VISVESVARAYA TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY Jnana Sangama, Machhe, Belgaum 590 018

A Seminar Report

On

4G WIRELESS COMMUNICATIONS
Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the award of the degree of

BACHELOR OF ENGINEERING in ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

Submitted by

ABHIMANYU ANNASAHEB PARSHETTI USN: 4MH09EC003

MAHARAJA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY MYSORE DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING Behind K.R. Mills, Srirangapatna Taluk, Mandya -571438 2013

MAHARAJA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY MYSORE

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION

CERTIFICATE

This to certify that ABHIMANYU ANNASAHEB PARSHETTI (4MH09EC003) has satisfactorily completed the seminar entitled 4G WIRELESS COMMUNICATIONS and submitted the report in partial fulfillment for the award of degree of Bachelor of Engineering in Maharaja Institute of technology of Visvesvaraya Technological University, Belgaum during the year 2013. Signature of HOD (Prof. Y.L.Chandrashekar)

Name of Examiners: 1.

Signature with Date:

2.

Abstract
Mobile communication is continuously one of the hottest areas that are developing at a booming speed, with advanced techniques emerging in all the fields of mobile and wireless communications. Nowadays the use of 3G mobile communication systems seem to be the standard, while 4G stands for the next generation of wireless and mobile communications. Fourth generation wireless system is a packet switched wireless system with wide area coverage and high throughput. It is designed to be cost effective and provide high spectral efficiency. The 4G wireless uses Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access (OFDMA), Multiple in Multiple out (MIMO), IPv6, Smart antennas, Adaptive Modulation and Coding (AMC). The high performance is achieved by the use of long term channel prediction, in both time and frequency, scheduling among users and smart antennas combined with adaptive modulation and power control. It gives the ability for world-wide roaming to access cell anywhere. There is no formal definition for what 4G is; however, there are certain objectives that are projected for 4G. These objectives include, that 4G will be a fully IP-based integrated system. 4G will be capable of providing between 100 Mbit/s and 1 Gbps speeds both indoors and outdoors, with premium quality and high security.

CONTENTS
1. INTRODUCTION

Page No.
1 2-3

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2. HISTORY OF WIRELESS COMMUNICATIONS -----------------2.1 Zero Generation 2.2 First Generation 2.3 Second Generation 2.4 Third Generation 3. FOURTH GENERATION ----------------------------------------------

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3.1 Requirements Of 4G 3.2 Applications Of 4G

4. TECHNOLOGIES USED IN 4G --------------------------------------4.1 OFDMA 4.2 Adaptive Modulation & Coding 4.3 Smart Antennas/MIMO Systems 4.4 Adaptive Hybrid ARQ 4.5 Open Wireless Architecture/SDR 5. SYSTEM STANDARDS FOR 4G -------------------------------------5.1 LTE 5.2 LTE-A 5.3 WiMAX 2 6. CONCLUSION 10 - 11 6-9

-----------------------------------------------------------

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7. REFERENCES -------------------------------------------------------------------

List of Acronyms
OFDM Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing OFDMA Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access SDR Software Defined Radio OWA Open Wireless Architecture MIMO Multiple In Multiple Out 3GPP Third Generation Partnership Project LTE Long Term Evolution LTE-A -- Long Term Evolution Advanced WiMAX WorldWide Interoperability for Microwave Access AMC Adaptive Modulation And Coding IMT-A International Mobile Telecommunications Advanced IP Internet Protocol UMTS Universal Mobile Telecommunication Systems GSM Global Systems For Mobile Communications WCDMA Wideband Code Division Multiple Access EDGE Enhanced Data rates for GSM Evolution

List of Figures & Tables

1) Fig 4.1 ------- OFDMA Sub Carriers -----------------------------------------------------2) Fig 4.3 ------- MIMO Smart Antenna -----------------------------------------------------3) Table 5.2 ---- Difference between LTE & LTE-A ---------------------------------------

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Chapter 1 INTRODUCTION
Mobile systems focus on seamlessly integrating the existing wireless technologies including GSM, wireless LAN, and Bluetooth. 4G systems supports comprehensive and personalized services, providing stable system performance and quality service. 4G is a Mobile multimedia, anytime anywhere, Global mobility support, integrated wireless solution, and customized personal service network system (MAGIC). 4G is used broadly to include several types of broadband wireless access communication systems along with cellular telephone systems. A 4G cellular system must have target peak data rates of up to approximately 100 Mbit/s for high mobility such as mobile access and up to approximately 1 Gbit/s for low mobility such as nomadic/local wireless access, according to the International Telecommunication Union [ITU] requirements. Scalable bandwidths up to at least 40 MHz should be provided. A 4G system is expected to provide a comprehensive and secure all-IP based solution where facilities such as IP telephony, ultra-broadband Internet access, gaming services and High Definition Television (HDTV) streamed multimedia may be provided to users. In 4G networks, users joining the network via add mobile routers to the network infrastructure. Network capacity and coverage is dynamically shifted to accommodate changing user patterns. Wherever the concentration of people is more in one area, additional routes are created, thus enabling additional access to network capacity in terms of QoS. This permits the network to dynamically and automatically balance capacity and increase network

utilization. The features of 4G systems might be summarized with one word-Integration. The 4G systems are about seamlessly integrating terminals, networks, and applications to satisfy increasing user demands. The continuous expansion of mobile communication and wireless networks shows evidence of exceptional growth in the areas of mobile subscriber, wireless network access, mobile services, and applications. An estimate of 6 billion users by the end of 2012 justifies the study and research for 4G systems.

Chapter 2 HISTORY OF WIRELESS COMMUNICATIONS

The evolution of mobile service from the zeroth generation to fourth generation is as follows.

2.1 Zero Generation/Pre Cellular Generation:

Mobile radio telephone systems preceded modern cellular mobile telephony technology. Since they were the predecessors of the first generation of cellular telephones, these systems are sometimes retroactively referred to as pre cellular or sometimes zero generation systems. Technologies used in pre cellular systems included the Push to Talk Mobile Telephone System (MTS), Improved Mobile Telephone Service (IMTS), and Advanced Mobile Telephone System (AMTS) systems.

2.2 First Generation:

The process began with the designs in the 1970s that have become known as 1G. The earliest systems were implemented based on analog technology and the basic cellular structure of mobile communication. Many fundamental problems were solved by these early systems. Numerous incompatible analog systems were placed in service around the world during the 1980s.

2.3 Second Generation:

The 2G (second generation) systems designed in the 1980s were still used mainly for voice applications but were based on digital technology, including digital signal processing techniques. These 2G systems provided circuitswitched data communication services at a low speed. The competitive rush to design and implement digital systems led again to a variety of different and incompatible standards such as GSM (global system mobile), TDMA (time division multiple access); PDC (personal digital cellular) and CDMA (code division multiple access).These systems operate nationwide or internationally and are todays mainstream systems, although the data rate for users in these system is very limited. 2.5G is used to describe 2G-systems that have implemented a packet-switched domain in addition to the circuit-switched domain. The 2.5G is basically an enhancement of the two major 2G technologies to provide increased capacity on the 2G RF (radio frequency) channels and to introduce higher throughput for data service, up to 153.6 kbps. A very important aspect of 2.5G is that the data channels are optimized for packet data, which introduces access to the internet from mobile devices, whether telephone, PDA (personal digital assistant), or laptop.
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GPRS1 networks evolved to EDGE (2.75G) networks with the introduction of 8PSK encoding. Enhanced Data rates for GSM Evolution (EDGE), Enhanced GPRS (EGPRS), or IMT Single Carrier (IMT-SC) is a backward-compatible digital mobile phone technology that allows improved data transmission rates, as an extension on top of standard GSM. EDGE was deployed on GSM networks beginning in 2003.

2.4 Third Generation:

3G technology is the result of ground-breaking research and development work carried out by the International Telecommunication Union (ITU) in the early 1980s. 3G specifications and standards were developed after fifteen years of persistence and hard work. The technical specifications were made available to the public under the name IMT-2000. The communication spectrum between 400 MHz to 3 GHz was allocated for 3G. Both the government and communication companies unanimously approved the 3G standard. The 3G system would have higher quality voice channels, as well as broadband data capabilities, up to 2 Mbps. By June 2007, the 200 millionth 3G subscriber had been connected. This is only 6.7% of the 3 billion mobile phone subscriptions worldwide. And later came 3.5G and 3.75G which provided more enhanced data rates, about 168 Mbps in the downlink and 22 Mbit/s in the uplink. However, the demand for higher access speed multimedia com munication in todays society, which greatly depends on computer communication in digital format, seems unlimited. According to the historical indication of a generation revolution occurring once a decade, the present appears to be the right time to begin the research on a 4G mobile communication system.

Chapter 3 FOURTH GENERATION

Accessing information anywhere, anytime, with a seamless connection to a wide range of information and services, and receiving a large volume of information, data, pictures, video, and so on, are the keys of the 4G infrastructures. The future 4G infrastructures will consist of a set of various networks using IP (Internet protocol) as a common protocol so that users are in control because they will be able to choose every application and environment. Based on the developing trends of mobile communication, 4G will have broader bandwidth, higher data rate, and smoother and quicker handoff and will focus on ensuring seamless service across a multitude of wireless systems and networks. Application adaptability and being highly dynamic are the main features of 4G services of interest to users. These features mean services can be delivered and be available to the personal preference of different users and support the users traffic, air interfaces, radio environment, and quality of service. Connection with the network applications can be transferred into various forms and levels correctly and efficiently. The dominant methods of access to this pool of information will be the mobile telephone, PDA, and laptop to seamlessly access the voice communication, highspeed information services, and entertainment broadcast services. The fourth generation will encompass all systems from various networks, public to private; operatordriven broadband networks to personal areas; and ad hoc networks. The 4G systems will interoperate with 2G and 3G systems, as well as with digital (broadband) broadcasting systems. In addition, 4G systems will be fully IPbased wireless Internet. This allencompassing integrated perspective shows the broad range of systems that the fourth generation intends to integrate, from satellite broadband to high altitude

platform to cellular 3G and 3G systems to WLL (wireless local loop) and FWA (fixed wireless access) to WLAN (wireless local area network) and PAN (personal area network),all with IP as the integrating mechanism. With 4G, a range of new services and models will be available. These services and models need to be further examined for their interface with the design of 4G systems.

3.1 REQUIREMENTS OF 4G
The ITU-R provided the requirements called IMT-Advanced in 2008 for what is marketed as 4G mobile phone and internet access service. Specific requirements of the IMT-Advanced report included Based on an all-Internet Protocol (IP) packet switched network Interoperability with existing wireless standards
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 A nominal data rate of 100 Mbit/s while the client physically moves at high speeds relative to the station, and 1 Gbps while client and station are in relatively fixed positions. Dynamically share and use the network resources to support more simultaneous users per cell. Scalable channel bandwidth 520 MHz, optionally up to 40 MHz Seamless connectivity and global roaming across multiple networks with smooth handovers Ability to offer high quality of service for multimedia support

3.2 Applications of 4G
Virtual Presence & Virtual navigation: This means that 4G provides user services at all times, even if the user is off-site. 4G provides users with virtual navigation through which a user can access a database of the streets, buildings etc. of large cities. This requires high speed data transmission. Tele-Medicine: 4G will support remote health monitoring of patients. A user need not go to the hospital instead a user can get videoconference assistance for a doctor at anytime and anywhere. Tele-geoprocessing applications: This is a combination of GIS (Geographical Information System) and GPS (Global Positioning System) in which a user can get the location by querying. Crisis management: Natural disasters can cause breakdown in communication systems. In todays world it might take days or weeks to restore the system. But in 4G it is expected to restore such crisis issues in a few hours. Education: For people who are interested in lifelong education, 4G provides a good opportunity. People anywhere in the world can continue their education through online in a cost effective manner.

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Chapter 4 TECHNOLOGIES USED IN 4G

OFDMA ADAPTIVE MODULATION AND CODING (AMC) SMART ANTENNAS/MIMO SYSTEMS ADAPTIVE HYBRID ARQ OPEN-WIRELESS ARCHITECTURE/ SOFTWARE-DEFINED RADIO (SDR)

4.1 OFDMA (Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access)

To achieve high radio spectral efficiency a multicarrier approach for multiple accesses is chosen. For the downlink, OFDMA (Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access) is selected and for the uplink SCFDMA (Single Carrier -Frequency Division Multiple Access) also known as DFT (Discrete Fourier Transform) spread OFDMA. OFDM is a multicarrier technology subdividing the available bandwidth into a multitude of mutual orthogonal narrowband subcarriers. In OFDMA these subcarriers can be shared between multiple users. This solution is achieving very high spectral efficiency, but requires fast processors. It makes it possible to exploit variations in both frequency and time domains. The OFDMA solution leads to high peak-to-average power ratio requiring expensive power amplifiers with high requirements on linearity, increasing the battery consumption. Hence a different solution with lower requirement on the handset was selected for the uplink process. Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) not only provides clear advantages for physical layer performance, but also a framework for improving layer 2 performance by proposing an additional degree of freedom. Using OFDMA, it is possible to exploit the time domain, the space domain, the frequency domain and even the code domain to optimize radio channel usage. It ensures very robust transmission in multi-path environments with reduced receiver complexity. OFDM also provides a frequency diversity gain,

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improving the physical layer performance .It is also compatible with other enhancement technologies, such as smart antennas and MIMO. Above shown figure 4.1 depicts the typical OFDMA signal spectrum.

4.1.1 OFDMA Advantages

Flexibility of deployment across various frequency bands with little needed modification to the air interface. Averaging interferences from neighbouring cells, by using different basic carrier permutations between users in different cells. Interferences within the cell are averaged by using allocation with cyclic permutations. Enables Single Frequency Network coverage, where coverage problem exists and gives excellent coverage. Offers Frequency diversity by spreading the carriers all over the used spectrum. Allows per channel or per sub channel power

4.2 ADAPTIVE MODULATION AND CODING (AMC)

The principle of AMC is to change the modulation and coding format (transport format) in accordance with instantaneous variations in channel conditions, subject to system restrictions. AMC extends the systems ability to adapt to good channel conditions. Channel conditions should be estimated based on feedback from the receiver. AMC allows different data rates to be assigned to different users depending on their channel conditions. Since the channel conditions vary over time, the receiver collects a set of channel statistics that are used by both the transmitter and receiver to optimize system parameters such as modulation and coding, signal bandwidth, signal power, training period, channel estimation filters, and automatic gain control. This AMC helped to integrate the 2G, 3G architecture uses into the forth coming 4G devices.

4.3 SMART ANTENNAS AND MIMO (MULTIPLE IN MULTIPLE OUT)

A smart antenna system consists of multiple antenna elements with signal processing to automatically optimize the antennas radiation (transmitter) and/or reception (receiver) patterns in response to the signal environment. One smartantenna variation in particular, MIMO, shows promise in 4G systems. MIMO (MultiInput MultiOutput) is a smart antenna system where smartness is considered at both transmitter and the receiver. MIMO is used to increase the overall bitrate through transmission of two (or more) different data streams on two (or more) different antennas using the same resources in

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both frequency and time, separated only through use of different reference signals to be received by two or more antennas. MIMO represents spacedivision multiplexing (SDM)information signals are multiplexed on spatially separated N multiple antennas and received on M antennas. Below Figure shows a general

block diagram of a MIMO system. Multiple antennas at both the transmitter and the receiver provide essentially multiple parallel channels that operate simultaneously on the same frequency band and at the same time. This results in high spectral efficiencies in a rich scattering environment (high multipath), since you can transmit multiple data streams or signals over the channel simultaneously.

4.4 ADAPTIVE HYBRID ARQ:A successful broadband wireless system must have an efficient co-designed medium access control (MAC) layer for reliable link performance over the lossy wireless channel. The corresponding MAC is designed so that the TCP/IP layer sees a high-quality link it expects. This is achieved by an automatic retransmission and fragmentation mechanism called automatic Repeat Request (ARQ), wherein the transmitter breaks up packets received from higher layers into smaller sub packets, which are transmitted sequentially. Hybrid automatic repeat request (hybrid ARQ or HARQ) is a combination of high-rate forward error-correcting coding and ARQ error-control. In Hybrid ARQ, the original data is encoded with a forward error correction (FEC) code, and the parity bits are either immediately sent along with the message or only transmitted upon request when a receiver detects an erroneous message. If a sub packet is received in correctly, the transmitter is requested to retransmit it. ARQ can be
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seen as a mechanism for introducing time diversity in to the system due to its capability to recover from noise, interference, and fades. It will retain the quality of service in terms of data transmission.

4.5 Open-Wireless Architecture and Software-Defined Radio (SDR)

One of the key technologies for 4G and beyond is called Open Wireless Architecture (OWA), supporting multiple wireless air interfaces in an open architecture platform. SDR is one form of open wireless architecture (OWA). Since 4G is a collection of wireless standards, the final form of a 4G device will constitute various standards. This can be efficiently realized using SDR technology, which is categorized to the area of the radio convergence. A software-defined radio system (SDR) is a radio communication system where components that have been typically implemented in hardware are instead implemented by means of software on a personal computer or embedded system.

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Chapter 5 System Standards For 4G

Recently, ITU-R Working Party 5D approved two industry-developed technologies, LTE Advanced WirelessMAN-Advanced /WiMAX 2 for inclusion in the ITUs International Mobile Telecommunications Advanced program (IMTAdvanced program), which is focused on global communication systems that would be available several years from now.

5.1 LTE
LTE (long-term evolution) is a standard for wireless communication of high-speed data for mobile phones and data terminals. It is based on the GSM/EDGE and UMTS/HSPA network technologies, increasing the capacity and speed using a different radio interface together with core network improvements. The standard is developed by the 3GPP (3rd Generation Partnership Project) and is specified in its Release 8 document series, with minor enhancements described in Release 9. LTE specifications are very stable, with the added benefit of enhancements having been introduced in all subsequent 3GPP Releases. The LTE specification provides downlink peak rates of 300 Mbit/s, uplink peak rates of 75 Mbit/s and QoS provisions permitting a transfer latency of less than 5ms in the radio access network. LTE has the ability to manage fast-moving mobiles and supports multi-cast and broadcast streams. LTE supports scalable carrier bandwidths, from 1.4 MHz to 20 MHz and supports both frequency division duplexing (FDD) and time-division duplexing (TDD). But the major drawback was that the LTE wireless interface is incompatible with 2G and 3G networks, so that it must be operated on a separate wireless spectrum. Although marketed as a 4G wireless service, LTE as specified in the 3GPP Release 8 and 9 document series does not satisfy the technical requirements the 3GPP consortium has adopted for its new standard generation, and which were originally set forth by the ITU-R organization in its IMTAdvanced specification. The LTE Advanced standard formally satisfies the ITU-R requirements to be considered IMT-Advanced. However, due to the significant advancements that WIMAX, HSPA+ and LTE bring to the original 3G technologies, ITU later decided that LTE together with the aforementioned technologies can be called 4G technologies. And to differentiate LTE-Advanced and WiMAX-Advanced from current 4G technologies, ITU has defined them as "True 4G".

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5.2 LTE Advanced

LTE Advanced (Long Term Evolution Advanced) is a candidate for IMT-Advanced standard, formally submitted by the 3GPP organization to ITU-T in the fall 2009, and expected to be released in 2013. The target of 3GPP LTE Advanced is to reach and surpass the ITU requirements. LTE Advanced is essentially an enhancement to LTE. It is not a new technology, but rather an improvement on the existing LTE network. This upgrade path makes it more cost effective for vendors to offer LTE and then upgrade to LTE Advanced which is similar to the upgrade from WCDMA to HSPA. LTE and LTE Advanced will also make use of additional spectrums and multiplexing to allow it to achieve higher data speeds. Coordinated Multi-point Transmission will also allow more system capacity to help handle the enhanced data speeds. Release 10 of LTE is expected to achieve the IMT Advanced speeds. Release 8 currently supports up to 300 Mbit/s of download speeds which is still short of the IMT-Advanced standards. The table 5.2 shows the difference between LTE & LTE-A

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5.2.1 Advantages of LTE-A

Faster speed with 3Gbps for download and 1.5Gbps for upload for stationary users. It offers both FDD and TDD duplexing. Higher spectral efficiency Increased number of simultaneously active subscribers Improved performance at cell edges Wider bandwidths. Also its backward compatible

5.3 WiMAX 2 (IEEE 802.16m or WirelessMAN-Advanced)

The IEEE 802.16m or WirelessMAN-Advanced evolution of 802.16e is under development, with the objective to fulfil the IMT-Advanced criteria of 1 Gbps for stationary reception and 100 Mbps for mobile reception. WiMAX2 is basically based on IEEE 802.16m wireless standard.

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CHAPTER 6 CONCLUSION
As the history of mobile communications shows, attempts have been made to reduce a number of technologies to a single global standard. Projected 4G systems offer this promise of a standard that can be embraced worldwide through its key concept of integration. Future wireless networks will need to support diverse IP multimedia applications to allow sharing of resources among multiple users. There must be a low complexity of implementation and an efficient means of negotiation between the end users and the wireless infrastructure. The fourth generation promises to fulfil the goal of PCC (personal computing and communication)a vision that affordably provides high data rates everywhere over a wireless network. 4G seems to be a very promising generation of wireless communication that will change the peoples life in the wireless world. There are many striking attractive features proposed for 4G which ensures a very high data rate, global roaming etc. New ideas are being introduced by researchers throughout the world, but new ideas introduce new challenges. There are several issues yet to be solved like incorporating the mobile world to the IP based core network, efficient billing system, smooth hand off mechanisms etc. True 4G is expected to be launched by 2014 and the world is looking forward for the most intelligent technology that would connect the entire globe.

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