ASSIGNMENT ON

INDUSTRIAL MANAGEMENT

Submitted By, PATHAK CHINTAN MBA (G) DIV.: C ROLL NO. : CPF 02, (86)

Q. 1. Define Productivity. Explain the ways to increase the Productivity of Resources.

Productivity is an average measure of the efficiency of production. Productivity is a ratio of production output to what is required to produce it (inputs of capital, labor, land, energy, materials, etc.). The measure of productivity is defined as a total output per one unit of a total input. We see that as a measure of the average productivity is often difficult to interpret correctly. The benefits of high productivity are manifold. At the national level, productivity growth raises living standards because more real income improves people's ability to purchase goods and services, enjoy leisure, improve housing and education and contribute to social and environmental programs. Productivity growth is important to the firm because more real income means that the firm can meet its (perhaps growing) obligations to customers, suppliers, workers, shareholders, and governments (taxes and regulation), and still remain competitive or even improve its competitiveness in the market place. Productivity Of the resources can be increased by following ways. 1. Optimize business processes, systems, and operations

Find operational performance improvements across your business for streamlined processes and faster response times in your supply chain Integrate enterprise resource planning (ERP) functions to reduce manual processing and improve information accuracy Improve inventory management with streamlined asset management and tracking

2. Enable a richer communications experience

Improve real-time interaction with unified communications for faster decision-making, innovation, and improved productivity Improve project completion timelines with collaboration tools that reduce duplication of effort, mistakes and confusion

3. Increase the flexibility of working environments

1. 2.

Reduce real estate costs and improve employee satisfaction with teleworking Enable a mobile workforce with mobile applications that increase productivity with access to information on the go Provide wireless connectivity to employees, partners and customers at your business locations

3.

4. Optimize business processes, systems, and operations

Find operational performance improvements across your business for streamlined processes and faster response times in your supply chain Integrate enterprise resource planning (ERP) functions to reduce manual processing and improve information accuracy Improve inventory management with streamlined asset management and tracking

5. Enable a richer communications experience Improve real-time interaction with unified communications for faster decision-making, innovation, and improved productivity Improve project completion timelines with collaboration tools that reduce duplication of effort, mistakes and confusion 6. Increase the flexibility of working environments Reduce real estate costs and improve employee satisfaction with teleworking Enable a mobile workforce with mobile applications that increase productivity with access to information on the go Provide wireless connectivity to employees, partners and customers at your business locations

Q. 2. What is Method Study? State the Objectives of Method Study.

Definition Method Study is the systematic recording, analysis, and critical examination of the methods and movements involved in the performance of existing or proposed ways of doing work, as a means of developing easier and more productive methods. Method study is essentially concerned with finding better ways of doing things, and it contributes to improved efficiency by getting rid of unnecessary work, avoidable delays and other forms of waste. This is achieved through: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. Improved layout and design of factory, plant and work place. Improved working procedures. Improved use of material, plant and equipment and manpower. Improved working environment. Improved design or specification of the end product. The improvement of processes and procedures. The improvement of factory, shop and workplace layout. The improvement of the design of plant and equipment. Economy in human effort and the reduction of unnecessary fatigue.

10. Improvements in the use of materials, machines and manpower. 11. The development of a better physical working environment. 12. Improvement of quality of the products.

The techniques of method study aim at doing three things: (i) To reveal and analyze the true facts concerning the situation (ii) To examine those facts critically (iii) To develop from the examination of the facts the best answer possible under the circumstances. The value of methods study is due to the flexibility with which the technique may be used in different situations. Basic Procedure There is a simple framework for application in any circumstances. SELECT: The work to be studied. RECORD: All the relevant facts of the present or proposed method. EXAMINE: Those facts critically and in sequence systematically. DEVELOP: The most practical, economic and effective method having due regard to all contingent circumstances. INSTALL: That method as standard practice. MAINTAIN: That standard practice by regular routine checks.

Q. 3. What is Plant Location? Discuss Factors Affecting Plant Location.

Location theory is concerned with the geographic location of economic activity; it has become an integral part of economic geography, regional science, and spatial economics. Location theory addresses questions of what economic activities are located where and why. Location theory rests like microeconomic theory generallyon the assumption that agents act in their own self-interest. Firms thus choose locations that maximize their profits and individuals choose locations that maximize their utility.

Factors governing plant location:

1.

Availability of R.M (Transportation cost of R.M & Market is min; Location Decision)

Depends on the type of Raw Material: Loses weight:- Near to the place of R.M. (Cement, Iron & Steel, Sugar factories) Weight of the product increases:- Near to the market(Tyre, Soap) Perishable product:- Near to the Market (Milk) Price of Finished product very higher than R.M.:-Near to the Market R.M. are precious but of lighter weight:- Near to the Market (Diamond Industry)

2. 3.

Proximity to the market (Demand for the product, Tran cost min; Bulky, Perishable, Fragile) Transport facilities (Transporting R.M, Finished products, Employees & their children) Mode of transport depends upon the Size of R.M, Distance between Factory & Places of Markets & R.M.(Coal: Railway wagons, Sugar cane: Road transport)

4.

Motive power (Coal, Electricity, Gas; Regular & sufficient supply, Transport Cost, Permission of GEB)

5.

Man power (Skilled, Semiskilled, Unskilled, Supervisory staff, Managers; Attract man power by offering attractive wages or Pay packets increases total cost of production, Location where manpower is easily available

6. 7.

Financial facilities (For Collection & Payment ofCheques, For raising Short & Long term capital) Communication facility (Maintain Contacts & Relations with Customers, Suppliers, Creditors, Bankers, Gov officers, Shareholders, Deb holders 7; Post Office, Telephone, Telegram, Fax, Internet 5,Difficult to get Quick information of Prices & Supply position)

8.

Climatic factors (Affects Production Quality, Cost & Efficiency of workers; Artificial climate is costly,Pleasant for living & Favourable to the Industry)

9.

Historical & Personal factors (Native place or Birth place of Promoter or his Father or Desire of Wife)

10. State aid (Developing Eco backward areas Gov provides Subsidies, Tax Concession, Institutional

loans, Cheap land, Transport facility, Guaranteed market6; Adv of such Concessions Location)
11. Other factors (Where other units of the industry have been locate; Centralisation of many

units Auxiliary services develop there Training centres, Maintenance units, Petrol Pump
12. Decentralisation (Avoiding Social Evils, Risk or War; Govt. encouraging it)

Q.4. Discuss Motivation Concept by citing examples.

Motivation is a psychological feature that arouses an organism to act towards a desired goal and elicits, controls, and sustains certain goal directed behaviors. It can be considered a driving force; a psychological drive that compels or reinforces an action toward a desired goal. For example, hunger is a motivation that elicits a desire to eat. Motivation has been shown to have roots in physiological, behavioral, cognitive, and social areas. Motivation may be rooted in a basic impulse to optimize well-being, minimize physical pain and maximize pleasure. It can also originate from specific physical needs such as eating, sleeping or resting, and sex. Motivation is an inner drive to behave or act in a certain manner. It's the difference between waking up before dawn to pound the pavement and lazing around the house all day. These inner conditions such as wishes, desires, goals, activate to move in a particular direction in behavior. Mono-motivational theories A class of theories about why people do things seeks to reduce the number of factors down to one and explain all behaviour through that one factor. For example, economics has been criticized for using selfinterest as a mono-motivational theory. Mono-motivational theories are often criticized for being too reductive or too abstract. Conscious and unconscious motivations A number of motivational theories emphasize the distinction between conscious and unconscious motivations. In evolutionary psychology, the "ultimate", unconscious motivation may be a cold evolutionary calculation, the conscious motivation could be more benign or even positive emotions. For example, while it may be in the best interest of a male's genes to have multiple partners and thus break up with or divorce one before moving onto the next, the conscious rationalization could be, "I loved her at the time". Platonic theory of motivation In The Republic, Plato advances a tri-partite theory of the soul, which consists of three parts: reason, spirit and appetite. All parts of the soul have desires, however not all desires are the same. Desires take many different forms and have many different responses or results.

Machiavellianism Machiavellism argues that human beings are motivated to seek power and status above all. Modern research argues that people who are high in this trait do indeed seek power and money, and are willing to use others as instruments towards that end. Rational motivations The idea that human beings are rational and human behaviour is guided by reason is an old one, however recent research (on Satisficing for example) has significantly undermined the idea ofhomoeconomicus or of perfect rationality in favour of a more bounded rationality. The field of behavioural economics is particularly concerned with the limits of rationality in economic agents. Intrinsic and extrinsic motivation Motivation can be divided into two types: intrinsic (internal) motivation and extrinsic (external) motivation. Intrinsic motivation Intrinsic motivation refers to motivation that is driven by an interest or enjoyment in the task itself, and exists within the individual rather than relying on external pressures or a desire for reward. Intrinsic motivation has been studied since the early 1970s. Students who are intrinsically motivated are more likely to engage in the task willingly as well as work to improve their skills, which will increase their capabilities. Students are likely to be intrinsically motivated if they: Extrinsic motivation Extrinsic motivation refers to the performance of an activity in order to attain an outcome, whether or not that activity is also intrinsically motivated. Extrinsic motivation comes from outside of the individual. Common extrinsic motivations are rewards (for example money or grades) for showing the desired behavior, and the threat of punishment following misbehaviour. Competition is in an extrinsic motivator because it encourages the performer to win and to beat others, not simply to enjoy the intrinsic rewards of the activity. A cheering crowd and the desire to win a trophy are also extrinsic incentives.[7] Herzberg's two-factor theory

Frederick Herzberg's two-factor theory, a.k.a. intrinsic/extrinsic motivation, concludes that certain factors in the workplace result in job satisfaction, but if absent, they don't lead to dissatisfaction but no satisfaction. The factors that motivate people can change over their lifetime, but "respect for me as a person" is one of the top motivating factors at any stage of life. He distinguished between:

Motivators; (e.g. challenging work, recognition, responsibility) which give positive satisfaction, and Hygiene factors; (e.g. status, job security, salary and fringe benefits) that do not motivate if present, but, if absent, result in demotivation.

The name Hygiene factors is used because, like hygiene, the presence will not make you healthier, but absence can cause health deterioration.