Cursor is a location in the memory where the SQL statement is processed.

That is when ever we send an SQL statement; the system allocates some memory by giving a name. After processing the statement it automatically cleans that memory. There are four steps, which are processed by the system whenever we send an SQL statement they are 1.Creating cursor : This step allocates memory 2.Opening cursor : In this step process the sql statement 3.Fetching cursor: The values satisfied by the sql statement are fetched from the table into cursor row by row 4.Closing cursor : This statement close the memory allocated for the cursor Types Of Cursors There Are Two Types Of Cursors 1. Implicit cursors or simple cursors 2. Explicit Cursors Implicit Cursors Oracle implicitly opens a cursor to process each sql statement not associated with explicitly declared cursor. Pl/sql lets you refer to the most recent implicit cursors as the sql cursor. Implicit cursors have four attributes, you can use in your program 1.sql%rowcount It returns the number of rows affected by an insert, update or delete 0.sql%found This attributes evaluates to true, if an insert or update or delete affected to one or more rows. It evaluates to false if no row is affected 0.sql%notfound This attributes is logical opposite to sql%found. It evaluates to true, if an insert or update or delete does not affected to any row. It evaluates to false if any one row is affected 0.%isopen It checks whether the cursor has been opened or not Example : 1 write a program to check whether there is atleast one row satisfying the given select statement or not using implicit cursors Declare

e emp%rowtype; Begin select * into e from emp where empno=&empno; if sql%found then dbms_output.put_line('~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~'); dbms_output.put_line(' Record Found '); dbms_output.put_line('~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~'); End if; End; / Example : 2 write a program to change the ename column values to upper case using implicit cursors begin update employee set ename=upper(ename); if sql%found then dbms_output.put_line('~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~'); dbms_output.put_line(sql%rowcount || ' Records Updated '); dbms_output.put_line('~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~'); else dbms_output.put_line('~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~'); dbms_output.put_line(' Sorry Changes Are not Made '); end if; end; / Example : 3 write a program to update the salary of those employees to 20% whose salary is greater than the given salary, using implicit cursors begin update employee set sal=sal+(sal*20)/100 where sal>&sal; if sql%found then dbms_output.put_line('~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~');

dbms_output.put_line(sql%rowcount || ' Records Updated '); dbms_output.put_line('~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~'); end if; if sql%notfound then dbms_output.put_line('~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~'); dbms_output.put_line(' Sorry No Record is Satisfied '); end if; end; / Explicit Cursors The user creates these cursors for applying 2 or more DML operations on a table. using a cursor we can fetch all the row values from the table into a variable for printing them or performing some action with them In an explicit cursor, there are four steps related to execute cursors by the user. It is also used to compare a variable value with all values of the column. The four steps are 1. Declaring a Cursor 2. Opening a Cursor 3. Fetching a Cursor 4. Closing a Cursor Declaring a Cursor A cursor is defined in the declarative part of the PL/SQL block by naming it and associating it with a query Syntax : Declare Cursor <cursor_name> is <select Statement> Opening a Cursor The cursor must be initialized or opened with the open statement. Opening the cursor excutes the query and identifies the result set which consists of all the rows that meets the query search criteria Syntax : Declare Cursor <cursor_name> is <select Statement> Begin Open <cursor Name>

----------End; Fetching With a Cursor This statement is used to retrieve the cursors current row. Fetching can be excuted repeatedly until all rows have been retrieved Syntax : Declare Cursor <cursor_name> is <select Statement> Begin Open <cursor Name> Fetch <cursor Name> into <variable1>,<variable2>,-------------End; Closing a Cursor When the last row has been processed, the cursor is closed with the close statement. The close statement disable the cursor Syntax : Declare Cursor <cursor_name> is <select Statement> Begin Open <cursor Name> Fetch <cursor Name> into <variable1>,<variable2>,-------------Close <cursor Name> End; Examples 1. Write a program using an explicit cursor, which displays all the rows from the table Declare Cursor c1 is select * from emp; e emp%rowtype; Begin Open c1;

Loop Fetch c1 into e; Dbms_output.put_line(e.empno||' '||e.ename||' '||e.sal); Exit when c1%notfound; End loop; Close c1; End; / 2.Write a program using an explicit cursor, to insert values into a table empc from emp table, whose experience is >=23 years Declare cursor c2 is select * from emp where (sysdate-hiredate)/365>=23; e emp%rowtype; x number:=0; begin open c2; loop fetch c2 into e; exit when c2%notfound; insert into empc values(e.empno,e.ename,e.job,e.sal,e.hiredate); x:=x+sql%rowcount; end loop; dbms_output.put_line(x||' Records inserted Successfully....'); close c2; end; / 3.Write a program using an explicit cursor, to display first 5 records Declare cursor c3 is select * from emp; e emp%rowtype; x number; begin

open c3; loop fetch c3 into e; exit when c3%rowcount>5; dbms_output.put_line(e.empno||' '||e.ename||' '||e.sal); end loop; close c3; end; / Cursor For Loop A cursor for loop implicitly declares its loop index as a %rowtype, opens a cursor, repeatedly fetches the rows of values from the result set into fields in the records and closes the cursor when all rows have been processed or exit command is encountered Syntax : Declare Cursor <cursor_name> is <select statement> Begin For <index> in <cursor name> loop --------end loop; end; / Example : 1 Write a program to display all employees details working in the accepted department number using cursor for loop declare cursor c1 is select * from emp where deptno=&deptno; e c1%rowtype; begin dbms_output.put_line('****************'); for e in c1 loop dbms_output.put_line(e.empno||' '||e.ename||' '||e.job||' '||e.sal);

end loop; dbms_output.put_line('****************'); end; / Example : 2 Write a program to display all employees details working in the accepted department number and also display all department details for the given department number using cursor for loops declare cursor c1 is select * from emp where deptno=&deptno; e c1%rowtype; cursor c2 is select * from dept where deptno=&deptno; d c2%rowtype; begin dbms_output.put_line(' ****Employees Details ***** '); for e in c1 loop dbms_output.put_line(e.empno||' '|| e.ename||' '||e.job||' '||e.sal); end loop; dbms_output.put_line(' ****Department Details ***** '); for d in c2 loop dbms_output.put_line(d.dname||' '||d.loc ||' '||d.deptno); end loop; end;