Commun. Theor. Phys. (Beijing, China) 40 (2003) pp.

2532 c International Academic Publishers

Vol. 40, No. 1, July 15, 2003

Localized Coherent Structures with Chaotic and Fractal Behaviors in a (2+1)-Dimensional Modied Dispersive Water-Wave System
ZHENG Chun-Long
Department of Physics, Zhejiang Lishui Normal College, Lishui 323000, China Shanghai Institute of Mathematics and Mechanics, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200072, China Department of Physics, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China Institute of Nonlinear Physics, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua 321004, China

(Received October 14, 2002; Revised December 24, 2002)

Abstract In this work, we reveal a novel phenomenon that the localized coherent structures of some (2+1)-dimensional
physical models possess chaotic and fractal behaviors. To clarify these interesting phenomena, we take the (2+1)dimensional modied dispersive water-wave system as a concrete example. Starting from a variable separation approach, a general variable separation solution of this system is derived. Besides the stable localized coherent soliton excitations like dromions, lumps, rings, peakons, and oscillating soliton excitations, some new excitations with chaotic and fractal behaviors are derived by introducing some types of lower dimensional chaotic and fractal patterns. PACS numbers: 03.40.Kf, 03.65.Ge, 05.45.Yv

Key words: variable separation approach, dispersive water-wave system, fractal, chaos

1 Introduction
In nonlinear science, solitons, chaos, and fractals are three most important aspects,[1] which are widely applied in many natural sciences such as chemistry, biology, mathematics, communication, and particularly in almost all branches of physics like the uid dynamics, plasma physics, eld theory, optics, condensed matter physics, etc.[2] Conventionally, the three aspects are treated independently since one often considers that solitons are basic excitations of an integrable model while chaos and fractals are elementary behavior of a nonintegrable system. In other words, one does not analyze the possibility of existence of the chaos and fractals in a soliton system. However, the above consideration may not be complete, especially in some higher dimensions. In recent study of soliton systems, we have found that some characteristic lower-dimensional arbitrary functions exist in exact excitation of some two-dimensional integrable models. This means that any lower-dimensional chaotic and/or fractal solutions can be used to construct exact solution of a higher-dimensional integrable model, which also implies that any exotic behavior may propagate along this characteristics. To verify the above viewpoints, we take the (2+1)dimensional modied dispersive water-wave system[3] as a

concrete example, uyt + uxxy 2vxx (u2 )xy = 0 , vt vxx 2(uv )x = 0 , (1) (2)

which was used to model nonlinear and dispersive long gravity waves travelling in two horizontal directions on shallow water of uniform depth, and can also be derived from the celebrated KadomtsevPetviashvili (KP) equation by the symmetry constraint.[4] It is worth while mentioning that the system has been widely applied in many branches of physics like plasma physics, uid dynamics, nonlinear optics, etc. So a good understanding of more solutions of Eqs. (1) and (2) is very helpful, especially for coastal and civil engineers to apply the nonlinear water model in a harbor and coastal design. Meanwhile, nding more types of solutions of system (1) and (2) is of fundamental interest in uid dynamics. In Ref. [5], a special variable separation solution of a similar system was derived via an extended homogeneous balance approach. However, we nd that the standard truncated Painlev e analysis and general variable separation approach are more ecient in searching for localized excitation of nonlinear physical models. In this paper, we investigate the modied dispersive water-wave system via the standard truncated Painlev e analysis and variable separation approach. Much attention is paid to its localized

The project supported by the Foundation of the State 973 Programme for Nonlinear Science of China and the Natural Science Foundation of Zhejiang Province of China E-mail: zjclzheng@yahoo.com.cn Mailing address

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coherent structures, especially the localized coherent soliton structure with some novel properties like fractal and chaotic properties. In Sec. 2, we outline the main procedures of the variable separation approach and apply this approach to the modied dispersive water-wave system. In Sec. 3, we discuss the abundant structures of the localized solution based on the result obtained by the variable separation approach. A simple discussion and summary is given in the last section.

Pi (v ) are polynomials of vi and their derivatives. Firstly, we make a B acklund transformation

i

vi =
j =0

vij f j i ,

i = 1, 2, . . . , q ,

(4)

2 Variable Separation Approach and Its Application for the (2+1)-Dimensional Modied Dispersive Water-Wave System
2.1 General Theory of the Variable Separation Approach It is well known that solving nonlinear physical models is more dicult than solving the linear ones. In linear physics, the Fourier transformation and the variable separation approach (VAS) are the two most important methods. The celebrated inverse scattering transformation (IST) can be viewed as an extension of the Fourier transformation method. However, it is dicult to extend VAS to nonlinear physics. Recently, the two kinds of variable separating procedures have been established. The rst is called symmetry constraints or nonlinearization of the Lax pairs,[6] because this type of procedure is used only for integrable models which possess Lax pairs. Lou and Chen have also extended the method to some nonintegrable models, so this method is equivalently called the formal variable separation approach (FVSA).[7] The independent variables of a reduced eld in FVSA have not been totally separated though the reduced eld satises some lower-dimensional equations. The second kind of variable separation method is established rst for the (2+1)-dimensional DS (DaveyStewartson) equations and asymmetric DS equation,[8] and then revised and developed recently for various (2+1)-dimensional models like the (2+1)-dimensional KdV equation, the generalized AKNS system, the nonlinear Schr odinger equation, and the generalized ANNV system, etc.[918] The main idea is that by solving its bilinear equations or higher multilinear equations of the original models and introducing a prior ansatz, some special types of exact solution of the (2+1)-dimensional nonlinear models can be obtained from some (1+1)-dimensional variable separation elds. Here we describe the basic procedures of the variable separation approach briey. For a general nonlinear physics system P (v ) P (x0 = t, x1 , x2 , . . . , xn , v, vxi , vxi xj , . . .) = 0 , (3) where v = v (v1 , v2 , . . . , vq )T (T indicates the transposition of a matrix), P (v ) = (P1 (v ), P2 (v ), . . . , Pq (v ))T , and

where vii are arbitrary known seed solutions of Eq. (3). In usual cases, i should be chosen as small as possible since substituting Eq. (4) into Eq. (3) can yield relatively simple multi-linear equations in this situation, and it is determined by the leading term analysis (suppose f 0). Inserting Eq. (4) with i into Eq. (3) and vanishing the leading and sub-leading terms, we can derive {vij , j = 0, 1, 2, . . . , i 1}. If the original model is integrable, this procedure will result in its bilinear or higher multi-linear equations. Secondly, after obtaining the multi-linear equations of the original system, we select an appropriate variable separation hypothesis. For integrable models, it can be chosen as the modifying Horitas multi-soliton forms. For instance, we often take f as such an ansatz for some celebrated physical models[1921] f = a0 + a1 p(x, t) + a2 q (y, t) + a3 p(x, t)q (y, t) , (5)

where the variable separation functions p(x, t) p and q (y, t) q are only the functions of (x, t) and (y, t), respectively, while a0 , a1 , a2 , and a3 are arbitrary constants. When p and q are set as exponential functions, equation (5) is just the Hirotas two-soliton form. Finally, we determine the variable separation equations which the variable separation functions p and q should satisfy after substituting the ansatz (5) into the multi-linear equations. It is worth while mentioning that this procedure is a tedious work since dierent physical models should be processed in dierent ways. In the next subsection, we apply this approach to the (2+1)dimensional modied dispersive water-wave system. The variable separation approach shows its eciency in searching for localized excitation of nonlinear physical models. 2.2 Variable Separation Approach for the (2+1)Dimensional Modied Dispersive Water-Wave System According to the above procedures, we rst take the following B acklund transformation for u and v in Eqs. (1) and (2),
1 2

u=
j =0

uj f j 1 ,

v=
j =0

vj f j 2 ,

(6)

where u1 and v2 are arbitrary seed solutions of the modied dispersive water-wave system. By using the leading term analysis, we obtain 1 = 1 , 2 = 2 . (7)

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Localized Coherent Structures with Chaotic and Fractal Behaviors in

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Substituting Eqs. (6) and (7) directly into Eqs. (1) and (2) and considering the fact that the functions u1 and v2 are seed solutions of the model, yield
3

Inserting the result (10) with Eq. (7) into Eq. (6) and rewriting its form, the B acklund transformation becomes u = (ln f )x + u1 , v = (ln f )xy + v2 . (11)

P1i f i4 = 0 ,
i=0 3

(8) For convenience of discussions, we choose the seed solutions u1 and v2 as

P2i f i4 = 0 ,
i=0

(9) u1 = p0 (x, t) , v2 = 0 , (12) where p0 (x, t) is an arbitrary function of indicated arguments. Now substituting Eqs. (11) and (12) yields two multilinear equations in f which degenerate into the same trilinear form

where P1i , P2i are the functions of {uj , vj , f } and their derivatives. Due to the complexity of the expression of P1i and P2i , we omit their concrete forms. Vanishing the leading and sub-leading terms of Eqs. (8) and (9), the functions {u0 , v0 , v1 } are determined, which read u0 = fx , v0 = fx fy , v1 = fxy . (10)

(fxyt fxxxy 2(p0x fxy + p0 fxxy ))f 2 + [(fxxy fyt + 2p0x fy + 4p0 fxy )fx + (fxx ft )fxy + (fxxx fxt + 2p0 fxx )fy ]f + 2(ft fxx 2p0 fx )fxy = 0 . (13)

Inserting the ansatz (5) into Eq. (13) and performing some tedious calculations, we nally obtain the following two variable separated equations pt = pxx + 2px p0 + (a3 a0 a1 a2 )(c1 c2 p + c0 p2 ) , qt = c0 (a0 + a2 q )2 + c1 (a1 + a3 q )2 + c2 (a0 + a2 q )(a1 + a3 q ) , (14) (15)

where c0 c0 (t), c1 c1 (t), and c2 c2 (t) are arbitrary functions of time t. Although it is not easy to obtain general solutions of Eqs. (14) and (15) for any xed p0 , we can treat the problem in an alternative way. Since p0 is an arbitrary seed solution, we can view p as an arbitrary function of {x, t}, then the seed solutions p0 can be xed by Eq. (14), which reads 1 [ pt pxx (a3 a0 a1 a2 )(c1 c2 p + c0 p2 )] . (16) p0 = 2px As to the Riccati equation (15), its general solution has the form q (y, t) = A1 (t) + A3 (t) , A2 (t) + F (y ) (17)

where F (y ) is an arbitrary function of y , while A1 , A2 , and A3 are arbitrary functions of time t, which are linked with c0 , c1 , and c2 by 1 c0 = (a2 A1 A3t (a1 + a3 A3 )2 A2t a3 (a1 + a3 A3 )A1t ) , (18) A1 3 1 c1 = (a2 A1 A3t (a0 + a2 A3 )2 A2t a2 (a0 + a2 A3 )A1t ) , (19) A1 2 1 c2 = (2a2 a3 A1 A3t 2(a0 + a2 A3 )(a1 + a3 A3 )A2t + (a0 a3 + a1 a2 + 2a2 a3 A3 )A1t ) , (20) A1 where = (a1 a2 a0 a3 )2 . Using the relations (18) (20), equation (15) becomes 1 qt = [A2t q 2 (A1t + 2A3 A2t )q + A2 3 A2t + A3 A1t A1 A3t ] . A1 One can verify easily that equation (17) is a general excitation of Eq. (21). Finally, we obtain a general excitation of the modied dispersive water-wave system v= u= (a1 + a3 q )px + p0 , (a0 + a1 p + a2 q + a3 pq ) (a3 a0 a1 a2 )px qy , (a0 + a1 p + a2 q + a3 pq )2 (22) (23)

(21)

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where p is an arbitrary function of {x, t}, q is determined by Eq. (17) and p0 is expressed by Eq. (16).

where f (t) is a solution of the following chemical dynamical chaos system ft = f (A1 k1 f g h) + k2 g 2 + A3 , gt = g (f k2 g A5 ) + A2 , ht = h(A4 f k3 h) + A3 , (25)

3 Some Chaotic and Fractal Coherent Soliton Structures of the (2+1)-Dimensional Modied Dispersive Water-Wave System
It is interesting that expression (23) is valid for many (2+1)-dimensional models like the DS equation, NNV system, ANNV equation, ADS model, and the generalized AKNS system etc.,[9,10,13,18] Because of the arbitrariness of the functions p and q included in Eq. (23), the physical quantity or eld v possesses quite rich structures. For instance, as mentioned in Refs. [9], [10], [13], and [18], when we select functions p and q appropriately, we can obtain many kinds of localized solutions like the multi-solito solutions, multi-dromion and dromion lattice solutions, multiple ring soliton solutions, multiple peakon solutions, and so on. Since these types of localized solutions have been discussed widely for other models, we omit all the stable localized coherent soliton structures here. Now an important matter is whether we can nd some new types of solitons which possess chaotic and/or fractal behaviors, say, the chaotic and/or fractal localized excitations for the soliton system. The answer is apparently positive since p(x, t) and q (y, t) are arbitrary functions. There are various chaotic and fractal dromion and lump excitations because any types of (1+1)- and/or (0+1)dimensional chaos and fractal models can be used to construct localized excitations of high-dimensional models. Some interesting possible chaotic and fractal patterns are cited here. For simplication in the following discussions, we set a0 = a1 = a2 = 1 and a3 = 2 in expression (23). 3.1 Chaotic Localized Excitations (i) Chaotic dromions In (2+1) dimensions, one of the most important nonlinear solutions is the dromion excitation which is localized in all directions. Now we set p and q as p = exp(x) , q = 1 + (60 + f (t)) exp(y ) , (24)

where A1 = 30, A2 = A3 = 0.01, A4 = 16.5, A5 = 10, k1 = 0.25, k2 = 0.001, and k3 = 0.5.

Fig. 1 (a) A plot of single dromion structure for the physical quantity v given by solution (23) with conditions (24) and f (t) = 0; (b) Evolution of the amplitude V of chaotic dromion related to (a) with f (t) being a solution of the chemical dynamical chaos system (25) at dierent times.

This fact hints that the functions p or q may take a more general form. For example, if we set p and q as [f3 (t) > 0, f7 (t) > 0], p= q= f1 (t) , f2 (t) + exp(f3 (t)(x + f4 (t))) f5 (t) f6 (t) + exp(f7 (t)(x + f8 (t))) (26)

where f (t) is arbitrary function of time t. From excitation (23) with equation (24), one knows that the amplitude of the dromion is determined by the function f (t). If we select the function f (t) as a solution of a chaotic dynamical system such as Lorenz system,[22] Rossler system,[23] chemical dynamical system,[24] etc., then we can obtain a type of chaotic dromion solution. In Fig. 1(a), we plot the shape of the dromion for the physical quantity v shown by expression (23) at a x time (for f (t) = 0) with condition (24). The amplitude V of the dromion related to (a) is changed chaotically with f (t) as depicted in Fig. 1(b),

with fi (t), i = 1, 2, . . . , 8 being chaotic solutions, then solution (23) becomes a chaotic dromion which may be chaotical in dierent ways. The amplitude of the dromion (23) with Eq. (26) will be chaotic if f1 (t), f2 (t), f5 (t) and/or f6 (t) are chaotic while f4 (t) and/or f8 (t) are chaotic the position of the dromion located becomes chaotic. The shape (width) of the dromion may be chaotic if the functions f3 (t) and/or f7 (t) are chaotic. Since a detailed physical discussion has been given in Ref. [25], we omit the related plots.

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Localized Coherent Structures with Chaotic and Fractal Behaviors in

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(ii) Chaotic line solitons It is interesting to mention that the localized excitations are not only chaotic with time t, but also with space, say, in direction x or/and y . If one of p and q is selected as a localized function while other one is chaotic solutions of some (1+1)-dimensional (or (0+1)dimensional) nonintegrable models, then excitation (23) becomes a chaotic line soliton which may be chaotical in x or y direction. For example, we set p or q as the solution of ( = x + t, = y + t) p = p(A1 k1 p g h) + k2 g 2 + A3 , g = g (p k2 g A5 ) + A2 , h = h(A4 p k3 h) + A3 , or q = q (A1 k1 q g h) + k2 g 2 + A3 , g = g (q k2 g A5 ) + A2 , h = h(A4 q k3 h) + A3 , where and are all arbitrary constants. (28) (27)

while the parameters are selected as A1 = 30 , k1 = 0.25 , A2 = A3 = 0.01 , k2 = 0.001 , A4 = 16.5 , A5 = 10 , (30)

k3 = 0.5 ,

t = 0.

The typical plot of chaotic solution p in the above chemical chaos system is presented in Fig. 2(b). (iii) Non-localized chaotic patterns Certainly, if both p and q are selected as chaotic solutions of some lower-dimensional nonintegrable models, then excitation (23) becomes chaotical both in x and y directions, which yields a non-localized chaotic-chaotic patterns. Figure 3(a) is a plot of a special chaotic-chaotic pattern expressed by Eq. (23) with p and q being given by Eqs. (27) and (28) under conditions Eqs (30) and a0 = 200 , a1 = a2 = 1 , a3 = 0 . (31)

Fig. 3 (a) A plot of the special chaotic-chaotic pattern expressed by Eq. (23) and p and q being the chaotic solutions of Eqs. (27) and (29) under the conditions Eqs. (30) and (31); (b) A plot for the typical chaotic solution of chemical dynamical model (27) with Eq. (30). Fig. 2 (a) A plot of chaotic line soliton structure for the physical quantity v given by expression (23) with the conditions (27), (29) and (30); (b) The typical plot of chaotic solution p in the chemical dynamical chaos system (25).

Figure 3(b) is a corresponding plot for the typical chaotic solution of the chemical dynamical model (27) with Eq. (30). 3.2 Fractal Localized Excitations (i) Stochastic fractal dromions and lumps Now, we discuss the localized coherent excitations with fractal property. It is well known that there are some

Figure 2(a) is a plot of chaotic line soliton solution expressed by Eq. (23) with the following selections: p is a chaotic solution of chemical chaos system (27) and q (y, t) = tanh(y + ct) , (29)

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lower-dimensional stochastic fractal functions, which may be used to construct high-dimensional stochastic fractal dromion and lump excitations. For instance, one of the most well-known stochastic fractal functions is the Weierstrass function
N

( ) =
k=0

(s2)k sin(k ) ,

N ,

(32)

where {, s} are constants and the independent variable may be a suitable function of {x + at} and/or {y + bt}, say = x + at and = y + bt in the functions of p and q , respectively, for the following selection (33) or (34). If the Weierstrass function is included in the dromion or lump excitations, then we can derive the stochastic fractal dromions and lumps. (ii) Regular fractal lumps and dromions In addition to the stochastic fractal dromions and fractal lumps, there may exist some regular fractal localized excitations. We do know that it is a dicult task to nd some appropriate functions which can be used to depict regular fractal patterns possessing self-similar structures. However, in recent study,[1317] we nd that many lower-dimensional piecewise smooth functions with fractal structure can be used to construct exact solutions of higher-dimensional soliton system which also possess fractal structures. This situation also occurs in the (2+1)dimensional modied dispersive water-wave system. If selecting the functions p and q appropriately, we can nd some types of lump or dromin solutions with fractal behaviors. For instance, if p and q in expression (23) are simply selected as p = 1 + exp[ Figures 4 and 5 respectively show plots of typical stochastic fractal dromin and lump solutions which are determined by Eq. (23) with the conditions Eq. (32) and p = 2 + 0.5(x + at) tanh[4(x + at) 20] , q = 0.1 tanh(y + bt) + 0.12 tanh[(2(y + bt) 15] , or p = (x + at) + (x + at)2 + 103 , q = (y + bt) + (y + bt)2 + 103 (34) p=1+ with = s = 1.5 at t = 0. In Fig. 5, the vertical axis denotes the quantity V which is only a re-scaling of the quantity v : v = V 10
7

Fig. 5 A plot of typical stochastic fractal lump solution determined by Eq. (23) with selections (32) and (34).

Fig. 4 A plot of typical stochastic fractal dromion solution determined by Eq. (23) with selections (32) and (33).

(x c1 t)2 (1 + sin(ln(x c1 t)2 ))] , (35) (y c2 t)2 (1 + sin(ln(y c2 t)2 ))], (36)

q = 1 + exp[

(33)

then we can derive a fractal dromion solution which is localized in all directions. Figure 6(a) shows a plot of the special type of fractal dromions structure for the potential v given by Eq. (23) with the conditions Eqs. (35) and (36) at time t = 0. Figure 6(b) is a density plot of the fractal structure of the dromion in the region {x [0.12, 0.12], y [0.12, 0.12]}. Similarly, when we take |x c1 t| cos2 (ln(x c1 t)2 ) , 1 + (x c1 t)4 |y c2 t| cos2 (ln(y c2 t)2 ) , 1 + (y c2 t)4 (37) (38)

q =1+

From Fig. 4, one can easily nd that the amplitudes of the multi-dromion are changed stochastically. Similarly, the shapes of the multi-lump in Fig. 5 are stochastically altered, too.

then we can obtain a simple fractal lump pattern. Since all the situations have been widely investigated in other physical models such as in Refs. [13][17] and [25][27], we omit these related plots and do not discuss further in this

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paper.

Fig. 6 (a) A plot of fractal dromions structure for the potential v given by solution (23) with the conditions (35) and (36) at time t = 0; (b) A density plot of the fractal structure of the dromion related to (a) in the region {x [0.12, 0.12], y [0.12, 0.12]}.

4 Summary and Discussion

In summary, with the help of the variable separation approach, the (2+1)-dimensional modied dispersive water-wave system is solved. Abundant localized coherent soliton structures of solution (23), such as multi-dromion, multi-ring, multi-lump solutions, peakons, breathers, and instantons, etc. can be easily constructed by selecting appropriate arbitrary functions.

Besides these usual localized coherent soliton structures, we nd some new localized excitations the chaotic and fractal soliton solutions for the (2+1)dimensional modied dispersive water-wave system. As is known, the chaos and fractals not only belong to the realms of mathematics or computer graphics, but also exist nearly everywhere in nature, such as in uid turbulence, crystal growth patterns, human veins, fern shapes, galaxy clustering, cloud structures, and in numerous other examples. Conventionally, chaos and fractals are the opposite circumstances to solitons in nonlinear science since solitons are the representatives of integrable system while chaos and fractals represent the behalf of nonintegrable systems. However, in this paper, we nd some chaotic and fractal structures for localized solutions of the (2+1)-dimensional integrable modied dispersive waterwave model. Why the localized excitations possess some kinds of chaotic and/or fractal behaviors? If one considers the boundary and/or initial conditions of the chaotic and/or fractal solutions obtained here, one can nd that the initial and/or boundary conditions possess the chaotic and/or fractal property. In other words, the chaotic and/or fractal behaviors of the localized excitations of the integrable models come from the nonintegrable boundary and/or initial conditions. Because of the wide applications of the soliton, chaos and fractal theory in many physics elds like the uid dynamics, plasma physics, eld theory, optics, etc., it is a signicant work to learn more about the localized chaotic and/or fractal excitations of the integrable physical model with nonintegrable boundary and/or initial conditions such as chaotic and/or fractal boundary and/or initial conditions.

Acknowledgments
The author is in debt to helpful discussions with Prof. J.F. Zhang, Prof. L.Q. Chen, and Dr. X.Y. Tang.

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