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Transport Processes Lec
Transport Processes Lec
=
Viscosity
Definition: the measure of a fluids resistance to flow under applied
stress
Newtonian: origin, constant slope
( = viscosity), not time dependent
Non-Newtonian: all others
The apparent viscosity is the ratio of the shear
stress to the shear rate. It is not the slope.
Example: Calculation of momentum flux
Fluid between two parallel plates
Details: plate velocity V = 1 ft/s, fluid viscosity = 0.7 cP, Y =
0.001 ft
Required: calculate steady state momentum flux
yx
2
5 2 2
/
0 1.0 /
(0.7 )(2.0886 10 ) 1.46 10 /
0.001 0
f
x x
yx f
lb s ft
dv v ft s
cp lb ft
dy y cp ft
t
| | A
= = = =
|
A
\ .
Solution
Generalization of Newtons law
of viscosity
Velocity is a vector
xx xy xz
yx yy yz
zx zy zz
t t t
t t t t
t t t
~
(
(
=
(
(
Generalization of Newtons law
of viscosity
A half of the cube is removed. Forces on
the free surface:
x x xx xy xz
pe and t t t t = + +
t t
=
Rigorous kinetic theory.
Monoatomic gases
Lennard-Jones potential
Viscosity for a pure mono-
atomic gas (it can be used
for poly-atomic gases as
well) in term of Lennard-
Jones parameters
12 6
( ) 4 r
r r
o o
c
(
| | | |
=
(
| |
\ . \ .
(
2
5
16
m T
t k
to
=
O
Convective momentum
transport
Momentum may be transported by the bulk flow of
the fluid. Convective transport
Momentum flux across the shaded area are
Convective momentum-flux tensor (2
nd
order)
Combined momentum flux
( ) ( ) ( )
x y z
v v v v v v
i j i j
i j
vv vvee =
vv p vv | t o t
~ ~ ~ ~
= + = + +
Convective momentum transport.
Convective momentum flux tensor