Ch.

2 Fluid Statics
Hydrostatic Forces on Plane Surfaces

Hydrostatic Force on a Plane Surface

For static fluids, forces on submerged surfaces are perpendicular to the surface. For a horizontal surface the resultant force is FR = pA = h A

Hydrostatic Force on a Vertical Plane Surface

Hydrostatic Pressure on an Inclined Surface

For an inclined surface, the magnitude of the resultant force is

FR

hc

FR

Centroid of Area

FR = hc A
hc is the vertical distance from the fluid surface to the centroid of the area.

LOCATION OF RESULTANT FORCE CENTER OF PRESSURE

hc is the vertical distance from the fluid surface to the centroid of the area.

FR h dA y sin dA
A A

FR sin y dA
A

A y dA yc A
FR A yc sin FR hc A
LOCATION OF RESULTANT FORCE CENTER OF PRESSURE

Equation 2.18

FR y R y dF
A

FR y R = y dF A dF = h dA FR y R = y h dA = y y sin dA = y sin dA
A A 2 2 A

dF h dA FR y R y h dA y y sin dA y 2 sin dA
A A A

yR

y A A y

sin dA
FR

yR =

y A

sin dA FR

FR A y c sin
2

FR = A y c sin

yR yR yR

sin dA
dA

yR = A yR = A
yR =

y 2 sin dA A y c sin y 2 dA yc A

A y c sin
2

A y

yc A Ix yc A

Ix yc A

Ix is the second moment of the area (moment of inertia) with respect to the x axis.

yR
yR

Ix yc A I xc yc yc A

FR x R x dF sin xy dA
A A

I x I xc Ay c 2 yR Equation 2.19

xR xR

xy dA yc A

I xy yc A Equation 2.20

I xyc yc A

xc

The resulting force does not pass through the centroid, and for nonhorizontal surfaces is always below it, since Ixc/ycA > 0. Ixc is the second moment of the area (moment of inertia) with respect to the axis passing through the centroid and parallel to the x axis.

If the submerged area is symmetrical with respect to an axis passing through to the centroid and parallel to either the x or y axis, the resultant force must lie along the line x = xc, and Ixyc = ZERO. THUS, xR = xc

Resultant Force on Submerged Inclined Plane

FR x R x dF sin xy dA
A A

This force doesnt act

through the centroid but has coordinates of yR and xR

yR

I xc yc yc A

yR yR

xy dA yc A

I xy yc A Equation 2.20

I xyc yc A

xc

xR

I xyc yc A

xc

The point through which the resultant force acts is called the center of pressure. NOTE, as the depth of liquid increases, the center of pressure moves closer to the centroid of the submerged area

Geometric properties of Common Shapes

Geometric properties of Common Shapes

See Figure 2.18 pg 60 in Text Rectangle:

See Figure 2.18 pg 60 in Text Circle:

Geometric properties of Common Shapes

Geometric properties of Common Shapes

EXAMPLE

EXAMPLE

FR

Centroid of Area

EXAMPLE I xc y c Eq 2.19 yc A FR hc A Eq 2.18

EXAMPLE 2.6 TEXT

yR

9.80 kN / m 3
yR h
Centroid of Area

Ixc = (ba3)/12 Ixc = (1h3)/12

for a rectangle

yR = (Ixc)/( yc A) + yc yR = (1h3)/12 /( h/2 * h*1) + h/2 yR = h/6 + h/2 = 2/3 h yR ' = h - 2/3 h = 1/3 h yR yc = 2/3h h/2 = h/6

FR yR'

FR hc A Eq 2.18

FR = (9.80 X 103 N/m3)(10 m)(4 m2) FR = 1230 X 103 N = 1.23 MN

yR

I xc yc yc A

Eq 2.19

I xc

R4
4

yR

I xc ( / 4)(2 m) 4 10m yc yc A (10m / sin 60)(4 m 2 ) sin 60

y R 0.0866 m 11.55 m 11.6 m

y R y c 0.0866 m

NOTE: As the depth of water (hc)increases, the distance between the CENTER OF PRESSURE and the CENTROID decreases!!!!!

EXAMPLE PROBLEM # 4
The rectangular gate CD of the figure below is 1.8 m wide and 2.0 m long. Assuming the material of the gate to be homogeneous and neglecting friction at the hinge C, determine the weight of the gate (kN and lb) necessary to keep it shut until the water level rises to 2.0 m above the hinge.

SPECIAL HOMEWORK FOR WEDNESDAY!!!

w = 9.80 kN/m3

If this gate were a square with sides equal to 4 meters, find yc and yr.

lb = 4.448 kN

THREE GORGES PROJECT

THREE GORGES PROJECT

THREE GORGES PROJECT

THREE GORGES PROJECT

THREE GORGES PROJECT

THREE GORGES PROJECT

THREE GORGES PROJECT

THREE GORGES PROJECT

THREE GORGES PROJECT

THREE GORGES PROJECT

Is this an awesome dam or what?

Three GORGES DAM Construction began Opening Date Cost Type of Dam Height Length Crest Width Base Width Spillway Capacity Dec 14,1994 2008 $ 26 Billion Gravity Dam 594 feet 7,661 ft 131 ft 377 ft 4.1 * 106 cfs

Three GORGES RESERVOIR Capacity Catchment Area Surface Area Normal Elevation Reservoir Length Max Reservoir Width 9.4 miles3

Power Station Capacity Commission Date 2008-2011 Type Hydraulic head Conventional Rated: 264 ft Maximum 371 ft 29 X 700 MW 2 X 50 MW 20,300 MW 22,500 MW 80,000 GWh

390,000 sq miles 403 sq miles 574 ft

Turbines 370 miles 0.68 miles Installed Capacity Maximum Capacity Annual Generation