the
vertical line,
at a
The
it
was
divided,
lie
the shaft.
abacus,
The remaining parts are for the cymatium, and channel. The projection of the cymatium
is
The bands
92
eye,
and
let
extreme part
band of the
is
pillow.
The
centres,
from
more
distant
from each other than the thickness of the eye, nor the
channels sunk more than a twelfth part of their width.
The
foregoing are the proportions for the capitals of cofifteen feet in height
:
when
to be a ninth part
that,
di-
inasmuch
as its diminution
as its height
is
crowns
it
The memay be
at
be
given
The
and
fol-
shafts,
to
part of the
of the epistylia
may be
preserved
we may now
con-
When
must be half
a diameter
in height.
When
column is to be divided into and one of them taken for the height of the
feet,
let the
half,
and one
Thus,
in
93
proportion to the height of the column,
to be proportioned
;
is
the architrave
the difficulty
it
has in
air, its
Hence, to preserve a
may
ap-
The under
;
wide as the upper diameter of the column, at the part under the capital its upper part equal Its cymain width to the lower diameter of the column. tium is to be one seventh part of the whole height, and
its
is
taken
out, the
remainder
is
to be divided into
twelve parts,
three of which are to be given to the lower fascia, four to The zophorus, or the next, and five to the upper one.
frieze, is
it
it
must
must
be one fourth
height
but if sculptured,
effect
of the carving
may
not be injured.
Its
cymatium
is
to be a seventh part
Above
its
height.
The
the Greeks
call ^ero-^r;
(metoche),
to be so executed that
its
may be
half
height,
and the
The cymatium
corona, with
is
its
height.
The
is
its
cymatium,
to
be the same height as the middle fascia of the archiThe projection of the corona and dentils, together trave.
94
is
to
when they
height of
is
member.
The
the
to be
cymatium
to the other,
and
set
up
in the centre.
Its face is to
stand perpendicu-
lumns.
The
Imrfoideg,
whose
The
is
All
(fastigia),
height
and
when
two
lines are
part of a
member
will
appear to
lean backwards
but
the
members
The number of flutes in a column is twentyThey are to be hollowed, so that a square kept
fillets,
will
touch some
throughout
its
motion.
The
95
flutes
and
fillets in
On
ples, lions'
to
be
may come
tile.
must be
which
is
may
on those passing.
Those
In
this
book
have done
:
my
in
and Corinthian
temples.
THE
ARCHITECTURE
-***^
INTRODUCTION.
Finding,
precepts
aries
O
in
left
us
thereon,
general principles,
hints, I considered it a
Thus,
Caesar, I treated
in the first
architect,
and the
o
98
sciences in which he should be skilled.
In the second, I
The
third
and
j
sort
its
pro-
most attention
in its use.
I shall
now,
in this
99
CHAPTER
I.
OF THE ORIGIN OF THE THREE SORTS OF COLUMNS, AND OF THE CORINTHIAN CAPITAL.
The
of
Corinthian
Column
it
is,
except in
:
its
capital,
of the
same proportion
its
as the Ionic
capital
makes
taller
the
equal to
height, give
in that respect, a
more pleasing
effect.
The
:
other
members which
as the
its
borrowed
inasmuch
cornice,
is
regulated by
Doric order;
or
it is
set
two
orders,
by the
arises.
The
of which the
first is
Nymph
Orsei's,
reigned over
and
built at
Argos, an ancient
ple,
which happened to be of
similar to
it,
After
this,
many temples
sprung up
100
served in
it,
were not
as yet settled.
whom
the Delphic
by inundation, and
suffrages transferred
Miletus), Priene,
thrae,
The
was
last, as
and
in its place,
mark of favor towards king Attalus, and Arsinoe, the city of Smyrna was admitted into the number of
Ionian
states,
this
first
re-
in
the
name of
seen
to
As they wished
knew
the
way
in
which they ought to be constructed, so as at the same time to be both fit to carry the superincumbent weight, and
foot,
to
produce a beautiful
its
effect,
and finding
101
they gave the column a similar proportion, that
is,
they
the
made
its
height,
including the
capital,
six
times
its
proportion,
figure.
its
human
With a
they afterwards built the temple of Diana. But in that, seeking a new proportion, they used the female
figure
as
the standard
and
for the
first
purpose of proit
effect,
they
made
;
eight times
thickness in height.
after the
Under it they placed a base, manner of a shoe to the foot they also added
its capital,
volutes to
on each
side,
matia and festoons in the place of hair. On the shafts they sunk channels, which bear a resemblance to the
folds of a matronal garment. Thus two orders were invented, one of a masculine character, without ornament, the other bearing a character which resembled the de-
ornament, and proportion of a female. The successors of these people, improving in taste, and preferring
licacy,
more slender proportion, assigned seven diameters to the height of the Doric column, and eight and a half to the Ionic. That species, of which the Ionians were the
a
inventors, has received the appellation of Ionic. third species, which
is
The
its
form,
age, the limbs are of a more deand whose ornaments should be unob-
trusive.
The
is
said to be
Co-
a victim to a
disorder.
102
lecting in a basket those articles to which she
had shewn
a partiality
when
alive, carried
them
to her tomb,
and
placed a
its
tile
contents.
its
and
tile,
and
taste
was called
at this time to
Pleased with
the
form and novelty of the combination, he constructed from the hint thus afforded, columns of this species
country about Corinth, and arranged
its
in the
proportions, de-
The
capital
is
The width of
the abacus
obtained by making
its
its
equal to twice
height.
The
its
extreme angles,
thickness of the
The
The
is
the remainder
is
to be divided into
leaf,
the middle leaf will occupy the space of the next third
part, the stalks or caulicoli will
last
103
tion of the abacus.
these,
which branch out towards the angles. The smaller volutes spread out towards the flowers, which are intro-
duced
in the
centre of each
abacus.
Flowers whose
its faces.
By
are
attention
properly
proportioned.
Other
sorts
of
capitals
however
be
re-
and standing on a
detad be changed,
104
CHAPTER
The
and invention of the
it
II.
of co-
is
now
necessary to say
for
what pur-
The
timbers vary as
called
much
names.
Those are
framing of
used.
floors,
lumen)
laid
whence
is
on the top of the king post (columna, derived the word column), and a tye beam
If
and
pose.
at their
feet to
On
and
to
are placed
common
piece has
which must be of
sufficient length
Thus each
workmen have
imi-
disposition of tim-
be attended to
artificers,
having
laid the
10.7
wrought.
They then
the appearance
fixed,
now
in
use,
Others, in subse-
rafters' feet
above each
tri-
On
which
latter
account
it
is
inclined, in
is
whose slope
necessary
Hence we have
the imitation of
said,
from
they
dows
case,
inasmuch
as
lumns, in both which situations windows would be absurd, in the highest degree, for the tye at the angles of
if
occupied by
windows
might
as properly
100
dows,
if
of such a nature.
tils,
The
intervals,
as well as those
pas.
Besides,
the Greeks,
oveu, signify
we
call
cava columbaria
name of a
metopa.
As
in
mutuli were
first
was
first
introduced
mon
rafters.
Hence
common
rafters
cannot
The
because
common
rafters tail
on the front of
it,
beyond
their di-
evidently was,
that a distribution
would not be
all
fitness to
sulting
and
were
strict analogy,
utility.
Their principles
left
us the
symmesteps,
Following their
now proceed
its
107
CHAPTER
.
III,
Some
cause false and incongruous arrangements arise in the use of it. Such were the opinions of Tarchesius, Pitheus,
The latter, indeed, after having prepared a large quantity of marble for a Doric temple,
and Hermogenes.
changed
his
mind,
made it of the Ionic order, in honour of Bacchus. It is not because this order wants beauty, antiquity (genus), or dignity of form, but because its detail is shackled and
inconvenient, from the arrangement of the triglyphs, and
It
necessary that the triglyphs stand centrally over the columns, and that the metopse which are between the
triglyphs should be as broad as high.
at
the extremity of the frieze, and not over the centre of the
columns.
In
by
to
make
false
the metopae equal, contract the extreme intercoIt is, however, a method, either to lengthen the metopae or to con-
tract the
intercolumniatious
and the
antients, on
this
JUS
in their sacred buildings.
I will,
it,
plain the
method of using
as instructed therein
it,
by
my
masters
he
will
Doric order.
temple,
when columns
one of
eight
parts
which parts
is
called a module,
the parts
is
regulated.
The
to
be
The
its
breadth one
capital be diis
module and a
to
be
cymatium, another
for the
The diminution
lium, with
its
of the column
The
is
architrave or epistyto be
and
guttae,
one module
;
in
height
the taenia
the
tri-
The width
of the
soffit
of the architrave
to correspond
Over the architrave triglyphs are placed, with metopa? one module and a half high, and one module wide on the
face.
They
columns
they
columns,
may
columns.
Two
109
tion,
cum,
ing
set
because, by mak-
the
who approach
is
the statues of
The width
of a triglyph
of which
two halves of the remaining part, one is placed on In the the right and the other on the left extremity. (thigh), by femur left, called the a flat surface is centre
the Greeks
cut,
fifigog,
and
of these
are
other femora
and, lastly,
at
The
triglyphs
On
wide.
In this
way
all
The
ca-
made
module.
Over the capitals of the triglyphs the corona is to be laid, whose projection is one half and a sixth part of a module, with a Doric cymatium over it, and another above
it,
corona
is
In the
soffit
of the corona,
The
former,
and three on
the return
a channel
is
cut,
110
called a scotia.
parts, the
tympana, sima?,
and
the
method used
in
diastyle works.
If the
when tetrastylos, is to be divided into twenty-three parts when hexastylos, into thirty-five of these, one part is taken for a module according to which, as above directed, the work is to be set
glyph
:
out.
tri-
equal to half
will
The middle
that the
part,
be
order
central intercolumniation
may
give
room more
to those
Over the
capitals
is
to
be placed, with
a Doric
cymatium below,
as
above.
to
The
The
soffit
in
;
have
twenty angles
whose
in the
flute,
if,
segment
will
deter-
mine
their sinking.
Thus
is
chamfered.
Ill
the
middle thereof,
as
mentioned
in
the third
book,
to
reference must be
made
As
the external
symmetry of Corinthian,
it is
neces-
112
CHAPTER
IV.
The
its
width.
The
cell itself is to
be
in length
The remaining
The
them
than forty
columns opposite
to those
tween the
antse, are
ninth
does
made
will not
be perceived
lest,
slenderer,
when
may have
is
twenty-eight, or even
a bsolute
Thus, what
mass
and though of
113
will
This
arises
effect
of a larger
if two
lines,
and the
which
This
them
fillets
will not
the
and
flutes will
it is
us.
when we have the regulation of the flutes to assist The thickness of the walls of the cell must depend
care,
however, that
If
very carefully
laid,
of square stone
or marble,
size,
coming over the middle of the joint below them, bind the work together and give fillets of lime used in pointing the joints and it strength
;
114
CHAPTER
V.
edi-
allow
it,
may have
who
enter to sacri-
fice,
make
offerings,
may have
Thus
suppliants,
same moment.
do not permit from
Hence
this,
all
But
if
is
the temple
to be turned as
much
as
may be
seen
Moreover,
if
a river, as those in
Egypt on the
the river.
manner
us
CHAPTER
VI.
The
and
cies is to
be considered
is
or Attic.
The Doric
ing,
is
The
which
is
naos.
The
is
The
to be
of which two
consti-
The
which
five
and a
half are given to the width of the bottom part of the door.
This
is
feet.
From
From
opening
tracted
con-
one-eighth
of the
dressing.
The
thickness of
to
The
height of the
The cymatium
projection equal to
its
thickness.
The cymatium
astragal.
is
to
be
Above
(super-
116
cilium), the frieze (hyperthyrum),
is
placed, and
it is
to
Over
this
the corona
is
placed, unornamented,
is
Its projection
to equal the
On
the right
and
left,
projectures
are
made
by a mitre.
to
be
is
Their width
half,
the dressings
to
aperture
the
cymatium a
the
to be divided into
first fascia,
with the astragal, four to the second, and five to the third.
The
ings.
fasciae,
as
The upper members of the door-way are the same those of the Doric. The trusses (ancones), or prothycarved on the right and
left,
reach to the
bottom of the
leaf.
and
The wooden
doors
may be
The
The arrangement of
is
the
five
divided into
parts,
rail.
rails
placed
The
117
width of the
rail is to
its
cymatium a
inner styles
The width
of the
rail,
and the
raising (replum)
The
rail.
made one
half of the
to be increased.
to be increased.
The
Attic
doors are
cymatium
so, that
exclusive
These
have ex-
my
now
treat of the
118
CHAPTER
PLES,
VII.
AND OTHER
site
SPECIES.
The
length of the
obtained.
The
length
is
is
then
di-
assigned to
to the reception
of the
columns.
is
and three
alae,
to the left
re-
if
such are
quired
part.
The
its
is
to
have
the
two central ones, opposite the walls, between the antas and the middle of the temple, are to be so disposed, that
between the antae and the above columns, and
direction, others
is
in that
may be
placed.
their height
one
and
their thickness at
top
is
to be
one fourth
less
height.
The
which are
ter
The height of the capital is to be half a diameThe width of the abacus is equal to the lower diameof the column. The height of the capital must be
is
assigned to the
119
plinth or abacus, another to the echinus, the third to the
hypotrachelium, with
its
apophyge.
coupled beams are laid of such height as the magnitude of the work may require. Their width must be equal to that of the hypotrachelium at the top of the column, and
they are to be so coupled together with dovetailed dowels
as to leave a space of
For
if
they are laid touching each other, and the air does not play
Above
lumn.
the
In front of these members are fixed, and over them tympanum of the pediment, either of masonry or timber. Above the pediment the ridge-piece (columen),
rafters (cantherii),
may
some are
others are
cell
Those without
of their diameter.
are raised,
On
whose height
The
is
members over
book.
it
But
if
at a distance
one
left
fifth
The
clear diameter of
to
120
the columns above the pedestals.
The
flower
is
of the columns.
The
on
same
principles,
Circus
that of
The
first
that of Castor in
the proportions of
is
which
are
similar.
The
in other
in
the fronts
ment of columns
Tuscan tem;
ples, transfer it to
Corinthian and Ionic designs for in some examples, instead of the ante which run out from the pronaos, two columns are substituted, and thus Tuscan and Greek principles are mixed. Others removing the
them between the intercolumniations of the pteroma, give more space to the cell by their removal, and by preserving in other respects the same proportions and symmetry, seem to have inventwalls of the cell, and placing
may be
in
called pseudoperip-
These
sacrifices
dependent
on the
performed
them
121
all
to be constructed in the
same manner,
I
different orders
and symmetry of
differ
;
wherein
describe
and
this
have writ-
best of
my
ability.
I shall
now
adapted to
sacrifices.
W2
CHAPTER
VIII.
The
sacrifice, in
looking
reverence to be shewn
may stand more or less inclined, as the may proportionably require. Hence
;
and the
celestial
;
they
may
con-
veniently be
made
lower.
On
fitly
of temples are
proportioned.
is
In
;
this
given
in
THE
ARCHITECTURE
OF
MARCUS VITRUVIUS
BOOK THE
FIFTH.
POLLIO.
INTRODUCTION.
Those,
their
O Emperor,
who
at great length
have explained
their inventions
writings an
Would
my labours,
it.
so that
That, how-
tecture
is
History interests
it
124
Poetry, on the other hand, by
verses,
its
its
common
use
hence
if
otherwise
explained
re-
me
to be brief
the explanation of unknown terms, and of the symmetry of the parts of a work, because the matter may thereby be more easily committed to and retained by the memory. I am moreover inclined to be concise
when
I reflect
citizens in
so that in their
may
much
as possible.
Pythagoras and
wrote
cube
is
equal
square faces,
however
falls,
:
remains
removed by force
such are
From
number of verses makes a more impression on the memory. The Greek comic
125
poets have also divided the action of their stories, by the interposition of the chorus to ease the principle actors, so
is observed. Since the ancients therefore used these methods, founded on the observance of natural effects, seeing that the subject I treat of
will
be
to
many,
thought
ferable to divide
easily strike the
The
sub-
jects also are so arranged, that those of the are classed together. Thus, Caesar, I
same nature
explained the
proportions of temples in the third and fourth books ; in this I intend to describe the arrangement of public
buildings
;
first,
because therein
by the
26
CHAPTER
i
I.
their
is
Hence,
for the
convenience of
;
and
with apartments on the floors over them, which are constructed for the use of the parties, and as a depot of
The
size
of the forum
is
to be proit
be
it
should hold,
it.
The width
its
it
is
obtained by
it
as-
two-thirds of
an
made
onelatter
:
be-
we should follow
growing
trees,
like the
makes the thickness at the root greater than it is at top, and preserves a gradual diminution throughout their height.
Thus, following the example of nature,
that
it is
rightly ordered
less
bodies
than
127
those below, both in respect of height and thickness.
basilica
The
on
should
be situated
adjoining the
forum,
less
half
and impose a
if,
however, that be
is
placed at the
the
Julian basilica
on the Aquiline.
The columns of
to
basilicas are to
be of a height equal
the
The upper
may not be
and cornice
which
I
the
third
book.
Basilica?,
designed and
columns,
feet wide.
is
one hundred and twenty feet long, and sixty The portico round it, between the walls and twenty feet wide.
is
columns,
is
fifty feet,
pilasters
high,
thick,
two
and a half wide, and one and a half supporting beams which carry the floor of the
feet
portico.
Above
these,
other
pilasters
are
placed,
eighteen feet high, two feet wide, and one foot thick,
128
which
portico,
whose roof
is
The
spaces
open
The columns
and
of
the vault are four in number, including those on the angles right
left; lengthwise, in
which direction
it
joins
number
is
angles
on the opposite
angular
may
not be obstructed:
placed in the middle of the side wall of the bafacing the centre of the forum and the temple of
silica,
Jupiter.
circle
;
The
tribunal
is
in the
shape of a segment of a
is
forty-six feet,
and
is
in the basilica
may
who have
triple,
Over the
placed.
fas-
columns
round
the
building architraves
size,
are
These are
and are
tened together.
At the
third column,
on the
inside, they
left.
Over the
archi-
traves, upright with the capitals, piers are built three feet
high and four feet square, on which are laid beams well
beams and
and walls of the pronaos, carrying one continued ridge along the basilica, and another from
the centre thereof, over the pronaos of the temple. the two-fold
direction of the roof gives an
Thus
agreeable
129
effect outside,
and
Thus the
work
in
one
ISO
CHAPTER
II.
The
treasury, prison,
height
is
to be
once
and a half
its width but if oblong, the length and width must be added together, and one half of their sum assigned
;
up
to the lacunaria.
The
walls,
moreover,
of
wood
or plaster.
For
not be
intelligible
to the audience.
But
when
its
air.
181
CHAPTER
OF THE THEATRE, AND OF
ITS
III.
HEALTHY SITUATION.
When
is
the forum
is
on the
with their wives and children, delighted with the entertainment, sit out the whole of the games, and the
pores of their bodies being opened by the pleasure they
enjoy, are easily affected
by the
air,
which,
if it
blows
infuses
its
bad
These
evils are
avoided by
the careful choice of a situation for the theatre, taking especial precaution that it be not exposed to the south ;
for
fills
by its stoppage therein, is heated, and burns up, extracts, and diminishes the moisture of the body. On these accounts, those places where bad air abounds are to be
avoided, and wholesome spots to be chosen.
struction of the foundations will be
if
The
con-
more
spot,
as
easily
managed,
the work be on a
plain,
hill
but
if
we
them on a
foundations
or in a
marshy
the
must be conducted
of temples
steps
in
foundations
foundations,
third
book.
raised,
On
the
(gradationes)
are
of stone
and marble.
The number
of passages (praecinctiones)
theatre,
and are
132
not to be higher than their width, because
if
made
its
higher,
passage
upwards, so that
it
will
words
will escape.
first
the seats
may
parts.
A place which
;
deadens
in
which
is
traverses freely.
is
This
be effected,
if
a place
no impediment
breath,
to sound.
The
percussion
on the
It
is
propelled by an
generated
in
a stone
is
from the centre, extend to a great distance, if the narrowness of the place or some obstruction do not prevent their
spreading to the extremity
;
for
when impeded by
obstruc-
In the same
But,
in
a circular direction.
as well as hori-
zontally.
ter, so
lation,
of
183
them
will,
On
this
and
reflecting
and mathematical
the stage
whatever
it
its
effect
might be on
Since in
(scena),
to
make
fall
in-
134
CHAPTER
IV.
OF HARMONY.
Harmony
most
is
an obscure and
to those
;
difficult
difficult
who
it
because
necessary to use
many
in abi-
of
my
and
son
who
may
The
two-fold
first,
when
it
is
proceeds by intervals.
The
no percepits
beginning and
is
however
distinctly
marked,
as in speaking,
when we
nox.
ginning and the ending, by the voice rising higher or descending lower
;
it
becomes
in-
at a high
pitch,
and sometimes
at differenl
and facility,
it
appears unfixed.
air.
Thus
of inflexion produces an
In short,
135
that
we
it
it
begins,
and that
at
which
heard.
modulation, the
(ygupd),
the
art,
en-
harmonic
diatonic
the
so
chromatic
and the
called
by
Greeks.
as to
The
full
enharmonic
so
constructed by
be
of
The chromatic by
its
intervals has
The
diatonic,
whose
intervals are
natural.
The
these
The enharmonic
tetrachord con;
of two
dieses,
a diesis being
them consequently
interval con-
equal to a semitone.
are
The
two
Thus
is
equal to two
But the
intervals in each
when considered
separately.
For nature
made the
divisions of tones,
in
making and
as-
Each genus
call ffioyyoi
(phthongi).
genera,
Of
these,
eight
each of the
The
re-
common
to the other
two
them the
chords in
the genera.
186
nete
hyperbolaaon.
The
variable,
which
lie
between those
genus.
synem-
trite
diezeugmenon, pa-
their nature,
Those sounds which shift their places, change also and are at different intervals, as, for instance,
only a diesis or quarter tone,
in
enharmonic genus
is
is
So the lichanos
is
only
genus
tant,
it is
two semitones
dis-
and
There are
five tetrachords.
;
The Greeks
which
is is
call the
in the middle,
(meson).
joined
to
the
(synemmenon).
luivy(jL,ivov
disjoined, called
(diezeugmenon).
The
fifth,
which
is
the
highest,
the
Greeks
call
vvegftoXuwv
(hyperbolaeon).
<tvja-
The
natural
(puvictt
(symphonias),
six
in
number
diatessaron
(fourth),
diapente
and disdiapason
(fifteenth).
thus,
to
called diatessaron
to the
fifth, ilia-
137
pente, to the eighth diapason, to the eleventh diapason with diatessaron, to the twelfth diapason with diapente,
to the fifteenth disdiapason.
either in a
intervals,
melody sung by a
or played on a
neither with the third, sixth nor seventh can there be consonances, but only, as above shewn, with the diatessaron and diapente up to the
stringed
instrument,
dis-
diapason do natural consonances arise, and those are produced by an union of those sounds which the Greeks call
<p%oyyo( (phthongi).
138
CHAPTER
V.
On
made with mathematical proportions, depending on the size of the theatre. They are formed so, as, when struck,
to
fifth,
and so
on consecutively to a
in
any
part,
in-
and
of the
steps,
The
following
of these vases.
Thirteen cavi-
producing nete
treme ends
The third nete parameson, an interval of another fourth. The fourth, nete synemmenon, another fourth. The fifth, mese, a fourth. The sixth, hypate meson, a fourth in the centre of the range, hypate hypaton, a fourth. By the adoption of
one fourth from the
last
mentioned.
which
issues
139
ing as from a centre, and striking against the cavity of
each vase,
will
its
mony, from
sound with increased clearness and harunison with one or other of them. If,
scale, the height is to
may be
tic,
provided, one for harmonic, the second for chromafor diatonic vases.
as
tom
for the
harmonic genus
lesser theatre.
from the
last
in the third, at
the chromatic
synemmenon
:
chromatic
in the fifth,
fifth
the chromatic
meson.
non, a fourth
fourth
the
:
synemmenon, a
in in the sixth,
meson, a fourth:
:
fifth,
proslambanomenos, a fourth
in the centre,
is
mese, be-
an octave, and a
between
it
He who
is
de-
must refer
is
that left to us
Hence,
140
he who carefully attends to these
the
rules, to the nature
of
the voice, and to the taste of the audience, will easily learn
method of designing
fection.
theatres
to these
Some one may perchance urge, that many are yearly built in Rome, without any regard matters. But let him not be herein mistaken,
as all public theatres
inasmuch
ductors
trated,
of wood, have
many
floors,
of sound.
This circumstance
may be
illus-
by consideration of the practice of those that sing to the harp, who when they wish to produce a loud effect, turn themselves to the doors of the scene, by the
aid of which their voice
tres are constructed
is
thrown out.
But when
is
thea-
of rubble,
rules in question.
Rome
can-
we
but such
that L.
We moreover know
Mummius
on the destruction
Rome some
of
its
of Luna.
Many
clever architects
who have
built theatres
earthen vessels,
yielding the
and have
141
CHAPTER
VI.
The form
rimeter
of a theatre
is
from the
a circle
is
to be
described, in which
are
in-
This
is
Of these
it
tri-
which
is
circumference of the
line is
circle.
Then through
which
the centre a
drawn
will
parallel
to
it,
Thus
the
and be the
chiefly
better,
on the scena.
pulpitum
in the or-
who
may be enabled to see all the motions of the The portions between the staircases (cunei) of the
which touch the circumference, point to the directions of the ascents and steps between the cunei, on the first praecinction or story.
ternately,
Above
the middle of
those below.
The
mark
certain
142
points on the scene.
will
That
in
mark the situation of the royal doors, those on the right and left, the doors of guests, and those at the extremities, the points at
off.
The
to
seats (gradus)
are not
be
less
ty-two.
two
feet.
143
CHAPTER
VII.
The
is
on the
last step,
;
should
ar-
be on a
by which
if it
For
be not
is
One
sixth part of
and
disposed.
be of sufficient altitude.
The
The must be double the diameter of the orchestra. height of the podium, or pedestal, with its cornice and
base, from the level of the pulpitum,
is
a twelfth part of
The columns on
the po-
diameter high.
The
architraves
and cornices of
The upper
pe-
The columns on
fifth
The
ar-
and
its
cornice a
of the columns.
is
If there
to be half the
and cornice a
possible to
fifth
of the columns.
It is not,
however,
effect in
every theatre by
144
the same proportions
;
but
it
the work.
Some
use re;
such as the
pulpita, tribunals,
in all which,
it
im-
them symmetrically.
like,
it
made
with judgment,
may
managed by an
architect
who
may be
right
those on the
and
and
alter the
Near these places the turnings run out, which give entrance to the scene from the forum and from the
country.
14.5
CHAPTER
VIII.
The The
ornamented with
The comic
leries,
with windows
is
The
satyric scene
ornamented with
in imitation
is
of nature.
In the
the same
not
made on
First, as to the
gene-
of the plan
points
of four triangles
touch
the
circumference,
in
and the
which where
is it
nearest
touches
is
proscenium.
of the
Through
is
on the right and left, then one foot of the compasses being fixed on the right hand point, with a radius equal to the
distance from the left point, describe a circle on the right
hand
right
compasses on the
hand
146
of the proscenium.
tres,
Thus describing
it
further recessed.
is less
The
in
width
wherefore,
among them,
;
Hence
The
more than twelve. The directions of the stairs, between the cunei and seats, are opposite to the angles of the
squares on
stairs fall in
the
first
praecinction.
Above
it
the other
When
these
skill,
particular
the voice
without an echo.
Some
Greek are called x,a,rnyjavvTt<; the circumsonant, which the Greeks call vigw)(ovvrtq the resonant, which they call co/t-zj^ovvtsc and the consonant, which they call
which
in
; ,
o-wiftovvrss.
The
first
voice, rising
upwards,
its
is
following sounds.
voice,
The circumsonant
is
are
last
where the
wandering round,
it is
at
being
lost,
the
meaning of words
is
not
dis-
tinguished.
The
striking against
echoed
in the last
147
below,
falls
Hence,
if due
the effect of the voice will be improved, and the utility of the theatre
increased.
The
differences of the
figures
by the
Latins.
He who
attends to these
manner.
148
CHAPTER
SCENES.
IX.
to which, in
may
retreat
from the
and
at
of the chorus
of Pompey, of
Eumenes
and on the
which,
in
Athens,
and
left
the
Odeum,
stone
Athens,
ornamented with
columns, and with the masts and yards of ships, from the
Persian spoils.
thridatic war,
at Tralles
were porticos on
architects,
which possess
skilful
ought
to
be constructed double,
Their width
the height of
them
is
an equal distance.
part higher than
of columns
;
is
one
fifth
exterior range
and
is
The
14<J
of sacred buildings.
by the rides delivered for those For the style used in the temples
;
whereas, in porticos
and
If,
similar works,
it
may be
is
of a lighter character.
therefore, the
which one
is
taken as a module.
By
work i set out, making the thickness of the lower part of the column equal to two modules. The intercolumniation is of five modules and a half. The height of a column, exclusive of the capital, fourteen
modules
it
two modules and a The proportions of the rest of the work are to be the
If Ionic columns be used, the shaft, exclusive of
is is
same
book.
to
column.
high
;
The
base,
with
half a
to
module
capital
be as shewn
in the third
to be the
same
as the Ionic
to
be pro-
on the pedestal
is
mentioned
in the
made by means of the scamilli impares, third book. The architraves, corona?,
and
tral
all
The
cen-
hypaethral
first,
because the
from
volatile,
insinuates itself
150
sion clear
and
distinct.
is
extracting
its
is
That
may be
pours
rise
when
the rising sun darts his rays upon the earth, he raises the
them
into masses,
carries
them
into the
air.
If,
there-
fore, in
carried off
by the
air,
as
That they may always be dry and free from city. mud, the following method must be adopted. They must be dug out and drained to the lowest possible level
every
left
When
in
with coals
levelled.
Thus, from
is
by
the moisture.
city.
For
all
things arc
more
wood.
Salt
with
facility laid in
is
beforehand
or private stores,
is
soon collected
or pulse.
151
Water
lecting
is
is
new
;
it
provided
procured
is
quickly
walks are opened, and an allowance distributed to the tribes, according to their numbers. Thus they are
As they have been sufficiently explained, the method of arranging the different parts of baths will
now
follow.
152
CHAPTER
X.
warm
a spot as possible
is
to
be selected, that
to say,
The
hot and tepid baths are to receive their light from the winter
west
that the
warm
baths of the
;
and
in
The
and a third
and they
must be
may be
vessel,
which
manner
is
vessel,
cavities in
which
of the
is
The
floors
First, the
bottom
paved with
it, it
will not
;
roll
Upon
dis-
of two feet
may form
The
piers are to be
two
feet in height,
and are to be laid in clay mixed with hair, on which the above-mentioned two feet tiles are placed, which carry
153
the pavement.
ferable
;
The
ceilings, if of
masonry,
will
be pre-
if,
which must be done as folare prepared and suspended by These rods close as possible.
tiles,
on and be borne by every two ranges, and thus the whole vaulting depending on the
without knees,
may
rest
iron
may be
perfected.
The upper parts of the joints and hair. The under side towards
plastered with
the pavement
lime,
is
first
pounded
it
tiles
and
If
and
made double
will
be better,
The size of baths must depend on the number of persons who frequent them. Their proportions are as follow their
:
width
is
to be
two
space round the bathing vessel (schola labri) and the The bathing vessel (labrum) gutter round it (alveus).
may
those
the light.
The
who
may be
properly ac-
commodated.
of the labrum and the parapet must not be less than six feet, so that it may be commodious after the reduction of two feet, which are allotted to the lower step and the
cushion.
their height to
is
the
spring-
to be equal to
An
opening
is
left in
154
a brazen shield
is
suspended by chains,
may be
1.55
CHAPTER
Though
that
I
XI.
OF THE PALESTRA.
not used by the people of Italy,
it
seems proper
scribe the
mode in which
it
The square
circuit
:
two
:
stadia in
the fourth,
which
is
to
be double, so that
when showers
in
large recesses (exedrae) with seats therein, whereon the philosophers, rhetoricians,
in study,
may
sit
and dispute.
is
provision
ephebeum is to be in the middle, which is in truth nothing more than a large exedra with seats, and longer by one third than its width, on
to be
made
the right
is
is
the conisterium, near which, in the angle of the porthe cold bath, which the Greeks call Xovrgov.
tico, is
On
the
is
left
of the ephebeum
is
the frigidarium,
in the
whence a passage
neum
whose length
is
is
double
its
width
on one side
:
of
this is
The
peristylia of the
156
palaestra pass
and
sta-
left,
the north
other
is
The
single,
and
so
formed that
as well
less
than ten
feet,
there
is
is
not
not be in-
commoded by
Greeks
;
who
are practising.
by the
covered stadia in
between the
and
seat of
cemented work.
On
Greeks
xysti,
call
wzgtcigofAidec,
on which the
is fine, is
when the
weather
stadium
in the winter.
ber of people
wrestlers.
I
may commodiously behold the contending have now given rules for the proper distri-
157
CHAPTER
XII.
necessary
than
construct
porticos
;
and arsenals
and then erect
to the markets
may be suspended
by means of machinery. But, if the place be not thus fitted by nature, nor secure for ships in stormy weather, and there be no river there to prevent it, but on
one side there
is
by means of building or heaps of stones, a projection is run out, and in this the enclosures of harbours are formed. Building in the sea is thus executed. That powder
is
procured,
which
is
found
in
the country
between
Cumse and the promontory of Minerva, and is mixed with the water in the proportion of two parts thereof to one of lime. Then, in the place selected, dams are formed in the water, of oaken
pieces,
piles tied together with chain
the ranges of piles, below the level of the water, the bed
is
compounded
above directed,
If,
till
the wall
however,
158
from the violence of the waves and open sea the dams cannot be kept together, then on the edge of the main
land, a foundation for a wall
possible strength
;
is
this
less
foundation
laid horizontally,
;
throughout rather
the remainder,
which
is
made
to overhang.
Then,
half,
brought up to the
level already
mentioned.
The
over-
up underneath with sand, brought up level with the foundation. On the level bed thus prepared, as large a pier as possible is built, which must remain for at least two months to set. The margin which
is filled
hanging part
is
washed away by the action of the waves causes the fall of the mass into the sea, and by a repetition of this expedient the work may be carried forward into the sea. When the place does not afford the powder named, the
following method
is
to be adopted.
and the cavity between them is marsh weeds well rammed down.
and squeezed
filled
emptied
is
If
a
till
bottom
is
come
to,
is
sand.
piles,
But
if
vals
t
between them
The
wall
is
then
159
raised with squared stones, the joints of
which are to be
may
with
be well tied
in.
The
;
is
then
filled
rubble or masonry
erected.
and on
this,
When
this is
are to the south, the heat will generate and nourish the
rot,
the
worm, the
fire.
ship
insects
in these buildings
on
No
for
them.
In
book, as far as
it
convenience
THE
ARCHITECTURE
OF
INTRODUCTION.
Aristippus, the Socratic philosopher, shipwrecked on
the coast of Rhodes, perceiving
some geometrical
dia-
grams thereon, is reported to have exclaimed to companions, " Be of good courage, I see marks
civilization:"
his
of
for
;
the city of
Rhodes,
where,
dis-
puting on philosophical subjects, he obtained such honours, that he not only provided for himself, but fur-
162
nished clothing and food to his companions.
When
his
their
arrangements
for return-
that the
posses-
sions
for children
should be
;
in-
asmuch
the
which
affairs,
chances
Thus,
also,
man
;
is
not a stranger
in foreign countries,
he has
citizen, and that he can look upon a change of fortune But he who thinks himself secured by the without fear. aid of wealth, and not of learning, treads on slippery
life."
Epi-
of
little
assistance to the
that
is
of consequence or necessary
maybe
iu
The
this
argued
and those who formerly wrote the Greek coas Eumedies delivered the same sentiments in verse chrates, Chionides, Aristophanes, and, above all, Alexis,
way
who said,
make
dren
it
commen-
dation, since,
all
the Greeks
instructed,
by the care of
their pa-
rents,
some
art.
Such
of
foris
16S
once fixed
fore feel
ful
in the
it,
nor
is
its
stability affected
I there-
myself under
and am grateart,
to
my
should be taught an
and
it
by
I
and by the instruction of mashad the means afforded me of acquiring knowparents' care,
literary
my
ledge,
and phi-
losophical subjects,
up those
stores in
my
mind,
I enjoy the
advantage of wanting
in
having no-
But some thinking, perhaps, lightly of suppose those only are wise who have plenty
at that
of money.
But
I,
by the practice of
my
art,
It
is
little
yet
still
hope, by
wonderful that I
architects canvass,
become known to posterity. Neither am known but to a few. Other and go about soliciting employment,
but
my
me
man
will
blush and
shame
in
asking a favour
What must he
it
sus-
who
is
done for
164-
better
These
tions,
artists
own
When,
men
own
is
intel-
own
architects
since,
if the
business
at least
to be conducted
by the
unskilful, there
more
money
at one's
own
plea-
sure, rather
No
one
thinks of practising at
home any
;
maker
called architects.
compose a
sons.
treatise
would be acceptable
book
I treated
to
all
per-
As
in
the
fifth
on the construc-
private buildings.
165
CHAPTER
I.
in which they are erected. method of building which is suited to Egypt would be very
For. the
improper
surd at
in Spain,
:
and that
in use in
Rome
other
is
distant from
it,
from the inclination of the zodiac and from the sun's course, the earth varies in temven
in respect of the earth,
much
as possible,
and
in
it
warmer
aspects.
oppressive, should be
east.
Thus
the
injury which nature would effect, is evaded by means of art. So, in other parts, due allowance is to be made, having
This,
however,
is
made on
at a
166
it
is
all
moisture
is
dried up
lastly, in
air,
insinuating
sys-
tem, increases the size of the body, and makes the voice
more grave.
This
is
the reason
why
in
complexion, and
full
hair,
of blood,
for they are thus formed by the abundance of the Those who moisture, and the coldness of their country. live near the equator, and are exactly under the sun's
course, are,
owing
to its power,
low in
stature, of dark
complexion, with
ficient in quantity
curling hair,
of blood.
And
of blood
makes them timid when opposed in battle, but they bear excessive heat and fevers without fear, because their
limbs are nourished by heat.
when attacked by
is
courageous
The
various,
and of
eastern
earth,
For the
and western boundaries round the level of the where the upper is divided from the under part of
by na-
are designated
by a
circle
this
which mathematicians
circumstance in mind,
let
the horizon
keeping
a line be
drawn
to that
axis,
and therefrom
northern
stars,
and we
shall
near
167
the lower point, that
is
towards the
similar to those
on the instrument
is
of Greece.
Thus,
proceeding by degrees
from the
Herein we
becomes of lower
pitch.
may
perceive
how
is
harmoni-
cally arranged,
by the
Hence
those
who
are
Advancing
elevated,
is
more
the people, from an increased quantity of moisture, naturally possess lower toned voices, similar to the hypate
And
finally,
and
That the tone of the voice is rendered deeper by the damp nature of a place, and higher by its being of a
hot nature,
may be proved by the following experiment. Let two vases be selected, both equally baked in a furnace, of equal weight, and yielding the same tone, and one of
:
them be immersed in water and then taken out both of them be then struck, and a great difference
lity in
let
will
Thus
it
is
with the
human body;
men
168
a low
tone of voice.
So
by the intense
more
so,
when
the cold
is
move
Hence
it is
Though, however, the southern nations are quick in understanding, and sagacious in council, yet in point of
valour they are inferior, for the sun absorbs their animal
spirits.
climates are
more courageous
in
tack their enemies, though, rushing on without consideration or judgment, their attacks are repulsed
and
their
designs frustrated.
nations,
Roman
this
account
body and vigour of mind. For as the planet Jupiter moves through a temperate region between the fiery Mars and icy Saturn, so Italy enjoys a temperate and
unequalled climate between the north on one
the south on the other.
side,
and
Hence
to
it
is,
that
by
strata-
gem
she
is
barians,
overcome the
subtilty of
169
southern nations.
it
Roman
people
is
placed in an
excellent and temperate climate, whereby they have become the masters of the world. Since, then, it is climate
different countries,
and the
arrangement of buildings should be suitable to the qualities of the nations and people, as nature herself wisely and
clearly indicates.
To
the best of
my power
have made
general observations on the properties of places as dependent upon nature, and I have given explanations for
adapting buildings to the wants of different nations according to the sun's course and the inclination of the
pole.
briefly explain the symmetry, as well of the whole, as of the detail of private
I shall
now, therefore,
dwellings.
170
CHAPTER
II.
proportions of buildings.
When
man
to,
or diminutions necessary.
of,
may be
an open space. In
these matters
it
ment
mind
always form to
is
image of an
object,
and the
Thus
in
columns seem
to
The
immersed
in the
broken
above the
immersed
image
in
an undulat-
broken
appearance.
But whether
the
sight
171
arises
eye, or
by an
turalists
contend,
is
certain that, in
Since,
the eye
falsely
often deceived.
beyond doubt,
according
place, diminutions
may be
ap-
To do
this,
however,
is
The
therefore, to
be
first settled,
cessary changes
may be made
with certainty.
is
Then
the
to be set
arrangement
effecting
may not be disturbed. The method of this I am now about to describe, and shall
172
CHAPTER
III.
OF COURTS (CAV^DIA).
There
are five species of courts
their forms.
;
which receive
Corinthian,
their
names from
at top),
The Tuscan,
the
The Tuscan
cavsedia are those in which the beams across the breadth of the court have trimmers (interpensivas) to them, and
from the internal angles of the walls to the angles formed by the junctions of the beams and
valleys (colliquiae)
trimmers.
Thus the
court from the eaves of the rafters. In the Corinthian cavaedium, the beams and uncovered middle of the court
(compluvium) are
as in the foregoing
on columns.
The
own weight, nor are they loaded by the The displuviatum is that in which the water
These are useful
not obstructed.
;
is
But
pipes
for the
which receive the water from the eaves being against the
walls,
173
it
The roofed court is used when the not great, and large dwelling- rooms are made in the floor over it.
span
is
sort of buildings.
174
CHAPTER
IV.
(ALJE),
THE
three ways.
five parts,
The
first is,
when
the length
is
divided into
second,
when
The
is
third
is,
when a square
which
is
being-
drawn
of the beams,
;
is
length
tion
The
width of the
is
left,
when
the atrium
thereof.
From
:
must be
is
di-
of these, one
is
given
from
fifty
alas.
to sixty
given to the
is
is
From
alae.
and a
half,
From
alsE.
divided
is
The
lintel
beams (trabes liminares) are placed at a make the breadths and heights equal.
(tablinum),
if the
The muniment-room
be twenty
feet, is to
one half
175
the width
is
to the tablinum.
The
for if the
alee,
would be inconvenient
I therefore
and
thought
it
right
commodious and beautiful. The height of the tablinum to the beam is one eighth The lacunaria are carried part more than the breadth. up one-third of the width higher. The passages (fauces)
towards courts which are on a smaller scale, are to be
one-third less than the width of the tablinum
larger, they are to
;
but
if
be one
half.
The
ornaments, are to be placed at a height equal to the width of the alas. The proportions of the height and width of
doors, if Doric, are to be
formed
in that
method
if Ionic,
The width
of the uncois
not to be
of the same;
the
atrium.
The
transversely
The columns
;
are
in-
and the
not to be less
But if the columns of a peristylium are of the Doric order, modules are taken, and the triglyphs arranged thereby,
as described in the fourth book.
176
CHAPTER
OF TRICLINIA,
V.
The
The
half,
length of a triclinium
to be double
is
its
breadth.
:
height of
all
oblong rooms
thus regulated
add
their length
and
it
If,
is
however,
exedra?
or
ceci
square,
their
height
Pinacothecas (pic-
mensions.
The
(halls) are to
as
above described
There
is
this
cecus.
The former
architraves
and cornices,
lar
either of
wood
is
or plaster,
and a semicircu-
in
air.
Then
per-
Above
their arceilings,
than of Co-
177
CHAPTER
VI.
CECI.
OF THE GRECIAN
They
face the
They
two
may
stand in
them opposite
the verdure
recline
to each other.
left,
The windows,
open
as well
on
are to
on the couches.
may be seen through them whilst the guests The height of them is equal to
In these apartments, conIf the windows
may be
But
if
skill will
A A
178
CHAPTER
VII.
Winter
less so
tri-
afternoon light
wanted
its
them
and not
because
upon them, and by its heat warms the aspect towards the evening hours. Bed chambers and libraries should be towards the east, for their purposes require the morning light in libraries the books
the setting sun casts
rays
:
worm and
east,
then,
if
the windows
be closed
till
passed the meridian, they are cool at the time they are
wanted
ring the
for use.
Summer
triclinia
summer solstice,
but,
of the
light,
may
m
CHAPTER
VIII.
The
we
rooms
for the
master of the house, and those which are for general use,
Into those which are private no one
;
triclinia,
baths,
and others of a
similar nature.
on the contrary, are those entered by any one, even unasked. Such are the vestibule, the cavaedium, the peristylia, and those which are for similar uses. Hence, for a
person of middling condition in
life,
magnificent vestibules
Those, however,
who have
up
have
stalls
and shops in
their vestibules
The houses
men
houses ought to be
still
But
for nobles,
who
in bearing honours,
much
180
lofty atria,
and spacious
peristylia, groves,
and extensive
In addition to of similar form
and
basilica;,
made
of the
they will
be
to
town the
atria
must be
the country
villa,
the peristylium
trance,
have thus
of town residences as I
promised.
I shall
now proceed to those of houses in the may afford the requisite accommo-
181
CHAPTER
IX.
book
for
may be
then deter-
mined.
Their
size
The courts and their dimensions will be determined by the number of cattle, and the yokes of oxen employed. The kitchen
the land attached to them, and
produce.
is
to
adjoin-
oxen with
and
fire
do not be-
come rough-coated.
Hence
it
is
that
husbandmen,
who
stalls
;
should not be
less
than ten
feet,
fifteen
lengthwise, each
yoke
able
is
The
baths should be
agricultural
purposes.
The
press-room
from the
olive
for if
it
The
oil
room
to be lighted
may
must
182
be proportioned to the quantity of fruit yielded on the
estate,
vessels,
which,
if
of twenty
The
worked by
levers instead
less
of screws, should
room
must be twenty-four
half,
feet.
The
six feet,
The
raised,
grain
may
;
of
air
if
The
stable,
warmest
place,
fire,
become rough. Hence those stalls are excellent which are away from the kitchen in the open space towards the east for when the weather
;
is
may be
The
maybe
without the
boundaries of the
villa,
which
will
be thereby ren-
fire.
laid
down
for
town
houses above described, but with the precautions necessary to prevent the purposes of a country house being
interfered with.
all
build-
in
183
is is
easily accomplished,
But
in
the
city the
the narrowness of
the situation
may obscure
the light.
In this case
we
drawn from the top of the obstructing wall, to that part where the light is to be introduced, and if, looking upwards along that line, a large space of open sky be seen, the light may be
to be received, let a line be
In short,
may be
taken as a
may be
and
light.
Necessary as light
is
it
may be
in triclinia
and
so in passages, ascents,
meet each
ability the
it
other.
my
arrangement used
clearly
may be
the
known by builders, and in order that Greek arrangement may be also understood, I shall
briefly explain
it.
now
184
CHAPTER
HOUSES.
X.
The Greeks
make
we
do,
is
other the porter's rooms, which immediately adjoin the inner gates.
The
is,
by the
that
From
two
this
On
them
is
each other.
This part
is
by
Interior to
family
sits
On
the prostas are the bed-chambers, of which one the thalamus, the other the antithalamus.
porticos are the triclinia for
called
Round
the
common
use, the
Ad-
a larger house,
with
more spacious
columns.
the
These houses rest, it is called a Rhodian portico. have magnificent vestibules, elegant gates, and the porticos of the peristylia are decorated with stucco and
185
plastering,
and with
inlaid ceilings.
triclinia,
In the porticos to
the west, and to the south are square ceci, of such ample dimensions that there nia
room
tricli-
games.
These
men
is
for it is
women
to recline
on a couch
at dinner.
this part
of the house,
On
the
right and
left,
its
each having
that
own
door, triclinium,
and bed-chamber, so
peri-
on the
and possessed greater wealth, they provided a separate table with triclinia and bed-chambers for their guests. On the day of their arrival they were invited
more
refined,
to dinner,
and other produce of the country. Hence the painters gave the name of Xenia to those pictures which represent the presents made to guests. Masof families therefore, living in these apartments, were
it
ters
quite, as
between two
aula;
(halls).
By
us these
this ap-
But
it is
remarkable that
For the Greeks call the ceci, in which male guests are
entertained, uvfyme?, because the
women do
not enter
B B
180
them.
the
sort
:
similar to this, as
xystus,
Zvo-ros, in
sions,
in
which
in
by the name of
call
open
vesti-
mgicigofAicte;.
is
The
called
prothyrum
by the Greeks
call
name of prothyrum
(diathyrum).
Greeks
call ^ikdv^ov
We
not found
olrXctvTeg
in
call
is
them
(atlantes).
represented
is
said to
first
person
who explained
to
mankind the
moon, the
rising
and setting of
the stars, and the celestial motions, by the power of his mind and the acuteness of his understanding. Hence it is, that, by painters and sculptors, he is, for his exertions,
and
his
daughters,
whom we
I
call Vergiliae,
among
the
constellations.
may be known
to philologists.
by
we down the principles of beauty and propriety, we shall now consider the subject of strength, by which a building may be without defects, and durable.
giving the proportions and divisions of each
and, as
have already
laid
187
CHAPTER
XI.
books for the construction of walls and theatres, they will be very durable but it under-ground apartments (hypogea) and vaults are to be
rules given in the preceding
;
built, their
of the foundations below, so that they may be on the For if the weight of the walls or the columns solid part.
have a
over, -a
false bearing,
they cannot
last long.
It
is,
more-
good practice to place posts under the lintels, between the piers and pilasters for when lintels and beams are loaded, they sag in the middle, and cause frac;
work above but when posts are introduced and wedged up under them, the beams are prevented from sagging and being injured. Care also should be taken to discharge the weight of walls by arches consisting
tures in the
:
ed over beams or
lintels, the
;
de-
cayed through age, it may be easily replaced, without So in buildings, which are the necessity of shores. constructed on piers and arches, consisting of wedges
whose
be
188
wider than the others, that they may have more power
to resist the action of the wedges, which, loaded with
and
if
have
abutments. But
by restraining the power of the wedges they will give stability to the work. Having paid due attention to these
points, care
particularly
is it
to
any
part.
The
greatest at-
must be bestowed on the lower parts of the which are often damaged by the earth lying against them. This is not always of the same weight
as in
summer
increases in weight
walls.
To
and,
re-
medy
front,
this evil,
must be proit,
against
in
buttresses
(erismae)
Their projection
at
bottom
equal
rise,
in
thickness
to
they
ness of the
work
to
An
189
each side
;
is
drawn, on
which a wall
another
is
The
teeth
Thus
have described
prevent defects.
beams and
rafters,
because
may be
easily
changed.
be strengthened.
The
ar-
same species of materials are not found in every place ; and it depends on the employer whether the building shall be of brick, of rough The merit of every work stone, or of squared stone.
for the
is
When
work
is
is
conducted
as
magnificently
as
pos-
of the
workman
praised
when
will ever
when he submits
as well as
;
but
this
is
till
that the
first
he
sees
the
thing itself;
whereas the
architect,
having
a perfect
190
convenience,
and propriety of
laid
it
is
begun.
have
down
in
may
THE
ARCHITECTURE
INTRODUCTION.
The
antients
on
subjects,
so
that
not
only
advancement might be made to the highest point of learning. Our obligations to them
tinually increasing, a gradual
therefore are great and many, from their not having sullenly kept their
knowledge
to
192
contrary, having recorded their opinions on every subject.
Had
they omitted to do
in
this,
we
nor the
Of
the actions
As we
bound
not
so
we
less are
they censurable,
in their
was
of some examples
made by them.
for
The
library
Attalic kings,
philology,
at
having
an
excellent
public
Pergamus,
Ptolemy, actuated by zeal and great desire for the furtherance of learning, collected with no
lar
less care, a simi-
one
for the
same purpose
at Alexandria,
about the
same period.
pleted
earth,
it,
When by
had com-
he was not
it
was to go on increasing.
He
and honors
established,
These being
when
193
The
king-
and not readily finding a seventh, applied to those persons who had the care of the library,
to ascertain
fit
pose.
They
certain
man named
library.
Aristophanes,
who
day
At summoned and took his seat among those allotted for the judges. The first that contended were the poets, who recited their
after
When
to
the judges
six of
them agreed
award the
prize to
The
The king
to speak.
them
had recited other men's compositions, and upon thefts but upon
astonished, and the king
compositions.
in doubt
;
number of books on certain shelves and comparing them with what had been
a vast
the writers confess that they had stolen
king then ordered them to be proceeded against for the theft, and after their condemnation dismissed them with
ignominy.
great rewards,
and appointed
librarian.
Some time
c c
af-
194
terwards Zoilus of Macedonia,
who assumed
the cogno-
of the
and Odyssey.
and
When
all
all
father of poetry
philology,
in
esteem throughout
The king
said to
had been dead more than a thousand years, had been the
who
but
many
other persons.
is
variously related.
Smyrna.
he richly
Whichever of these circumstances occurred deserved it, for that person docs not seem to
fate,
who
reflects
said
therefore,
Caesar,
do not publish
my name
to a treatise
which
On
the contrary,
to
all
own myself under the highest obligations those authors, who by their great ingenuity have
on different subjects, furnished us with
;
at various times
copious materials
own
use,
we
are enabled
to
write
195
more
fully
to
whom we
are
prepared to strike
to the principles
Thus adhering
works
which
found
in those of their
adapted to
further.
at
my
Athens the
was the
left
first
who
a treatise.
there-
who wrote
how
distance
;
nature, to a centre
real
so
appearances
painted on
of buildings appear on
a
flat vertical
advance and
recede.
symmetry of Doric buildings ; Theodorus, on the Doric temple of Jupiter in Samos ; Ctesiphon and Metagenes, on that of the Ionic order in the temple of Diana at Phileos wrote a volume on the Ionic temple Ephesus.
of Minerva at Priene, and Ictinus and Carpion on the
Doric temple of Minerva at Athens, on the Acropolis; Theodorus Phoceus on the vaulted temple at Delphi;
Philo on the
the Piraeus;
Bacchus
at Teos.
is
said to
have built
Mausoleum, to which some contributed their exertions whose talents have been admired in all Each ages, and who have gained lasting reputation. front was assigned to a separate artist, to ornament
fortunate, on the
190
and
Those employed were Leochares, Bryaxes, Scopas, and Praxiteles; some say that Timotheus was employed. The great art displayed by these men,
try his skill thereon.
many of
less celebrity
phranor.
Many on
Democles, Charidas, Polyidus, Phyros, AgesistraFrom the commentaries of these, what I thought use-
ful I
have thrown together, and that the more especially because I observe that on this branch the Greeks have
published much, and our
Fussitius, however,
little.
produced an ex-
work on the subject. on the nine sciences, includes one on architecture. PubBesides these, I do not recollius Septimius wrote two.
cellent
lect
this
we
In fact the
Pisistratus, after
affected the
money
work, a
Roman
named
cell,
This work
is
197
magnificence.
For
in
embellished with work in marble, and from that circumstance the places are very celebrated, and their excellence
is
The
first is
is
by the above-named Paeonius, and Daphnis, the Milesian. The third is the Doric temple of Ceres and
Proserpine, at Eleusis, the cell of which was built by Ic-
conve-
vestibule,
noviciates,
for the
appearance.
archi-
Lastly, in
Athens
it is
was the
which was of
large dimensions,
From
man
no
treatise
is
extant
nor
is
it
less
desirable,
Mu-
who
and entabla-
Honour and
phy of Marius, a work, which, had it been of marble, and thereby endowed with the splendour and richness which the material must have added, would have been reckoned
among
the
first
It there-
198
fore appears that our country can boast of as great architects
as
Greece
herself,
within
behind them
any
treatises,
thought
it
and to
houses
ing,
and
durable.
199
CHAPTER
I.
OF PAVEMENTS.
shall begin with pavements, which are the principal of the finishings, and should be executed with the
I
greatest
care
and attention
to
their
solidity.
If the
itself,
is
ascertain that
to
it
solid
throughout,
But
to
if
be made solid with a rammer. In timber must be taken that no wall be built under them, so as to touch the under side of the floors but that a space be rather left between them and the floors.
floors care
;
For
if
they be
made
solid,
and
settling,
place, will
left.
Care
must
oak
;
also
for as soon as
it
warps, and
is
however, holm
not
to use oak,
its
power
will
be diminished, and
it
will
Then through
I
do not mention
if at
them
are durable.
if not,
The
straw,
floor
is
hand, and
the timber
to be spread over
so that
this is
may
not be injured
by
the lime.
On
200
placed a layer of stones, each of which
is
not to be
less
than will
fill
a man's hand.
laid thereon.
it
pavement
is
three parts of
from
lime.
five parts to
two of
wooden
men,
number of
foot.
till its
thickness
is
Over
this
is
laid to rule
Over the upper layer the pavement and level, whether composed of slabs or
laid with their proper inclination, they
off,
of tesserae.
When
are to be rubbed
may be may be
no
the edges of
or the
also,
So,
maybe
flat,
and rubbed
to a regular
is
strewed over
Pavements
air,
are,
to
inasmuch
as timbers
in a
expanding
in a
and contracting
cause defects in
the
pavement by
their
settlements.
But
as they
must be made
as follows.
Over the first flooring, boards, others crossing them, must be laid, fastened with nails j thus giving a double
201
The pavement
is
composed of
two
this
of lime.
After the
is
first
composition
spread over
then spread, as above directed, the pavement, consisting of tessera?, each about two inches thick, is laid, with an inclination of two inches to ten feet if thus executed, and afterwards properly rubbed, it will not
:
be
liable
to defects.
may
year
approach of winter every should be saturated with the dregs of oil, which will prevent the frost affecting it. If extraordinary care be required, the pavement is covered with tiles
it
at the
square, properly jointed, having small chanof the size of an inch, cut on each edge. These are filled with lime tempered with oil, the edges being rubbed and pressed together. Thus the lime in the channels growing hard, suffers neither water nor any thing else to penetrate. After this preparation the upper layer is spread and beaten with sticks. Over this either large
nels,
two
feet
above
di-
rected,
will not
be easily injured.
D D
'202
CHAPTER
II.
it is
wanted
for use
so that
any of it be not burnt enough, the length of time employed in slaking it may bring the whole mass to the
same consistence.
but used fresh,
it
blisters,
contains,
which, in execu-
When
in the
used,
siis
be chopped with
it,
as
it
lies
If the
not sufficiently
is
drawn out
;
is
when
stance adhering to
The
203
CHAPTER
III.
OF STUCCO WORK.
When
two
fir is
arched ceilings are introduced, they must be exeParallel ribs are set up, not
cuted as follows.
feet apart
:
more than
ribs
These
being
got out to the shape of the curve, they are fixed to the
ties
iron nails.
The
rot,
ties
should
jury from
olive, heart
common oak
The
al-
liability to
is
warp, causes
ribs
employed,
them,
in the
made of
any
On
to be laid, so that if
roof,
it
water
fall
from the
floor
may
not penetrate.
If there be no supply of
Greek
reeds, the
common
slender marsh-reeds
may be
one ligature to
another
be
feet.
above
di-
and made
is
fast
ing work
The
after-
to
be
laid
on the underside.
if,
The sand
is
wards introduced on
and
it
is
204
chalk, or marble.
,to
be
for,
when
by
their
own
But
and the
stuff
;
for
The
arched ceilings,
is
also to
be avoided
and conor
sequent weight.
carved, work.
Some
many
in
is
in
may be used
for
itself,
but
cor-
neighbouring buildings.
first
The
is
to be
on
as
coat thereon
setting
it
and
in respect
be proper for
When
is
the
more durable
will the
first
and
this
to be so
prepared, that
but easily
when used, it does not stick to the trowel, comes away from the iron. Whilst the stucco
205
is
is
to be laid
on
this is to
be
well
still
another, finer
than the
last. Thus, with three sand coats, and the same number of marble-dust coats, the walls will be ren-
dered
solid,
and not
the work is well beaten, and the under coats made and afterwards well smoothed by the hardness and whiteness of the marble-powder, it throws out the colours
solid,
When
brilliancy.
Colours,
when used
moisture
damp
stucco,
do not
in the kiln,
imbibes whatever
placed on
it.
From
their different
solid
when
become
work
be
when washed,
as
unless
it
has been
carelessly done,
on
after the
it
was dry
if
however executed
and of great
thinness
above directed,
will
strong, brilliant,
durability.
When
only one
easily
it is
its
and
is
not,
on that account,
of acquiring a
brilliant
appearance.
As
silver mirror,
made from
and strongly
that which
so
plastering,
when
thin in substance,
On
the contrary,
well
and closely
but
laid on,
when
it.
soB
The plasterers of the Greeks thus not only make their work hard, by adhering to the above directions, but, when the plaster is mixed, cause it to be beaten with wooden staves by a great number of men, and use it after
this preparation.
plaster
them
for tables
for tables
and mirIf
clay, liable to
to shrink,
and cause
After
the partition has been covered with the clay, reeds, by the
side of each other, are to be nailed thereon with bossed
nails
;
and another
horizontally
ble coats ble
then, as above described, the sand and marfinishing are to be followed up.
and
The douall
walls prevents
cracks
and
207
CHAPTER
OF STUCCO
I
IV.
WORK
IN
DAMP
is
PLACES.
situa-
plastering
executed in dry
it,
tions
now
I shall
that
it
may be
damp.
First, in
apartments
on the ground-floor
ment
is
to
have
its first
may
not be injured by
the damp.
But
if
a wall
is
as far
the
At
the upper
part, also,
openings must be
left
for if the
damp do
it
The
coat.
wall
is
then to be
last
however,
there
wall, channels
should neverair.
Then
side,
tiles
on the other
not be more
angles of two
tiles
may
that they
other.
may
208
these are to be carefully pitched over, that they
may
resist
the moisture
at
they
at
are,
moreover,
the
to
have air-holes
bottom,
and
top above
vault.
They
are
coat
may
adhere to them
for,
spread,
The
orre-
naments
fire,
and
In these, above
The
will
it,
should wish to
know
of
which
tri-
The
a
it,
floor
of the
;
clinium
and
after the
bottom
is is
well
rammed,
bish or
potsherds
spread over
A composition of pounded
is
lime, sand,
and
ashes,
The
has
209
the appearance of a black pavement.
Thus, at their
is
spilt,
which
falls
on
it,
who
210
CHAPTER
V.
in atria also,
and
peristylia,
certain
Paint-
may
exist,
such
men, houses,
figures
ships,
and other
and
refirst
precise
to
their
presentations.
Hence
who
Afterwards
ceeded to the representations of buildings, columns, and In spacious apartments, such as the projections of roofs.
exedra?,
on
comic or
sa-
mode; and
galleries
mountains,
cattle,
shepherds,
stories,
and sometimes
and
and other
founded on
real history.
But
taste-
now
inasmuch
211
observed
in
for
pediments the
labra are
cande-
made
buildings, from
stalks
appear to
those
Not
less so are
figures rising
heads,
similar
because
nature.
in
much
art
little
esteemed.
How
its
is
it
or a small
or, that
and pliant
figure
half figures
And
yet the
exist.
which
is
No
the
and perspicuity
the subject.
rius
At Trades,
little
and
angles
of
the
pediments,
all
and
ornamented
the
he painted
212
above them, in the episcenium, a repetition of the domes,
porticos, half pediments,
ornaments.
Upon
everyone was
ready to applaud, when Licinius, the mathematician, advanced, and thus addressed them
sufficiently
:
informed in
civil
ment on
subjects of less
moment
Gymnasium
are
all
in
who among
tiles
which
con-
If,
we of
be like those
who
for a simi-
accounted
illiterate."
down and
make
was approved.
life,
O that
in
that he might
our
stucco work.
It is
my
purpose to show
ancients labourart,
how
The
obtained by means of
strong and gaudy colouring, and for the effect which was
formerly obtained only by the
digal
skill
of the
artist,
a pro-
expense
is
now
substituted.
Who in
former times
213-
used minium otherwise than as a medicine? In the present age, however, walls are every where covered with
it.
To
this
may be added
These are
To my
ut-
most
plastering,
and
it
been
sufficiently
treated of,
now remains
to treat of marble.
214
CHAPTER
VI.
Marble
when
is
not alike in
all
countries.
In some places
salt,
it
which,
When
in
working,
separated into three sorts, of which that which contains the larger particles,
laid
is,
as
we have above
:
coat,
and afterwards, the third which is finer in texture. After this preparation, and a careful polishing of the
it
is
may be
brilliant.
the
will
be found
the
fol-
lowing pages.
215
CHAPTER
VII.
OF NATURAL COLOURS.
Some
are found in certain places in a native state,
and
so as to
answer
nature
same purpose.
is
we
of that which
<
"Zi
cc -
This, as in Italy,
is
discovered in
the best
for in
by chance they fell upon a vein of ochre, they followed it up just Hence the ancients used as they would one of silver. abundance of ochre in their finishings. Red ochre is
also
as
working the
mines at Athens,
found
at
in
many
places,
;
Sinope, in Pontus
Egypt
;
in
the Balearic
also in
Lemnos, the
Rome
name
a
si-
The
dug
is
Paraetonion takes
up.
its
it is
The Melinon on
in Melos,
so called, from
its
abundance
found
is
one
also
in
many places;
which
it
was
first
discovered.
is
Orpiment, which
is
called
agfftvizov in
is
Greek,
Red
lead
also obtained
216
in the
sus, it is
but quite as
fine as
217
CHAPTER
VIII.
This
is
said to have
been
found
of the Ephesians,
it is
very curi-
A clod of earth
is
it is
manu-
is
a great
The
;
clods,
when
and
condensed on the
are
found to be quicksilver.
fill
pounds.
and a
will
it, it
swim
at the top,
and
will,
notwithstanding
its
weight, be
be put
the bottom.
This
is
body
its
weight, but on
;
its
nature.
it,
Quickneither
used for
many purposes
without
F F
218
silver
nor
When
gold
is
for
;
use,
the cloth
is
in
earthen
pots
quicksilver added to
them
in a cloth
pass through the pores of the cloth, but retains the gold
in a
mass within
it.
219
CHAPTER
IX.
now
When
to
the
powder
this is
with iron beaters, and then, by means of repeated washings and dryings, the colour
produced.
When
natural tenacity,
soft
and disconnected
keeps
and used
its
peristylia or exedree,
and
similar situations
colour
black.
rius,
is
becomes
Thus, as
many
others, Fabe-
with vermilion.
on which ac-
on other colours.
spect,
its
it
in this re-
retain
colour, should,
when
:
the wall
is
tempered with
it lie
cloth, as
This prac-
called xavirts
by the Greeks.
The
coat of Punic
wax prevents
820
the sun's rays thereon which
colours in work of this nature.
injure
The
which
now
Rome, on account of mines of the same sort having been discovered in some parts of Spain, whence the clods are brought and worked by manufacturers at Rome. These laboratories are situated between the temples of Flora and Quirinus. Vermilion is occasionally adulterated with lime. The following is a method by
which
its
goodness
may be
:
proved.
and remain
the plate
is it
red hot
when
colour,
and
fire.
from the
colour,
when
is
cooled,
it
returns to
its
original
it
may be
it
considered pure.
But
it
if it
remain of
a black colour,
terated.
I
have written
vermilion.
found
indigo,
in
Minium and
by
221
CHAPTER
X.
OF ARTIFICIAL COLOURS.
I
OF BLACK.
from par-
have now
ticular treatment,
change their
;
qualities,
properties of colours
and
first,
employed
in different works,
it is
in order that it
may be
is
known how
polished.
An
apartment
built
In front of
it is
built a furnace,
;
which comthis is to
the
mouth of
Resin
is
when
the material
set
on
fire,
passes
by means of communications into the laconicum, and therein adheres to the walls and the arched ceiling. It is then collected, and some part of it is tempered with gum, to make ink for transcribers; the remainder is used by stuccoers
with
size.
mixed
But
may be
adopted.
Pine
be burnt, and, when thoroughly charred, pounded in a mortar with size. Thus
the plasterer will procure an agreeable black colour.
less pleasing, is made by drying and burning lees of wine in a furnace, and grinding the result with size. Indeed, this makes a very agreeable black.
The
whose
which
in
222
CHAPTER XL
OF BLUE, AND OF BURNT YELLOW.
Blue was
it,
first
manufactured
at Alexandria,
and
after-
wards by Vestorius
at Puzzuoli.
Sand
is
the mixture
as
fine
to
which coarse
filings
of Cyprian
The
and
that
is
placed in a furnace.
impart to
qualities,
much used
in stuccos,
is
is
thus made.
;
it
is
which
J'J.'i
CHAPTER
XII.
made,
and
also verdigrease,
which we
call
seruca.
The Rhodians
The
and when,
they are opened, the masses are found changed into white
lead.
is
called Eeruca,
The white
lead
fire,
is
becomes red
and, by the
much
better material
is
which
is
<r2
c 24>
CHAPTER
XIII.
OF PUKPLE.
I
all
other co-
its
rarity than
from
shell
excellence.
It
is
scarlet dye,
and possesses
qualities
not
less
ever.
where
it is
found possess
is
ob-
brown
;
in those
is
between
found
in
it is
pale
that which
is
of a violet hue
comes from southern countries possesses a red quality: the red sort is also found in the island of
that which
After the
iron bars
is
ostrum,
because
Inasmuch
is
as this colour,
from
its saltness,
soon dries,
it
225
CHAPTER
XIV.
OF FACTITIOUS COLOURS.
made by tinging chalk with madder-root and hysginum. Divers colours are also made from flowers. Thus, when dyers are desirous of imitating the Attic ochre, they put dry violets into a vessel, and boil them. When so prepared, they pour
are also
Purple colours
the contents of the vessel on to a cloth, and, squeezing it with their hands, receive in a mortar the water thus coloured by the violet, and then, mixing Eretrian earth
with
it,
and grinding
it,
is
produced.
tained
milk.
socolla,
In the same
way an
ob-
by preparing vaccinium,
So
also, those
and mixing
it
with
who cannot
mix blue with the herb weld, and thus obtain a brilliant green. These are called factitious colours.
On
making
vccXog;
rings,
mixed with
In this book I have explained, as they have occurred to me, the methods of making colours for
painting, so
that they
may be
Thus, in
the rules
down
all
of water,
;
to be found
to
any place
as also
how how
purposes to
which
it is
to be applied.
G G
THE
ARCHITECTURE
MARCUS VITRUVIUS
BOOK THE EIGHTH.
POLLIO.
INTRODUCTION.
Thales, the Milesian, one of the seven wise men, taught
that water was the original cause of
all
things.
Heraclitus
by the Athenians the dramatic philosopher, attributed it and contended that the latter, impregto air and earth
;
nated by the seed contained in the rain falling from the heavens, had generated mankind and all the animals on
228
the earth
;
and that
all
these,
reair,
first
docles, Epicharmus,
and that
mould of different
We
must
all
recollect, that
elements, are
grow without
their assistance.
air
;
live
without abundance of
that
without
its
tion in considerable
body do
spirits
its
hardness of
and
if
the
by
the fruits
will waste,
and parched.
those things neither scarce nor dear which are necessary for mankind, as are pearls, gold, silver,
like, which are neither necessary for the
and the
which the
if
life
Thus,
is
a body be deficient
air.
the
the
to
deficiency
sun,
supplied by the
The power of
are
fire,
always ready
assist us,
more
certain.
The
fruits
of
229
the earth also, furnishing nourishment even to excess,
Water
is
of in-
a great
number of purposes in life and it is furnished Hence the priests of the Egyptian worship teach, that all things are composed of water; and when they cover the vase of water, which is borne to the
to us gratuitously.
creation.
230
CHAPTER
I.
As
it
it
is
priests
that
necessary,
as in
the
laid down for buildings, to describe in this the method of finding water, its different properties, accord-
are
how
it
ought to be
it
should be judged of ;
inasmuch
life,
as
it is
for pleasure,
if
and
accomplished
ground.
In order to
down
pros-
it,
and with
around
cannot
fixed, look
the place
for the
the eye
is
ought, and
confined to'
We
small,
if in
when we
is
and
low places,
collected
will
muddy and
ill
tasted.
In black
hard places,
In
231
gravel, the veins are small
and
In the strong,
common and
red
cer-
to be
and
is
of good
taste.
if it do not away and escape through the pores. At the feet of mountains, and about flinty rocks the supply is copious and abundant it is there cold and more wholesome. In champaign countries, the springs are salt, gross, tepid,
filter
;
may be
when
a place abounds
flourish
without moisture.
lakes, which,
being
district,
On
these, however,
we must not
rely.
grow spontaneously, there we may In places where these signs do not appear, search. Dig a hole three the following plan must be adopted. feet square, and at least five feet deep, and in it, about
sunset, place a brazen or leaden basin, or larger vessel,
if
one be
at
hand.
It
oil
inside
is
is
and inverted, and the upper part of the excavation be covered with reeds or leaves : on these the earth
to to
232
be thrown.
if
On
it
be opened, and
damp and
drops
unburnt
clay,
will
fleece of
wool being
be expressed from
is
indicated,
full
t
and that
oil
abundance.
lamp
retain
of
and on
following day
iraed
unco
and present
be found
will
inasmuch
it.
towards
Moreover,
be made on
when
will
be found in
These expeif
to be
the
head of the spring be found, many dug round about it, and, by means of under-cuttings,
connected with
it
so as to concentrate them.
The
in
spring-
mountains
and northern
districts,
Valleys in
and from the closeness of their woods, as well from the shade which the trees afford, added to the snow,
233
which so long remains on them, allow it to percolate through their strata, and thus arrive at the foot of the
becomes the source of On the contrary, in a champaign country, much water will not probably be found or if it should, it will
it
a river.
not be wholesome, because the great power of the sun, unobstructed by shade, attracts and carries off all humidity from the plains ; and were even the water to appear,
subtlest, and wholesomest parts, and leave the heaviest, most unpleasant, and most unwholesome in the spring.
H H
234
CHAPTER
II.
OF RAIN WATER.
Water
lities,
because
the
air,
:
earth
upon
vicinity
at sunrise,
from the
on,
air
which rushes
after
them.
The
air
rushing
it,
and driving
vapour before
and eddies of wind. Hence the winds, wherever they travel, extract from springs, rivers, marshes, and from the sea, when heated by the sun, concreates gales,
and
rise
These,
The
seem
to
depend
on
its
ure,
and
large
proportion
of water.
Thus when,
from the coolness of the night, assisted by the darkness, winds arise, and clouds are formed from damp places, the
sun, at
its rising,
<235
air, raises
dew
same time.
;
corroboration of this
may be
seen in
a hot bath
for
it is
a spring above
its
ceiling
and yet
that,
when warmed by
it is it
where
first,
hangs.
from
their lightness,
down, but
as
when
upon
out
warmed by
and gathers
perspiration
places,
to the clouds
its
moisture,
heat
drives
is
This
manifest
from the winds, among which, those that blow from the
coldest quarters, as the north, and the north-east, bring
air,
That
this
is
the case,
rivers, as
is
evident
in
marked
First, in India,
:
Mount Caucasus
and Euin
phrates
thenes,
in Asia,
and especially
:
France, the
Rhone
in
southward of
236
the Alps, the
Timavus and Po
call
in Italy, the
Tiber
in
Maurusia, which we
Mount
its
Atlas,
name,
it is
Heptabolus,
in a
passes
into the
Marsh Coloe,
rivers
From
this
Astasoba,
Astabora, and
many
others,
it
passes through
falling
down towards
Nile.
the
Mount Atlas
towards
Since, therefore,
the large
known
rivers
in
from the north, and towards the land of Africa, because those are in the southern regions under the sun's
course, where there
is little
and
much
is
nature,
is
hot, but
soil,
when
issues
cold,
and
:
warm from
it
does
237
not, however, long
remain in that
state,
cold
would not so
smell,
for
it
its taste,
and
238
CHAPTER
III.
it is
Camamae nor
so,
on the
When
all
and the
upper
soil is
heated
of sweet
water affected by
grow
hot,
hot
districts,
when they
way
:
to the
is
and of a
which
is
found
in other places.
:
But
these,
though
for,
falling
and acted
fire,
;
and, apparently
air,
they issue
Among
Hence, those
239
who
For
the tops of
as a
are mistaken
when they
filled
when
communicates that
the
from
its
vase, but,
increases
and
boils over.
when
come
into wide
it
having vent,
natural level.
because
boil-
ing in the
soils
many
virtues.
by
their
warm
it,
and
its
of heat, restore
it,
and thus
it
immediately regains
former strength.
act as purgatives,
ward complaints.
and are excellent for the cure of inThere is a species of cold nitrous
spring like that at Pinna a city of the Vestini, at Cutilium, and other similar places, which,
when
taken, purges,
and, in
its
phulous tumours.
brass, lead,
silver, iron,
and other
240
very copious springs are found. These, however, are
effects
very pernicious.
contrary
bitumen
for
intestines,
Hence
become saturated with hard gross cold particles. But there is a species of water, which, when not clear, has a foam, like a flower, swimming on its surface, It is known of a colour similar to that of purple glass.
vessels
Athens more particularly, and, from the places and springs in which it is found, it is conducted to the
at
city
though
it
is
in
use
to
They, therefore,
avoid
effects,
The
;
Trce-
zenians are
not
able
escape this
evil
for
they
Hence,
feet.
in their
city,
all,
affected
with
diseases
is
in
the
At
is
a river
whose
name
feet,
Cydnus,
which,
if
There
are,
moreover,
many
its
ties, as
when
it
departs from
source,
That branch
the
other,
lias
sweet
humidity,
is
exceedingly soft
salt is
dug,
salt taste.
At Paraetonium,
also,
241
in
salt,
congeals
In
many
earth,
issue
forth
impregnated with
swim
or wash,
as
it
In Ethiopia,
there
a lake
in
is
and
in India there
another, which,
when
the sky
there
of oil.
At Carthage
oil
is
of the
In
The
vast lake
at Babylon,
round Babylon.
At Joppa,
also,
in
Syria,
size,
and
in
Numidian
away
not,
This
are
is
many
hence,
it
when
is
carries
therewith
it
forth, the
bitumen
separated from
and deposited. In Cappadocia, on the road between Mazaca and Tuana, there is a considerable lake, in which, if a piece of reed or any other substance be cast, and taken out on the following day, it will be found to have
been turned into stone
have changed
its
;
will not
quality.
242
polis,
in
and
is
yards.
At
become
incrust-
ed with stone
and
left,
they carry
them
and
in
This circumstance,
if,
as it appears
to me,
in these spots,
this
coagu-
lating
power
issues
forth
seen in
salt-pits.
Some
as the
river
Hypanis
its
in Pontus,
is
first
;
forty miles
from
source,
but at a
and
falls
sixty
into
miles from
it,
its
mouth,
after
;
body of the
river
becomes
is
bitter
and
because the
procured.
These
different flavours
earth, as in
the
For
if
same
and countries,
see, that, in the
possess the
same
flavour.
Whereas we
wine
is
made,
in
Maeonia
MeCampania the Falernian, atTerracina and Fundi the Cascuban and in many other
the Mamertine, in
;
which
could not be the case, but that the moisture of the earth,
243
penetrating the roots with the particular flavour
sesses,
it
posit,
For
if
its
would the reeds and rushes of Syria and Arabia be odoriferous, and the shrubs yield pepper, frankincense, and myrrh ; nor would the laser grow only in Cyrene, but in
all
countries and in
all
places
sort of
plants grow.
For the
varieties that
ferent
situations
climates,
and countries arise from the and the power of the sun, sometimes
;
and
the effects of
but
on cattle and
flocks.
And
these circum-
stances
lity
could not
cattle,
in
young of a brown
colour, in
Thus
when
it
communicates thereto
quality, of
may
of
be.
Hence
in
on the banks
its
Some
effects
these receive
their quality
Such
is
said to be the
Nep-
244
tunian spring at Terracina, of which those
lessly
who
thoughtare
hence
the
antients
up
and
in the
country of the
is
those
who
who bathe
it
In
will
Thessaly,
flows
a spring
:
which no
near
So, in
and
left
streams unite
water
monument, because
also,
its
In Arcadia,
mountains and rocks. It is called water of the Styx (%Tvyo$ v^uf) which neither silver, brass, nor iron ves;
because
it
No:
in-
deed it
is
said to
his death.
who
In the
in
Faliscan
and
spring
the
Cornetan division
a grove wherein
rises,
is
acid,
as are
places, which,
Campana near Thcanum, and in many other when drank, have the effect of dissolving
which forms
in
the
to
stone
arise
the bladder.
This seems
245
der the earth,
acridity
;
waters acquire
their
and when introduced into the system, dissolve that with which they come in contact whether generated by deposition or concretion. That acids will have this
from the experiment on an egg, whose shell, when kept therein for some time, will be softened and dissolve. Lead, also, which is very flexible and heavy, if placed in a vessel and covered with acid, and
effect,
is
clear,
will
more
solid
by
and
sub-
same way,
will
dissolve,
become verdigrease
mitted to
its
flint-stones,
can destroy,
when
are
dissolved and
dissipated
by
fair-
an acid.
we may
on account of their
when
and
is
taken,
inebriate as
wine.
At
iEqui,
in
in the territory
of
Clitorium,
is
water, of which
those
who
At
the spring
is
that
it
is
not
fit
for bathing,
and
also
is
Melampus cured
ness,
The epigram
is
as
follows:
Rustic, by Clitor's stream
who
246
Drink
at this fount,
and
in the holy
keep
Of guardian Naiads
But dip
Lest e'en the vapour
wine inflame,
;
Fly thou
my
sober spring.
Melampus here
what time the seer
Cleansed the
mad
Proetides,
With
purifying power
my
There
those
is
which
who imprudently
is
and there-
over
who drank
:
of
it
would
The
But whoso
At
a fountain, at which
those
who
On
it
ten an epigram,
was excellent
The
see,
Yet
if their
To
But
do so without danger
if
lip,
Or
only from
Your
tools for
munching meat
empty
And
leave their
seat
247
CHAPTER
IV.
The
some
places,
is
such, that
it
gives the people of the country an excellent voice for singing, as at Tarsus,
In
Africa there
is
and
is
about
of vast extent.
Though
if
Africa
is
the nursing
in that
immediately die
to another,
also
it
and
if
removed
is it
where, as
quality.
have heard,
has even a
more extraordinary
C. Julius, the
son of Masinissa, to
whom
Lodging
in
my
of philology.
of water and
its
On
virtues,
he assured
me
territory there
and that
;
and
went
to the transmarine
slaves,
whom
they cou-
which
248
many
and
sorts
of
fluids,
as
tears.
Wherefore,
exists, it is
portion of earth
such variety
world an
infinite variety
becomes impregits
arriving at
head.
as
Hence
so
many
soils.
Of some
others
I
of these things
have read
in
and accuracy have described how the properties of places and the virtues of different waters, depend on the
various climates of the earth.
From
and copied
into this
book
all
more
and
states,
inasmuch
such
is
as
nothing
is
the nature of
all
more necessary than water. For animals, that if they do not receive
fruits, flesh, or fish,
The utmost
diligence
and
la-
249
CHAPTER
V.
The
trial
as follows.
If
on,
it
be
we
lay
it
tlie
to
and considered.
of good quality.
it
If they are
is
Also, if dig-
and leave no stain thereon, it will be found excellent. Equally good that water will be, which, after boiling in a cauldron, leaves no sediment of sand or clay on the bottom. So if vegetables
brass,
made of good
fire
is
water,
it
Moreover,
water
itself,
when
is
limpid
runs do not
it,
filth
be near
it
every
will
be ma-
by these
such water
is
light
and exceed-
ingly wholesome.
K K
250
CHAPTER
VI.
THAT PURPOSE.
shall now describe how water houses and cities, for which purpose
I
is
to
be conveyed to
is
levelling
necessary.
This
is
performed
The
latter
instrument
is
however the best, inasmuch as the dioptra and level are The chorobates is a rod often found to be incorrect. about twenty feet in length, having two legs at its extremities of equal length and dimensions, and fastened to the ends of the rod at right angles with it ; between the
rod and the legs are cross pieces fastened with tenons,
whereon
rod.
lines
vertical
lines
are
When
the rod
is
set,
marked, and shew that the instrument stands level. But if the wind obstructs the operation, and the lines are put in motion, so that one cannot judge by them, let a
channel be cut on the top of the rod
inch wide, and half an inch high, and
five feet long,
let
one
water be poured
known
to be level.
When
the chorobates
ascertained.
may be
may
chimedes
will
Whether
251
a plane or spheroidal surface, the two ends of the channel
left,
when
the rod
is level,
will never-
If
it
be inclined
end which
is
Hence
it
follows, that
in
may have
extremities to
The
If there be
much
fall,
252
CHAPTER
VII.
OF CONDUCTING WATER.
Water
is
conducted
by
means of channels
built to
convey
it,
in
leaden pipes or
If in
of not
less
than
half a foot to a length of one hundred. are arched over at top, that the sun
These channels
may
strike
on the
water as
little as possible.
When
it
home
with
is built,
and so connected
it is
that
when
dis-
and fountains,
supply
This
to be so
managed
may never
have made
this division in
rent which
who
are
may be
If
hills
intervene
between the
signed
walls
above
as-
if
the channel
may be
if
the
soil
be earth or
253
gravel,
side
walls
must be
this the
built,
over,
and through
water
feet.
If the water
is first
is
to be
brought
spring,
in
made near
the
The
pipes
must be made
if
hence
each length
if
eighty
;
if
if
hundred and eighty pounds ; if thirty inches (tricenariae), three hundred and if twenty inches (vicenariae), two hundred sixty pounds and forty pounds if fifteen inches (quinumdenum), one
forty inches (quadragenarian), four
; ;
if
;
if
pounds
if five
be
fifty
called a fifty
is
inch pipe
and so of the
rest.
An
aqueduct which
;
made of
proper
lead, should
be thus constructed
if
there be a
hills
fall
city,
and
high
enough
to cause an
intervals
must be brought to a
fall
if
it
it
and when
arrives at
254
the bottom, let
it
this is
;
the
it
by the Greeks
xoiXia,
when
may be
directed upwards.
If the venter
Over the venter long stand pipes should be placed, by means of which, the violence of the air may escape. Thus,
those
who have
to
may by
cuit,
from the
damage
will
more
easily found.
These
But
if
fol-
lowing means
may be
less
adopted. Thick earthen tubes are to than two inches in thickness, and
be provided, not
tongued
other.
at
may
fit
The
and
in the
must be placed
first
is
to
be perforated, so that
length
may be
received into
it.
Then, on the
255
opposite side, where the acclivity begins, the block of red
stone receives the last length of the venter, and the length of the rising pipe.
first
Thus
For
work
gene-
is
enough
even stones,
softly
and sparingly
weight of
be restrained
In other
by means of
respects
it is
ligatures, or a
ballast.
"When
are
the
water
is
down from
the head,
ashes
first
as to the
it.
work
repair
AVater
conducted through
pipes
is
more wholesome
is
must be
and Hence,
This
injurious,
because from
white lead
obtained,
this is said to
if
be injurious to the
it
human
system.
what
is
generated from
itself
is
pernicious, there
may be
it
verified
who
from
fumes
on the
different
no account be conducted in leaden pipes if we are desirous that it should be wholesome. That the flavour of
that
conveyed
in earthen pipes
is
better,
is
shewn
at
our
no springs from which water can be obtained, it is necessary to dig wells, on which every care is to be bestowed, and the
256
utmost ingenuity and discretion used
in the
examination of
asmuch
are
of
soil
many and
various.
first
of earth
itself;
water,
whence sulphur, alum, and biwhence tumen are generated; and air, whence arise great vapours,
which, piercing through the pores to the opening of wells,
strike
suffocate
them by
their
To avoid
method
;
may be adopted; a lighted lamp must be lowered continue to burn, a man may safely descend, but
strength of the vapour extinguish
it,
if it
if
the
and
left
were
may
pass
off.
When
this is
made of cement,
;
which water
is
The cement
thus
compounded
be of broken
and roughest
to
to be procured
whereon no
single piece
weigh
more than a pound, the lime must be very strong, and in making it into mortar, five parts of sand are to be added to two of lime, the flint work is combined with the mortar, and of it the walls in the excavation are brought up from the bottom, and shaped by wooden bars covered with
iron.
is
The
to be
thrown out
walls,
and
'2.57
when
are
levelled, the
bottom
is
same
If these receptacles
made
for
in
two or three
for the
water
may
will
some
flavor,
use
mud
in it will
to subside,
will
;
be clearer, preserve
otherwise
it.
and be
from smell
it
will
be neI
In
this
book
their
have
explained to
my
utmost
and
varieties
how
good-
may be
ascertained
in the following
book
I intend rules of
L L
THE
ARCHITECTURE
OF
INTRODUCTION.
The
lers
such esteem,
decorated
with the palm and crown, they were not only publicly
also, in their
triumphant return to
cities
and counconsider
for life
When
260
these circumstances, I cannot help thinking
it
strange that
authors
who
Such by
;
certainly
training,
writer,
own body
own
mind, but
af-
of his reader.
What
does
it
this class,
were ennobled
Aristotle,
by
their fellow
countrymen?
On
and other
their
fruit,
and
undeviating industry,
own
country, but to
nations, fresh
and luscious
civilize
satiated there-
with,
justice, without
which
no
state
can long
exist.
shall
produce in
illustration,
which
it
The
first I shall
produce
will
will
261
CHAPTER
SQUARE.
If there be an area or field,
it is
I.
is
and
also
be ac-
it
may be
lines
as follows.
by ten
an hundred feet
if
we have
square, which
two hundred
feet.
we must
its
area
may be
this
feet,
double, that
;
is
two hundred
cannot be done
and ninety-six
if fifteen feet,
Since, therefore,
we
can-
to
the square
may
angles of
fifty feet
On
this diagonal
another
will
fifty feet,
there will
way
Plato
26<2
CHAPTER
II.
ANGLED TRIANGLE.
Pythagoras demonstrated the method of forming a
angle without the aid of the instruments of artificers
right
:
and
that which they scarcely, even with great trouble, exactly obtain,
facility.
may be performed by
and the other
five feet
great
feet,
one four
long
and
let
them
For
if,
rods,
feet
and
so that the
number of feet
in the
square,
whose
side
is five feet.
When
Pythagoras discoas-
him
in the discovery,
sacrifice.
he evinced
his gratitude to
them by
This proposition
is
serviceable on
many
step
no
less
than
each
may have
its
proper height.
For
if
of those parts
will
Four
parts,
263
three into which the height from the pavement to the
floor
set
off"
first
or lower step.
Thus
the arrange-
flight
of
stairs will
be obtained, as
264
CHAPTER
III.
WHEN
Though Archimedes
which evince great
to
discovered
many
curious matters
I
intelligence, that
which
am
about
ob-
mention
is
when he
affairs,
manded
it
to be
made of great
work
value,
He, indue
But a report having been circulated, that some of the gold had been abstracted, and that the deficiency thus caused had been supplied
it.
with
silver,
unac-
his attention.
Charged with
this
commission, he by
in the vessel,
per-
Whence, catching
it
at the
me-
he immediately followed
in
joy, and,
returning
home naked,
have found
it
is
Q65 two masses, each of a weight equal to that of the crown, one of them of gold and the other of silver. Having prepared them, he
filled
much water to run out as was equal to the bulk thereof. The mass being then taken out, he poured in by measure as much water as was required to fill the vase once more to the brim. By these means he found what quantity of
water was equal to a certain weight of silver. He then placed the mass of gold in the vessel, and, on taking it out, found that the water which ran over was lessened, be-
magnitude of the gold mass was smaller than that containing the same weight of silver. After again filling the vase by measure, he put the crown itself in, and
discovered that more water ran over then than with the mass of gold that was equal to it in weight ; and thus, from
the superfluous quantity of water carried over the brim by the immersion of the crown, more than that displaced by
the mass, he found, by calculation, the quantity of silver
cause, as the
mixed with the gold, and made manifest the fraud of the manufacturer. Let us now consider the discoveries of
Archytas the Tarentine, and Eratosthenes of Cyrene, who, by the aid of mathematics, invented many things
useful to
are
mankind ; and though for other inventions they remembered with respect, yet they are chiefly celebrat-
these,
ed for their solution of the following problem. Each of by a different method, endeavoured to discover the
the response of Apollo of Delos, which
way of satisfying
required an altar to be
made
on the accomplishment
M M
266
the sem [cylinder, and Eratosthenes
tional instrument.
tific
by means of a propor-
The
investigations,
afford
when we consider
he had
tried.
The
disco-
men
advantage to them.
by his instructions, is he of that service to society which the learned are by publication of their sentiments. Since honours are not awarded
in
for propriety
heaven
in the estimation
tality
from their works, and even leave their portraits to succeeding ages. For, those who are fond of literature,
cannot help figuring to themselves the likeness of the poet
Ennius, as they do that of any of the gods.
So
also those
who
before them.
Many
will
fancy them-
Many
:
of our poste-
when
in
267
learned
flourished in
all
periods,
though ab-
and
dis-
Hence,
Caesar,
judgment and
; the first seven related to buildings, the eighth to the conduct of water, and in this I propose treating on the rules of dialling, as de-
ducible from the shadow produced by the rays of the sun from a gnomon, and I shall explain in what proportions
it is
268
CHAPTER
It
IV.
clearly
gnomons
Athens, Alexandria, Rome, Piacenza, and in other parts of the earth. Hence the construction of dials varies according to the places in which they are to be erected
for
;
from the
size
which mark the hours. By an analemma is meant a rule deduced from the sun's course, and founded on observation of the increase of the
solstice,
by means of which, with mechanical operations and the use of compasses, we arrive at an accurate knowledge of the true shape of the world. By the world is meant the whole
system of nature together with the firmament and
its stars.
power
is
must be considered
as
centres,
moreover
in these
points as
Thus
Hence
which
is
underneath,
is
269
earth,
to the
south,
a large
and
constellations,
;
make
their circuit
all these,
six
below
it
which
latter
al-
by the
earth.
;
emerging from darkness by the force of the moving power ; since it is the same power and motion which cause the rising and setting at the same moment.
As these
move
continually
in a contrary course,
itself,
Mars, Jupiter
and Saturn,
as if ascending, pass
orbits.
The
a twelfth
when he
which he
period of a year
completed
moon
same time.
The
planets
near-
270
est the rays of the sun,
move round
and appear sometimes retrograde and sometimes progressive, seeming occasionally, from the nature of their circuit, stationary in the signs.
This
it
may be
observed in
when
and ap-
at other times
it is
preceding him
in the
morning before
sunrise,
called the
morning
star.
at times
appear as
if they
remained
many days
in
delayed in one the quicker they pass through the succeeding one, and thus perforin their appointed course
:
in this
manner it happens that being delayed in some of the signs, when they escape from the retention, they quickly pass through the rest of their orbit. Mercury revolves in
the heavens in such a manner, that passing through the
several
signs in three
hundred and
which he
.
out, remaining
The
planet
Venus,
of
the
soon
as
she
escapes
days
loses
in
one
sign, she
She completes her circuit through the heavens in four hundred and eighty-five days ; by which time she
others.
Mars,
on about the
six
and
if,
any
sign,
his stationary
him
271
round
in
the proper
number of
days.
Jupiter moving
but with
seem
to stop
till
other.
Some
But
I
is
am
perceptible, evident
as
it
and
are
appears to us,
when
when they
stationary.
If,
things
to-
wards
from fountains ascend to the clouds by the rainbow in the same manner the excessive power of the sun spread:
as
it
trinal sign.
whence
it
heat, causes a
detention in the
sign from
itself,
second or
explained.
third,
Its rays
which form
triangle
whose
Those
fell
For
if
the rays
and were not bounded by a triangular figure, the nearer places would be absoThis seems to have struck the Greek poet, lutely burnt.
circularly throughout the system,
Euripides
for
dis-
more intensely heated than those temperate ones that are nearer to him hence, in the
tant from the sun are
:
rcc iroppa),
rot.
"Siyyvs
lyju.
(The
distant
If,
do not
how
:
it
Mars and
more
Saturn
thus
it
is
In short,
all
to the earth,
which have
above them.
among
nels
many
chan-
in pro-
make
wheel
273
moves round
tion
in
will assuredly
complete their
of the
circuit,
;
wheel
that
nearest the
centre will
is
perform
travelling in
though
time for
nets,
he move
from
a
the
greater extent of
its
will
require
longer
completion.
its
It
is
which, each in
particular orbit,
rotation.
The
hot,
reason
why some
rate,
some
and others
that
all fire
upward.
Hence
the sun warms, by his rays, the air above him, wherein
'Slurs
is
who
is
and comes
is
the
heavens,
exceedingly cold.
Jupiter,
however,
whose
is
orbit lies
Of the band
comprising the
twelve signs, of the seven planets, and their contrary of the manner and time in which
they pass from one sign into another, and complete their
circuits, I
have
thors.
I will
now speak of
Berosus,
who
travelled
moon was
it
of a blue colour
in its course,
ap-
N N
274
proached the sun
the heat,
it
;
turned
whence,
is
is
above
it,
which
its
not lu-
not
visible,
colour to
all
When
is
the light
called the
confined to
it
is
then
new moon.
When
and a thin
line
its
splendour towards
This
is
when
the
in the west,
the
;
moon
is
in the middle,
between
half the space of the heavens, the luminous half side will
be towards the earth. Lastly; when the sun and the moon
are the whole distance of the heavens from each other,
full
on
moon behind
it
in the east,
rays,
and the
In the
its light.
remaining days
it
gradually decreases
till
the completion
its
ber of days.
now
He
moon
possesses no light of
own, but
similar to a speculum,
which receives
the planets, the
its
Of
is
moon makes
;
whence, on the
day of
its
273
itself
it
is
invisi-
when thus in conjunction with the sun, it is new moon. The following day, which is called
little
it
receives a
its disc.
When
it
is
three days
him,
it
has increased,
illuminated
venth day, being half the heavens distant from the western sun, one half of
lighted by the sun.
it
which
is
On the
it
distant
sets
;
from him,
its
becomes
and
rises as
the sun
and
it is
vens,
On
when
the
sun
first
rises,
it
day,
when
in
the sun
rises,
the
is
moon
is
ven,
and the
is
other
shadow.
its
monthly
rotation.
I will
now
explain
how
276
CHAPTER
When
nox.
V.
is
When
tail
of Taurus and
is
con-
into Gemini,
From Gemini
it
eighth division of
he determines the
solstice,
and mov-
Leo and the boundaries of Cancer, the sun moving through the other parts of Leo, has by
the breast of
that time diminished the length of the day, as well as of his
From
and resumes the equal motion he had when in Gemini. Hence from Leo passing to Virgo and procircuit,
which
is
now
it
had
in
Taurus.
indentation which
comset-
pleted
Aries.
When
in passing to the
;
577
passing to a point near the thighs of Sagittarius, he makes
a shorter diurnal circuit.
the thighs
of Sagittarius, which are in Capricornus, at the eighth part of the latter he makes the shortest course in the
heavens.
called
is
Bruma
From
when he was
in Sagittarius.
From Aquarius he
west wind blows
;
and
his course is
equal to that he
made
in Scorpio.
I shall
now
treat of the
left
heavens.
278
CHAPTER
VI.
The Great
Not
very
brilliant star,
and colour.
it is
between
name of Arcturus.
on the point of the horns of the Bull, and on one above the
left
hand of Auriga on the other side the Goat's Kids and the Goat over the left shoulder. Above both the Bull and the Ram stands Perseus, which on
star called the
Ram
left
his right
hand
rests
head by
its
at the feet of
Andromeda.
Above Andromeda
der her belly, and the other above the back of the Horse
the brilliant star in the belly of the Horse
is
also in the
is
head of Andromeda.
eastern
The
right
hand of Andromeda
left
star of
Aquarius
is
is
also
common
to
Capricornus.
Above on high
279
phin,
Sagitta.
is
On
the side
is
the Swan,
der the
tail
Above
Sagittarius, Scorpio,
Crown
in the
mid-
and with
Scorpion.
their heads
The
pent, which
is
called Septentriones.
The Dolphin
bill
is
a short distance
is
from them.
Opposite the
lies
of the Swan
the Lyre.
The Crown
the Kneeler.
their shoulders
and breasts
is
in
opposite directions
of
called zwotrovgu.,
Zxixti
by the Greeks.
each of their
tails is
is
near the
Between
these
tails,
as
we have
who
turns
whence he takes a folding direction round the head of the smaller bear, and then spreading under his feet, and rising up, returns and folds from the head of the Less
to the Greater Bear, with his snout opposite
head.
The
feet
;
tail
stars
which
280
form the equilateral triangle above Aries.
There are
I
many
stars
common
and Cepheus.
in
the
now
of the
east.
281
CHAPTER
VII.
wards the
is
tail
of the Whale.
Between
is
it
and Sagittarius
a vacant
space.
The
Altar
Scorpio.
The
and Scorpio, and he holds in his hand that constellaNear Virgo, tion which astronomers call the Beast. Leo, and Cancer, the Snake stretches through a range
of
stars,
and with
its
its
Cancer, raising
snout towards
;
Leo and on
the middle
body supporting the cup its tail extends towards the hand of Virgo, and upon that is the Crow; the
of
its
stars
on
its
back are
is
all
equally luminous.
Under
its
the Centaur.
Leo
is
whose prow
hidden,
but the
mast and parts about the steerage are clearly seen. The The Ship and its poop touch the tip of the Dog's tail. smaller Dog is behind the Twins at the head of the
Snake, and the larger follows the smaller Dog. Orion lies transversely under, pressed on by the hoof of the
hand and with the club in his right hand raised towards Gemini ; near his feet is Below the Dog at a short distance following the Hare. Aries and Pisces is the Whale, from whose top to the two Fishes a small train of stars, which the Greeks call
Bull, holding a shield in his left
"Zmn^or/i,
regularly extends,
and
this
ligature
of the
Fishes twisting considerably inwards, at one part touches river of stars, in the shape the top of the Whale.
o o
282
of the river Po, begins from the
left foot
its
of Orion.
The
course between
of the Whale.
tail
in
intelligence,
as the
round the
So
also,
Whence the
The constellation Canopus proves this, which is unknown in these countries, though well known to merchants who have travelled
prevents a knowledge of their forms.
to the extremity of earth.
I
and southern
constellations, because
The
rest
which
and the
effects
by the twelve signs, the five planets, the sun and the moon, must be left to the discussions of the Chaldeans, whose profession it is to cast nativities, and by means of
the configurations of the stars to explain the past and the
future.
those
The talent, the ingenuity, and reputation of who come from the country of the Chaldeans, is
left
us in writing.
first
of them.
He
'283
and
of Cos, and there established a school. Afterwards came Antipater and Achinapolus, which latter not
state
only gave rules for predicting a man's fate by a knowledge of the time of his birth, but even by that of the
In respect of natural
philosophy Thales the Milesian, Anaxagoras of Clazomente, Pythagoras the Samian, Xenophanes of Colophon,
Democritus the Abderite, have published systems which explain the mode in which Nature is regulated, and how
every effect
is produced. Eudoxus, Endagmon, Callippus, Melo, Philip, Hipparchus, Aratus, and others, following
ments, the rising and setting of the stars and the changes of the seasons, and left treatises thereon for the use of
posterity.
by divine
re-
284
CHAPTER
VIII.
ANALEMMA.
From
the doctrines of the philosophers above mentioned,
are extracted the principles of dialling, and the explanation of the increase
in the differ-
ent months.
is
The sun
is
when he
in
gnomon.
at
At Athens
is
three
;
gnomon. At Rhodes five sevenths Tarentum nine elevenths at Alexandria three fifths
;
and thus
a dial
tial
at
Hence
in
whatever place
to be erected,
If, as
shadow.
at
of the gnomon,
let a line
is
gnomon, and from the line on the plane in the direction of the gnomon, let nine equal parts be measured. Let the end of the ninth part A, be considered as a centre, and extending the compasses from
called the
that centre to the extremity
of the said
line, let
a circle
be described.
This
is
Then of
those nine parts between the plane and the point of the
gnomon,
noctial
let
whose extremity
the centre
marked C. This will be the equishadow of the gnomon. From the point C through
let a line
be drawn, and
it
will
be a ray of
285
the sun at the equinoxes.
Then extend
the compasses
from
line
which
line
two semicircles.
This
by mathematicians is called the horizon. A fifteenth part of the whole circumference is to be then taken, and
placing the point of the compasses in that point of the
is
cut,
mark
to the right
and
left
the points
G and
H.
From
through the centre, draw lines to the plane where the letters T and R are placed, thus one ray of the sun
these,
is
obtained for the winter, and the other for the summer.
I,
in
which
;
and opposite to
site to
and
H G
the points
and from
to
to
K.
The
di-
winter portion.
be equally
must be drawn to the circumference, where This line will be perthe letters P and Q are placed. pendicular to the equinoctial ray, and is called in matheline
Aa
From
(M
to the extremity of the diameter, two semicircles are to be described, one of which will be for summer, the other
for winter.
which
is
on the
right
hand
is
the letter V,
286
and
at the extremity of the semicircle, lettered
G, a
line
parallel to the
left,
Axon
is
drawn
to
lettered
H.
This parallel
line
called
Lacotomus.
is
X, and
let
H.
summer ray cuts the circumference, and be Then with a distance equal to that from
is
the
summer
Thus
called
analemma be completed. proceeded with the diagram and its formation, the hour lines may be projected on the analemma according to
the place, either
ManaHaving
by winter
lines,
or
summer
and
lines,
or
and species of
this
dials
as
be constructed by
figures
ingenious method.
effect will
In
all
the
is
however,
avoid prolixity.
species
merely add, by
whom
and
figures of dials
were invented
sort,
for
I
have
off'
new
I
neither will
I shall
pass
my
own.
therefore
whom
287
CHAPTER
IX.
hollowed
in a square,
to
the climate.
Hemisphere,
of the discus on
The
astrologer,
to Apollonius.
is
The
Plinthium or
The
by Parmenio. That by Theodosius and Andrias. The Pelicinon by Patrocles. The Cone by Dionysodorus. The Quiver by Apollonius. The persons above mentioned not
called
ra.
io-rogovpevu.,
us,
Many also have left instructions portable pendulous dial. When any
will
suit
them
to
By the same writers have been discovered method of making water dials. Ctesibius Alexandrinus was the first who found out the properties of the wind, and of pneumatic power, the origin of which inany place.
the
ventions
is
Ctesibius,
whose
Endowed
'288
such
way
that
it
angle
in
upon which the cord passed and made an descending into the wood which he had
it
:
hollowed out
made
to descend.
in
and violently driving out at its mouth the quantity of air compressed in the tubes, produced by obstruction and
contact a distinct sound. Ctesibius having thus observed
by the compression and concussion of the air, sounds might be produced, he made use of the discovery in his
that
application of
it
automata
and turn-
many
made
a perforation in
be obstructed
phellos, or the
the
workmen
equal
rule
teeth,
lutions
rules
and
in their
revolutions, produce
figures are
by which
made
to
289
are ejected, trumpets sounded, and similar conceits effected.
On
which a
figure,
holding a
wand
and
rising
daily
and monthly
To
Two
rod,
and rounded so
by elongating
these,
them together,
this
In
this
If the
to be thus re-
medied.
be
also
marked thereon.
its
it rises,
The column
to turn round,
so that, in
figure, as
continual revolution,
the
wand of
the
They are constructed as follows. With the analemma the hours are marked by brazen
drawn, shewing the limits of the months.
is
Be-
and painted the heavens and the zodiac with the figures
of the twelve celestial signs, by drawing lines from the
centre,
sign.
On
is
290
fixed a revolving axis,
coiled, at
round which a
is
which
is
at the other
end a coun-
Thus
in
Moreover
in the sign
it,
many
holes as
in dials is
gene-
rally a representation
hours
dial,
entering by the
by
its
months
equa-
and days.
ble flow,
is
its
con-
veyed by
side
is
pipe.
In
its
bottom
is
a hole, at
whose
it, it.
fixed a brazen
tympanum,
in
with a hole in
the cistern
Within
this
is
inclosed a lesser
to
tympanum turning
fits
to a stopple,
closely,
though
it
moves
easily.
Moreover, on the
lip
of the greater
tympanum
a
are three
hundred and
On
is
tympanum
tongue
291
fixed,
whoso
tip
Iii
tiiis
smaller
tympanum
work.
a proportionable hole
tympanum, and
the
is
On
the
lip
above,
is
the
figure of Cancer,
and opposite
the
pricornus.
left
On
Libra, on his
in
Aries.
All
arranged
the
is
in the portion
is
placed, touching a
great velocity through the hole into the vase, which, receiving
it,
filled,
Aquarius,
all
the holes
fall
of the
hours
is
increased.
Thus,
going
tympanum touches
the
From
through
tympanum
at the
touching
mit, the
it
and arriving
sum-
power is lessened and hence running more slowly, its stay is lengthened, and the solstitial hours are thereby When it descends from Cancer, and pa forined.
292
tli
stay
is
till,
arriving at the
same point of
Libra,
it
The
hole
being lowered through the space of Scorpio and Sagittarius, in its revolution it returns to the eighth division
of
To
the best of
my
ability I
have
dials, so
may be
It
now remains
for
me
to speak of machines,
them.
will
These
will
be found
complete
this Treatise
on Architecture.
the
ARCHITECTURE
INTRODUCTION.
In the magnificent and spacious Grecian city of Ephesus
hard indeed
in its nature,
When
a public work,
in
the
hands of a magistrate,
until the
when
expense
'294
was
But when more than one-fourth of the estimate was exceeded, he was required to pay the excess out of his own
pocket.
the
Would to God that such a law existed among Roman people, not only in respect of their public,
who were
would complete
sum, or a
it
and
sacrificing
laid out,
is
completion.
Nor
this
an
which occurs
in
of gladiators
in the
Forum, and
in
hindrance
is
is
Thus the
seats for
must
all
be
may
not be
And
in
the preparation of
all
these
much
295
readiness and profound thought must be exercised, be-
Since,
the case,
it
on which a work should be formed previous to commencing it. But as neither the law nor custom compels
ples
to provide the
sports,
appeared to me,
296
CHAPTER
I.
machine is a combination of materials capable of power from It derives its moving great weights. the Greeks of motion which circular application that
call xvx7^xr,
xivtitrig.
The
the
first
species
is
soria),
call uxgoftarixog.
The
second,
moving power,
is,
by the Greeks,
is
called irvivpccTixoi;.
draft,
is
The
third sort of
machine
scaling
for
and they
call it fico>a.u<rog.
The
machine
without
is
is
for the
in-
duced.
The
scaling
machine
is
being a com-
and the
effects, requires
great ingenuity in
The machines
poses, and,
much
when
skilfully
utility.
Of these some
difference
The
the
that
297
former are composed of
many
as
instance,
and
wine-presses
whereas, the
plication of the
Thus
are
without
The
universe
itself.
we
moon and
were not
ances-
we
we should
on the
mature
its fruits.
Our
tors reasoned so
ture as their
model
and,
That these might be suitable to their different purposes, some were constructed with wheels, and were called machines others were denominated
purposes of
life.
;
organs.
and
in-
Let
us,
for
an
reflect
period,
that of clothing
woof not only defends our bodies by the covering it Again affords, but is likewise an ornament to them.
the
;
how should we
and ploughs
nessed?
to
of presses
and
levers,
we
Q Q
298
oil,
carts
we should
How
Not
it is
numerable
different machines,
which
unnecessary here
daily
We
therefore, pro-
ceed to explain,
rarely wanted.
299
CHAPTER
II.
OF MACHINES OF DRAUGHT.
We
will
and other
public works.
They
lifted,
are
made
as follows
three pieces
To
;
the top
then made
fast a
some
called rechamus.
pulleys, turning
on axles
returned
:
the
is
end
made
fast to the
eye of
it.
We refer
On
may revolve
freely.
The
adjusted
as
to
fit
The
loose
300
end of the rope being now attached
that turned round
to
by means of the
axle, raises the
levers,
weight to
height
and place
in the
work.
301
CHAPTER
III.
is
denominated Tri-
spastos
when
has
machine
for rais-
for joining
them
Having
are
first
predis-
tributed
made
ground about them. A block is to be now slung to the head of the machine, round which ropes must be carthe
ried to another block
pulley,
must be returned
passes
it
is
and descends
to the
is
axle
bottom, to which
lashed.
The
Thus
axle
The
pulleys
302
CHAPTER
IV.
must
by which some
it,
the Greeks
name
it kptyl^ivtrit;,
is
when extended.
may swerve
The ends
lower pulleys
whence they
its
pulleys
on the inner
up right and
left
;
over the
whence
about
sides,
is
carried to the
On
and
axle,
set in
and consequently the ropes fastened to it, are action, and raise the weights gently and without But
if
danger.
in
therein, a
more
effectual
power
is
ob-
303
CHAPTER
V.
but
raised,
and kept
in its situation
in opposite directions.
Under
is
guy
made
fast to the
fixed,
tied
with ropes.
Under the
two
thick,
is
placed.
The
nally, so that
it is
down
upare
They then
of the lower pulleys to the inner sides of the lower pulleys of the
upper block.
to the
leys
re-
third block
is
bottom of the
it is
is
called
Artemo.
made
304
which the ropes are passed, for the men to work them.
Thus, three
sets of
its
required
height.
called Polyspaston,
it, is
because the
and dispatch
in
working
obtain-
One convenience
it
in using
whether before
of it,
is
of no consequence.
On
ropes.
305
CHAPTER
VI.
When
columns which he had prepared for the temple of Diana at Ephesus, not thinking it prudent to
trust
them on
scheme.
He made
frame
pieces.
dove-
tailed thereinto,
lead.
The
pivots
worked
in
gudgeons fastened
whereto were
The pivots having a free revolugudgeons, when the oxen were attached and
shafts rolled round,
and might have The shafts having been been conveyed to any distance. thus transported, the entablatures were to be removed,
when Metagenes
ciple
re-
moval of those
feet diameter,
He
pivots
in the
to receive
them
manner
the
306
wheels to revolve, and thus the blocks, being enclosed
like axles in the wheels,
An
in
ex-
ample of
this
species of
the
in palaestrae.
for
any
From
any
a length of not
is
and the
interval
a plain without
times,
prevent the
and destruction of
a contract for a
Paeonius.
It
made with
and
was twelve
same
as
Metagenes
pose,
did,
by a
different application
He made two
fitted the
To
con-
circumference, small pieces of two inches square not more than one foot apart, each extending from one wheel to
the other, and thus enclosing the stone.
Round
these
were made
fast,
and
as
it
con-
need of constant
was
at
last
his contract.
307
CHAPTER
VII.
OF THE DISCOVERY OF THE QUARRY WHENCE STONE WAS PROCURED FOR THE TEMPLE OF DIANA AT
EPHESUS.
I
must digress a
little,
and
relate
how
the quarries of
shepherd, of the
name of
Pixodarus
saw
each
two
rams
one
fighting.
fell,
In
their
attacks,
missing
other,
his horns,
broke
him
de-
with
it
into Ephesus,
much
mand.
and changed
Even
to this
day
to
month
be attended
308
CHAPTER
VIII.
have
machines of
one
draught, in which, as the powers and nature of the motion are different, so they generate
rect,
two
effects,
di-
call
eiSilu,
it
which
in raising
this.
The
pulleys revolve
on axles which go across the blocks, and are acted upon by straight ropes which coil round the axle of the windlass
when
that
is
The
in
them
moved
in a circular direction,
and
ascent
of the weight.
if
be placed under
end
at
will
raise
the weight.
accounted for by
of
the fore part of the lever being under the weight, and
a
shorter
;
or
centre
motion
tre
of motion to
will raise a
309
weight.
So
be
if
ward
it
on that as
did on the weight, and the tongue will press against the
side thereof as
it
though by
it
this
may
on the
fulcrum be placed too far under the weight, and the end
be too near the centre of pressure,
effect
;
it
will
be without
it
so,
as
be,
end of the
for
when beam
will
be the load
in the scale
which
it is
may
in
moment
Thus
of a
call
merchant
o'la%
ship,
holding the
tiller
with
it
moves
in a
moment
The
slower- than
are hoisted
up
to the top
foot
of
310
the mast, which
is
as
it
at a distance
For
as, if
it
of a lever,
is
is
applied at the
are
sails
no higher
on the
less effect
For the
oars,
when plunged
the hand, impel the vessel with great force, and cause the
prow thereof
Also,
in
the thowl.
when
by porters
gangs of four or
of the levers
sliding out of
place, for
will press
more on
whom
it
is
is
end of the
beam. Thus also oxen have an equal draft when the piece which suspends the pole hangs exactly from the middle
of the yoke.
the
But when oxen are not equally strong, method of apportioning to each his due labour is by shifting the suspending piece so that one side of the yoke
shall
be longer than the other, and thus relieve the weakIt is the
er animal.
same
in the
porters' levers as in
is
yokes,
when
311
is
for
in
this
has
slid,
its
arm
of a larger
a smaller circle.
difficulty
Now
is
more most
and on the contrary they ease those who bear that arm which is at the greatest distance from the fulcrum. Inasmuch as all these machines regulate either rectilinear
or circular motion so also
and other
in-
circular motions.
S12
CHAPTER
IX.
AND FIRST OF
and
THE TYMPANUM.
I
their
And
first
the
tympanum, which,
lifts is
though
An
axis
at the
ends
ad-
This axis
rests
on posts
also
tympanum
The
tympanum
is
close boarded,
On
bay.
moored
like a ship,
is
it,
turned round by
men walking
it
in
a wheel attached to
up
conducted
in
abundance
it
to water gardens,
and
di-
If
a higher level,
it
must be
The wheel,
that
it
shall
Round
made
to
made
tight with
is
thus
when
the wheel
313
revolve by means of the persons treading in
ets
it,
the buck-
full
But
if
water
is
to be supplied to
is
still
higher
made
enough
to reach
Then by
s s
314
CHAPTER
MILLS.
X.
Wheels on
princi-
required.
Water
mills are
principle,
and are
this
being
whose upis
in the
inserted
Thus the
which
and
is
made
produced.
815
CHAPTER
XI.
the wheel.
contrived as follows.
beam
is
pro-
this is
rounded.
drawn thereon.
is
These
lines
placed in an
may
The whole
Thus the
length of
the
beam
marked by
points.
attached at the
first
point of intersection,
and made to pass obliquely through the remaining intersections of the longitudinal and circular divisions whence
;
it
arrives
and stops
in the
first
same
line
from which
started,
it
which
was
In this manner, as
pro-
Thus,
also,
fastening
rules
circum-
316
ferential
and longitudinal
intersections,
To
others,
till
the thick-
On
all
may
The ends of
the
On
is
made
is
to revolve.
is
:
The
that
in-
to be worked,
equal to
is,
will
is
to be raised
thus
The method of
gram
wood,
at the
constructing
end of the
accurately as possible,
may be seen in the diabook. I have now described, as the engines which are made of
it
317
CHAPTER
XII.
now
which
at the
raises
water to a height.
It
is
Above
fastened to
with a
it off.
rivet,
may
is
not blow
On
this
fixed upright.
of the pipes
holes
their
bottoms.
oiled,
and well
alternate
are
now
which, by their
press the air in
repeated,
valves,
is
whence
which presses
thus water on a
lower level
in
a state
of pressure
318
from the
air,
effects,
as
those
birds,
which move
figures that
seem
to drink,
From
my
on dialling
myself to
319
CHAPTER
XIII.
OF WATER ENGINES.
I
can give
are constructed.
A
is
is
pre-
pared, on which
right
On
the base,
and
left,
and
There are
also,
is
de-
two
collars,
of keeping
level,
between the
box.
lips
On
Greek
called
(canon musicus)
and eight
octochordal.
In
that are
connected
is
320
responding with others on an upper table, called
in
ir'iva.%
Greek.
Between
easily
this table
and
they
may be
pleuritides,
and are
when
move
the rules.
Over the
the pipes.
From
in the chest, in
these,
when
the chest
supplied
its
orifices,
and prevent
Thus, when
at-
filling
with
air
the cavi-
of the barrels.
the
air,
therefore,
which
is
which
it
By
air,
still
compressing the
tures of the
finds its
fills
aper-
stops,
and
wind.
Hence, when the keys are touched by hand, they propel and repel the
holes,
rules, alternately
rules of music.
have done
my
321
explanation of a complex machine.
easy task, nor, perhaps, shall I be understood, except by those who are experienced in matters of this nature.
little
of what
if
contriv-
CHAPTER
XIV.
OF MEASURING A JOURNEY.
Let
us
now
and delivered to us by the antients as of ingenuity, by means of which, when on a journey by land or sea, one may ascertain the distance travelled. It is as follows.
The wheels
;
meter
it
so that,
its
begins
marking a certain point thereon, whence revolution on the ground, when it has comit
will
drum-
wheel be securely
of the chariot
fixed,
and
in the
body
The
latter
wheel
is
to be equally divided,
on
its
the
its
a third
is
second wheel.
many
clay's
number of miles
in
an usual
if
journey.
less.
It
they
be more or
In
and
in the
box or
made, having a
into the
may
fall
box
323
of the chariot, and the brazen vessel placed under
it.
it
acts
on the
first
drumso
to
move on
four hundred,
its
on the
side, will
Now
hundred
will
thousand
feet, or
Thus, by
the dropping of the balls, and the noise they make, we know every mile passed over and each day one may
;
ascertain,
in the
bottom,
the
number of miles
little
In navigation,
with very
change
may be
done.
An
axis
whose
to
wheels four feet diameter, with paddles to them touching the water.
sel
its
That
at
is
side
axis.
is
On
also,
projecting from
is
face,
another
wheel, and
and striking one each time, causes it to In this horizontal wheel holes are made, turn round. wherein the round balls are placed and in the box of the
;
324
wheel
ball
is
a hole with a
channel to
it,
vase,
its
and makes
it
ring.
on
to
is
and
in
consequently with
Wherefore,
when the wheels are carried round by the paddles four hundred times, the horizontal wheel will only have made one revolution, by the striking of that tooth on the side of the vertical wheel, and thus, in the turning
caused by the horizontal wheel every time
ball to the hole it falls
it
brings a
In
this
be ascertained.
It
have be
will
both
utility
and amusement
in times
of peace
and
safety.
32.5
CHAPTER
XV.
to
from danger,
I
and
purposes of self-preservation
mean the
Their
And first
instrument
is
whose length
is
assigned for the sizes of the holes in the capitals through which the cords are stretched, that retain the arms of
the catapulta;.
The
The
plates (tabulae)
which are
capital,
half.
The
and
From
its
the
thick-
The
is
placed in
The
The
is
is
called
slips
in
Greek,
nineteen holes.
That of the
left
(regulae)
which
lie
of the channel,
is
bucculee,
also nineteen
326
holes, their height
slips are fixed for
hole.
Two
is
other
The
thickness of a slip
called
its
The The
is
The
its
The
chelo or manucla
is
length and
The
The
length of the
holes, its
fixed
thickness three
twelfths.
The
holes
hole thick.
The
The
is
lumn
is
The width of
its
the
fore-piece (antefixa)
thick-
The
Greek
base
called uvrifiouric,
is
The
its
same
column.
The chclonium
column, two
or pillow as
also
The
mortices (car-
ness also two holes and a half, and their width one hole
327
and a
half.
is
tenons
The length of the transverse pieces with the ten holes, their width one hole and a half, their
ten
holes.
thickness
The
is
seven
at top
half a hole.
The curve
than the width, in which case they are called anatona, the arms are shortened so that the tone being weakened by
:
the height of the capital, the shortness of the arm may make the stroke more powerful. If the height of the
capital be less, in
which case it is called catatonum, the arms must be longer, that they may be the more easily drawn to, on account of the greater purchase for as a
;
four men, if
it
more
easily
drawn
Sg8
CHAPTER
XVI.
Some of these are worked by windlasses, by systems of pulleys, others by capstans, and others by wheels no balista, however, is made without
lar
effects.
others
it is
intended to throw.
Hence
who
are
For instance, holes are made in the capitals, and through them are brought the cords, made either of woman's hair,
or of gut, which are proportioned to the weight of the
is
to throw, as in the
catapultae
and
arith-
may
war,
I shall
my own
experience
shall ex-
as well as
what
plain them,
to their cor-
respondent terms
329
CHAPTER
A
XVII.
digits
wide
six
for a stone of
for
fifteen digits; for one of one hundred and twenty pounds, one foot and a half and a digit and a
half; for
feet; for
five
for for
six
and seven
fifty
digits
and
lastly, for
half.
mined the
when
it
so bisected, let
till its
length be equal to
turns that of the
is,
its
width on which
The
hole must be as
it
much
longer
thick.
When
extremity
is
to be so divided that
may have
a gentle
u u
330
curvature. Its thickness must be nine sixteenths of a hole.
The
stocks are
made
width to one hole and three quarters, the thickness, exclusive of that part which
is
hole and a half; the width at the extremity, one hole and
a sixteenth
;
nine sixteenths
in
is
;
inits
creased as
it
its
height one
is
The
length of the
slip
on the table
The
thicksix-
is
to be
one
length will be
found by the turning, and the width of the side post and
its
lower
that
is
the
middle interval
is
a quarter of a hole,
:
thickness five
thirty-seconds of a hole
where
;
it is
Greeks
the
call
^Xo?
width
one sixteenth,
thickness
one quarter,
the
wing), one
axis,
which
three holes
331
interior slips,
its
thickness five
forty-eighths of a hole
a quarter of a hole
the shaft
five sixths
twelfths, at
axis
its
ends one
six-
teenth
must be equal
to
The
;
quarters
and
its
The
;
base,
which
ninth
is
called e<r%^,
is
the
of a hole.
The
half
column
is
and
that
its
height,
need
may be
fit
Of the
I
will
be
six holes,
thickness at bottom
hole.
at the
have
now given
which
I
however, omit
manner of
332
CHAPTER
XVIII.
Then
call
imtrfcidm;
they are then passed round the axle of the windlass, which
is
till
Thus by
S3$
CHAPTER
XIX.
have
said as
remains for
namely,
much as me to treat
cities.
it
now
of those machines
and defend
The
is
first
said to have
The
having
first
deavoured to demolish
fit
for
in their
first
After that,
it
levelled with
Cetras the
it
who added
it
a base to
of tim-
this
vering
And inasmuch
it
as the
they called
origin
of this species
Philip,
of machines.
when
the
in
many and
334 and by him were instructed Diades and Chsereas, who Uiades has shewn in his writfought under Alexander. ings that he was the inventor of ambulatory towers, which
he caused to be carried from one place to another by
the army, in pieces, as also of the auger and the scaling
may
crane (grus).
He
built
ram
left a descrip-
tion in writing.
less
He
says that
no tower should be
fifth
that
of the width
of the base
that
it
floors,
with windows on
each side.
one
fifth
of
its
foot at top.
The
large tower
is
is
and
to
The
is
it
was thirty
The
height of the roof from the eaves to the ridge, seven cubits.
On
less
not
it
stories,
tae
should be
In
it
which
335
by means of
like
ropes,
effect.
This,
the tower,
was covered
raw
hides.
He
is
de-
the machine
made
of the catais
pults:
and
balistte,
and
in
a chan-
and across
left, are two pulby means of which is moved a beam with an iron point at its end, which works in the channel. Under the channel are rollers, which give it an easier and stronger motion. Above the beam an arch is turned to cover the channel, and receive the raw hides with which the ma-
an axle.
leys,
chine
is
covered.
not do,
other
now
explain
it
in
way
and
as taught
me by
my
masters.
336
CHAPTER
XX.
The
up
ditches,
which
also
affords
is
thus made.
hase,
called
feet
by the Greeks
i<ryj*.^u.,
is
prepared twenty-five
These are tied in by two other pieces, one twelfth high, and one half wide, distant from each other about a foot and a halt)
square,
Greek
upufcoKofog,
within which
The naves
which
made
made
or
to turn them.
The naves
wanted.
thus revolving,
to
it
or backward,
the
right
or
diagonally,
as
Above
pro-
which two other beams are fixed in long, and their width and thickness
the base.
seven feet
for
as
described
Upon
this
frame which
is
to be morticed, posts
are placed,
one foot and a palm square, and a foot and a half disThese are tied in at top by means tant from each other.
of morticed beams.
Above
these
tenons, the end of one being let into the next to the
height of nine
feet,
is
They
also are
wood
if
337
be procured, by other wood of a strong nature, pine and
ash, however,
nited.
excepted
weak and
easily ig-
made of
;
and
and
weed
sist
may
re-
fire.
x x
358
CHAPTER
XXI.
is just
the same
Over these
a layer
of clay with
hair,
machine taking
eight wheels, if
fire.
These machines may be made with need be, and if the nature of the place
tortoises
require
it.
The
made
by
scribed
fall di-
rect on the faces, but gliding off from them, the exca-
vators
within
may
It
does
not appear to
me
made by
its
Its
The
number
in
and
half.
one palm
in thickness,
and
The
was moved
their
composed of three pieces of wood dove-tailed together, and tied with plates of cold wrought iron. These turned on naves, or hamaxopodes, as they are
called.
Above the
339
were on the base, upright posts were erected, eighteen
feet
and a quarter high, three quarters wide, and threeand one and three quarters
all
twelfths thick,
apart.
Above
and a quarter wide, and three Over these the braces were placed, and Above the braces was a beam high.
They had
a floor,
on which
There was
middle
floor
were placed.
Two
also
a foot and a
half thick, and two feet wide, united at their heads, dovetailed into a cross
in the middle,
piece,
and
and smooth
Over the heads of those who worked the ram was a pent-house, formed after the manner of a turret, where two soldiers could stand secure from danger, and give directions for annoying the enemy. The ram was one hundred and six feet long, a foot and a palm wide at the butt, a foot thick, tapering towards the head to a foot in width, and five-eighths in thickness.
It
about
fifteen feet
which went out four iron prongs Morelong, to fix it to the beam.
beam,
four
stout
ropes were
stretched
inches
S40
thick,
made
which
retail)
the mast of a
ship
To
these were
The At the
further end of the ropes, towards the head, were four iron
raw
hides,
and
it
from each
its
floor,
skill,
kept in
made
right
it
The machine
the
could be moved in
and
left,
and from
extent
it
It could,
more-
so,
also,
when moved
its
to the right
feet.
and
was
reached not
less
It
or four
S41
CHAPTER
XXII.
no
less
than tortoises
in
what manner
cranes, and
construction
these
the
soldiers
of themselves easily
all
make.
as the defences
:
and
fortifi-
for
machines
and
still
dissimilar,
where the
Whoever,
without
safely,
and other
new schemes as the nature of the places For the defence circumstances may require.
which the enemy prepares may not
with
be in consonance
our rules
of machines,
as
was the
case
Rhodians.
his
architect,
skill,
who, to
342
he could suspend an Helepolis near the spot, and swing
within the walls.
it
saw
it,
ferred
trius,
on
Callias.
king Deme-
who, from
his resolution,
feet,
and
its
width sixty
he secured
it
it,
hides, so that
from a
balista.
three hun-
Callias being
now
re-
machine against
do not answer
in all cases.
Some
there are
whose
effects in
we have
With an auger, a hole of half an inch, of an inch, or even an inch and a half, may be easily bored but by the same instrument it would be impossible to and no one would think bore one of a palm in diameter
;
of attempting
larger.
in
this
way
to bore
one of half a
foot, or
Thus
that
a moderately large
tain limits of size.
error,
scale,
When
34>3
when,
also,
to
invest them,
city, fearing
to assault the
requested
his aid in
He
at first
priests,
came
should be
own
property.
to,
he ordered a
hole to be
made
the water,
These being,
wall,
it
sunk
in the
quagmire thus
and Demetrius, finding himself overreached by The Rhothe sagacity of Diognetus, drew off his army.
dians,
freed from
and ornaments of
Diognetus afterwards
it
re-
moved
in a
pub-
lic situation,
and inscribed
it
sented THIS TO THE PEOPLE OUT OF THE SPOILS OF WAR." Hence, in defensive operations, ingenuity is of more
avail than machines.
at Chios,
where the enemy had got ready sambucse on board their ships the Chians, during the night, threw
;
and
stones
so that
when
344
endeavoured to approach
it,
which
situation
they were
assailed
with lighted
missiles,
and burnt.
When, also, the city of Apollonia was enemy was in hopes, by undermining,
the fortress unperceived
;
the spies
communicated
and,
through
fear,
knew
not
how
nor
were
what precise
spot, the
enemy would make his appearance. Trypho, of Alexandria, who was the architect to the city, made several excavations within the wall, and, digging through, advanced
In these excavations
he suspended brazen
place where the
vessels.
brazen
tools
From
this
which they were endeavouring to penetrate, and then prepared vessels of boiling water and pitch, human dung, and
heated sand, for the purpose of pouring on their heads.
In the night he bored a great
many
holes,
through which
enemy that were engaged in this operation. Similarly when Marseilles was besieged, and the enemy had made more than thirty mines the Marseillois suspecting it,
;
of
all
vered.
ditch,
not a
fill
345
the sea
;
so that
when
and
it
struts,
overwhelming
a
all
those within
mine.
is
When
rampart composed
it
of the
con-
trunks of trees
may be
sumed by discharging red hot iron bars against it from the balistse. When, also, a tortoise is brought up to batter a wall with a ram, a rope with a noose in
it
may be
sus-
balistag,
may be
destroyed.
Thus
all
by
my
I
most useful
in
contained
D. H. North
'
HILL LIBRARY
otate College
y y
PLATES
ILLUSTRATIVE OF
THE ARCHITECTURE
PLATE
I.
350
PLATE
I.
Fig. 1.
Is a
as
enumerated
in
2 and
III. Book I. Are representations of the antient bricks, whereof Fig. 2. is that of the pentadoron and
Chap.
3.
its
ron and
II.
half brick.
4.
in the third
and eighth Chapters of the second Book. A. The reticulated work (reticulatum opus).
The uncertain (incertum opus). C. The work called isodomum. D. The work called pseudisodonnun. E. The work called ijATr'htx.rov (emplectum). F. The huTovoi or bond stones.
B.
Pl.l.
PLATE
II.
352
PLATE
The
II.
Fig. 1.
shelter
See Chap.
VI. Book
2 and
3.
and Chap.
II.
Book
See
VI.
4.
n.z.
>*-^e
^J*
Pu2uhe&
PLATE
III.
z z
354
PLATE
Fig.
1.
III.
Is
the plan of a
antae.
Temple
in antis.
a a are the
be placed,
ple.
A.
is
the
cell.
See Chapters
Fig. 2.
I.
and
II.
Book
III.
Tem-
the rear as
A. the
cell.
B. the pronaos.
C. the posticus.
D. the door,
a
a, antae.
See Chapters
Fig. 3.
I.
and
II.
Book
III.
The
Temple
that
See
Chapters
will
I.
and
II.
Book
III.
This elevation
must be
substiit
1.
and
II.
Book
III.
'
Fig.]
11
'
PLATE
IV.
356
PLATE
Fig.
1.
IV.
Is the plan
of a pseudoperipteral Temple, as
Book IV.
A. the
Fig. 2.
cell.
B. the pronaos.
Is the elevation
of an hexastyle
Temple with
and monotryThis
1.
a systyle
intercolumniation,
is
glyphal, that
Ti.d
wmnrw
"iipiipiif ip
'
"iff
'
"in!
Fig
.>
Fig
FuMshed
PLATE
V.
358
PLATE
Fig.
1.
V.
The
The wings,
or
name
it
bears.
This temple
is
hexastyle, or
A. the
cell.
B. the pronaos.
2.
Elevation to double size of the plan above described, of the Ionic order,
a a a acroteria.
See Chapters
I. II.
and
III.,
Book
III.
Pl.t
J j
j
IS:
PLATE
VI.
360
PLATE
VI.
Fig.
1.
Is the
AAAA.
See Chap.
I.
and
Book
III.
2.
This presents in front and rear the appearance of a dipteral temple, but the passages
AAAA
duced
II.,
to a single passage
one range of
I.
See Chapters
and
Book
III.
3.
Is
abovementioned plans
the
the arrangement of
is
it
intercolumniations
systyle
and the
See
octastylos.
III.
Ho
Fig. 2.
PLATE
VII.
3 A
362
PLATE
Fig.
1.
VII.
Is the plan
the part
part.
2.
is
Is half
mentioned plan.
intercolumniations
The arrangement
is
of the
picnostyle,
and the
number
(ten)
of the
columns
makes
it
decastylos.
3.
Is a half section
centre transversely.
See Chapters
I.
and
II.,
Book
III.
Fig 2
I'S 3
Fig.l.
Wml /:'
'
PLATE
VIII.
364
PLATE
Fig
1.
VIII.
The Doric Order. Chapter III. Book IV. A. A. The Column, with twenty flutes. B. The Capital. C. The Architrave, or Epistylium. D. The Frieze. E. The Cornice.
F.
A
A
Metopa.
Triglyph.
G.
Fig.
2.
H. Capital of a Triglyph.
The
A. A.
Ionic Order.
Chapter
III.
Book
III.
The Column. B. The Base. C. The Capital. D. The Architrave. E. The Frieze. F. The Cornice. G. Lower Fascia.
H. Middle Fascia. I. Upper Fascia.
K. Side elevation of Capital.
L.L. Dentels.
M.
Fig. 3.
Corinthian Order.
Chapter
I.
Book IV.
Fig. 4.
The The
I
%,
&i Diameters
PLATE
IX.
366
PLATE
Fig.
1.
IX.
and
'2.
and elevation
described in
Chapter
II.
b.
d d
e.
Strut (Capreolus).
f.
Rafters (Cantherii).
g. Purlines (Templa).
g gg
h
h.
Common
Rafters (Asseres).
The above
2.
letters refer to
both Figures
1.
and
On
gure the
Fig. 3.
are shewn.
their
and
4.
ornaments (Ante-
pagmenta).
Fig. 5.
PLATE
X.
368
PLATE
Fig.
1.
X.
Is a
plan of a
Tuscan Temple.
Chapter VII.
it
Book IV.
side
The
it
side
shews
in antis, the
shews
prostylos.
C.
Fig. 2.
is
the larger,
and
DD.
the smaller
cells.
intercolumnia-
Arseostylos.
Fig. 3.
An
B.
A. The
Fig. 6.
An
B.
INDEX.
91.
Abaton, 62. Abderites, 212. Abutments, 188. Acanthus, in the Corinthian Accius the poet, 266. Achaia, 51. 100.
akpobatikos, 296.
capital,
102.
of,
244, et
seq.
Acroteiua, 94. Represented, 358. Actors, comic and tragic, 145. Adjustment, 78Adriatic Sea, 51. 69, 7^iEoLIPILE, 24.
Mavi,
in Italy, 245.
iEsCHYLUS, 195.
jEsculapius,
13. 195.
Lake of ^Ethiopia,
247-
241.
jEtna,
Africa,
51. 56.
prolific of wild beasts,
African
plains, 236.
Africus, 25.
Agatharchus,
Agetok,
195.
Agesistratus, 196.
of Byzantium, 338.
Alabandines,
Albula,
river,
212.
of,
53.
3b
370
INDEX.
Alder, 231. Alexander, 33, et seq. 192. 244. 334. Alexandria, 35. 192. 194. 222. 268. 284.
Alexis, the comedian, 1G2.
Alps, 69- 72. 236. 244.
et seq.
Altanus,
27.
quarries, 53.
81.
Analemma, 268
Anaporicum,
on the construction of
by the, 284
form-
Anatona, capitals, 327 Anaxagoras Clazomexius, 192. AXCONA, 70. Ancones (trusses), or prothyrides,
Andrias, 287Axdroxes, 185.
195. 276.
227
283.
116.
Androxicus Cyrrhestes,
Angle-tiles, 201.
25.
Angles, 81; of a portico, 155. Anician stone quarries, 54. Anisocyclon, an engine, 297Ant.* in buildings, 81. 184. 187;
Anterides,
counter-forts, 188.
represented, 354.
Anthrax,
217-
Antiboreus, a
dial,
287-
INDEX.
371
196.
Antimachides, an Athenian architect, Antiochus, king, 196. Antipateh, 244. 283. Antistates, 196. Antithalamus, 184. Apollonia, 241. 344. Apollonians, 344.
Apollonius,
9-
287-
Apulia,
20.
Aqueduct, 252.
Aquileia,
20. 38.
Aquitaink,
Apaturius of Alabanda, 211. et scq. Apelles, the painter, 8. Apennine Mountains, 51. Described, 12. Apollo, colossal, of Ephesus, 306. Of Delos, 265. Of Delphi, 100. Games dedicated to Apollo and the Muses, by Ptolemy, at Alexandria, 192. Temple of, at Miletus, 197-
Apophygis, a contraction of
Apothesis, 102.
thickness, 119-
Arachne,
Aradus,
a dial, 287-
341.
Auatus, 283.
Arcadia, 244.
Arched Channels,
Arches,
1879-
252.
Archimedes, 6. Architecture,
196. 265.
defined, 3.
On what
it
depends, 11.
Of
its dif-
Ardea, fountains Area, 24. 31. 56. 78. 88. 261. Area, of a city, disposition and
238.
it,
24.
372
Areopagus,
39-
INDEX.
Arevanias, GO. Arezzo, 58. Argelius, 195. Argos, 60. 99. 246.
Aricinian Wood, 120. Ariobarzanes, 148.
Aristarchus, of Samos,
Aristides, 248.
Aristippus, the Socratic philosopher, 161.
8. 9-
274. 287-
Aristomenes of Thasos,
Aristophanes, the comic
Aristotle, 192. 260.
poet,
193.
8.
325.
Arrises, of
Fillets, 94.
195.
61. ct seq.
Artemo,
Artist,
303.
or
workman, 189.
333. 21.
Asphaltic Pool,
241.
Astabora, river, 236. Astasoba, river, ib. Astragal, 90. 116. Astrolocers, 141. 283. Astronomy, 7Athos, Mount, 34. Athenians, 100. 162. Athens, 25. 39. 58. 82.
"ATAANTE2, 186.
INDEX.
Atlas, 236.
373
58. 192.
to a.TtutwpyU, 90. 115. 117-
work,
Auger
Augustus, temple
128.
M. Aurelius,
Auriga, a
atpion, 28.
2.
Auster,
25.
219.
B.
Babylon, walk of, 23. 241. Bacchus, temples of, 13. 31. 84. Bale, 50. Baian Mountains, ib. Balearic Isles, 215. 247-
6.
Bands, of
1
pillows, 91.
Bankers shops, 126. et seq. Bars (fusi), 306. Bars and levers, 317Base (lysis), 143. Base (subjectio), of the catapult,
Bases, of columns,
Basilica, 126.
88. 105.
326.
Basin, 231.
374>
INDEX.
(catinum), 317-
Basin
Baths, their arrangement and parts, 152. 181. Bear, Great and Little, constellations, 279.
Beams
(trabes),
104;
;
lintel
small beams,
339
Beaters, 200. 256. Beauty, in building, how produced, 15. Bed-chambers, 184. Bedas, of Byzantium, statuary, 76. Beds, of beams (columbaria), 103; of beams and
56; of stones, 56.
rafters, 106.
113.
Bitumen,
Black
Block
Blue,
Black, colour
Blocks, of
(trochlea), 299-
stone, 306.
colour, 222.
Bond (coagmentum),
Bondstones,
dtccTovoi,
206.
Brass Barrels, with moveable bottoms, 319 Brass Coin, 80. Brass Founders, 54.
Bressummers
(trabes), 104.
INDEX.
Brick, eight inch
(bessalis), 152.
375
Brick,
walls,
58; burnt-bricks
Bryaxes,
196.
40.
of,
37; of
walls,
21.
56. 88.
Buildings
places,
165
170
;
country, 181
Bulrush, 231.
Burnt Brick,
Byzantium,
course
of,
on a wall, 63.
333.
C.
Cadiz, 333.
Caius Julius, son of Masinissa, 247Caius Mutius, 197Caldron, in baths, 152. 233.
298.
Call.eschrus, an Athenian
architect, 196.
Callimachus, an
named Catateclmos,
102.
Camillum,
326.
Cajken.e, 238.
;;ii
index.
52, et seq. 7242. 244.
Campania,
319-
ct seq.;
Ionic,
Capstan, 302.
Carbuxculus, a kind of
Cakchebi, or
sand,
1(5.
52. 231.
Cardinales
scapi, 116.
Carthage,
241.
Carthaginians, 333.
Carya, 4. Caryatides,
Casiu.m, 241.
ib.
Castor, temple of, 120. Catapult, on the, 325. 328, 329. 332.
6.
Kdhro; y^a^ti,
91-
Caurus, wind,
25.
lower, 90.
Cell,
Cellar,
oil,
ib.
Cement, Centre,
56; of
flint,
INDEX.
Cepiiisus, river, 2KJ.
377
Cekes, temples
of,
Cerostrata
Chalcidica, I27.
ib.
Selinusian,
lumns, 91
(columbaria), 312.
Charidas, 196.
Chariot-body, 322.
Cheek, of the chest, in the balista, 331. Cheeks (chelonia), 303. 308. 320. Chelo, or manucla, 326. Chelonium, or pillow, 326. 299, et seq.
xhaos, in the balista, 330.
303.
poet, 162.
fountain
of,
246.
(assulae), 214.
Choice, of salubrious
the city, 31.
places,
16; of places
for the
common
use of
250.
Chromatic
Cilbian
Circle,
Cilicia, 240,
26.
3c
378
Circular
INDEX.
application of motion,
kuh>.ikyi
kivwi;,
Si'aiAof,
Circumstance
12
;
Cistern, 252.
City,
choice of situation
towers, 21
walls,
;
for
a,
16
foundations of walls
and
distribution
24
choice of situations
public
buildings, 31
Clazomen.e, 100;
fields
Cleombrotus,
Cliades, 196.
5.
Climacis
Climate,
Clitorium, fountain
245.
Clod, or mass, of lime, marble, &c. 202. 214. 216. 37 Cn. Cornelius, 2.
Coat
in stucco, 204.
Coating, 203.
Coats
Colchis, 235
Cold Bath,
Collars,
lutrum, 155.
COLLINA PORTA,
81.
Colony,
Colophon, 100.
colossicoteros, koaoovikwtepoj, 93. 302. Colossus of Halicarnassus, 59-
Colours,
in stucco,
205
natural,
215
221; black,
INDEX.
ib.
;
379
;
blue,
and red
lead,
223
purple,
224
factitious, 225.
99; Corinthian,
ib.
7*5-
83
their ornaments,
how adapted
162.
H--
Coxcameratio
Coxe,
Coxisterium,
Coxsistexcy,
13.
281.
oeci,
to,
Corxetax
Coroxa,
Cos,
isle
territory, 244.
Corus, wind,
and
Cossutius, a
Roman architect,
244.
196. ct seq.
181.
(cavaedia),
(atria), 174.
380
INDEX.
Crane, Crane,
Crathis,
fio?o'xi,
334.
59-
Cross-front, 330.
Cross-pieces, 206. 296. 250. 333. 336.
Crossing, of
laths, 63.
(fastigia), 94.
Crowning members
Crypts,
Ctesibius,
6.
in temples, 179.
Ctesiphon, of Gnosus,
82. 195. 197; machine of Ctesiphon, 305. Cubit, the fourth part of the height of the body, 78-
Cullearia, 182.
Cum.e, 157;
Cuman
Mountains, 50.
Curi*, 130.
Cutilium, 239-
Cybdelus, 240.
Cychri,
in Thrace, 244.
Cyclades, 215.
Cydnus,
177;
triclinia,
185.
I).
Dams,
157architect, 197-
Daphnis, of Miletus,
Darius, 192.
Decastvlos, 82;
represented, 362.
INDEX.
381
208.
Decoration, in theatres, 143; on polished stucco, Defence, machines for, 341. Defences (munitio), of a city, 21. 70. 341.
Delphi, 195; Delphic Apollo, Demetrius Phalereus, 19775. 100.
342, 343.
on the construction of
dials,
268. 276. 284; of various dials and their inventors, 287Diameter, 143. 322. 285.
Diana, temples
Diapason, 136.
in cedar, 69-
Diapente,
354.
136.
diastyle tetrastylos temple,
DlATESSARON, 136.
AiAESi2, arrangement, 11.
AIA0TPON, 186.
aiataos, 155.
Didoron,
Sifafoi',
Diezeugmenon,
hs{uy/A.Ei/ov,
136.
115.
382
aimoipos (two thirds), 80.
INDEX.
Dinocrates,
architect of
Diognetus, of Rhodes,
Diomedes, founder
of Salpiae, 20.
Diplinthius (two
Dipteros, 82;
bricks), 62.
dipteral
arrangement,
196;
plan of a dipteral
temple, 360.
Direction, by
rule
Disdiapason, 136.
Disorders,
obstinate, in exposed situations, 24.
sun, 264.
Distribution and
city, 27-
Dolphin,
in hydraulics, 319-
Dome
(tholus), 211.
Doorways, of temples, 115. 174. Doric proportion and column, 99Doron, fwfov, a palm, 44.
11. 107.
Plate relative
to,
364.
99-
Dowels, dove-tailed, 119- 305. 314. Draught, machines of, 299. 15, 16. 21. (See Machines.) Dressing (antepagmentum), 115, ct seq. 118. Drum-wheel, 302. 314. 322; toothed, 288. 312.
Dyius,
river,
236.
Dyrrjiachium, 241.
INDEX.
383
E.
Earth,
Eaves,
"HXEIA,
circuit of,
27; proportion
;
of,
in various trees,
67; altars
to the,
122
pressure
of, in
foundations, 188.
138.
in capitals of columns, 108. 119-
Echinus,
Economy,
13.
Egypt, 35,
Egyptian CEci, 176, et seq. Eight parts, division into, Elxothesium, 155.
priests, 229-
315.
Elbow
Elephantis, 236.
Eleusis, temple of Ceres
'eaikh,
at,
197-
27920.
Elphias, of Rhodes,
108.
for,
1/8.
of,
354.
Encarpi, 101.
Ends
ENGIBATA, 318. cyyiScna. vel iy7v@XTa. Engines, distinguished from machines, 296
312. 314, 315; water engines, 319-
for
drawing water,
Engonatos,
a dial, 287-
Enharmonic
modulation, 135.
266.
305.
Epagon, Enayuv
303.
38-i
INDEX.
155.
Ephebeum,
'E*EKTOS, 80.
Ephesus, 100. 195. 197- 217. 305. 307; law of the Ephesians on
building, 293; mines in, 220.
Epichaemus,
228.
Epigrams, Greek, three, inscribed on fountains, 245, 246. Epimachus, the Athenian architect, 342.
'EninENTAMOIPOS, 80.
Episcenium, 212.
'EnisxiAES, 332.
Epistylium,
'EnmetAES,
siraae,
Epitoxis, 326.
'EniTPiTos, 80.
Epizygis, 329.
Equilibration, 309-
Eratosthenes, of Cyrene,
Erism.*, anterides, to
'epmhaonh, constellation, 281.
9.
spiTa/tot,
Erythr.e, 100
Erythraean
fields,
243.
Eucrates, the comic poet, 162. Eud.emon, the astrologer, 283. Eudoxus, 283. 287. euphranor, 196. Euphrates, 235.
Euripides,
disciple of
27-
Eustylos, 84.
INDEX.
385
Evaporation, 223.
Exedra,
Farerius, the
scribe, 219.
Face, of
Face-walls,
Falekxian Wine,
242.
ib.
in
pavements, 201.
Faunus, temples
81.
Felling
of timber, 65.
Female
Joint, 290.
|U"?J,
109-
Fidenates,
Fillets, 90.
Fillets of
lime, 113.
>
]\.
Fire, discovery
of,
37-
Fitness,
Flaminian Circus,
Floor, 339-
120. 287of,
Flint-stones, quarries
53.
Flora, temples
of, 12.
220.
3d
38G
Flowers, 102. 118. 211; sec Flutes, in columns, 88. 107.
Flutings, 110.
Folding-doors, 141. 116.
INDEX.
plate,
112. 99-
Foot, 78. Fore-arm, the fourth part of the height of the body,
78-
Fore-piece
81.
(antefixa), 326.
Fortuna Equestris,
temple
of,
83; temples
to the three
Fortunes,
Forum, 126. Forum, of Cesar, 83. Foundation-wall, in a harbour, 158. Foundations, 21. 88. 187- 131. 247- 250.
252.
Four Folds,
Frames,
doors
of,
117-
Framing
(coagmentatio), 68.
(commissura),
ib.
(compactio), 338.
(contignatio), 66. 104.
France,
235.
Frigidarium, 155.
Fulcrum (hypomochlium),
Furnace,
in baths,
first
308.
ib.
221.
architecture, 196.
Fussitius, the
who wrote on
67-
Fusterna, upper
part of the
G.
Galatia,
224.
152.
INDEX.
Gladiators, shows
Glass, 225.
of,
387
126.
Gnomon,
Gnosus,
<rxtat)ripa;,
26. 284.
Gonarche, a dial, 287GORTYNA, 19Granaries, 179- 181. Grappling Hook, 334; machine, 335. Gravel, 231. 43. Greeks, buildings of the, 184 et seq.
theatres,
winter apartments,
208
145
et seq.
their ancestors,
259
comic poets,
125.
Gudgeons,
Gut-ropes,
299- 305.
6.
Gutter
172-
H.
Half
Bricks, 44.
59-
Halicarnassus,
Hamaxopodes,
Hand-spikes,
338.
6.
Handle
Harbours,
Harmony,
Harpers,
Hatchet
Health,
temple
of,
13.
of,
Healthy
Situations, choice
16.
Heaps of Stones
38S
Heavy-roofed Temples,
Hegesias, 248.
Helepolis, 342.
INDEX.
84.
Helices (volutes), 103. Hellas, of Athens, the statuary, 76. Hellen, father of Dorus, 99Hemisphere, 287- 153. Hemitriglyph, 110. Heptabolus, lake, 236. Heraclitus, of Ephesus, o-xontvos, 42. 227Hercules, temples of, 12. 31. 58. 84. Hermogenes, of Alabanda, an architect, 82. Herodotus, 248.
systyle
IIikiiapolis, 241.
Hinge-styles,
in doors, 116.
8.
of,
82. 197-
Hopper,
Hospitalia,
in theatres, 144.
Hostilius, M. 20.
Hour-lines, projection
of,
286.
INDEX.
S8 J
(
House of Romulus, 40. Humeri, of the pronaos, 118. Hydraulic machines, 319Hymettus, mount, 58.
Hyp.ethros
(vak), 82;
Han
of an
Hypanis,
Hypate,
136.
Hyperbol.eon, 136.
apartments, 187-
Idea, iJ&m,
11.
Ihpluvium,
court, 175.
Ikcertum Opus,
of,
350.
Inclination, 188.
Index
India, 235.
Indigo, 220.
Indus,
river, 235.
Inlaid Doors
Interscalmia,
(cerostrata),
117
IXTERCOLUMNIATIONS,
Intersection, furoxh,
83. 107-
in ships, 12.
93.
(decussatio), 26.
Ixtertigxium,
Iolaus, 244.
space, 106.
390
Ion, whence Ionians, 100.
INDEX.
to,
364.
Iron cramps
(ansae), 57-
Ismuc, town
of,
247.
so called in walling,
Isodomum, work
57; representation
168.
of,
350.
Isthmian games,
Ivy, 231.
259of,
Jack (choragium),
Joiners Work,
Joist
(axis), 1991
320.
Joppa, 241.
Journeys, contrivance
Juba, king, 247.
for
measuring, 322.
Julian
83.
Juno, temples
271.
of, 13.
31. 99. 31. 58. 81. 128. 196; altar of, 122; planet,
Jupiter, temples
of, 12.
K.
katakekatmenoi,
hills,
in Mysia, 51.
kathxotntes, 146.
Keys,
in water-engines, 320.
King-post, 104.
Kitchen,
in country-houses, 181.
KnoAoKH, 334.
KTKAIKII K1NHII2, 296.
INDEX.
KTKAnTH, 308.
KTN020TPA, 279-
391
Laboratory, 217- 220. Laced.emon, 58. Laconicum, in baths, 221. 153. Lacotomus, line, 286. Lacunar, a dial, 287Lacunaria, 107. Ladder, for scaling walls, called Landscapes, on walls, 210. Laodiceans, fields of the, 243. Larignum, castle of, 70. Laths, crossing of, 63.
iwifidfya, 335.
Law, 7; Roman
dren
if
them
223.
Lebedos, 100.
Leleg.e, 60. 100.
on the symmetries,
ib.
24. 242.
Level,
26.
Level
Lever,
Levelling, and
308. 182
for
Lever
(phalanx), 311.
Lichanos,
in music, 136.
392
Lime,
INDEX.
48. 199. 202. 207- 210.
Lintel-beams,
174.
Cilicia,
Lipaius, a river of
241.
Aoros 'onTiKor, 9.
Loose ground,
in foundations, 89-
199
Love-sickness, 60.
244.
statuary, 76-
M.
223. 244.
303
principles of
me-
chanics,
308; engines
315; ma-
chines of Ctesibius,
for war, 325. 340.
317
f r
M.eonia, 242.
216. 247-
Mamertine wine,
242.
Manacus, circle, 286. Manucla, in the catapult, 326. Marble, on the preparation of, for Marcellus, portico of, 82.
Marius, trophy
of,
plastering, 214.
19712. 31.
Mars,
temples
of,
Marseilles,
INDEX.
Qg3
Marsh-weeds,
158.
Martian
aqueduct, 238.
Masinissa, 247.
165. 286.
236.
Mazaca, a town of Cappadocia, 241. Mechanics, 15. 287 principles of, 308. Medulli, 245. Melampus, 196. 24-5. Melas, 60; river, 243.
!
Melitan
wine, 242.
Melite, 100. Melo, the astrologer, Melos, isle of, 215. Menesthes, 82. Meeccky, temples of, Meroe, 236.
Mesaul*:, 185.
283.
Mese, in music, 136. Metagenes, son of Ctesiphon, Metal-founder, 54. Metellus, portico of, 82.
METOXH, 93.
Metrodorus, 248. Miletus, 100. 197Mill, 182. Millstone, 314. Milo, of Crotona, 260.
Mine
(in sieges),
195
promontory, 157-
3e
394;
INDEX.
Mithridatic war, 148. Modulation, 149; in music, Module, 11. 108. 149MONAAE2, 79-
136.
Monofteral
MoNOTRIGLYPH,
Monuments, 54. 59Moon, temples of the, 12.140. Mortice (carchesium), 326. Mortised beams, 336. Mummius, L. the overthrower of Corinth, 140. Murena, sedileship of, 59Musical proportion (canonica ratio), 133. 6.
Mutius, C. architect, Mutuli, 186.
82. 197-
Mutulus, 99. 104. 107- 118. Myagrus, the Phocasan statuary, Mylasa, town of, 59Myron, sculptor, 8. 76. Mytilene, town of, 24. Myus, 100.
N.
7^-
7raga<TTdai, 81.
Narrow
pass, 27.
;
of,
100.
76.
INDEX.
Nile, 35. 114; source
of,
395
236.
Nonacrian
Numisius, P.
Nymphodorus,
196.
O.
Oaken
piles,
157-
nxPA, 215.
Octagonal
Octastylos,
Octociiord,
tower, 25.
82. 84.
in hydraulics, 319-
Octogenari.e,
pipes, 253.
Odeum,
148.
;
309.
Oil-cellar, 181.
of,
in walls, 22.
197-
Openings,
Optics,
4.
205
or
of a
furnace, 221.
Oracles, on
Socrates,
75
in Asia, 100.
Orchestra,
Orders, of
368.
141. 143.
architecture, 88. 99. 107. 118; representation of, 364.
Ornaments,
Orpiment,
of
doors, 115.
215.
Orthography,
11.
396
oprrEX, tortoises, 338.
INDEX.
Paddles,
in water-mills, 314.
the use
of,
214.
Pallienses,
Palm, 44. 79Panionius Neptunus, temple of, Paphlagonia, fountain of, 245.
Parallels,
in catapults, 325.
100.
Parallel-line, 141.
286
Paramese, in music, 136. Paranete, in music, ib. Parapet, 127. 152. 144. 334.
nAPASTAS, in temples, 184
;
Parasta,
325. 128.
136.
156.
Pedestal,
143.
INDEX.
3\)7
Pelecinon,
Peloponnesus,
350.
Pentadoron, 44;
of,
a kind of brick
nENTAMOIPOS, 80.
PENTAsrASTOs, block of
five pulleys,
301.
Pentelicus, mount,
58.
artificer,
333.
Pericles, odeum
riEPiAPoMiAES,
of,
;
148.
186
Xysti, 150.
iiepihxotntes, 146.
Perimetros,
Peripteros,
141.
81. 119.
Plan of a
nEPiTPoxos, 302.
Perpendicular,
Persian,
Perpendicular-line,
portico, 5.
Perspective, 195.
Pesaro,
70.
Pharax,
Phellos,
Phasis, 235.
in a dial, 290.
Phileos, 195.
Philip, son of Amyntas, 333.
Philip, the astrologer, 283.
scq.
398
Phrygia, 242. Phrygians, 39135. 137 Phyros, 196. Physicians, 19<t>eorroi,
INDEX.
Physics, 41.
*TSioAoriA, 6.
Phyteus,
195.
155
Pillars,
for
Pillow,
Pillowed (Ionic) capital, 90. Pin (fibula), 299- 301. 317Pinacotheca, 176- 13.
niNAs, 320.
103. 13.
Pisistratus, 196.
Pitane, a
Pixodaurus,
Places,
called
Evangelus
for
common
use of a
city, 31.
INDEX.
399
Plan
of a
city,
Planets, 268.
Planking, 337Plaster-work, 46. 156. 256, et seq. Plastering (tectorium opus), 43. 59marble
for,
153.
212;
preparation of
214.
130. 153.
Plinthium, a
Plinths,
287-
56. 83. 88; in the column, 89- 108. 84. 90. 118.
287-
Podium,
Pole,
in a theatre,
poles in a
gnomon, 268.
the painter,
ib.
7&
Pontine
Pontus,
marshes, 20.
38. 165. 215. 224. 235. 242.
architect, 196.
Portable
dials,
287-
ib.
Portugal,
38.
Posidonius, 248.
400
noxoTHS, dimension, 11.
INDEX.
PoTHEREUS,
Potsherds,
19.
Pozzolana, 50,
Pr.ecinctiones, passages,
131.
Praxiteles, 196.
Press, 182. 311.
Press-room, 181.
Pressure,
in mechanics,
309-
Priene, a
Principles,
17. 42.
o-Totxua,
Prison, on
the, 130.
of,
Pr(etus, daughters
245.
Proconnesian
Projection,
89-
63
in machines,
346
of roofs, 104.
Projections
Promontory,
of Minerva,
ib.
Pronaos, 78. 90. 107. 112. 118. 126. Profigneum, 155. Proportion, 15. 78. 164.
Proportional
Props, 296.
of, 12.
197.
Proslambanomenos, in music, 135. Prospanclima, 5rfo; Trav K^ipa, a dial, 287Prostahistoroumena, 7rfo( ia itrro^ou/xtva,
nrosTAX, 184.
a dial, 287-
Prostylos,
81.
116.
INDEX.
401
Protyran
350.
wine, 242.
so called in walling, 57;
Pseudisodomum, work
PsEUDODIPTEROS,
representation of,
81. 85.
plans
of,
356.360.
Pteregoma
(wing), 330.
Pteroma, TTTEfUfitz, 85. 112. 120. Ptolemy, king, 192. 194. Pulley, 287, passim, 299. 302, 303.
Pulpitum,
hoytlov, in
308.
Pumice-stone, Pompeian,
Purlines (terapla), 104. See Plate, Purple, 224 colours, how prepared,
;
366. 225.
Puzzuoli, 222.
Pycnostylos, 85,
et seq.
represented, 362.
Pythian games,
Pythius, ofPriene,
Q
Quadragenaria, pipes, Quadrant, 91. 105.
Quartile,
9-
253.
Quicksilver, 217-
Quinaria, pipes of
Quino.uagenaf.ia,
five digits,
253.
pipes, ib.
of,
Quirinus, temple
82. 220.
Quiver, a
dial, 287-
R.
Rafters Rafters
Rails
in doors, 116.
3f
402
Rain
water, 234.
for loose earth,
INDEX.
Rammer,
199. 2055.
Ramparts, construction of, 23. Ravenna, 20. 68. 70. Receptacle of waters, 253. Recess of a wall, 118. Recession of objects in painting, Rechamus, 299
195.
walling,
56
represented, 350.
Rhodian
Rhone,
Ribs
portico, 184.
et seq.
;
of constructing, 262.
Roads
Rome,
Romulus, house
tion,
40.
roof, represented in section
and
eleva-
in hydraulics, 320.
index.
403
20.
of,
Salmacis, fountain
sambtkh, 16g. 343.
59.
Sand,
203
strong,
common, and
red, 231
counter-
Sand-coat,
in stucco, 204.
Sand-stone,
Sapinea,
Sardians,
47.
50. 53.
59-
Saknacus, 196.
Saturn,
planet, 271-
Satyrls, 195.
Sawing
1 19.
Schola,
in a bath,
153.
6. 22.
Screw
(cochlea),
180.
Screw-press, 182.
404.
INDEX.
Screw-pump (cochlea), 159Sculpture, 8.88; of the cymatium, Scutula, sight-hole, 329Sea, superior and
inferior, 72.
115.
109.
Semitone, 135.
Septentrio,
25.
Septimius, P. 196.
Serapis, temple
of,
31.
Sesquialterum,
Sestertium,
80.
80.
in
262
Shafts
Shield
Sheepcotes, 182.
(clypeus), in the Laconicum, 154.
Side-pieces, 337
Side-posts
(parastatae), 325.
in the balista, 329-
Sight-hole,
Silanion, 196.
SlLENUS, 195. Silver, method of detecting, when mixed with gold, 264.
(epitithides), in the
corona
94.
INDEX.
Singing
birds, in hydraulics, 307in the soffit of the corona, 110.
405
Sinkings,
Sinope, 215.
Six, deemed a perfect number, 80.
Slabs,
in
pavement, 200.
194. 215; city
of,
Smyrna,
100. 118.
Soloe, a town of
Sicily, 241.
Soracte, stone
Sparta,
58.
in theatres, the places for the beholders, 141. 131. surface, 251.
;
Spectacula,
Spheroidal
Spur, 331.
Springs, 240
Square
(ancones norma?), prothyrides, 261; stone, 56. 112. 53; rule and square, 204 ; method of doubhng the area of the
square, 261.
141
Stalks
Stalks, of
Stars,
plants, represented
Stand-pipes (columnaria),
rising
in aqueducts, 254.
and setting
of,
283.
Statonia,
Statuaries, distinguished,
Steelyard
Stereobata,
stylobata, 88.
40G
2T0IXEIA, 17.
INDEX.
Stone-quarries, 53
Stopples, 290. 319.
337-
Strength,
in building,
whence
arising, 15.
String, 203.
XTPis, of the catapult, 325.
Struts
Stylobata,
Styx, water
88.
of,
Sudatories,
12
Sunium, 120.
Sunk,
in the centre (alveolatus), 89.
Susa, 246.
Swelling,
in the
middle of columns
Syene, 236.
Symmetry,
Syracuse, 264.
Syria, 69- 235. 241. 243.
330.
architect, 107.
INDEX.
407
Tarentum,
284.
Teeth,
of the saw, 26
of sheers, 299
denticuli, 288.
of the
drum-wheel, 314
Telajiones, 186.
TEAEIOS, 79-
Tempering
Temples,
of lime, 202.
82;
at Miletus,
;
of Augustus, 128
of Castor, in the Circus Flaminius, 120; of Ceres, 32. 84; of Proserpina at Eleusis, 197 ? of Ccelus, 12 ; of Diana, 13.
101 of Diana Aricina, 120 of Ephesus, 82. 195. I97. 305. 307; of Magnesia, 82; of Faunus, 81 of Flora, 12. 220; of Fortune, 81 of Fortuna Equestris, 83 of Hercules, 12.
;
31. 58.
84
of
Honour and
et seq.;
Olympiusat
Stator,
of Juno, 13. 31
13. 31. 107.
at
Argos, 99
at
Samos, 195
of Bacchus,
148; Teos, 80. 195; of the Moon, 12. 140; of Mars, 12. 31 of Mercury, 31 of Minerva, 13. 31 at Athens, 120. 195; Priene, 8. 195; Sunium, 120; of Nep; ; ;
Nymphs of the
;
Fountains, 12;
;
of Quirinus, 82
;
of Health, 13
of Se-
31
of the Sun, 12
;
of Venus, 12. 31
in the
forum of Csesar, 83
;
of Vulcan, 31
122; on
their design
their different
;
aspects,
plans
of,
Tex Ten
(decussis), 80.
Tenons,
Teos,
408
Tei>id water,
in baths,
INDEX.
152.
Tebebea, 335. Terracina, 242, et seq. Tessera, in pavement, 200. Testudinatum cavaedium, 172Tetrachord, in music, 136; in hydraulics, 319. Tetradoron, four palms, 44 representation of, 354. Tetrastylos, 172. 176; tetrastylum cavaedium, 172;
;
elevation
its
shape, 141; of
sorts
its
por-
and other
of scenes, and
Thebais, riains
0EMATI2MO2.
of,
236.
See Circumstance.
196.
Theocydes, Theodorus,
Theodosius, 287-
248.
Plate, 368.
triplinthius paries,
62
81.
sculpture, 109-
Tiber,
river, 236.
Tiburtine
tiles,
200.
quarries, 53.
INDEX.
Tie-beam, 104. 128. Ties (catenas), 203.
Tigris, 235.
See Plate, 366.
409
Tiller,
o"*k,
309.
Tibleus, 248.
in
what buildings
to
be sparingly used,
framed work, 104; settling of timber, 199; kinds of wood bend or sag, 68, et seq., 187partitions, 206.
what
Timotheus, statuary, 59- 196. ToNGUED-TUBES, 254. Tortoise, for filling ditches, 336
335.
Torus,
in columns, 90.
Tower,
211.
Plate,
366
Transverse pieces, 326. Traverse, 39. Treads, of steps, 89Treasury, where to be situated, 129, 130. Triangle, right angled, of Pythagoras, 262.316.
Tribunal, in temples, 118.128; Tricenaria, pipes, 253. Triclinium, 176, 177, 178. 184. Triens, 80. Triglyph, 107. 105. 13.
in theatres,
144.
Trimmers
Trine,
9.
(interpensiva), in
Tuscan
cavnedia, 172.
3g
410
Trite,
in music, 136.
a-noTia, 90.
INDEX.
TROCHILUS,
Trojan
plains,
243; Trojan
battles, 210.
Trojans, 243.
Trowel, 204. Troy, 20. 191. 243. Trumpet, in the machine of Ctesibius, 317 Trunk, of a column, 89; in stylobata, 101. Trusses (prothyrides), 116. Trypho, of Alexandria, architect of the Apollonians, Tuana, 241. Tunnels, for water-conduits, 252.
Turnings, 132;
in
244.
theatres, 142.
144;
in
aqueducts, 249; in
harbours, 157-
Tuscan
et
seq.
See Plates,
366.
368.
Tuscany,
Tympanum,
Tyre,
333.
Tyrrhene
sea, 72-
U.
'TAA02, 225.
Ulysses, wanderings
of,
210.
Umbria,
53.
bricks,
Unburnt
Upper layer, in pavements, 200. Upright joints (orthostatne), 57- 335. Uprights (arrectarii), 206. 333. 339Uticenses,
Utility,
44.
in building,
whence
arising, 15.
INDEX.
411
Valves
(cymbala), 319.
(axes), 317.
Varro, Ter.,
Vases, used
in the theatre,
138.
Vaulted roofs, of towers, 39. Vaulted temple, 120. 195. 211. Vaulting (concameratio), 46. 153. Vaults (cryptae), 179.
Vejovis, temples
of,
I87.
120.
Velinus, 244.
Venice,
53.
xoiila,
Venter,
in aqueducts, 254.
Venus, temples of, 12. 31. 59; planet, 270. Vermilion, 217; preparation, 219. Vessel, Corinthian, 249 ; brazen vessels hi theatres, 138. Vesta, altar of, 122.
Vestibule, 179. 184. 197Vestorius taught the preparation of a blue colour Vesuvius, Mount, 50. Vicenarle, pipes, 253.
Villa, 181.
at Puteoli, 217.
of,
82. 197-
Vulcan, temple
31.
W.
Waggon, 298. Walls, 21.
Walls
(incumba>), 188.
412
INDEX.
(mcenia), 31. 35. 247(parietes), 56. 199- 203. 88. 21. 181.
;
Walls Walls
(medii), 130
Different
Water,
On
rain-water, 234.
On
and
lakes, 238.
On
water, 249-
water, 252. Water reverenced by Egyptian Water-dials, for winter, 289Water-engines, 319Water-mills, 314. Water-screw, 315. 311.
Wattled
walls, 63.
Wedges, with concentric joints, "187- Use Weevil, 182. Wells, on the digging of, 255.
White-lead, Wind-chest,
AVindlass,
6.
of wedges, 332.
225, 320.
Windows, 105. I'J'J. Winds, 26; diagram of, Wine-cellar, 181. Wines, various kinds of, Wings. See Aisles.
AVlNTER-ROOMS, 208.
350.
242.
Withy
(vitex), 67-
Wooden
pins, 203.
152
11; foundations, 88; ornamental, 207214; carpenters', 104; plasterers', 152; joiners1 , 104. 112.
130. 172. 184. 65; marble, 203; plaster, 203. 152. 214. 56; reticulatum, 56; signinum, 46. 155. 252; decorative, 145.
207. 214;
in sand,
Worshippers,
INDEX.
413
Wrestlers,
259- '2G6.
192. 283.
156. 184.
Y.
of
Zacyxthus,
241.
of,
Zama, town
Zeno, 192.
247-
Zodiac, 276.
Zoilus, the Macedonian, called Horneroniastix, 194,
et seq.
Zophorus,
THE EXD.
mi mmwmm.