MANUAL

PARA

DE

EJERCICIOS
DE

CURSO

INGLS CON FINES ESPECFICOS Glance to the Petroleum Industry

A
Julio Csar Llpiz Pacheco Mayra Lpez Gutirrez Amircal Salermo Llanes Nieves Crdenas Vargas Mayralina Trespando Rams

(a course for intermediate level students)

AUTORES: Lic. Lic. Lic. Lic. Lic.

ASESOR TCNICO: Ing. Rolando Fernndez Garrido

Unit 1 Introduction Getting to know Oil

1- CONVERSATION Listen to the following dialogue between two people who meet in an airport. Answer the questions below.
Tony: Excuse me. Is this the right gate to board Flight 308 to Canada? Susie: Yes, it is. But, dont rush, we still have time. Tony: Thanks SusieSusie My name is Susie. Tony: Nice to meet you, Susie. Im Tony. Susie: My pleasure. Tony: Do you live in Canada? Susie: Yes, I do. Tony: Were you here on vacation? Susie: No. I was on a business trip. I work for Sherrit Oil Company. Tony: Really! I work for PDVSA. Susie: Oh, are you from Venezuela? Tony: No, I am not. I grew up there, but I was born in Cuba. Your English doesnt sound like your first language either. Were you born in Canada? Susie: No, I wasnt. I was born in Portugal, but I moved to Canada when I was 15. Tony: And when did you start working for Sherrit? Susie: I started six years ago, right after I graduated as a geologist. I specialized in Petrology. Did you study something related to the oil industry, too? Tony: No, I didnt. I studied English Language Teaching and now I teach English to PDVSA workers. Susie: Are you going to do some work in Canada? Tony: No, I am not. I won this trip there because I was the best worker of the year in my company in 2007. Susie: Oh, good for you! Congratulations! Tony: Thanks, Susie. Questions: 1. What are their names? 2. Where are they from? 3. Why was she traveling? 4. Where does Susie work? 5. How about Tony? 6. How long has she worked for Sherrit? 7. What does she do there? 8. Does he work as a researcher, too? 9. What does he do? 10.Is he going to Canada for business?

2- SPARK
A- Read the following concept and answer the questions below. Whats Petroleum? The word Petroleum comes from Latin petra, which means rock and from Greek oleum, which means oil. It is also called crude oil, a naturally occurring oily, bituminous liquid composed of various organic chemicals. It is found in large quantities below the surface of Earth and is used as a fuel and as a raw material in the chemical industry. Modern industrial societies use it primarily to achieve a degree of mobilityon land, at sea, and in the airthat was barely imaginable less than 100 years ago. In addition, petroleum and its derivatives are used in the manufacture of medicines and fertilizers, foodstuffs, plastics, building materials, paints, and cloth and to generate electricity.
1993-2003 Microsoft Corporation. Encarta Encyclopaedia.

a) b) c) d) e)

What type of element petroleum is? Is there much petroleum inside the Earth? Which is one of the main uses of petroleum today? What other uses of petroleum do they refer to in the text? Can you mention other uses?

3- ACTION
Complete the following text with the verbs in the box. collect can work reduce drill use produce process are talk analyze collects cant works reduces drills uses produces processes is talks analyzes

My name is Patrick Roth. I am a geologist. I _______ for the petroleum industry in an Iranian oil field. Our company __________ several wells in that area. It is a big company that ___________ a great amount of oil everyday. I __________ geological data, ___________ rock samples and ___________ them in my microscope. My co-workers are Iranian, but they _______ to me in English because I _______ speak Persian. We all _________ our protection means at work because they help to _________ risks. It ______ a very nice job. A- Make a similar presentation of yourself and share it with your classmates.

4- OIL LINGO Watch CUPETs presentation and complete the following statements with the words from the list. risk, exploration-production, rock, pipelines, limestone, reservoirs, derrick, oil fields, enterprises, facilities, refinery, headquarters, offshore, tuff, casing, state budget, companies. a. The place where oil is processed is called a ______________. b. The tubes used to transport oil are called ______________. c. The area with the most _____________ in Cuba is the Western Oil and Gas Enterprise. d. CUPETs _____________ lead the work of several ______________. e. The stage of investigation and extraction of petroleum is called _________________. f. Between 1960 and 1990, oil exploration in Cuba was made with the ____________. g. Cuba currently keeps exploration contracts with foreign ___________ based on ___________. h. Sta. Maria, Cantel and Camarioca are among the Cuban serpentine _____________. i. Jatibonico and Catalina are two of the _____________ reservoirs of the island. j. Most of the oil fields in Cuba are _____________ reservoirs. k. The search for petroleum in the sea is called _____________ exploration. 5- READING Read the following article and then say if the statements below them are true (T) or false (F). Notice the Key Discoveries at the end. History of the Oil and Gas Industries i. Since the earliest recorded history there have been accounts of crude oil and natural gas seeping to the earth's surface ii. Oil was used to caulk boats and buildings, grease wheels and dress wounds of animals and people - but was rarely used as fuel because of the foul smelling fumes iii. Better-quality crude oil seeps provided lamp fuel in some parts of the middle east iv. Natural gas fed the celebrated "perpetual tires" at Delphi in Greece, Baku on the Caspian Sea and other mystical sites in the ancient world v. In the 3rd century AD, Chinese people transported gas in bamboo to light temples. They also gas heat to extract salt from brine.

vi. Coal gasification was invented by a Flemish chemist in 1609. Coal gas first lit the streets of London, England in 1807. vii. Discoveries of oil and gas became more common in the 18th and 19th centuries as people dug deeper wells in search of water viii. "Rock oil" or petroleum was once a popular patent medicine in Canada and the United States ix. Safer natural gas was first used for street lighting as early as 1821 when it was piped through hollow logs to Fredonia, New York x. However. natural gas was not widely used until the end of the 19th century when better drilling techniques and less leaky pipes were developed xi. The demand for better lighting led directly to the first widespread use of crude oil. By the 1850s, the best available lamp oil was selling for US$2.50 per gallon ($0.66 per liter) xii. Colonel Edwin Drake found a practical way to produce large quantities of oil when he used a cable-tool drilling rig to tap an oil reservoir at Oil City, Pennsylvania in 1859 xiii. By that time oil was already being produced from hand dug wells in Canada and Eastern Europe, but Drake's drilled well unleashed the first "oil boom". It is often sited as the beginning of the modem oil era. xiv. Initial development around the world over the next four decades focused on the making and selling oil kerosene for lighting xv. The development of the internal combustion engine late in the 19th century transformed society and changed the nature of the oil and gas industry. xvi. The diesel engine, invented In 1892, became popular for industrial machinery and ships in the early 1900s xvii. In 1911, Winston Churchill made a crucial decision to switch Britains Imperial Navy from coal to oil xviii. The First World War, 1914-1918, established oil as a key strategic commodity. Horses and trains gave way to tanks, trucks, airplanes, motorcycles and automobiles -all powered by gasoline. xix. Oil also played a dominant role in the Second World War - armies in North Africa, Europe and the Soviet Union were crippled when their oil supplies were interrupted - lack of oil helped end the dominance of the Japanese Navy in the Pacific - fuel shortages weakened German forces near the conclusion of the war - the first large petrochemical plants during the war to produce synthetic rubber

Key Discoveries 1859 Colonel Drake drills first well at Titusville Baku 1873 Oil opened to development 1885 Royal Dutch discovers oil in Sumatra 1901 Gusher at Spindletop in Texas 1922 Los Barroso discovery in Venezuela Discovery of oil in Bahrain 1932 Oil discovered in Kuwait and Saudi Arabia 1938 Oil discovered in Algeria and Nigeria Groningen 1956 Gas field discovered in Netherlands Zelten field 1959 Discovered in Libya 1968 Oil discovered on Alaska's North Slope 1969 Oil discovered in the North Sea a) ____ There are thousands of years of crude oil evidences over the face of the earth. b) ____ Oil has many uses in everydays life. c) ____ Chinese people used the bamboo to light temples. d) ____ Coal gas was first used in 1807 to light English streets. e) ____ Three centuries ago it was common to find oil and gas while searching for water. f) ____ Petroleum is the only name this resource has in English. g) ____ Petroleum was once used as medicine in some parts of the world. h) ____ Natural gas was very used at the end of the 19th century. i) ____ The beginning of modern oil era started in the 18th century. j) ____ The internal combustion engine contributed to the development of the oil and gas industry. k) ____ The British Imperial Navy used coal after 1911. l) ____ Tanks, trucks, airplanes, motorcycles and automobiles all powered by gasoline substituted horses and trains. m) ____ Oil was still about to be discovered during the 2nd World War. n) ____ Synthetic rubber was produced during the 2nd World War. 6- PERSONAL DATA Suppose you are taking a course with a foreign teacher who only speaks English. The first day, the teacher wants to know all about you. Introduce yourselves and give personal information. ____ Name ____ Age ____ Marital status ____ Education and qualifications _____ Family _____ Address _____ Interests, hobbies _____ Course expectation

7- PROFESSIONAL DEGREES
One of the issues to take into account while introducing in a professional situation, is your education and qualifications. Match the degrees with their corresponding abbreviations. 1-Doctor of Philosophy 2-Master of Education 3-Bachelor of Medicine 4-Doctor of' Medicine 5-Master of Arts 6-Master of Letters 7 -Bachelor of Surgery 8-Bachelor of Science MD MA BSc PhD Med ChB MB MLitt

1- Figure out the degrees corresponding to the following abbreviations. Make sentences with each of them. The Useful Expressions below may help you. Note: These abbreviations may be written with or without full stops. a) Blitt ___________________ c) BA ____________________ f) MBA ___________________ Useful expressions I have a Bed degree in English or Im a Bed in English I have been engaged in TOEFL Im a senior professor at I also serve as and Im in charge of b) Mphil ___________________ d) BEd _____________________ e) BPhil ____________________

8- FILL IN Team work Read the following Positions Open ads and complete the form below for each of the companies: But, first: Whats Positions Open?
Positions Open (unboxed) listings are $1.50 per word with a minimum of 20 words. Boxed advertisements are 100 per column inch. Payment must be received prior to publication. A 10 % discount is given for three or more consecutive insertion of the same ad. Ads with a code number for responses are an additional $10.

COMPLETIONS MANAGER Terra-Tek, a world leader in large-scale laboratory drilling, completions testing and research, is seeking an oil industry professional to manage its completionsrelated activity. Requires MS (PhD preferred) in Petroleum. Civil or Mechanical Engineering with 8-10 years research and operations experience in well completions and simulation technologies. Duties include interacting with industry and government clients to develop testing and research programs, managing large-scale laboratory completions and simulations experiments, and analyzing, interpreting, and presenting data to our clients. Competitive salary and benefits package. FAX (801.584.2406) or send rsums to Jean Jensen. TerraTek, Inc., 400 Wakara Way, Salt Lake City, Utah 84108. Equal Opportunity Employer. SENIOR APPLICATION ENGINEER Company involved in design and manufacture of compressors and gas turbines seeks Senior Application Engineer to assist its Marketing Department in the developing Eastern European market. Position involves team approach in the selection and application of turbo products meeting customers specifications and requirements and the integration of turbo products with controls, instrumentation, electrical and process equipment to meet compression system requirements. Position also involves frequent interface with other departments of company, customer contact, interaction with outside engineering services, and frequent travel to former C.I.S. and Eastern European countries. Will develop optimum rotating and associated station equipment selection and overall scope of supply in determining customer requirements and specifications. Position requires Bachelor's degree in Mechanical or Aeronautical engineering plus seven years of direct engineering experience in the operation and marketing of turbines and compressors, which must have involved work as a member of a team in connection with the selection and application of turbo products as well as experience in dealing directly with customers. Candidate must be able lo provide names of three references from previous employers who can attest to above experience. Salary $51,120 to $76,860, depending on experience. Apply al Texas Employment Commission, Houston, Texas, or send rsum to Texas Employment Commission, TEC Building, Austin, TX 78778, J.O. #TX7504837. Ad paid by An Equa1 Opportunity Employer. DIETSMANN For its international worldwide contracts, Dietsmann wants to update its database for the following disciplines: drilling petroleum, reservoir engineers drilling superintendents, toolpushers, base managers drillers, assistant drillers well services and well test supervisors drilling, completion and workover supervisors senior rig electricians and rig mechanics, rig maintenance engineers

All applicants preferably to have international experience. Candidates should send a detailed rsum, accompanied by a passport size photograph to: Dietsmann Technologies (International Coordination Center) Noorderlaan 133, B2030 Antwerp, Belgium DIRECTOR, PETROLEUM RECOVERY RESEARCH CENTER New Mexico Petroleum Recovery Research Center (PRRC), a Division of New Mexico Institute of Mining and Technology invites applications and nominations for the position of Director. The mission of the PRRC is to engage in theoretical and practical research in the recovery of petroleum, to disseminate the knowledge acquired, and to assist others in their efforts to recover petroleum. Activities include laboratory and field work devoted to improving recovery of crude oil and natural gas, enhanced oil recovery, reservoir characterization, and technology transfer. The staff consists of 33 full-time engineers, scientists, technicians, and support personnel, plus about 30 student employees. Candidates must have distinguished research records and international reputations in methods for improved oil recovery and must have strong administrative and budgetary skills. The successful candidate will have a minimum of ten years experience in research and development of improved methods for oil recovery, inc1uding at least three years in management of research projects, budgets and personnel, inc1uding scientists and engineers. Some oil and gas industrial experience is preferred, including experience working with government agencies. Applicants must be eminent engineers or scientists with an advanced degree, PhD preferred, in engineering or physical science in an area related to the research mission of the PRRC. Strong interpersonal and communications skills are essential. The position requires the ability to interact effectively with oil and gas producers and professional scientists and engineers, to develop good working relationships with industrial sponsors and government agencies, to stimulate productive research, and to provide leadership as to future research directions. The Director must have a demonstrated capacity to get research proposals funded by oil and gas companies, and/or other agencies that fund research and development in improved oil recovery. Submit application material to New Mexico Institute of Mining and Technology, Human Resources, Wells Hall Box C-020e. So. corro, NM 87801. AAEOE PRODRILL ENGINEERING (UK)
PARTS OF THE SMEDVIG GROUP

Drilling Engineers Rig Supervisors Overseas Opportunities Both office and rigsite positions Send rsum to: 14641 Beechnut St., Suite 200 Houston, TX 77083

III Employment Name of the company: _______________________________________.

- The company specializes in: __________________________________.

Positions offered: ____________________________________________. Requirements: ______________________________________________. Duties: _____________________________________________________. _____________________________________________________. _____________________________________________________.

Any other information: __________________________________________. This company is located in: _____________________________________.

9- WATCH AND SAY Watch the following macromedia presentation and answer:
a) b) c) d) e) f) g) h) What activities does this company develop? What ministry does CUPET belong to? What other industries does this ministry represent? How many refineries does CUPET have? What does the slate of products include? Whats the name of the place where investigations on petroleum are made in Cuba? How would you call CUPETs main offices in English? Can you name some other of CUPETs enterprises? Look at the map and mention some of the oil facilities in Cuba and say where they are located? Do you happen to know which ones currently produce more petroleum in our country and which ones dont produce much or are not successful at all? Please, say.

i) j)

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10- GROUP WORK Read the rsums of these candidates and decide which one would be the best choice for the position of Director, Petroleum Recovery Research Center. Also, say why you think so.

1- Daniela Brown Research Technologist received a diploma in Chemical Technology in Canada. has a lot of experience in practical research in the recovery of petroleum has no teaching experience has 15 years experience

2- James Smith Petroleum Engineer received a BA SC, a MA Sc and a Ph, D served as chairman of the Calgary section and was National Director for 5 years has little teaching experience but laboratory and field work experience in recovery of crude oil with international reputation has strong interpersonal and communication skills has 9 years experience

3- Bill Hynes Research Scientist received a B. Sc, and a M. Sc, in India and a Ph D and an MBA in Canada began his teaching and research career in 1967, has authored over 50 publications and presentations He is currently on the Board of Governors of the Petroleum Society has no budgetary skills has 30 years experience

A- Which position is most attractive to you? Why? Work in pairs and discuss. The useful expressions below may help you.
Useful expressions

I think the most convenient option would be, because In my opinion, the best candidate is, because I would choose, due to The one with the greatest curriculum is, since The person with the best conditions is, because My choice would be, because..

11- ON YOUR OWN If you were to apply for a job, what working experience data would you supply? Do a rsum using the style of the ones above.

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12- FILL IN What follows is two styles of rsum, American and British, of Marion Roberts, from the U.S.A., and Mary Phyllis Hunt, from England. Fill in the CVs blank spaces with the following words.

CV American Style Experience Education References Languages Objective Personal Other interests

CV British Style Other interests Education/Qualifications Employment to date Name Address Nationality Marital Status Date of Birth Telephone References

Curriculum Vitae - American Style RSUM Marion Roberts 2633 High Av. Urbandale, IA 5109 Tel: (319) 853-1212 I can currently be contacted at: c/o Ed and Joan Grant 105 East 15 st Street, apto. 12 White Plains, NY 78893 Tel: (917) 743-3628 To obtain an elementary school teaching position in the Westchester area, where I will be living permanently Date of birth: February 25, 2002-06 Marital status: married, no children

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Education 1995 1994-95 1989-93 State of New York teaching certificate Masters in Education SUNY at Syracuse B.A. (cum laude) Major: History, Minor: English Literature University of Iowa Teaching assistant SUNY at Syracuse -Camp Counselor, Urbandale Youth Center -I speak fluent Spanish and have good command of French I am a qualified ski instructor/ other interests include swimming and playing tennis Dr. J. Smith, Department of Education at Syracuse Syracuse, NY79923 Mrs. G.L. Brice Director of Operations Urbandale Youth Center Urbandale, IA 51019

Curriculum Vitae-British Style RSUM Mary Phylis Hunt 16 Victoria Road Brixton London SW 2 SHU O181 677 9683 British 11 March 1965

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Single Education / Qualifications 1997-98 U. of Essex Business School Postgraduate Diploma in Business Management with German 1993-97 London School of Economics, Department of Business Studies BSc First Class honors in Business with Economics Colchester Grammar School for girls 7 O levels and 4 A levels German B Employment to date 1992Deputy manager, Retail Outlets Division, Delicatessen International, Riverside House, 22 Charles St, London EC7X4JJ Assistant Purchasing Officer, Delicatessen International, 77 Rue Baudelaire, Paris, France. Trainee Manager, Sainsways Food Stores PLC, Lincoln Arcade, Kent Tennis and swimming Judo brown belt Wine tasting and vineyards Dr: Margaret McIntosh, Director of Studies, U. of Essex Business School, Colchester CR3 5SA Mr. J. Byers-Ellis Manager, Retail Outlets Division Delicatessen International, Riverside House, 22 Charles St. London EC7X4JJ (as present employer is not aware of this application yet, please inform me before contact him )

A- Do your own Curriculum Vitae using the style that the company you want to work for demands. (TBHI)

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B- PAIR WORK Student A Read Marion Roberts rsum again and do the exercises below. a) Say if the following sentences are Right or Wrong ___ Marion Roberts lives in Iowa ____She is 29 ____She is staying at Eds house in the state of New York ____She wants to teach children ____She went to college in different states b) Be ready to express your opinions by answering the following questions. 1.-Do you think she has the necessary qualifications to be the teacher? Why or why not? 2.-How could her personal interests be useful for her job? c) Now compare the answers to your questions with a partner and determine the differences between both styles. Student B: Read Marys again CV and do the exercises below a) Say if the following sentences are right or wrong ___ Mary went to college ___She was not a very good student in college ___She studied hard in Grammar School ___She has a good command of German ___She hasnt told her boss she is looking for a new job. b) Be ready to express your opinion by answering the following questions: -Do you think she has had too much leisure time in her life? Why or why not? -How do you like her? c) Now compare the answers to your questions with your partner and determine the differences between both styles.

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13- SEEK Read this article on Petroleum Formation and find the English equivalents for the following terms:
caliza, restos, sedimentos, amontonarse, crudo, limo, roca madre, arenisca, hundirse, descomposicin, precipitarse, elevarse, esquisto, lodo, corteza terrestre, lago, fondo marino, superficie, enredado, rocas carbonatadas, organismos marinos, poros, reservorio, capa, fluir, densidad, depsitos, crecer, materia orgnica, arena, hacia arriba, cuenca, presin, pilago, denso. PETROLEUM FORMATION Petroleum is formed under the Earths surface by the decomposition of marine organisms. The remains of tiny organisms that live in the seaand, to a lesser extent, those of land organisms that are carried down to the sea in rivers and of plants that grow on the ocean bottomsare enmeshed with the fine sands and silts that settle to the bottom in quiet sea basins. Such deposits, which are rich in organic materials, become the source rocks for the generation of crude oil. The process began many millions of years ago with the development of abundant life, and it continues to this day. The sediments grow thicker and sink into the seafloor under their own weight. As additional deposits pile up, the pressure on the ones below increases several thousand times, and the temperature rises by several hundred degrees. The mud and sand harden into shale and sandstone; carbonate precipitates and skeletal shells harden into limestone; and the remains of the dead organisms are transformed into crude oil and natural gas. Once the petroleum forms, it flows upward in Earths surface through a well because it has a lower density than the brines that saturate the interstices of the shales, sands, and carbonate rocks that constitute the crust of Earth. The crude oil and natural gas rise into the microscopic pores of the coarser sediments lying above. Frequently, the rising material encounters an impermeable shale or dense layer of rock that prevents further migration; the oil has become trapped, and a reservoir of petroleum is formed. A significant amount of the upward-migrating oil, however, does not encounter impermeable rock but instead flows out at the surface of Earth or onto the ocean floor. Surface deposits also include bituminous lakes and escaping natural gas. A____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ Analyze the text and say if the following statements are true (T) or false (F). Justify the false ones.

Petroleum is formed on the surface of the Earth. It is formed by the decomposition of sea organisms. Seaweeds also contribute to the formation of petroleum. The process of oil formation started ten thousand years ago. The mud and sand solidify into limestone. Crude oil is formed from alive organisms. When petroleum is formed, it goes up to Earths outer layer. The Earths crust is constituted by carbonate rocks only. Crude oil and natural gas are deposited in subterranean lakes. Some of the oil migrates onto the sea bottom.

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a) Class activity: Summarize in a few sentences what the reading Petroleum Formation deals with. b) Assignments Team 1: Translate paragraphs 1 Team 2: Translate paragraphs 2

c) Team Activity. Using the Another Way to Say Technique: Team 1: Do your own version of paragraph 1. Team 2: Do your own version of paragraph 2.

15- WATCH AND DO Watch the following video and do the exercises below:
I. Answer the following questions about the text. - What is the listening about? - What began the creation of oil reservoirs? - What areas of the world does it mention? II. Fill in the blanks. The creation of an __________ begins with the movement of the ________ over ____________. Todays North Sea reservoirs marked by the red dot were born when this push and pull of land formed a valley in the Equator. Over time, the valley moved __________________, it was flooded to become a shallow ____, then became a swamp, later a ________ and then back ___________. When water flooded the ______ it produced _________________ that would later ___________. The continents are still moving today and the valley that became the ____________ continues to subside collecting _________________ that, over the next ________________, may eventually become oil. III- Vocabulary. Working with your classmates extract words related to oil formation. IV- Write True (T) or False (F) as you listen. Correct the wrong statements. __ Oil reservoirs started when the land formed a valley in the Northern part of the Earth. __ Oil was formed due to organic matter. __ The continents are still moving. __ Over the next million years the organic material will become water.

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V- Find in the listening: a) A synonym of start: ________________ b) Two adjectives: ___________________ c) English equivalent of pantano: _____________ d) A verb in present continuous: ______________ e) An adverb: _________________ d) An expression of time:____________________ e) English equivalent of evitar (conjugated): __________________ f) A synonym of waterless: ___________________ VI- Answer the following questions in reference to the listening. 1. - Was todays North Sea reservoir formed due to the movement of continents? 2. - Was the movement of the lands an important point in forming oil reservoirs? Why? 3. - Can you explain in a simple form how the formation of oil took place? 4. - Whats happening nowadays? VI.- Give your Spanish version of the paragraph.

16- BASIC DEFINITIONS Find in the chart the definitions for the following terms:
Condensate Synthetic Crude Oil Crude Bitumen Natural Gas Liquids Marketable Gas Field Raw Gas Pentanes Plus Pool Oil Sands Deposit Oil Oil Sands Crude Oil Gas

A mixture containing methane, other paraffinic hydrocarbons, nitrogen, carbon dioxide, hydrogen sulphide, helium and minor impurities, or some of them, which is recovered or is recoverable at a well from an underground reservoir and which is gaseous at the conditions under which its volume is measured or estimated. A naturally occurring viscous mixture, mainly of hydrocarbons heavier than pentane, that may contain sulphur compounds and that, in its naturally occurring viscous state, will not flow to a well.

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A mixture mainly of pentanes and heavier hydrocarbons that may be contaminated with sulphur compounds, that is recovered or is recoverable at a well from an underground reservoir and that is liquid at the conditions under which its volume is measured or estimated, and includes all other hydrocarbon mixtures so recovered or recoverable except raw gas, condensate or crude bitumen; A natural reservoir containing or appearing to contain an accumulation of oil sands separated or appearing to be separated from any other such accumulation A mixture mainly of pentanes and heavier hydrocarbons which ordinarily may contain some butanes and which is obtained from the processing of raw gas, condensate or crude oil Condensate or crude oil, or a constituent of raw gas, condensate or crude oil that is recovered in processing, that is liquid at the conditions under which its volume is measured or estimated A natural underground reservoir containing or appearing to contain an accumulation of oil or gas or both separated or appearing to be separated from any other such accumulation A mixture mainly of methane originating from raw gas, if necessary through the processing of the raw gas for the removal or partial removal of some constituents, and which meets specifications for use as a domestic, commercial or industrial fuel or as an industrial raw material A mixture mainly of pentanes and heavier hydrocarbons that may be contaminated with sulphur compounds, that is recovered or is recoverable at a well from an underground reservoir and that may be gaseous in its virgin reservoir state but is liquid at the conditions under which its volume is measured or estimated A mixture, mainly of pentanes and heavier hydrocarbons, that may contain sulphur compounds, that is derived from crude bitumen and that is liquid at the conditions under which its volume is measured or estimated, and includes all other hydrocarbon mixtures so derived (I) sands and other rock material s containing crude bitumen, and (II) the crude bitumen contained in those sands and other rock materials Propane, butanes or pentanes plus, or a combination of them, obtained from the processing of raw gas or condensate Raw gas or marketable gas or any constituent of raw gas, condensate, crude bitumen or crude oil that is recovered in processing and that is gaseous at the conditions under which its volume is measured or estimated (I) the general surface area or areas underlain or appearing to be underlain by one or more pools, or (II) the subsurface regions vertically beneath a surface area or areas referred to in (I)
A- INDIVIDUAL WORK Lets translate
(Each student will translate a different definition from the chart)

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B- GROUP WORK Choose at least 3 terms from the chart and write a paragraph with them. 17- WATCH AND DO Watch the following video and do the exercises below:
I. - Answer the following question after listening. Is the video commenting about the formation of oil reservoirs according to the organic theory or according to the inorganic theory? Expand your answer. What is the indispensable element for the matter in the settlement to become liquid hydrocarbon?

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II. - Match the word with its definition. a) Organism e) Shallow ___ ___ ___ ___ b) Algae f) Plankton c) Migrate d) Hydrocarbon g) Settlement

A single living plant, animal, bacterium or virus Accumulation of any substance on a portion or surface Having only a short distance from the top to the bottom Very small plants and animals which float on the surface of the sea and on which other sea animals feed ___To move from one place to another ___Very simple, usually small plants that grow in or near water and do not have ordinary leaves of roots ___ A chemical combination of hydrogen and carbon. III.-Make sentences with the following words: 1. - reservoir 2. - hydrocarbons 3. - settlement 4. - oil 5. migration IV. - Answer the following questions in reference to the listening. 1. - Which are the sources of oil? 2. - Was the temperature important in the formation of oil reservoirs? Explain V. - Give your Spanish version of the listening.

18- READING Increasing recoverable reserves

Increasing recoverable reserves in the mature fields is not easy. In certain reservoir (such as Bloque IV of the giant Bachaquero field in Lake Maracaibo, Venezuela) horizontal wells can offer an effective method to increase recovery. In order to evaluate the potential for strategically placed horizontal wells to increase recovery, Maraven S.A. Schlumberger teamed up to conduct a study in a pilot area of the central part of the Bloque IV. Using wire line logs, cores, seismic data, fluid samples and the combined production and pressure histories, the interdisciplinary team constructed a reservoir model which was used to identify regions that would yield additional recovery by redevelopment with horizontal wells. The team selected the location of the first horizontal well in the field, which was drilled following a novel approach involving 3-D geosteering techniques. The article focuses on the methodology followed by the geoscientists, their findings and proposals to maximize oil recovery from the field.

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I. - Answer the following questions. 1. 2. 3. 4. How can scientists increase recoverable reserves? What tools do scientists use in their discoveries? What do they choose? What techniques do they use?

II. - Give your English version of these ideas in Spanish. - En este tipo de yacimientos, los pozos horizontales pueden ofrecer una alternativa vlida. - El equipo seleccion la ubicacin del primer pozo horizontal en el campo. III. - Find in the reading. a). - pozos in English: __________________ b). - reservoir in Spanish: ________________ c). - an opposite of decrease: ______________ d). - recovery means: ____________________ e). - muestras de fluido: __________________ f). - se perfor: __________________ g). - oil recovery: _________________ IV. - Translate the reading into Spanish.

19- WATCH AND DO Watch the following video and do the exercises below:
I. Answer these questions about the text. What is the listening about? Do all the reservoirs have the same characteristics? Which is the area called the land of giants? Why? How old can a reservoir be?

II. - Write True (T) or False (F). Explain the false ones. ___ Not all reservoirs contain oil and gas. ___ All the reservoirs have the same shape. ___ Oil and gas have been centralized in some parts of the world. ___ The reservoirs never excide a million year of age. __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________

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III. List the words/phrases that describe reservoirs geologically speaking. IV. Find equivalents in the listening for: huge potential parts of the world important volumes significant volumes shallow

V. Write the following sentences in a different way. a) We have reservoirs that are perhaps one million years old b) Some may be very skinny reservoirs c) All of these different characters of reservoirs have vital amounts of oil and gas that we want to produce

20 - READING
Read and make a summary (in teams). We know now that reservoirs can be very complex, fragmented pieces and blocks or permeable rock, all of which have enormous potential for containing oil and gas. Some may be very skinny reservoirs, some may be flat like pancakes, some may be fragmented. All of these different characters of reservoirs have vital amounts of oil and gas that we want to produce. There are some areas of the world where oil and/or gas have been centralized, accumulated. The Middle East, perhaps, can be called the land of the giants where oil fields can be eighty kilometers long, the reservoir body could be a thousand meters thick and with all of that, fields of oil these are significant volumes of world reserves. We have reservoirs that are shallow as a thousand feet and we have reservoirs in Texas that are down at 30 000 feet. We have reservoirs that are perhaps one million years old and others that are exciding six hundred million years of age so that a variety of rocks and history, properties, internal character takes place.

21 - WATCH AND DO Watch the following video and do the exercises below:
I. Answer the following questions. What is the listening about? What elements related with reservoirs/geology are mentioned (key words)?

II. Find in the listening the English words for: arcilla capa arenisca

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III. - Answer the following questions in reference to the listening. When does the North Sea reservoir start its life? What rocks are parts of oil formation? Is today the search for oil focussing on better understanding of the formation of it? Explain.

IV. - Fill in the blanks. There are ____________________________________. This one, in the North Sea, ____________________________when the water was shallow. As sea water ________________ it left a layer of ______________ shown in white. ________________, the sea floor sank and an organic rich shale, here in olive green, was deposited over the salt. This shale became __________________, next, sand stone that would become the oil reservoir, here in lighter green on top of the shale was laid down. As the salt again aroused the earths pressuring heat ___________________ producing _______________________ into the sand stone. Later, the salt mushroomed into a dome trapping oil and the sand stone under the flanks of salt. Meanwhile, as the salt squeezed upwards, ______________________ was trapped beneath the pillow of salt that broke off. Today, the search for oil is focusing ______________________ of these and _______________________________________. V. - Find this sentence in the reading. A travs del tiempo, el fondo marino se hundi y un esquisto rico en capas orgnicas, en la parte verde olivo, se deposit encima de la sal.

VI. - Give your English version of this sentence. En estos momentos, la bsqueda de petrleo esta centrada en una mejor comprensin de esta y otras estructuras para entrampar petrleo. VII. - Vocabulary. Class activity. Find words (5 at least) related with reservoirs (in teams). Make sentences using each of them.

22- READING Read this text and do the exercises below:

The Earth looks weird below the surface. How can geologists fill in this picture using remote sensing from the surface? There are several kinds of remote sensing. Each works by extending the eyes of the geoscientists into the earth. Surveys of anomalies and gravity can reveal rock bodies that may trap oil. Similar maps of magnetic anomalies, like this one of Alaska, taken from an airplane can also reveal oil traps. Likewise, shallow structures can be discerned with ground penetrating radar. But perhaps the most powerful tool is the seismic survey, which uses echoes to map rock layers as far down as four miles. These surveys peek the big picture but miss the details. Still, these techniques generally find structures that may contain oil; they usually dont detect oil directly.

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I. ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ II. III.

Say if the following statements about the reading are true or false, The reading is about geology. The reading is about remote control systems. The surveys are used for detecting oil traps. The examples given are about the Gulf of Mexico. There is one kind of survey. List the words related to geology and geology techniques. Find in the reading the words that match with the following definitions, _________ An examination of opinions, behaviour etc., made by asking people questions. _________ Thing that is different from what is usual, or not in agreement with something else and therefore not satisfactory. _________ The force which attracts any object of any mass towards any other object of any mass. _________ To see, recognize or understand (something that is not clear). _________ A system which uses radio waves to find the position of objects which cannot be seen. _________ Related to earthquakes; technique used to the study the rocks and similar substances that make up the Earth's surface, esp. in order to understand its structure, origin, etc. _________ A level of material, such as a type of rock or gas, which is different from the material above or below it, or a thin sheet of a substance.

IV. V.

Find the equivalent in Spanish to the words in exercise III. Extract from the reading: Four regular verbs. Write their past form. Two modal auxiliary verbs. Three adverbs. One sentence in passive voice

23- SUMMING UP I- Make a summary, of no less than 5 sentences, where you talk about the
most important topics you have learned in this unit.

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Unit 2 Exploring, drilling, producing

1- SPARK

Drilling Crew

In your opinion: Which are the two top positions in an oil rigs crew? Who is the company representatives right hand? What do mechanics do in an oil rig?

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2- OIL LINGO

Drilling Rig Schematic

1. 2. 3. 4.

accumulator A-frame air compresor annular (bag) preventer 5. annulus 6. base 7. bell nipple 8. BOP control 9. bit (drill) 10. bradenhead 11. burning pit 12. casing-hanger spool 13. cathead 14. cat line 15. catwalk 16. cellar 17. centrifuge 18. chemical barrel 19. choke line 20. choke manifold 21. choke manifold control 22. compound 23. conductor casing 24. crown block 25. cyclone desander desilter 26. dead line 27. degasser 28. discharge line 29. doghouse 30. drawworks 31. drill collars 32. drillers console 33. drilling line 34. drillpipe 35. drill tool storage (junk box) 36. dynamatic or hydromatic 37. elevators 38. engines

39. fast line 40. fill-up line 41. flow line 42. fuel line 43. fuel tank 44. generating unit (light plant) 45. gin pole 46. hoisting line 47. hook 48. intermediate casing 49. Kelly 50. Kelly bushing 51. Kelly (rotary) hose 52. kill line 53. ladder 54. line guide 55. mast 56. mast lifting line 57. mixing (mud) pit 58. monkey board 59. mousehole 60. mud 61. mud-gas separator (gas buster) 62. mud gun (submerged) 63. mud gun (surface) 64. mud hopper 65. mud line 66. mud logging unit 67. mud (paddle) mixer 68. mud-mixing plant 69. oil and grease storage 70. pipe rack (floor) 71. pipe racks 72. pressure (mud) gauge 73. preventer control lines 74. preventer (BOP) ram type 75. production casing 76. pump drive 77. pump, mud mixing

78. pumps, mud 79. ram wheel 80. ramp 81. rathole 82. reserve drilling line 83. reserve (mud) pit 84. rotary drive 85. rotary (table) 86. safety (Gernimo) line 87. sand settling (mud) pit 88. shale pit 89. shale pit jet 90. shale shaker 91. stairs 92. stand pipe 93. storage, bulk barite 94. storage, liquid mud 95. storage, mud additives 96. substructure 97. substructure, pony 98. suction lines 99. suction (mud) pit 100. surface casing 101. swivel 102. swivel (spring) 103. tong, counterweight 104. tong, lead (breakout) 105. tong, makeup 106. tool house 107. traveling block 108. trip tank 109. walkway 110. water, storage 111. water table 112. weight indicator 113. BOP and casing

27

28

I- Match the parts in column A with the system they belong to (B). Find the names of three more parts of each system. A ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ mud line doghouse swivel tool house dead line drill collars choke line fuel line flow line stand pipe suction lines mouse hole ram wheel B 1. Hoisting system 2. Rotary system 3. Drilling string 4. Circulating system

Team Work II- Say what each of these systems does in the drilling process. III- Choose one part of each system and give a brief explanation of their function. IV- Say the names in English of each of the parts indicated in the following picture:

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3- WATCH AND SAY I. - Listen carefully and be ready to answer the following questions. 1. Does the listening describe the operators job at the refinery? 2. Does the listening describe the operators job at the oil well? 3. What specifically is the listening about? What does it describe? II. - Answer the following question: 1).- Can you mention the problems the operator faces? 2).- What would it happen if the drilling fluid worked? 3).- Is the drilling fluid going to widen the drilling time? Why? 4).- What would happen if the well is completed? III.- Find the English equivalent of, IV. Surgencia a pozo abierto o Reventn Tubera trabada Tubera de perforacin Equipo de Perforacin Fluido de Perforacin

- Find in the listening, - Sentences in future tense and write in what other form you could say it. Then translate both sentences. - Extract four adjectives and four nouns.

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A comparative form. Extract a conditional sentence. A non-defining relative clause

4- TRUE OR FALSE Say if the following statements are true (T) or false (F) ____ Drilling is the process of collecting crude oil after it is in exploitation. ____ Recovery can be classified in: primary, enhanced, secondary and tertiary. ____ Primary recovery is the hardest one to obtain oil and gas. ____ The molecular structure of petroleum is formed by carbon and hydrogen. ____ The content of sulphur, oxygen, nitrogen and some other metals in crude oil is a positive element. ____ The different types of crude oil produce the same derivates. ____ Cement is an unnecessary element for drilling a well. ____ Offshore drilling is that one done in the ocean. ____ We havent been able to do horizontal drilling in Cuba yet.

5- WATCH AND SAY I. - Answer: 1). - Whats the listening about? 2). - In what way do specialists drill as soon as possible? 3). - What do they prepare the mud for? 4). - What do you understand by an unproductive rock? II. - Fill in the blanks. I tend to think of it in _______________________, the first is to drill from the surface down to _________________________ where essentially you are drilling unproductive rough and in that you want to drill _______________ possible and in the most efficient way possible. Then, you want to drill through the reservoir and theres much importance that you are able ___________________ afterwards. So you want to tailor your fluid to minimize the damage while you are drilling the reservoir. III.- In the listening extract: a).- English equivalent of yacimiento. b). - A verbal phrase that expresses an ability to produce a reservoir. c). - An opposite of maximize. d). - To tailor is. IV. Find in the listening,

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- A superlative phrase. - A comparative phrase. - An adverb of time. - A present continuous sentence. - Four adjectives. - Four nouns. - Write the noun of the following adjectives, Important____ Efficient _____ Productive____

6- READING The stages of drilling Wells are normally drilled in stages, starting with a surface hole drilled to reach a depth anywhere from 400 to 600 meters, depending on final well depth and area conditions. The crew then pulls out the drill string and inserts steel pipe, called surface casing, which is cemented in place, to keep the wall from caving in. It controls the return flow of mud and other fluids encountered during drilling and also prevent contamination of groundwater. The beginning of the actual drilling, which takes place after the surface hole is drilled, is called spudding in. After setting surface casing and installing the blowout preventers (BOPs), the crew resumes drilling. A probe for shallow gas or heavy oil in eastern Alberta or Saskatchewan may require only two or three days to drill 450 metres through soft shales and sandstone to the target depth. However, a rig may work eight months or longer to penetrate 4,500 metres or more through hard, complex rocks in the foothills of the Rockies. When the bit needs to be replaced because of wear or changing rock strata, the crew has to pull out the entire string, unscrewing sections of pipe in single, double or triple sections, depending on the height of the derrick, and stacking them upright in the derrick. Then, they have to put the whole string back into the hole again, with the new bit in place. This process, which can be very laborious and time-consuming for a deep hole, is called tripping. Major improvements in the durability of bits and the formulation of drilling fluids since the 1980s have greatly reduced the number of trips required to drill a well. Many shallow wells today are drilled without a bit change. If the string breaks or gets stuck in the hole, a specialist is called in to help the crew go fishing with special tools. No one wants to lose an expensive bit and bottom-hole assembly, but the blocked hole is the real problem. As a last resort, the crew drills a curved section called a sidetrack to bypass the debris. After reading the text carefully, do the following activities. I. Answer these questions, 1. What is the reading about? 2. Say the stages of drilling mentioned in the reading. 3. What is the range of depth reached when drilling a surface hole?

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4. What is the name of the steel pipe cemented in the hole? 5. What are the functions of the casing? 6. What must be installed before restarting drilling? 7. What does the crew have to do for changing the bit? 8. What would be the reasons for changing the bit? 9. What is tripping? 10.What has reduced the number of trips in the present drilling process? 11.What does go fishing refer to in last paragraph? II. Find the equivalents in Spanish for, III. depth surface hole pull out drill string steel pipe flow of mud soft shales sandstones rock strata time-consuming get stuck to bypass

Match the words with their definitions. a) groundwater ___ Group of people who work on and operate a ship, an aircraft, a spacecraft, etc. ___ That has only a short distance from the top to the bottom. ___ The amount or type of use that something has over a period of time ___ The process of fitting different parts together of a machine, device, or object ___ Pieces from something that has been destroyed or pieces of rubbish or unwanted material which are strewn around ___ Water that is found under the ground. Groundwater has usually passed down through the soil and become trapped by rocks ___ Something that takes a lot of time and effort ___ To begin again or restart an

b) crew c) resume d) shallow e) wear (noun)

f) assembly

g) debris h) laborious

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activity IV. Find in the reading, V. One non-defining subordinate sentence One conditional sentence Five nouns functioning as adjectives Two sentences in passive voice. Write both in active voice if possible. Two irregular and four regular verbs

Write sentences with the following words/phrases, time-consuming (adj) As a last resort Debris resume

VI.

Translate the last two paragraphs into Spanish.

7- FINDING TERMS IMatch the definitions with the following words or expressions: b) drilling pipes c) key horizons d) mud tanks i) well-casing j) o) t) e)

a) derrick chemicals f) rock nozzles

g) cap rock

h) bed of shale limestone m) rock-bit

k) blow out preventers l) core marker bed p) cuttings hook u) rotary table fittings v) Kelly

n) drill stem|string

q) drilling mud|fluid w) swivel

r) hoisting system y) travelling block

s) tripping z) well-head

____ a framework or tower over a deep drill hole for supporting boring tackle or for hosting and lowering. ____ the string of tools that are used to drill a well, the Kelly, drill pipe, drill collars, stabilizers and drilling bit. ____ rock chips or fragments resulting from the drilling that are brought up to the surface in the circulating drilling mud. ____ the equipment used to maintain surface control of a well. ____ a steel pipe used in wells to seal the borehole from formation fluids and to

34

reinforce the walls of the borehole. ____ a device joining two parts (as in a chain) so that one or both can pivot freely. ____ a heavy steel member, four or six-sided, suspended from the swivel through the rotary table and connected to the topmost joint of drill pipe to turn the drill stem as the rotary table turns. ____ piping designed to become the walls of the well. It may be fully or partially cemented. ____ a fluid circulated inside the wall during operations with special characteristics (during rotary drilling and workover operations) to keep it clean and under control. ____ a mineral or mineral compound which forms an essential part of the earths crust. ____ a narrow piece attached to the end of a tube so that the fluid (oil) that comes out can be directed in a particular way ____ an arrangement of pulleys and wire rope or chain used for lifting heavy objects; or a winch or similar device. 8- DEFINITIONS: DRILLING Terms Surface Casing Blowout Preventer Drawworks Kick Logs Core Definitions A type of pipe that is used for encasing a smaller diameter carrier pipe for installation in a well The first and sturdiest joint of the drill string in conventional rotary drilling rigs; thick-walled, hollow steel forging with four flat sides that fits into a square hole in the rotary table. A well drilled in or adjacent to a proven part of a pool to optimize petroleum production. The hoisting mechanism on a drilling rig which spools off or takes in the drilling line and thus raises or lowers the drill string and bit. A well drilled both in search of a new and as yet undiscovered accumulation of oil and gas, or in an attempt to significantly extend the limits of a known reservoir. Steel pipe sections, approximately 9 meters long, that are screwed together to form a continuous pipe extending from the drilling rig to the drilling bit at the bottom of the hole. Rotation of the drill pipe and bit causes the bit to bore

Cuttings Casing Drill Pipe Development Well Tripping Fish

Exploratory Well Acidizing Kelly Drillstem Test Spudding In Blowout

35

through the rock. Equipment that is installed at the wellhead to control pressures and fluids during drilling, completion and certain remedial operations to restore production. A method of sampling fluid from a formation using a tool attached to the drillstem; the sample is used to assess the type and volume of fluids in the formation as well as their pressure and rate of flow. A continuous cylinder of rock, usually from five to 10 centimetres in diameter, cut from the bottom of a wellbore as a sample of an underground formation. Chips and small fragments of rock cut by the drill bit and brought to the surface by the flow of drilling mud. An object left in the well bore during drilling or workover operations that must be recovered or drilled around before work can proceed. The injection of acids under pressure into the rock formation to create channels that allow the hydrocarbons to flow more easily into the wellbore. An uncontrolled flow of gas, oil or other fluids from a well. The first string of casing put into a well; it is cemented into place and serves to shut out shallow water formations and as a foundation for well control. When fluids with a higher pressure than that exerted by the drilling mud enter the wellbore; this creates the potential for a well to blow out of control. Detailed depth-related records of certain significant details of an oil or gas well; usually obtained by lowering measurement instruments into a well. Beginning to drill a well. The process of removing the drill string from the hole to change the bit and running the drill string and new bit back into the hole.

9- READING Cuttings and cores Results from previous drilling provide important information for explorationists. When a well is drilled, small rack chips called cuttings are recovered from the drilling fluid. These are ground up and broken off by the drill bit as it cuts into the earth. Geologists, geochemists and palynologists, scientists who study pollen and small fossils - examine the cuttings to learn more about the age, chemistry, porosity, permeability and other properties of the subsurface rock formations. Larger, more continuous cylindrical rock samples, called cores, can also be cut using a special coring bit. Although coring adds to the cost of the well, laboratory analysis and visual examination of the core provide additional important details about the basins history, the composition and physical characteristics of the rock and any fluids within it.

36

Even if a well fails to encounter oil or gas in commercial quantities, it still provides valuable information about underground rocks and structures. This may allow explorationists to generate new prospects or to match up certain seismic patterns with corresponding rock formations, which can lead to success with the next well - or the one after that. Read the text and then answer the following exercise, I. Answer the questions about the reading. 1. What is the reading about? 2. Do you think that the results from the last drilling are important? If so, why? 3. What are, according to the reading, the scientists purposes when getting the samples from the cuttings? 4. What is the objective of obtaining cores? 5. What happens if oil is not found after drilling? Find equivalents in English for the following words, - astillas de rocas - subsuelo - ncleos o testigos - barrena sacancleos - cuenca - formaciones rocosas Find in the reading, - Two sentences in passive voice - A relative clause - Three modal verbs - Three verbs in present (write the past form of these verbs) - Three phrasal verbs (verbs formed by two or more words: look at, depend on, etc.) Translate the article into Spanish. WATCH AND SAY

II.

III.

V. 10-

I. Answer the following questions: Is the listening about oil reservoirs? Is it about re-entry well? What is the listening about? II. Say if the given statements are true or false. Correct the wrong statements. ____ You dont need to how the oil moves to know where to drill. ____ The snapshot from the time lap seismic survey show which parts of reservoir contains oil. ____ The second survey is not necessary.

37

____ The second survey reveals undrained reserves.

III. Fill in the blanks. By the time you produce ________________, you know ____________________, and drilling through the side of ___________________ can drain the reservoir ___________________. But to know where to drill next _____________________ ___________________ through the reservoir ________________. This is done with time lap seismic, in which the seismic survey provides the snapshot of the reservoir ______________________. This snapshot shows ___________________ __________________. Later, after the oil _____________________, the yellow area around the wells, a second seismic survey is made. This reveals undrained reserves, shown in dark green, beyond the tip ___________________. Extending the horizontal well can tap this bypassed oil. _________________________ of the reservoir, permanent sensors, shown as boxes _______________, help __________ and _______________ recovery. By observing well performance ______________, highest yield and longest life can be achieved for the reservoir. IV. Answer the following questions after reading the text used for listening. 1. What is time lap seismic used for? 2. What technique is it used to know how the oil moves through the reservoir? 3. What do permanent sensors do? 4. Whats the advantage of observing the well performance in real time?

VI. Translate into Spanish the following sentences (in teams). Select the best translation of each sentence. By the time you produce your first well, you know where more oil is, and drilling through the side of an existing well can drain the reservoir more completely. At any point in the life of the reservoir, permanent sensors, shown as boxes in the well, help monitor and optimize recovery.

11-

READING

38

Air and underbalanced drilling Occasionally, wells are drilled without mud to increase penetration rates and to avoid sensitive rock formations coming into contact with water. In so-called air drilling, compressed air removes the cuttings. Drillers can also obtain many of the same benefits through underbalanced drilling - using mud lightened by the addition of nitrogen or other gas. Underbalanced drilling has become increasingly common in Western Canada because it minimizes damage to the producing reservoir. This is especially useful in clay formations. Clays can collapse into the wellbore or swell if fresh water-based drilling fluids are used. Underbalanced drilling minimizes the invasion of the drilling fluid into the reservoir and allows oil and gas to be produced more effectively. Read and then do the following activities. I. Answer these questions. a) When is mud not used in the drilling process? b) What, then, removes the cuttings? What is this process called? c) What is underballanced drilling? d) Are clays useful in this process? Why? e) What else can underballanced drilling do? II. Match the words with the correct definition. ratecuttings wellbore mud clay

__________ The speed at which something happens. __________ A type of heavy soil that becomes hard when dry, used for making things such as bricks and containers.. __________ The hole drilled by the bit. __________ Rock chips produced by chipping and crushing action of the drill. __________ A thick liquid mixture of soil and water, or this mixture after it has dried. III. Make sentences with the words above. IV. Extract from the reading, adverbs a sentence in present perfect tense a modal verb verbs in present. Write them in past tense. Two nouns functioning as adjectives.

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12-

DEFINITIONS: FIELD EQUIPMENT

Terms pipeline scheme

battery

test hole

dehydrator

treater

well

separator

enhanced recovery

processing plant

evaluation well

experimental

a plant for the extraction from gas of hydrogen sulphide, helium, ethane, natural gas liquids or other substances, but does not include a well head separator, treater, or dehydrator. a well which when being drilled is expected to penetrate a pool or oil sands deposit and which is drilled for the sole purpose of evaluation a system or arrangement of tanks or other surface equipment receiving the effluents of one or more wells prior to delivery to market or other disposition, and may inc1ude equipment or devices for separating the effluents into oil, gas or water and for measurement a scheme or operation for the recovery or processing of oil or gas, including the drilling and completion of wells for production or injection, that uses methods that are untried and unproven in that particular application an unfired apparatus specifically designed and used for separating fluids produced from a well into 2 or more streams, but does not include a dehydrator an apparatus designed and used to remove water from raw gas (i) (ii) (iii) (iv) an orifice in the ground completed or being drilled for the production of oil or gas, for injection to an underground formation, or as an evaluation well or test hole

any pipe or any system or arrangement of pipes wholly within Alberta and whereby oil, gas or synthetic crude oil or water incidental to the drilling for or production of oil, gas or synthetic crude oil is conveyed, and includes all property of any kind used for the purpose of, or in connection with, or incidental to, the operation of a pipeline in the gathering, transporting, handling and delivery of oil, gas, synthetic crude oil or water, but does not include any pipe or any system or arrangement of pipes that constitutes a distribution system for the distribution within a community of gas to ultimate consumers a well drilled or being drilled to a depth of more than 150 metres for the primary purpose of obtaining geological or geophysical information and which, when being drilled, is not (i)

40

expected by the Board to penetrate a pool or oil sands deposit the increased recovery from a pool achieved by artificial means or by the application of energy extrinsic to the pool, which artificial means or application includes pressuring, cycling, pressure maintenance or injection to the pool of a substance or form of energy but does not include the injection in a well of a substance or form of energy for the sole purpose of (i) aiding in the lifting offluids in the well, or (ii) stimulation of the reservoir at or near the well by mechanical, chemical, thermal or explosive means a fired apparatus specifically designed and used for separating gas and water from crude oil

13-

WATCH AND SAY

I. Say true or false after watching to the video. Correct the false statements. ___ Keeping an open pathway for oil to move into the well is not a big challenge. ___ The drilling fluid lines the well with a residue called mudcake. ___ Mud can invade the rock and plug the pores if it is not customized. ___ Oil will never find ways through the rock pores, into the well. II. Fill in the blanks. Once __________________________, you face a new __________: keeping an open pathway for oil to move into the well. Inside the borehole, drilling fluid, also known as _____, lines the well with a residue, called mud cake. If mud is not customized for the ______, mud cake, here in brown, can invade the rock and plug the pores between rock grains. _______, here in green, __________________ that barrier, but if the drilling fluid _________ to fit well _______________, it will not block the path _____________. Oil can then find its way through the rock pores, through the _______________, and into the well. III. According to the listening, what are the English words, for: boca del pozo poros fluido de perforacin (lodo) condiciones del pozo bloquear

IV. Rewrite the following sentences using different words, Once you drill into the reservoir, you face a new challenge: keeping an open pathway for oil to move into the well.

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Inside the borehole, drilling fluid, also known as mud, lines the well with a residue called mud cake. V. Find in the reading the following, Two conditional sentences A non-defining relative clause Three nouns functioning as adjectives Two compound nouns (In grammar, a compound noun is a noun which combines two, or sometimes more, different words, Ex: bookstore, handbag, newspaper)

VI. Give the Spanish version of the text. Once you drill into the reservoir, you face a new challenge: keeping an open pathway for oil to move into the well. Inside the borehole, drilling fluid, also known as mud, lines the well with a residue called mud cake. If mud is not customized for the job, mud cake, here in brown, can invade the rock and plug the pores between rock grains. Oil, here in green, cant penetrate this barrier but if the drilling fluid is changed to fit well conditions, it will not block the path of the oil. Oil can then find its way through the rock pores, through the mud cake, and into the well. 14READING

Compartments in the reservoir. Analysis of the areal and vertical production pattern and pressure profiles shows that the Lower Lagunillas reservoir of Bloque IV is highly compartmentalized. It comprises a number of distinct reservoirs in different fault blocks that produce from several layers separated by shale barriers, some of which are partially sealing. Thus, the production behaviour of individual wells is highly variable, depending on the compartment and the layer being drained by the well. Bubble plot of the cumulative production from Bloque IV reveals that most of the production comes from the central part of the field and from a small area in the north of the pilot area. This area of anomalously high gas-free oil production, compared to wells on either side of it, results from faults recently delineated by a 3-D seismic survey. The fault for the west of this area is apparently a barrier which renders the gas injection in the northern wells ineffective for the pressure maintenance of the central and southern parts of the field. Abnormally high quantities of gas have been produced from some wells in the southern part of the field in the vicinity of the major faults Pueblo Viejo and VCL-70, suggesting that these wells are draining from separate compartments. I. - Say True (T) or False (F). Explain the false statements. ____ There is a good continuity in the Lower Lagunillas Reservoir of Bloque IV. ____ All of the shale barriers are totally impermeable.

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____ A 3-D Seismic Survey showed the presence of faults. ____ The wells are draining from a single compartment. II. Match the words with their definitions. Anomalously a person or thing that is different from what is usual, or not in agreement with something else and therefore not satisfactory to have as parts or members, or to be (those parts or members) any of the enclosed parts into which a vehicle, a space or an object used for storing things is divided to cause (someone or something) to be in a particular state the immediately surrounding area clearly noticeable; that certainly exists adjective referring to the measure of a flat space

Comprise Compartment

Render Vicinity Distinct Areal

III.- Translate these ideas into English. a).- El yacimiento Lagunillas Inferior, Bloque IV est altamente sectorizado. b).- A causa de esto, la historia de produccin de cada pozo es sumamente variable. c).- Un estudio de ssmica 3-D mostr una serie de fallas. d).- Las grandes cantidades de gas producidas sugieren que estos pozos drenan sectores separados. IV. Classify the following words grammatically speaking, Gas-free Compartmentalized Distinct Shale barriers highly variable 3-D seismic survey High gas-free oil production

V. Say the following sentences in another way, Thus, the production behaviour of individual wells is highly variable, depending on the compartment and the layer being drained by the well.

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Abnormally high quantities of gas have been produced from some wells in the southern part of the field VI. Translate the first paragraph into Spanish. 15WATCH AND SAY

I. Say if the following statements about the listening are true or false, ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ The listening is about geology. The listening is about remote control systems. The surveys are used for detecting oil traps. The examples given are about the Gulf of Mexico. There is one kind of survey.

II. List the words related to geology and geology techniques. III. Fill in the blanks. Heres how the _______________ looks below the ______________. How can _______________ fill in ________________ using remote sensing from the surface? There are ____________________ of remote sensing. Each works by extending the eyes of the geoscientists ___________________. Surveys of anomalies and gravity ___________________________, can reveal rock bodies ______________________. Similar _________________________, like this one of Alaska, taken from an airplane can also ________________________. Likewise, shallow structures can be discerned with ground penetrating radar. But perhaps the most ______________________ is the seismic survey, which uses echoes to map ____________________ as far down as _______________. These surveys peek the big picture but ___________________. Still, _____________________ generally find structures that _____________________; they ____________________________. IV. Find in the listening the words that match with the following definitions, _____ An examination of opinions, behaviour, etc., made by asking people questions. _____ Thing that is different from what is usual, or not in agreement with something else and therefore not satisfactory. _____ The force which attracts any object of any mass towards any other object of any mass. _____ To see, recognize or understand (something that is not clear). _____ A system which uses radio waves to find the position of objects which cannot be seen. _____ Related to earthquakes; technique used to the study the rocks and similar substances that make up the Earths surface, esp. in order to understand its structure, origin, etc. _____ A level of material, such as a type of rock or gas, which is different from the material above or below it, or a thin sheet of a substance. Discern / Layer / Survey / Radar / Gravity / Seismic / Anomaly

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V. Find the equivalent in Spanish to the words in exercise IV. VI. Extract from the listening, 16Four regular verbs. Write their past form. Two modal auxiliary verbs. Three adverbs. One sentence in passive voice

READING

Dynamics in the Lower Lagunillas Reservoir. The unexpected proliferation of free gas and water in the highpermeability zones and the declining production from the Lower Lagunillas reservoir of Bloque IV, motivated the operator to seek a better understanding of the reservoir and to evaluate the potential to increase ultimate recovery and offtake rate by drilling horizontal wells. To quantify the potential benefits of field redevelopment, Maraven selected a pilot area and, jointly with Schlumberger formed an interdisciplinary team of geoscientists to study this area. The first step involved reviewing the production history and pressure response of the field during the past 37 years. After the successful completion of the first producer, the field was developed rapidly by drilling additional wells during 1958 and 1959. Production rose rapidly and peaked in November 1959 at 225,000 BOPD from 86 wells. Between 1960 and 1963, the production declined rapidly due to gas encroachment from the north and subsequent closing of wells in this sector. In order to maintain the reservoir pressure, the operator started a gas injection program in 1965. The rate of pressure decline slowed to 7-8% annually in 1974, but this was due to shut-down of the fields northern sector and to aquifer support in the south. The gas injection program has been only partially effective and both pressure and production rates have shown continuous decline during the last 30 years. In October 1989, the production rate jumped to 39,800 BOPD as a result of acidization and improvement in the lifting method. So far, approximately 45% of the original oil in place (OOIP) has been recovered and an extra 13% of OOIP is thought to remain as recoverable reserves. Current production from the field is 18,000 BOPD with a field gas-oil ratio of 1235 scf/ stb and a water cut of 20%.

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I.- Read the following ideas in Spanish. Give your English version and organize them. (1st paragraph) Promovi un estudio profundo del yacimiento. Maraven seleccion y form un equipo interdisciplinario de cientficos. El aumento inesperado de gas y agua en zonas de alta permeabilidad.

II.- Read the 2nd paragraph. Answer the following questions. 1.- What was the first step? 2.- What happened in 1958 and 1959? 3.- What happened between 1960 and 1963? 4.- What was the main cause of the declining? III.-Read the 3rd paragraph again. Rewrite the following sentences using different words, In order to maintain the reservoir pressure, the operator started a gas injection program in 1965. The gas injection program has been only partially effective and both pressure and production rates have shown continuous decline during the last 30 years. VI. - Translate the entire reading into Spanish (Team work, one paragraph per team). 17WRITING

I- Complete the following description of the way drilling occurs At the surface ________________ are bolted to the ____________. On the __________ floor, theres a _____________: through it passes the top-most length of the __________ a square section of pipe called the Kelly. The _____________ is gripped in a square drive brushing in the revolving table trough which it slides down freely as the hole gets deeper. The upper end of the Kelly ___________ on the ____________ , the weight of the whole drilling string is taken through the swivel to a ____________ on the travelling block and to the ____________ block of the derrick head. The strong ___________ cables form the block leads to the drum of the __________ where the driller can feed out to control the weight on the bit as it progresses.

18- READING AND UNDERSTANDING I. Scan through the reading below to find out which of these sentences are right or wrong. Then correct the wrong ones

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a) ____ Fossils fuels were originated by the process of ancient living organisms during a long period of time and under certain conditions. b) ____ At room temperature, hydrocarbons can be classified as coal, charcoal, gasoline and asphalt. c) ____ Natural gas, Bitumen, Coal and Crude Oil are hydrocarbons. d) ____ Natural gas is richer in lighter components (i.e. C.) than crude oil and bitumen. e) ____According to the percent of H2O contained in either natural gas or crude oil, they are known as light or heavy.

Background: fossil fuels- a short science lesson Natural gas, crude oil and coal are called fossil fuels. Like the fossils we see in museums, fossil fuels originated as life forms millions of years ago. The energy in fossil fuels began as solar energy. Plants use sunlight and chlorophyll in the process of photosynthesis to convert water and carbon dioxide into sugars, starches, fats and proteins- the building blocks of life. The remains of primitive plants and animals have been transformed over millions of years by heat, pressure, water flows, or biological and chemical reactions. This process results in compounds of hydrogen and carbon known as hydrocarbons trapped underground. Fossil hydrocarbons are generally classified according to their physical state at room temperature natural gas is obviously a gas. Crude oil is liquid. Bitumen is viscous or semi-solid type of petroleum. Coal is solid. Chemically natural consists of molecules with more hydrogen than carbon atoms. The main constituent of natural gas is the simplest hydrocarbon, Methane (CH4), a molecu1e of one carbon atom and --- hydrogen atoms. Crude oil and bitumen are generally made up of larger more complex molecules with more carbon atoms. Depending on density and molecular weight, pelro1eUI11 hydrocarbons are often described as light or heavy. Hydrocarbons seldom occur in pure forms. Methane, for example, may be found in coal seams, oil reservoirs, and in mixtures with hydrogen sulphide., carbon dioxide or other hydrocarbons known as natural gas liquids. Oil and gas production containing hydrogen sulphide (H2S) is called sour, while production with little or no sulphur content is termed sweet. Most oil and gas requires some processing to remove substances such as hydrogen sulphide, water, carbon dioxide and to separate the naturally occurring mixtures into the various marketable commodities. Field gathering pipelines carry oil and gas from wells to processing facilities, although some oil is transported by truck. Field processing facilities are called batteries, while gas is processed at gas plants. Some bitumen and heavy oil goes to upgraders, which alter its chemical composition to produce a marketable commodity called. The natural gas coming from a gas plant can be used as is by the final consumer (although an odorant, mercaptan is added for safety reasons in distribution systems).Crude oil and bitumen require further processing under

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heat and pressure at a refinery to produce usable products such as gasoline, jet fuel, diesel, and heating oil in addition to being used as fuels, oil and gas are also used in manufacturing products such as plastics, pharmaceuticals, lubricants, textiles, synthetic rubber, antifreeze, fertilizers. chemicals, solvents, etc. Natural gas liquids-ethane, propane, butane and condensate -are used as fuels, refinery feedstocks, and raw materials for petrochemicals. II- Group work: Discuss the answers to these questions in your group How many different classifications of hydrocarbons are mentioned in the reading? What are the criteria followed by each of them? Are gas and oil ready to be consumed once it has been produced? Why or why not? Are fossil fuels only important as a source of energy? 19.-HOMEWORK I- Find in a dictionary, or by consulting a specialist, the English equivalents for the following words in the text: domo perforar torre de perforacin hueco derrumbes barrena gastada reemplazar bombeado ductos combustible recuperables

20.-SUMMING UP II- Make a brief summary with what the drilling-exploration-production stage is and some of its characteristics.

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Unit 3. Refining Introductory Activity Reading:

Workers practice working in an environmental that might contain toxic concentrations of hydrogen sulphide contained in sour natural gas

Oil & Gas exploration vs. the environment Oil & Gas exploration and production operations have the potential to cause significant effects to structures and functions of different types of ecosystems. It is both easier and cheaper to avoid such effects than trying to reverse them once they have happened. To achieve that goal we should understand the different impacts our activities produce. Operations should be planned and operated in a manner that avoid or, where unavoidable, minimizes direct or indirect adverse impacts on the environment. Disturbances of the Ecosystems should be limited through the following measures: Minimal use of forest. Minimal interruption of freshwater flows. Minimal disruption to vegetation. Minimal disturbance to soils.

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Maintenance (where possible) of buffer strips along coastlines, rivers, streams and creeks. Control of environmental pollution.

In order to take into account the fragile nature of Ecosystems the operating company should endeavor to reduce the potential impacts: Careful planning of Seismic surveys, exploration drilling and the provision of attendant facilities. Selecting techniques & equipment which will minimize the need of supporting infrastructure.

Careful monitoring of activities to identify unexpected impacts at an early stage. As a minimum, the Petroleum Industry must adhere to local and national government rules, regulations, and policies, or apply responsible standards where such regulations do not exist or are not implemented. Some of the regulations will relate to land activities, others to marine. An environmental profile of the proposed site should be produced when considering the acquisition of an exploration concession. The Objectives of an Environmental Profile are to: Assist planning and control of Seismic surveys and exploration drilling activities. Provide background to consultations with external bodies. Select sites avoiding areas of high sensitivity. Schedule activities avoiding sensitive periods. Modify or select equipment & techniques to minimize adverse impacts. Identify specific protection measures. Preliminary Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) report should be prepared. The purpose of this report is to identify the sensitivity of the area, including: Description of the nature, quality and dynamics of the existing environment. Project description, including alternative proposals. Description of the regulatory regime. Identification of the significant potential impacts of the development and its alternatives. Prediction & alternatives. characterization of each predicted impact for all

Recommended alternative actions or mitigative measures to minimize adverse impacts and enhance any environmental benefit. Assessment & evaluation of unavoidable impacts. Environmental management strategy and plan. Decommissioning, reclamation & restoration plan. Proposed monitoring program.

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Environmental Monitoring is done to identify the actual impacts arising from the project so that remedial measures can be taken as soon as possible. The elements to be monitored include: Air quality. Water quality. Land-use & clearance. Hydrological integrity. Animal migrations. Erosion & sedimentation associated with dredging. Maintenance of environmental resources. Environmental Audit should be conducted by the operator to ensure that applicable environmental standards are being maintained and that company policies and the environmental management plan are being followed ()

Vocabulary: Goal: target, aim; destination; purpose. Flow: flujo Disruption: upset; interruption, disturbance; division Buffer strip: muro de contencin, separador Endeavor: attempt, try hard, make an effort to achieve a goal Assessment: estimation Dredge: search; dig, remove earth I- Answer the following questions: Can we start operating without taking into account the adverse impacts on the environment? Why? Which rules does the Petroleum Industry have to follow? Who should conduct the environmental audit? II- Find in the text: All the modal verbs. As much pairs of adjectives and nouns as you can Underline the sentences in passive voice that contain the doer and put it into active voice. III- What do you think about the following statement? It is both easier and cheaper to avoid such effects than trying to reverse them once they have happened. IV- Write a short paragraph (about 4-6 sentences) about what you just read. You can consult other materials related to the topic and dictionaries.

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1. SPARK

ESTIMATIONS OF THE 21st CENTURY Global energy consumption will grow About 90% of the energy is projected about 50% by the end of the first to be supplied by fossil fuels such as quarter of this century. oil, natural gas, and coal. The existing peak in conventional oil The production of oil from residua, production will decline within the heavy oil, and tar sand bitumen will next two to three decades. increase significantly. As in the 1940s and 1950s, the next The need continues for the two decades will see a surge in development of upgrading processes upgrading technologies to produce in order to fulfill the market demand marketable products from residua. as well as to satisfy environmental regulations. Vocabulary: Tar sand bitumen: arenas bituminosas/ petrolferas. Residuum: (Lat.) plural-residua. I- Talk about these questions: Does any of this information surprise you? Why? Which one do you think is imminent? Will they affect your country or everyday life? Which of them do you consider to be dangerous? Support your answer.

Source: Adapted from Petroleum Refining Processes.

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II- Group Work: Choose one of the sections and translate it with your team. YOU ALREADY KNOW Scientifically, petroleum is a mixture of gaseous, liquid, and solid hydrocarbon compounds that occur in sedimentary rock deposits throughout the world. It contains small quantities of nitrogen-, oxygen-, and sulfurcontaining compounds as well as trace amounts of metallic constituents. Petroleum is a naturally occurring mixture of hydrocarbons, generally in a liquid state, and may also include compounds of sulfur, nitrogen, oxygen, metals, and other elements. Petroleum has also been defined as: 1. .Any naturally occurring hydrocarbon, whether in a liquid, gaseous, or solid state 2. Any naturally occurring mixture of hydrocarbons, whether in a liquid, gaseous, or solid state 3. Any naturally occurring mixture of one or more hydrocarbons, whether in a liquid, gaseous, or solid state, plus hydrogen sulfide and/or helium and/or carbon dioxide Crude petroleum is a mixture of compounds that boil at different temperatures and can be separated into a variety of generic fractions by distillation

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2- OIL LINGO Atmospheric and Vacuum Distillation Unit

5 3 7

6 4

Match the Atmospheric and Vacuum Distillation Units parts with the concepts below.

I-

Complete the statements below with the following parts of the vacuum distillation unit. 1. Vacuum furnace 2. Atmospheric distillation tower 3. Vacuum distillation tower 4. Feedstock to the vacuum distillation tower (also called atmospheric residue) 5. Coolers 6. Naphtha stabilizer tower 7. Pipe lines.

Due to their high boiling points, some oil cuts cannot be separated in the atmospheric distillation tower. Lowering the systems pressure also leads to lower boiling temperatures of each of these cuts, which are later distilled in the _______________ to be able to separate the heaviest cuts and this way obtain some products as VGO, Fuel Oil and asphalts. Vacuum distillation is also known as reduced-pressure distillation.

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 The purpose of the _______________ is heating and partially vaporizing the atmospheric residue, called reduced crude, to later be distilled in the vacuum distillation tower. _______________ work is to refrigerate those products resulted from distillation until they reach the required temperature to be pumped to the storing tanks. The naphtha obtained through the distillation process is full of gases. The function of the _______________ is to separate naphtha from gas. _______________ is the crude cut that cannot be distilled in the atmospheric section. It comes from the bottom of the atmospheric distillation tower; it goes through the vacuum furnace and into the vacuum distillation tower. The purpose of the _______________ is to separate, at atmospheric pressure, the different cuts of the crude so as to obtain naphthas, jet, fuel oil, diesel, etc. The _______________ are tubes made of a metal, clay plastic, wood or concrete used to conduct crude oil or other fluids, as well as gas or finely divided solid. IILets translate (each student will translate different definition from the chart) IIIChoose at least 3 terms from the chart and write a paragraph with them.

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3Reading.

Oil Refining and Fractional Distillation Crude oil is refined into products such as gasoline, asphalt, and waxes by a process called fractional distillation. During the process, the parts, or fractions, of crude oil are divided out successively by their increasing molecular weight. For instance, gasoline has a low molecular weight and vaporizes at a fairly low temperature. This means that at the appropriate temperature, while all of the rest of the oil is still in liquid form, gasoline may be separated out. The remaining oil goes through the same process at a slightly higher temperature, and jet fuel is divided out. Repeating the distillation process several times will separate out several constituents of crude

oil, which are then processed and put to a wide range of uses Alkylation and Catalytic Cracking Two additional basic processes, alkylation and catalytic cracking, were introduced in the 1930s and further increased the gasoline yield from a barrel of crude oil. In alkylation small molecules produced by thermal cracking are recombined in the presence of a catalyst. This produces branched molecules in the gasoline boiling range that have superior propertiesfor example, higher antiknock ratingsas a fuel for high-powered engines such as those used in todays commercial planes. In the catalytic-cracking process, the crude oil is cracked in the

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presence of a finely divided catalyst. This permits the refiner to produce many diverse hydrocarbons that can then be recombined by alkylation, isomerization, and catalytic reforming to produce high antiknock engine fuels and specialty chemicals. The production of these chemicals has given birth to the gigantic petrochemical I- Vocabulary: Wax: cera Slightly: ligeramente, levemente

industry, which turns out alcohols, detergents, synthetic rubber, glycerin, fertilizers, sulfur, solvents, and the feedstocks for the manufacture of drugs, nylon, plastics, paints, polyesters, food additives and supplements, explosives, dyes, and insulating materials.

Further: farther, more distant; additional Yield: product; income, profit Antiknock: fuel additive used to prevent or minimize detonation in an internal-combustion engine II- After reading the text, answer the following sentences: What have you discovered about gasoline? What were the processes that allowed increasing the gasoline yield from a barrel of crude oil? What chemicals have given birth to the gigantic petrochemical industry? III- Is it true or false? ___ Distillations should be done just once to obtain several constituents of crude oil. ___ Alkylation and catalytic cracking were introduced in the first half of the 20th century. ___ Alkylation and isomerisation allows the refiner to produce many diverse Hydrocarbons IV- Extract from the text the description of fractional distillation. V- Underline the subject, the verbal form and the expression that marks the time within the sentence.

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VI- Is the verbal form in passive or active voice? Identify the doer of the action. VII- Team work Team A will work with the first text. They will try to explain what it is about using their own words. Team B will work with the second text. They will try to explain what it is about using their own words.

4- Reading. Pollution Problems In its early days, the oil industry generated considerable environmental pollution. Through the years, however, under the dual influences of improved technology and more stringent regulations, it has become much cleaner. The effluents from refineries have decreased greatly and, although well blowouts still occur, new technology has tended to make them relatively rare. The policing of the oceans, on the other hand, is much more difficult. Oceangoing ships are still a major source of oil spills. In 1990 the Congress of the United States passed legislation requiring tankers to be double hulled by the end of the decade. Another source of pollution connected with the oil industry is the sulfur in crude oil. Regulations of national and local governments restrict the amount of sulfur dioxide that can be discharged by factories and utilities burning fuel oil. Because removing sulfur is expensive, however, regulations still allow some sulfur dioxide to be discharged into the air. Many scientists believe that another potential environmental problem from refining and burning large amounts of oil and other fossil fuels (such as coal and natural gas) occurs when carbon dioxide (a by-product of the burning of fossil fuels), methane (which exists in natural gas and is also a by-product of refining petroleum), and other by-product gases accumulate in the atmosphere. These gases are known as greenhouse gases, because they trap some of the energy from the Sun that penetrates Earths atmosphere. This energy, trapped in the form of heat, maintains Earth at a temperature that is hospitable to life. Certain amounts of greenhouse gases occur naturally in the

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atmosphere. However, the immense quantities of petroleum, coal, and other fossil fuels burned during the worlds rapid industrialization over the last 200 years are a contributing source of higher levels of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere. During that time period, these levels have increased by about 28 percent. This increase in atmospheric carbon dioxide, coupled with the continuing loss of the worlds forests (which absorb carbon dioxide), has led many scientists to predict a rise in global temperature. This increase in global temperature might disrupt weather patterns, disrupt ocean currents, lead to more violent storms, and create other environmental problems. In 1992 representatives of over 150 countries convened in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, and agreed on the need to reduce the worlds emissions of greenhouse gases. In 1997 world delegations again convened, this time in Kyto, Japan. During the Kyto meeting, representatives of 160 nations, including the United States, signed an agreement known as the Kyto Protocol, which would require 38 industrialized nations to limit emissions of greenhouse gases to levels that are an average of 5 percent below the emission levels of 1990. In order to reduce their fossil fuel emissions to achieve these levels, the industrialized nations would have to shift their energy mix toward energy sources that do not produce as much carbon dioxide, such as natural gas, or to alternative energy sources, such as hydroelectric energy, solar energy, wind energy, or nuclear energy. While the governments of some industrialized nations have ratified the Kyto Protocol, others have not. A major blow to the protocol came in March 2001 when United States president George W. Bush rejected it, saying it would damage the U.S. economy. Under the previous administration of President Bill Clinton, the United States had volunteered to reduce greenhouse gas emissions to 7 percent below 1990 levels. Bushs rejection meant that the worlds largest consumer of fossil fuels would not participate in the Kyto Protocol Vocabulary: Stringent: severe, strict, demanding Policing: keep watch, guard, supervise; patrol, maintain law and order Oceangoing ships: built or equipped for sailing on the ocean Oil spills: derrame de aceite. Double hulled: doble casco

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 Utilities: a business organization (as an electric company) performing a public service and subject to special governmental regulation by-product: a secondary and sometimes unexpected or unintended product in addition to the principal product Greenhouse gases: any of several types of gases that are thought to cause global warming I- Answer the following question What has happened with the effluents from refineries during the years? Why? Why did the USA congress pass legislation requiring tankers to be double hulled by the end of the decade? What gases are known as greenhouse gases? What is the position of the USA regarding greenhouse gas emissions with the current administration of President George W. Bush? II- True or false? ____In its early days, the oil industry generated almost non-existent environmental pollution. ____National and local governments are not interested in the amount of sulfur dioxide that can be discharged by factories and utilities burning fuel oil. ____Carbon dioxide is a result of the burning of fossil fuels. ____The Kyto Protocol was signed by representatives of 160 nations, including the United States.

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5- OIL LINGO I- Match the word with their definitions. Definitions: Refining and Processing Terms 1. Kerosene 2. Catalysts 3. Shrinkage 4. Coking 5. Lease Separator 6. Downstream 7. Hydrotreating 8. Synthetic Crude Oil 9. Cat Cracking 10.Octane 11.Naphtha 12.Dry Gas 13.Cracking 14.Sweeten 15.Desulphurization 16.Pipe line Quality Gas

____A refinery process that uses catalysts in addition to pressure and heat to convert heavier fuel oil into lighter products such as diesel fuel. ____The refining and marketing sector of the petroleum industry. ____A facility installed on a leased area for the purpose of separating gases and/or water from liquid hydrocarbons. ____Natural gas from the well that is free of liquid hydrocarbons, or gas that has been treated to remove all liquids; pipeline gas. ____The process of adding hydrogen to heavy oil or bitumen molecules during the upgrading process. ____A term used to indicate that natural gas has been processed sufficiently to meet the standards of a system. ____The reduction in volume of wet natural gas due to the extraction of some of its constituents, such as hydrocarbon products, sulphide, carbon dioxide, nitrogen, helium and water vapor. ____A mixture of hydrocarbons produced by distilling petroleum, which is used as a lamp oil or jet fuel ____Remove hydrogen sulphide and carbon dioxide from sour gas to make it marketable. ____A light fraction of crude oil used to make gasoline. ____A refining process for increasing the yield of gasoline from crude oil; cracking involves breaking down the larger, heavier and hydrocarbon molecules into simpler and lighter molecules use of heat and pressure, and sometimes a catalyst. ____The process of removing sulfur and sulfur compounds from gases or liquid hydrocarbon mixes. ____Materials that assist chemical reactions.

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____A performance rating of gasoline; the higher the octane number, the greater the anti-knock quality of the gasoline. ____A process used to break down heavy oil molecules into lighter ones by removing the carbon that remains as a coke residue. ____A mixture of hydrocarbons, similar to crude oil, derived by upgrading bitumen from oil sands.

Team Work II- Translate some of the definitions 6- Reading The wonderful distilling process by which we get petroleum products. ()The manufacture of all these petroleum products illustrates the marvels of modern industrial chemistry. In its simplest form the production of the principal product, gasoline, consists of heating the crude -oil mixture to the point where it gives off vapors just as boiling water gives oil steam. The lightest hydrocarbon molecules vaporize first, and when the vapor is passed through cooled pipes it condenses to form gasoline. As the temperature of the crude oil is raised by stages the other, heavier, hydrocarbon molecules are vaporized in the order of their volatility (Lightness), and are condensed by cooling to form other products: kerosene, gas oil, lubricating oil and fuel oil. This is called straight-run refining, or fractional distillation. About 1915, with the demand for motor fuel rapidly increasing, petroleum refiners began to use a new process-"cracking". Cracking is a good name for the process. After the straight-run refining, the heavier products (gas oil and fuel oil) are put under high pressure and very great heat is applied until the heavy molecules split, or crack, into lighter ones. Gasoline and other products the separated out of the cracked oil by a process similar to straight-run refining. Cracking has practically doubled the amount of gasoline obtainable from a forty- two gallon barrel of crude oil. Today a barrel of crude oil yields nearly a half-barrel of gasoline. During the cracking process, gases are generated which formerly were wasted or used as fuel in the refinery. Now these gases can be turned into gasoline by polymerization. This is almost the reverse of cracking. Instead of splitting heavy molecules into

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lighter ones, polymerization takes the light gas molecules and synthesizes them (welds them together). This creates the more complex molecules of gasoline. In this way more gasoline can be obtained from a barrel of crude oil () I- Answer the following questions according to the text: How does the production of gasoline take place? In your own words, what is cracking? How were gases treated before? And, how are they treated now? How can we obtain more gasoline from a barrel of crude oil?

II- Find in the text 5 sentences in passive voice and change them into
active voice. Translate them. III- After reading this text, suggest two more titles for it and support your ideas. IV- Class Activity: a) What do you think about this statement? The manufacture of all these petroleum products illustrates the marvels of modern industrial chemistry. b) Provide additional details of the statement above in a written form.

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7- Reading Pretreatment and Distillation Petroleum in the unrefined state is of limited value and of limited use. Refining is required to obtain products that are attractive to the marketplace. Thus petroleum refining is a series of steps by which the crude oil is converted into salable products with the desired qualities and in the amounts dictated by the market. Modern petroleum refineries are much more complex operations than refineries of the early 1900s and even of the years immediately following World War II Early refineries were predominantly distillation units, perhaps with ancillary units to remove objectionable odors from the various product streams. The refinery of the 1930s was somewhat more complex but was essentially a distillation unit. At this time cracking and coking units were starting to appear in the scheme of refinery operations. These units were not what we imagine today as a cracking and coking unit but were the forerunners of today's units. Also at this time, asphalt was becoming a recognized petroleum product. Finally, current refineries are a result of major evolutionary trends and are highly complex operations. Most of the evolutionary adjustments to refineries have occurred during the decades since the commencement of World War II. In the petroleum industry, as in many other industries, supply and demand are key factors in efficient and economic operation. Innovation is also a key.

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A refinery is an integrated group of manufacturing plants that vary in number with the variety of products. Refinery processes must be selected and products manufactured to give a balanced operation; that is, crude oil must be converted into products according to the rate of sale of each. For example, the manufacture of products from the lower boiling portion of petroleum automatically produces a certain amount of higher boiling components. If the latter cannot be sold as, say, heavy fuel oil, they accumulate until refinery storage facilities are full. To prevent the occurrence of such a situation, the refinery must be flexible and able to change operations as needed. This usually means more processes to accommodate the everchanging demands of the market. This could be reflected by the inclusion of a cracking process to change an excess of heavy fuel oil into more gasoline, with coke as the residual product, or the inclusion of a vacuum distillation process to separate the heavy oil into lubricating oil stocks and asphalt. Thus, to accommodate the sudden changes in market demand, a refinery must include the following: 1. All necessary nonprocessing facilities 2. Adequate tank capacity for storing crude oil, intermediate, and finished products 3. A dependable source of electrical power 4. Material-handling equipment 5. Workshops and supplies for maintaining a continuous 24 hours a day, 7 days a week operation 6. Waste disposal and water-treating equipment 7. Product-blending facilities 8. Petroleum refining as we know it is a very recent science, and many innovations evolved during the twentieth century. The first processes are focused on the cleanup of the feedstock, particularly the removal of the troublesome brine constituents. This is followed by distillation to remove the volatile constituents with the concurrent production of a residuum that can be used as a cracking (coking) feedstock or as a precursor to asphalt. In the case of tar sand bitumen, the distillation step is unnecessary because of the low amount of feedstock that would be volatile under distillation conditions. Current methods of bitumen processing involve direct use of the bitumen as feedstock for delayed or fluid coking.

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Vocabulary: - Ancillary: secondary, subordinate; auxiliary; assistant - Forerunners: ancestor - Current: present - Trends: tendency - Waste disposal: botadero de desperdicios - Brine: salmuera I- Answer the following questions according to the text,: a. What is refining? b. How were refineries in the first half of the last century? c. What are the main aspects to be taken into account within the petroleum industry? d. What is a modern refinery? e. After removing the feedstocks undesirable particles, what do we do? II- Say if it is true (T) or false (F). Give reasons for false statements. In the unrefined state, petroleum is highly valuable and useful. _______ Refineries were always refining units. ________ Tar sand bitumen has not much feedstock. _________ III- In the first three paragraphs of the text, find synonyms of the following words: Secondary Ancestors Beginning Nowadays Change Degree Happening Requirements

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IV- Find in the text: A sentence in passive voice: ______________________________ A past participle functioning as an adjective: __________________ A sentence representing an action that started in the past and has a continuity or repercussion in the present. _____________________ CLASS ACTIVITY: VRead carefully the following statements and give your personal

opinion. Refining is required to obtain products that are attractive to the marketplace Thus petroleum refining is a series of steps by which the crude oil is converted into salable products with the desired qualities and in the amounts dictated by the market. In the petroleum industry, as in many other industries, supply and demand are key factors in efficient and economic operation. Innovation is also a key.

7- Answer the following questions about the lecture: Where is ico Lpez Oil Refinery located? Explain briefly its origins.

________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________

Which are the resulting products destined to go to the market that appear in the diagram?

________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________

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Is Plant # 1 a Catalytic Cracking Unit? Justify your answer. __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ What is the storing capacity in the refinery? __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________

Are all jetties on service? Which one is not? __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________

Mention all the means of transportation used in the Refinery. __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________

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Unit 4: Trading, Transporting and Storing. 1. SPARK 1.) _____ 2.) _____

3.) _____ Pair Work.

4.) ______

I- Match each picture with the corresponding word or group of words. a) Truck b) Pipelines c) Rail tank car d) Tanker

II- Could you mention any other modes of transporting oil?

III- Does CUPET use all these modes of transportation? IV- Which of them do you think are used for large-scale transportation and which ones for smaller-scale distribution?

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2- COMPLETE Use the words from the list.

Tanker near the Port of New York

Petroleum____________ worldwide by___________ such as this one near the Port of New York. Most modern tanker ships are supertankers that ___________ more than 450 m (1500 ft) long and carry over 200,000 _________ (220,000 short tons) of oil. List: metric tons / tanker ships/ is transported / measure/. 3. READING Most oil fields are a considerable distance from the refineries that convert crude oil into usable products, and therefore the oil must be transported in pipelines and tankers. However, most crude oil needs some form of treatment near the reservoir before it can be carried considerable distances through the pipelines or in the tankers. Railroad cars and motor vehic1es are also used to a large extent for the transportation of petroleum products. (paragraph.1) Fluids produced from a well are seldom pure crude oil. In fact, the oil often contains quantities of gas, saltwater, or even sand. Separation must be achieved before transportation. Separation and c1eaning usually take place at a central facility that collects the oil produced from several wells. Gas can be separated conveniently at the wellhead. When the pressure of the gas in the crude oil as it comes out at the surface is not too great, a simple flow tank can be used to separate the gas from the oil at atmospheric pressure. If a considerable amount of gas is present, particularly if the crude oil is under considerable pressure, a series of flow tanks is necessary.

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The natural gas itself may contain as impurities one or more nonhydrocarbon substances. The most abundant of these impurities is hydrogen sulfide, which imparts a noticeable odor to the gas. A small amount of this compound is considered advantageous as it gives an indication of leaks and where they occur, as mentioned. (paragraph.2) Another step that needs to be taken in the preparation of crude oil for transportation is the removal of excessive quantities of water. Crude oil at the wellhead usually contains emulsified water in proportions that may reach amounts approaching 80-90%. It is generally required that crude oil to be transported by pipeline contain substantially less water than may appear in the crude at the wellhead. In fact, water contents from 0.5 to 2.0% have been specified as the maximum tolerable amount in a crude oil to be moved by pipeline. It is therefore necessary to remove the excess water from the crude oil before transportation. (Paragraph 3) The transportation of crude oil may be further simplified by blending crude oils from several wells, thereby homogenizing the feedstock to the refinery. It is usual practice, however, to blend crude oils of similar characteristics although fluctuations in the properties of the individual crude oils may cause significant variations in the properties of the blend over a period of time. However, the technique of blending several crude oils before transportation, or even after transportation but before refining, may eliminate the frequent need to change the processing conditions that would perhaps be required to process each of the crude oils individually.(p.4) Large-scale transportation of crude oil, refined petroleum products, and natural gas is usually accomplished by pipelines and tankers, while smaller-scale distribution, especially of petroleum products, is carried out by barges, trucks, and rail tank cars. In fact, the transportation from the source of the crude oil to the market is as old as the industry itself. (p.5) In more modern times, the transportation of crude oil from fields to refineries and of products to market centers was at one time essentially dependent upon rail transportation. By the early 1970s, the use of railroad tank cars had diminished to the point at which only a little over 1 % of the total petroleum tonnage was hauled

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by the railroads. Pipeline mileage increased to become the major means of transportation. (p.6) Pipelines may be used to transport different types of crude oil (batch

transportation). When the different batches must be kept separated to prevent mixing, slugs of kerosene, water, or occasionally inflatable rubber balls are used to separate the batches. However, there is also the possibility that the batches can be transported through the pipelines without such separators. The properties of each batch may be such that mixing, other than to form a narrow interface, is prevented. It is frequently necessary to pass cylindrical steel cleaners (pigs) through the pipelines, between pumping stations, to maintain the pipeline clear of deposits. (p.7) Tank trucks are used for both lock and intermediate hauling from manufacturing and distance hauling from manufacturing and terminal points to individual domestic, commercial, and industrial consumers that maintain storage tanks on their premises. Because of costs, most bulk deliveries by truck fall within a radius of 300 miles. Seagoing tankers, on the other hand, can be sent to any destination where a port can accommodate them and can be shifted to different routes according to need. (p.8) The seagoing tanker fleets that are owned, or used, by the worlds oil companies are also responsible for the movement of a considerable portion of the worlds crude oil. In fact, seagoing tankers form one of the most characteristic features associated with the transportation of petroleum. Many of these ships are of such a size that there are few ports that can handle them. Instead these large ships (VLCCs, very large crude carriers, and ULCCs, ultra large crude carriers) spend their time sailing the seas between different points, filling up and off-loading without ever entering port. Special loading jetties, artificial islands, or large buoys moored far offshore have been developed to load or off-load these tankers. In general, the larger the tanker the lower its unit cost of transportation. (p.9) One other aspect of transportation is the shipment of bitumen (or the whole oil sand or even bitumen-enriched oil sand, produced by, say, a less efficient once-through hot water separation) in trucks or trains. Currently, economic constraints related to the amount of material that would have to be moved to enable even a nominal conversion or upgrading operating to run continuously (hazards of weather and

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mechanical constraints notwithstanding) have caused these types of operation to be downgraded in priority. (p.10) Natural gas presents different transportation requirements problems. Because of its lower density natural gas is much more expensive to ship than crude oil. Most natural gas moves by pipeline, but in the late 1960s tanker shipment of cryogenically liquefied natural gas (LNG) began, particularly from the producing nations in the Pacific to Japan. Special alloys are required to prevent the tanks from becoming brittle at the low temperatures (-161C, - 258F) required to keep the gas liquid. (p.10) Thus, the means by which natural gas is transported depends upon several factors: l. the physical characteristics of the gas to be transported, whether in the gaseous or the liquid phase; 2. the distance over which the gas will be moved; 3. such features as the geological and geographic characteristics of the terrain, inc1uding land and sea operations; 4. the complexity of the distribution systems; and 5. Any environmental regulations relevant to with the mode of transportation. The trend in recent years has been to expand the pipeline system into marine environments where the pipeline is actually under a body of water. This has arisen mainly because of the tendency for petroleum and natural gas companies to expand their exploration programs to the sea. Lines are now laid in marine locations where depths exceed 500 feet and cover distances of several hundred miles to the shore. Excellent examples of such operations inc1ude the drilling operations in the Texas gulf and in the North Sea. (p.11) Natural gas is also transported by seagoing vessels. The gas is either transported under pressure at ambient temperatures (e.g., propane and butanes) or at atmospheric pressure but with the cargo under refrigeration (e.g., liquefied petroleum gas). For safety reasons, petroleum tankers are constructed with several independent tanks so that rupture of one tank will not necessarily drain the whole

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ship, unless it is a severe bow-to-stem (or stem-to-bow) rupture. Similarly, gas tankers also contain several separate tanks. (p.12)

I. Answer the following questions about the text: a) What are the main ways of transporting oil?(p.1) b) In what condition is, most of the times, the oil extracted from the wells? Justify your answer(p.2) c) What should be taken into account for the transportation of crude oil?(p.2/3) d) Does the transportation of crude oil and natural gas need the same requirements? Why? Why not? e) What do VLCCs and ULCCs stand for? II. Say true (T) or false (F). Give reasons for false statements. 1. _____ We frequently find oil fields near the refineries. 2. _____ Substances such as gas, salt water and sand are usually separated from crude oil just at the wellheads. 3._____ It is necessary to remove excess water from the crude oil before transportation. 4._____ Hydrogen sulfide is an impurity abundantly present in natural gas. 5. _____ Rail tank cars have become the major means of transportation nowadays. III. Find in the text: a) The Spanish equivalents for all words or group of words in bold face. Classify them as nouns, verbs, adjectives or adverbs. b) Three connective words. c) A synonym of rarely. d) A sentence in present perfect.

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e) Two sentences in passive voice.(p.1) f) A sentence in past perfect.(p.6) g) A gerund. Translate the sentence into Spanish. IV. Team work. a) Translate paragraphs 1 and 11. V. Class activity. Giving opinions. a) Is there any connection between this text and your job? b) Has this text been of any help for you? In what way? 4- READING Pipelines are the safest, most efficient and least expensive means of overland energy transportation. Most pipelines are out of sight, buried a metre or more below the surface. These steel arteries are a vital component of a nations transportation system, comparable to the networks of roads, railways, ports, air services and electrical transmission lines. Unlike other modes of transportation, pipelines represent a very large up- front investment. Capital costs include pipe, related facilities, construction and right-of way acquisition. Pipeline construction and operation generate billions of dollars of economic activity in Canada annually. Pipelines are also a significant source of tax revenue. When new oil or gas is found, producers and pipe liners start looking for the most economical way to deliver the commodity to market. This task is complicated by several factors. The ultimate size and lifespan of newly discovered oil and gas reserves can not be known with certainty. Subsequent discoveries elsewhere may be able to supply the market more economically. Investors and regulators demand some assurance that sufficient reserves exist to supply any pipeline during the time needed to pay off the capital cost of

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construction. Natural gas pipelines have high capital costs but relatively low operating costs. Oil pipelines have lower capital costs but somewhat higher operating costs. Once the pipeline route and volume have been determined, engineers must decide on the size of pipe and amount of horsepower. A large-diameter pipe is expensive to install but comparatively cheap to operate it can operate at lower pressure, with less friction and a smaller energy requirement for pumping or compression. With more compression or horsepower at pumping stations or compressor stations, smaller pipes can be used, but the system will be more costly to operate. These same decisions arise if additional capacity is needed later. More pipes can be laid or more horsepower can be added. The decision depends on such factors as energy costs, environmental impacts, safety, steel prices and financing costs.
Taken front Petroleum Communication Foundation (CPI).

Vocabulary up- front: Sp. inversin a riesgo

Group work I- Prepare a list of all possible questions about the text. Be ready to ask them to other teams. E.g.1. - Why are pipelines a vital component of a nations transportation system in Canada? Do you think this system have the same importance in Cuba? Why? Why not? IIWrite a brief paragraph about Pipelines based on the information given in

the complementary text. (TBHI).

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5- WORD FORMATION ion is a suffix used to form nouns such as fabrication, invention, etc. I- Complete the following chart with the corresponding words. Write sentences with them. Verb fabricate accumulate construction locate Noun fabrication connection

6- OIL STORAGE

Every facility involved in the production of petroleum and related products requires some type of storage. The arrival of large quantities of petroleum oil at import and refining centers has brought about the need for storage facilities. The usual form of crude oil storage is the collection of large cylindrical steel storage tanks (tank farm) that are a familiar sight at most refineries and shipping terminals. The tanks vary in size, but some are capable of holding up to 950,000 barrels of oil. Crude oil may also be stored in such geological features as salt domes.

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The domes have been previously leached or hollowed out into huge underground caves, such as those used by the U.S. Strategic Petroleum Reserve in Louisiana and Texas. Other underground storage facilities inc1ude disused coal mines and artificial caverns. Natural gas is, on occasion, stored in old reservoirs from which the gas has been recovered. The gas is pumped under pressure into the reservoir at times of low gas demand so that it can be retrieved later to meet peak demand. During the early days of oil production, the method of storing was almost exclusively white-pine wooden tanks, which were followed by cypress tanks, and then redwood tanks. However, because of the constant and steep rise in the cost of redwood lumber and the diminution of skilled erectors required, the installation of new wooden tanks is nearly nonexistent. The bolted-steel tank was developed next and virtually replaced the wooden tank. Types of tanks for oil storing. Bolted-Steel Tanks

Bolted tanks are designed and furnished as segmental elements assembled on location to provide complete vertical, cylindrical, aboveground, closed- and open-top steel storage tanks. Standard API bolted tanks are available in nominal capacities of 100 to 10,000 bbl, and are designed for approximately atmospheric internal pressures. Bo1ted tanks offer the advantage of being easily transported to desired locations and erected by hand. To meet changing requirements for capacity of storage, bolted tanks can be easi1y dismantled and re-erected at new locations. If a tank develops a hole from corrosion or becomes damaged, a single sheet or more may be replaced. A complete tan k bottom may be replaced in the field without dismantling the tank. Also, a section may be removed from the tank, a new connection installed in the sheet, and the section replaced without danger. No special equipment (cranes, etc.) is required for the erection of bolted tanks. These tanks are erected by nonspecialized crews using hand tools and usually an impact wrench. Bolted tanks are available with painted, galvanized, and special coatings, including factory-baked coatings. Painting on both sides of the sheets during fabrication gives the inside of the tank some corrosion protection. Galvanizing the sheets and all tank parts by the "hot-dip" process or applying a factory-baked coating affords high corrosion protection.

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Generally, bolted tanks are fabricated from 12- or l0-gauge steel and, if not galvanized or furnished with a protective coating for corrosion protection, they do not have the expected life of the welded-steel tanks, which are usually constructed of heavier steel. Welded-Stee1 Tanks

Shop-fabricated welded, cylindrical-shape tanks are available in a large variety of sizes as shop-fabricated items... Shop-welded tanks provide the oil production industry with tanks of adequate safety and reasonable economy for use in the storage of crude petroleum and other liquids commonly handled and stored by the production segment of the industry. The heavier steel also affords a corrosion allowance. Shop fabrication permits testing in the shop for leaks and also provides immediate storage. Tanks are merely up-ended from a truck on the location. Flat-Sided Tanks (Non-API)

Although cylindrical-shape tanks may be structurally best for tank construction, rectangular tanks frequently are preferred. When space is limited, such as offshore, requirements favour flat-sided tank construction because several cells of flat-sided tanks can be fabricated easily and arranged in less space than other types of tanks. Flat-sided or rectangular tanks normally are used as atmospheric type storage. Field-Welded Tanks

Field-welded tanks provide large storage capacities in a single unit. These fieldwelded tanks are of heavier gauge steel with a minimum thickness of 1/4 inch for the tank bottom and 3/16 in. for the shell and deck. Larger field-welded tanks providing storage capacities of 150,000 bbl or more have become quite prevalent for use in the storage of oil and petroleum products. Field welded tanks, particularly those larger than 10,000 bbl, frequently are designed and erected in accordance with API Standard 650. This standard covers material, design, fabrication, erection, and testing requirements for welded steel storage tanks. It also includes an alternative basis for shell design, as well as one for calculating tank-shell thickness. The API Standard 650 also may be used to govern the design and fabrication of the smaller shop welded tanks.

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Fixed Roof

Fixed roofs are permanently attached to the tank shell. Welded tanks of 500-bbl capacity and larger may be provided with a frangible roof (designed for safety release of the welded deck-to-shell joint in the event excess internal pressure occurs). In this case, the design pressure should not exceed the equivalent pressure of the dead weight of the roof including rafters, if external. Floating Roof Storage tanks may be furnished with floating roofs where, by the tank roof floats on the stored contents. This tanks type is used primarily for storage near atmospheric pressure. Floating roofs are designed to move vertically within the tank shell to provide a constant minimum void between the surface of the stored product and the roof. Floating roofs normally are designed to provide a constant seal 00tween the periphery of the floating roof and the tan k shell. They can be fabricated in a type that is exposed to the weather or a type that is under a fixed roof. Internal floating-roof tanks, with an external fixed roof, are used in areas of heavy snowfall since accumulations of snow or water on the floating roof affect the operating buoyancy. These can be installed in existing tanks as well as new tanks. Both floating roofs and internal floating roofs are used to reduce vapor losses and to aid in conservation programs. Fig. 11.3 is a schematic of a typical internal floating-roof tank. Floating Roof

Storage tanks where-by the This tank type atmospheric the surface stored product and the roof.

may be furnished with floating roofs tank roof floats on the stored contents. is used primarily for storage near pressure. Floating roofs are designed to

move vertically within the tank shell to provide a constant minimum void between

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Internal floating-roof tanks, with an external fixed roof, are used in areas of heavy snowfall since accumulations of snow or water on the floating roof affect the operating buoyancy. These can be installed in existing tanks as well as new tanks. Both floating roofs and internal floating roofs are used to reduce vapor losses and to aid in conservation programs. Cone-Bottom Tanks

The cone bottom in either the bolted or the welded tank offers a means of draining and removing water, or watercut oil, from only the bottom of the tank, leaving the marketable oil above. The drain line from a sump-equipped cone bottom must be equipped with a vortex breaker to drain off most of the water without coning oil into the drain. With a flat-bottom tank, some of the marketable oil must be removed if all the water is removed from the tank. Corrosion on the tan k bottom is kept to a minimum by keeping all water removed. A cone bottom can be kept clean without having to open the tank if 1 or 2 bbl are drained off once or twice weekly and pumped back through the treating system. If this is not done and the bottom solidifies, the tank must be opened. The conebottom tank can be cleaned without entering. A water hose, handled just outside the cleanout opening, can be used to flush the solids to the center of the cone and drain connection. Pipe Storage

Pipe that is used specifically for storing and handling liquid petroleum components should be designed and constructed in accordance with applicable codes. Pipe storage consists of any number of sections of line pipe laid parallel to each other and interconnected to operate as a single unit. The size and length depend on the capacity required and economics. The exterior of buried-pipe storage should be coated and wrapped for corrosion protection. It also is recommended that any coated, wrapped, and buried carbon steel pipe be protected cathodically against the possibility of eventual holidays (imperfections) in the coating. Underground Storage

Underground storage is most advantageous when large volumes are to be stored. Underground storage is especially advantageous for high-vapor-pressure products. Solution-mined and conventionally mined caverns are not typically used for underground storage of refrigerated products Underground storage allows most of the surface area (except for the entry wells) to be used for other purposes. This is

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especially beneficial in high-value, congested areas. Vocabulary Bolted-Steel Tanks: Sp Tanques de perno. Welded-Stee1 Tanks: Sp. Flat-Sided Tanks: Sp. Tanques rectangulares. Field-Welded Tanks: Sp. Void: emptiness, empty space, gap. I- Answer the following questions based on the text: 1) How can petroleum and its related products be stored? 2) Which is more advantageous overground or underground storage? Explain. 3) What are floating roofs designed for? 4) What is the advantage of bo1ted tanks? 5) Mention the advantages and disadvantages (if stated in the text) of flat-sided tanks, cone bottom tanks and field welded tanks? II- Look at this sentence: Crude oil may also be stored in such geological features as salt domes. a) Underline the subject of the sentence. What kind of sentence is this, active or passive? b) Find in the text other sentences of the same type. III- Find in the text: a) Five noun modifiers. Translate the nouns modified by them. b) All regular and irregular verbs.

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