Thesis Title National Institute of Science Education and Research

Lab Project

Study of Braggs Diraction and Evanescent-Field Coupling For Microwaves

Student : Gaurav Kumar Tiwar

Supervisor: Dr. Ritwick Das

April 2013

Contents
List of Figures List of Tables Abbreviations Physical Constants Symbols iii iv v vi vii

1 Study of Braggs Diraction 1.1 Scattering . . . . . . . . 1.2 Braggs Law . . . . . . . 1.2.1 Bragg Condition . 1.3 Apparatus . . . . . . . . 1.4 Observation . . . . . . . . 1.5 Results and Graph . . . . 1.6 Result . . . . . . . . . . . 1.7 discission . . . . . . . . . 2

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Evanescent-Field Coupling 2.1 Evanescent-Field Coupling 2.2 Apparatus . . . . . . . . . 2.3 Observation . . . . . . . . . 2.4 Result . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.5 discussion . . . . . . . . . .

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A Appendix Title Here

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List of Figures
1.1 Bragg Diraction peaks .(**horizontal line shows diraction when no source is present **.) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6

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List of Tables
1.1 1.2 2.1 2.2 Bragg Angle and Amplitude (V) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Bragg Peaks and their order . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Spectrum for PERSPEX prism For a angle of incidence 00 . . . . . . . . Spectrum for PERSPEX prism For a angle of incidence 150 . . . . . . . . 4 5 9 9

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Abbreviations
LAH List Abbreviations Here

Physical Constants
Speed of Light c = 2.997 924 58 108 mss (exact)

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Symbols
a P distance power m W (Js1 )

angular frequency

rads1

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For/Dedicated to/To my. . .

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Chapter 1

Study of Braggs Diraction

1.1 Scattering

Scattering is a general physical process where some forms of radiation, such as light, sound, or moving particles, are forced to deviate from a straight trajectory by one or more localized non-uniformities in the medium through which they pass. In conventional use, this also includes deviation of reected radiation from the angle predicted by the law of reection. Braggs law gives the angles for coherent and incoherent scattering from a crystal lattice.

1.2

Braggs Law

When X-rays are incident on an atom, they make the electronic cloud move as does any electromagnetic wave. The movement of these charges re-radiates waves with the same frequency Bragg diraction (also referred to as the Bragg formulation of X-ray diraction) was rst proposed by William Lawrence Bragg and William Henry Bragg in 1913 in response to their discovery that crystalline solids produced surprising patterns of reected X-rays W. L. Bragg explained this result by modeling the crystal as a set of discrete parallel planes separated by a constant parameter d. It was proposed that the incident X-ray radiation would produce a Bragg peak if their reections o the various planes interfered constructively. The interference is constructive when the phase shift is a multiple of 2; this condition can be expressed by Braggs law

Chapter 1. Study of Braggs Diraction

1.2.1

Bragg Condition

Bragg diraction occurs when electromagnetic radiation or subatomic particle waves with wavelength comparable to atomic spacings are incident upon a crystalline sample, are scattered in a specular fashion by the atoms in the system, and undergo constructive interference in accordance to Braggs law. For a crystalline solid, the waves are scattered from lattice planes separated by the interplanar distance d. Where the scattered waves interfere constructively, they remain in phase since the path length of each wave is equal to an integer multiple of the wavelength.

The path dierence between two waves undergoing constructive interference is given by x = 2dsin where is the scattering angle. This leads to Braggs law, which describes the condition for constructive interference from successive crystallographic planes of the crystalline lattice: n = 2dsin where n is an integer determined by the order given, and is the wavelength. A diraction pattern is obtained by measuring the intensity of scattered waves as a function of scattering angle. Very strong intensities known as Bragg peaks are obtained in the diraction pattern when scattered waves satisfy the Bragg condition.

1.3

Apparatus

1. Microwave source klystron . 2. Photo Detector and antennae 3. Mounts and scales 4. Plates and Angle measuring plate .

Chapter 1. Study of Braggs Diraction 5. Mesh made of conductors 6. Amplier 7. Signal displayer 8. fan(to cool Microwave source ) .

Chapter 1. Study of Braggs Diraction

1.4

Observation

We have our crystal which is made up of small metal balls embedded in thermocole .
Table 1.1: Bragg Angle and Amplitude (V)

Angle 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61

Intensity (V) 2.3 2.2 2.56 3.57 2.63 2.1 2.2 1.6 1 0.8 0.84 0.62 0.472 0.45 0.4 0.35 0.36 0.32 0.24 0.1143 0.08 0.14 0.29 0.7 1.1 1.8 2 3.6 3.5

Surrounding 0.14 0.043 0.0921 0.0974 0.09 0.045 0.06 0.088 0.055 0.0453 0.048 0.0472 0.046 0.0473 0.048 0.052 0.052 0.0487 0.05 0.06 0.0527 0.053 0.057 0.0526 0.0527 0.053 0.0519 0.068 0.061

Dierence 2.16 2.157 2.4679 3.4726 2.54 2.055 2.14 1.512 0.945 0.7547 0.792 0.5728 0.426 0.4027 0.352 0.298 0.308 0.2713 0.19 0.0543 0.0273 0.087 0.233 0.6474 1.0473 1.747 1.9481 3.532 3.439

Chapter 1. Study of Braggs Diraction Angle 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 Intensity (V) 4.4 4.6 5.3 6.1 6.3 6 5.8 5.3 4.3 4.3 4.1 3.8 3.1 3 2.5 1.9 1.5 1.3 Surrounding 0.0515 0.0515 0.051 0.051 0.0507 0.0505 0.0409 0.0503 0.05 0.0513 0.0503 0.049 0.0502 0.0487 0.0476 0.05 0.0592 0.0483 Dierence 4.3485 4.5485 5.249 6.049 6.2493 5.9495 5.7591 5.2497 4.25 4.2487 4.0497 3.751 3.0498 2.9513 2.4524 1.85 1.4408 1.2517

1.5

Results and Graph

Table 1.2: Bragg Peaks and their order

maximas angle 36 64.9

d(cm) 5 5

= 3.18 cm 3 3

nexp 1.959 3.018

nth 2 3

1.6

Result

As expected,whenever Bragg Condition is fullled ,we got peaks at those points . I was able to identify the 2 and 3 rd order picks .So Braggs Law is veried .

Chapter 1. Study of Braggs Diraction

B r a g g - D iffr a c tio n
6 6
6
0

3 6
3

v o lta g e in V
2 1 0

4 0

6 0

8 0

a n g le in d e g r e e

Figure 1.1: Bragg Diraction peaks .(**horizontal line shows diraction when no source is present **.)

2nd order peak is obtained for = 360 . 3rd order peak is obtained at = 64.90 .

1.7

discission

Skilled hands are required for this experiment. At large angle of incidence ,we get readings which are more or less constant due to angular spread of source .Thats why i was not able to conclude where is my rst order peak . My crystal is not a perfect crystal so some errors are expected . Braggs Law veried .

Chapter 2

Evanescent-Field Coupling
2.1 Evanescent-Field Coupling

An evanescent wave is a near-eld with an intensity that exhibits exponential decay with distance from the boundary at which the wave was formed. Evanescent waves are a general property of wave-equations, and can in principle occur in any context to which a wave-equation applies. They are formed at the boundary between two media with dierent wave motion properties, and are most intense within one third of a wavelength from the surface of formation. Coupling is usually accomplished by placing two or more electromagnetic elements such as optical waveguides close together so that the evanescent eld generated by one element does not decay much before it reaches the other element. With waveguides, if the receiving waveguide can support modes of the appropriate frequency, the evanescent eld gives rise to propagating wave modes, thereby connecting (or coupling) the wave from one waveguide to the next. Evanescent wave coupling is fundamentally identical to near eld interaction in electromagnetic eld theory. Depending on the impedance of the radiating source element, the evanescent wave is either predominantly electric (capacitive) or magnetic (inductive), unlike in the far eld where these components of the wave eventually reach the ratio of the impedance of free space and the wave propagates radiatively. The evanescent wave coupling takes place in the non-radiative eld near each medium and as such is always associated with matter, i.e. with the induced currents and charges within a partially reecting surface. This coupling is directly analogous to the coupling between the primary and secondary coils of a transformer, or between the two plates of a capacitor. Mathematically, the process is the same as that of quantum tunneling, except with electromagnetic waves instead of quantum-mechanical wave functions . 7

Chapter 2. Evanescent-Field Coupling

2.2

Apparatus

1. Microwave source klystron . 2. Two Prism made up of PERSPEX . 3. Photo Detector and antennae 4. Mounts and scales 5. Plates and Angle measuring plate . 6. Mesh made of conductors 7. Amplier 8. Signal displayer 9. fan(to cool Microwave source ) . 10. optical bench .

Chapter 2. Evanescent-Field Coupling

2.3

Observation

Following readings has been taken for microwave source interacting with Prism .
Table 2.1: Spectrum for PERSPEX prism For a angle of incidence 00

d = 0.3cm r 52 51 50 48 28 34 Vr 8.05 8.505 8.516 8.53 8.5 8.521 Vr With Coupling 0.18 0.2 0.3 0.57 0.15 0.29 21 22 20 19 18 23 t Vt without coupling 1.169 0.965 1.11 1.1 1.025 0.5 -4 -3 0 2 8 13 t

d = 0.3cm Vt With Coupling. 8.543 8.551 8.547 8.546 8.54 8.51

Table 2.2: Spectrum for PERSPEX prism For a angle of incidence 150

d = 3mm r 30 31 32 33 36 37 38 40 44 49 Vr without coupling 8.686 8.684 8.682 8.683 8.694 8.687 8.688 8.689 8.696 8.684 7 6 8 9 10 26 27 28 29 30 31 r Vr with coupling 0.9448 0.8509 0.889 0.678 0.526 1.136 1.7 2.42 2.74 2.24 1.51 43 44 45 46 49 t Vt without coupling 0.72 0.84 0.947 1.066 1 20 19 18 17 16 15 14 13 12 11 10 9 8 t

d = 3mm Vt with coupling 7.1 8.635 8.654 8.6 8.665 8.672 8.67 8.678 8.681 8.685 8.687 7 6.9

2.4

Result

As expected,whenever Prisms are close enough placed evanescent wave get coupled and we got expected result .

Chapter 2. Evanescent-Field Coupling

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2.5

discussion

As for those angles for which we are getting TIR ,after coupling we are get nearly perfectly transmitting waves . As we increase the distance ,surface eect start taking place . for these distances there is alot of change in readings ,so avg. reading should be taken for a long time . Evanescent wave coupling phenomena has been observed . Experiment setup was lacking a optical bench which is very annoying ,because making/creating a optical bench takes alot of time . Skilled hand is required to use the given equipments on given table . Its very important that to know that all my readings are taken for to determine the max amplitude corresponding to reection or transmission . so If one is looking for nice and beautiful peaks for intensity curve vs angle than i might disappoint them ,the readings are good .

Appendix A

Appendix Title Here

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