International Journal of Advanced Research in Engineering and Technology (IJARET), ISSN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ADVANCED RESEARCH IN 0976 6480(Print),

, ISSN 0976 6499(Online) Volume 4, Issue 3, April (2013), IAEME ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY (IJARET)

ISSN 0976 - 6480 (Print) ISSN 0976 - 6499 (Online) Volume 4, Issue 3, April 2013, pp. 226-232 IAEME: www.iaeme.com/ijaret.asp Journal Impact Factor (2013): 5.8376 (Calculated by GISI) www.jifactor.com

IJARET
IAEME

DYNAMIC CLUSTER BASED ADAPTIVE GATEWAY DISCOVERY MECHANISMS IN AN INTEGRATED INTERNET MANET
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ABSTRACT The interconnection of the wired Internet with mobile ad hoc networks is called IntegratedInternet MANET. In this interconnection, various issues arise. Primary among them is the routing of packets between mobile nodes in the ad hoc network and fixed nodes in the wired network. The rationale behind using dynamic cluster based mobile gateways is to increase the reliability of the Internet access and enhance the performance of the hybrid, wireless network in terms of high data delivery ratio and low average delay. The results of the simulations show the impact of the number of MANET nodes connected to the Internet, and the mobility of dynamic cluster based mobile gateways. This is consistent with the design and functionality of dynamic cluster based mobile gateways, which are moving around the border of access points coverage area in order to provide MANET nodes with Internet connectivity. Existing system of hybrid gateway discovery mechanism by allocating statically adjust value to TTL. The conclusion of this paper is to develop hybrid gateway discovery mechanism by allocating dynamic value to TTL by using clusters with mobile gateways. Keyw ord s: MANET, Routin g, Int egr ation Strat egy, Gat ew ay Di scover y. 1.INTRODUCTION The Integration of the MANETs and infrastructure networks such as Internet extends the network coverage and increases the application domain of ad hoc networks. The difference in the network architectures of the MANET and the Internet imposed various sorts of assumptions on the structure, topology of the underlying networks and on the communication patterns of mobile nodes in both networks. Integrating these two networks into a hybrid network is a challenging problem due to these differences. This inter connection is achieved by using gateways, which act as bridges between a MANET and the Internet. Communication of the mobile devices in an ad hoc network and a fixed device in the Internet requires the modification of the ad hoc routing protocol. Before a mobile node can communicate with the Internet host it needs to find a route to a 226

International Journal of Advanced Research in Engineering and Technology (IJARET), ISSN 0976 6480(Print), ISSN 0976 6499(Online) Volume 4, Issue 3, April (2013), IAEME gateway. Most of the previous approaches use the shortest path for the selection of gateway for onward transmission of data from MANET nodes to the wired hosts. In the proposed approach of Kumar et. al., the length of the routing queue in addition to minimum hop count metric is used for the selection of gateway by the mobile node. This approach has been extended by updating the path to the gateway on the request of mobile node which facilitates efficient handoff from one gateway to another, and thus maintaining continuous connectivity to the fixed host. Another extension is that routing queue length and min hop count metric is not only used to discover the routes to the gateway but also for the routing in the local ad hoc domain among the ad hoc host. Further, the occupancy level of each of the nodes is updated every short interval of time. This updated occupancy is sent to all the neighbors within the radio transmission range within the hello packet. This reduces the delay along the path traversal. The primary challenge in the design of Hybrid Gateway Discovery is how to determine an optimal proactive area. If the proactive area is large (i.e. a large TTL value) more overhead is incurred in maintaining routes in a wider area. On the other hand, if proactive area is small, then less maintenance overhead is incurred but more delay in Gateway Discovery is experienced. In traditional Hybrid Gateway Discovery approach, the TTL is set statically and never changed. This leads to a rigid implementation of the proactive area. Existing integration strategies which use the hybrid approach set the proactive area statically and do not dynamically adjust it, which may not turn out to be a proper range anymore for changing network conditions. A second issue is determining the periodicity of the GW_ADV messages. The periodicity of the GW_ADV message determines the number of GW_ADV messages that will be flooded into the MANET per second. A high periodicity leads to more control messages in a sparse MANET whereas low periodicity may result in starvation of Internet connectivity to mobile nodes in a dense MANET. A modified Hybrid Gateway Discovery mechanism which dynamically adjusts value of TTL and periodicity of TTL depending on the MANET characteristics in order to achieve a good trade-off between performance and network overhead is called an Adaptive Gateway Discovery Mechanism. A mobile node which number of hops away from the gateway i.e. which is not a part of proactive zone, even these types of mobile nodes can also registered with this gateway and this is called adaptive gateway discovery in which we overcome the problem which is present in hybrid gateway discovery i.e. the TTL value is fixed. 2. RELATED WORK 2.1 Existing Architecture The proposed architecture shown in Figure 2.1 consists of the Mobile ad hoc Network (MANET), with Clusters either overlapped or non-overlapped. Each Cluster has a Cluster Head and the overlapping Clusters have a Cluster Gateway . At least one Cluster Head shall be in the transmission range of the Foreign Agent (FA) in the Internet backbone. The Correspondent Node (CN) is assumed to be present in the wired Internet. The Integrated Protocol uses the basic functionalities of the Mobile IP as well as CGSR. We assume that the CHs are close to FA in order to provide the Internet connectivity to the MANET nodes. The CHs are assumed to be registered with some FA at any time.The Agent advertisements issued by the FA are meant only for the CHs. They are ignored by the ad hoc hosts and CGs. So, we use proactive approach of registration of the CH with the FA. If any CH receives advertisements from multiple FAs, then it selects that FA which is lightly loaded. All the communication from the MANET nodes towards the Internet side is through the CH. Therefore the CHs acts like a Mobile IP proxy for the MANET mobile nodes and the visiting mobile nodes.

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International Journal of Advanced Research in Engineering and Technology (IJARET), ISSN 0976 6480(Print), ISSN 0976 6499(Online) Volume 4, Issue 3, April (2013), IAEME

Figure 2.1. Existing Architecture 3. INTEGRATED PROTOCOL DESIGN 3.1. Proposed Architecture In the envisioned integrated MANET network, mobiles are distinguished as either mobile nodes or mobile gateway. Based on their geographical locations, directions of movement, and other metrics, mobile nodes are grouped into different clusters. Clustering enhances effective broadcasting and relaying of messages, such as GWADV messages and reduces the overhead associated with signaling, as links among mobile nodes within the same cluster tend to be more stable. The main challenge in clustering lies in the dynamic topology changes in MANET and hence, an efficient clustering should be based on adequate metrics and should take into account the frequent topology changes. A modified Hybrid Gateway Discovery mechanism which dynamically adjusts value of TTL and periodicity of TTL depending on the MANET characteristics in order to achieve a good trade-off between performance and network overhead is called an Adaptive Gateway Discovery Mechanism. Several novel strategies have been proposed recently which implement adaptive gateway discovery mechanisms in different ways. The purpose of this survey is to review these adaptive gateway discovery mechanisms.

Figure3.1: Dynamic cluster based adaptive gateway Discovery mechanism in IIM

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International Journal of Advanced Research in Engineering and Technology (IJARET), ISSN 0976 6480(Print), ISSN 0976 6499(Online) Volume 4, Issue 3, April (2013), IAEME 4. IMPLEMENTATION ISSUES 4.1 Network Simulator (NS) Network Simulator (NS) is an object-oriented, discrete event simulator for networking research. NS provides substantial support for simulation of TCP, routing and multicast protocols over wired and wireless networks. The simulator is a result of an on-going effort of research and development. Even though there is a considerable confidence in NS, it is not a polished and finished product yet and bugs are being discovered and corrected continuously. NS is written in C++, with an OTcl1 interpreter as a command and configuration interface. The C++ part, which is fast to run but slower to change, is used for detailed protocol implementation. The OTcl part, on the other hand, which runs much slower but can be changed very quickly, is used for simulation configuration. One of the advantages of this split-language programming approach is that it allows for fast generation of large scenarios. To simply use the simulator, it is sufficient to know OTcl. On the other hand, one disadvantage is that modifying and extending the simulator requires programming and debugging in both languages simultaneously. 4.2 Network Animator (NAM) Network Animator (NAM) is an animation tool for viewing network simulation traces and real world packet traces [17]. It supports topology layout, packet level animation and various data inspection tools.Before starting to use NAM, a trace file need to be created. This trace file is usually generated by NS. It contains topology information, e.g. nodes and links, as well as packet traces. 5. SIMULATION RESULTS 5.1. Simulation Environment The effectiveness of the proposed adaptive gateway discovery approach is demonstrated by carrying out extensive experiments in NS-2 simulator. Different sizes of ad hoc networks are tested. The size of ad hoc network with 20 mobile nodes are tested. These varying size MANETs were integrated with Internet using Mobile Gateways as well as Fixed Gateways. Different mobility models for MANET nodes have been utilized to explore the performance of proposed protocol. We also took into account the different placements of mobile nodes in topographic area. In that, the density of mobile nodes near the gateway nodes is varied. Few mobility models used number of mobile nodes that are within the close proximity of gateway nodes, and apparently this produced good results as indicated below. Whereas placement of nodes far away from the gateway nodes caused significant increase in the number of packets dropped. The topology used is a rectangular area 800 meter length and 500 meter width. The wired nodes have the bandwidth capacity of 10Mbps. Wireless Transmission range of mobile node is set to 250m. Simulations for all scenarios were carried out for the duration of 900 seconds. Out of the mobile nodes used in simulation 5 were designated as either Constant Bit Rate of File Transfer Protocol based traffic generating agents. 5.2. Simulation Results Packet Delivery Fraction (PDF): The ratio of the number of packets originated by the application layer to the number of packets received by the destination is PDF. Figure 5.1 illustrates the PDF as a function of changing mobile node speeds. The speeds of mobile nodes used ranged from 5, 10, 15, 20, and 25. Since increase in speed causes the route maintenance overhead, there is degradation in PDF as the speed increases. Therefore it is mandatory for mobile nodes to move with a moderate speed as high speed would cause route breakages. And this would have an impact on the control overhead too.

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International Journal of Advanced Research in Engineering and Technology (IJARET), ISSN 0976 6480(Print), ISSN 0976 6499(Online) Volume 4, Issue 3, April (2013), IAEME

Figure 5.1 Packet Delivery Fraction Vs Node Speed End-End Delay: As it can be observed from Figure 5.2, the end-end delay in the protocol increases as the speed of the mobile node increases.

Figure 5.2 End-End Delay Vs Node Speed Routing Overhead: As it is evident from the figure 5.3, the routing overhead of the proposed protocol is proportional to the speed of the mobile nodes. If mobile nodes move with less speed, the routes tend to be stable and do not cause frequent route breakage induced route maintenance. On the other hand if nodes are moving with high speeds, this causes the topology to be very volatile and routes are stable enough, and hence a large number of control packets need to be exchanged. However if the nodes speeds are moderate, then our protocol registers minimal overhead as the routes are stable. Moreover, because of the provision for multiple routes to exists between source node and gateway node, a large many number of broadcasts of route requests and advertisements are avoided. However, the size of the route request and route reply packets have slightly increased due to addition of few fields to accommodate trust and residual route load capacities in them.

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Figure 5.3 Routing Overhead vs. Node Speed 5.3. Summary In this chapter we presented the simulation related issues and performance analysis of the proposed protocol. The implementation of protocol is carried out in different architectures of integration such as three tier and hybrid. These simulations have been carried out varying different parameters such as number of nodes, speeds of the mobile nodes etc. This is consistent with the design and functionality of dynamic cluster based mobile gateways, which are moving around the border of access points coverage area in order to provide MANET nodes with Internet connectivity. 6. CONCLUSION The rationale behind using dynamic cluster based mobile gateways is to increase the reliability of the Internet access and enhance the performance of the hybrid, wireless network in terms of high data delivery ratio and low average delay. The results of the simulations show the impact of the number of MANET nodes connected to the Internet, and the mobility of dynamic cluster based mobile gateways. Although many solutions have been suggested to the integration problem, we believe that other issues have not yet been addressed. One research avenue is to design an efficient discovery protocol of fixed and Dynamic mobile gateways by using adaptive approach. This discovery protocol should be application oriented in order to find and locate these fixed and mobile servers. One of the advantages of this discovery protocol is to minimize the overhead that would be introduced if existing proactive or reactive routing protocol were used. Another research avenue we are interested in is the investigation of different selection schemes of fixed and Dynamic mobile gateways in order to assure a desirable QOS of wireless Internet access to mobile nodes. 7. REFERENCES [1] A Three-Tier Architecture for Integrating Mobile Ad Hoc Network and the Internet using a Hierarchical Integrated Routing Protocol-rafi u zaman(2008) [2]Maximal Source Coverage Adaptive Gateway Discovery for Hybrid Ad Hoc Networks Pedro H. Ruiz et al (2007) [3]Using Fuzzy Logic in Hybrid Multi-hop Wireless Networks A.J. Yuste et al (2010) [4]Adaptive Distributed Gateway Discovery in Hybrid Wireless Networks Usman Javaid et al (2008) [5] Adaptive Gateway Management in Heterogeneous Wireless Networks R. Manoharan et al (2011) [6] Study on the Need for Adaptive Gateway Discovery in MANETs A. Trivino (2009) 231

International Journal of Advanced Research in Engineering and Technology (IJARET), ISSN 0976 6480(Print), ISSN 0976 6499(Online) Volume 4, Issue 3, April (2013), IAEME [7] QoS aware Internet Access Schemes for Mobile Ad Hoc Networks Park et al (2007) [8] Multiple End-to-End QoS Metrics Gateway Selection Scheme in Mobile Ad Hoc Networks Safdar H. Bouk et al (2009) [9] An Effective Gateway Discovery Mechanism in an Integrated Internet-MANET (IIM)-rafi u zaman(2010) [10] Alex Ali Hamidian A Study of Internet Connectivity for Mobile Ad Hoc Networks in NS 2 Department of Communication System s Lund Institute of Technology, Lund University Box 118 S221 00 Lund Sweden, January 2003. 5.J. D. Solomon, Mobile IP: The Internet Unplugged, Prentice-Hall PTR, 1998 6. A Study of Internet Connectivity for Mobile Ad Hoc Networks in NS 2 [11] Ing. Bernardo Leal "Modeling and Perform ance Evaluation of MANET Handover" Advisor: Dott. Ing. Luigi ATZORI Curriculum: ING-INF/03 - Ph.D. in Electronic and Computer Engineering, March 2012. [12] Rakesh Kumar, Anil K. Sarje and Manoj Misra "Review Strategies and Analysis of Mobile Ad Hoc Network-Internet Integration Solutions", IJCSI International Journal of Computer Science Issues, Vol. 7, Issue 4, No 6, July 2010. [13] Johnson D.B.; Maltz D.A.; Hu Y.; Jetcheva J.G. The Dynamic Source Routing Protocol for Mobile Ad Hoc Networks (DSR), IETF Internet Draft, Feb 2002. Work in progress. [14] Antonios Argyriou and Vijay K. Madisetti. Performance evaluation and optimization of sctp in wireless ad-hoc networks. In LCN, pages 317318, 2003. [15] Perkins C.; Belding-Royer E.M.; Das S. Ad hoc On-Demand Distance Vector (AODV) Routing, IETF Internet Draft, Jan 2002.Work in progress. [16] Lei H, Perkins C. Ad hoc networking with mobile IP. Proceedings of the Second European Personal Mobile Communications Conference (EPMCC1997), Bonn, Germany, 30 September2 October 1997. [17] McCanne S.; Floyd S. ns Network Simulator. http://www.isi.edu/nsnam/ns/. Fall K; Varadhan K., and the VINT project. The ns manual. [18] Belding-Royer E.M., Sun Y.; Perkins C. Global Connectivity for IPv4 Mobile Ad soc Networks, IETF Internet Draft, Nov. 2001 .Work in progress. [19] Bernard M. Gateway Detection and Selection for Wireless Multihop Internet Access,Master's thesis, (Olching, Germany), 2002. [20] Clausen T.; Jacquet P.; Laouiti A.; Minet P.; Muhlethaler P.; Qayyum A.; Viennot L Optimized Link State Routing Protocol, IETF Internet Draft, July 2002. Work a progress.Comer D E. Internetworking With TCP/IP Volume I: Principles, Protocols, and -Lrchitectures, fourth edition, 2000. [21] Prerna Malhotra, A Survey of Energy Efficient AODV Routing Algorithms in Manet,

International journal of Computer Engineering & Technology (IJCET), Volume 4, Issue 2, 2013, pp. 213 - 220, ISSN Print: 0976 6367, ISSN Online: 0976 6375. [22] Venkatesh Kumar .P, Vallikannu A.L and Kavitha B.C, Effective Broadcasting in Mobile Ad Hoc Networks Using Grid Based Mechanism, International journal of Computer Engineering & Technology (IJCET), Volume 2, Issue 1, 2011, pp. 39 - 46, ISSN Print: 0976 6367, ISSN Online: 0976 6375.

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