Ed 01

RCD
143199375.doc
DRAFT 1/46
UTRAN DESIGN PROCESS
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Ed 01
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DRAFT 2/46
CONTENTS
1.INTRODUCTION........................................................................................................................................................6
2.RADIO DESIGN PROCESS.......................................................................................................................................7
3.UTRAN DESIGN PROCESS....................................................................................................................................33
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Ed 01
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DRAFT 3/46
Figures
FIGURE 1: UTRAN ARCHITECTURE......................................................................................................................7
FIGURE 2: FREQUENCY REUSE SCHEME...........................................................................................................8
FIGURE 3: CAPACITY AND COVERAGE TRADE-OFF......................................................................................9
FIGURE 4: SERVICES DIFFERENT FOOTPRINTS.............................................................................................12
FIGURE 5: CIRCUIT SWITCHED TRAFFIC MODELLING..............................................................................12
FIGURE 6: POISSON LAW PDF AND CDF............................................................................................................14
FIGURE 7: CAPACITY ANALYSIS PROCESS......................................................................................................15
FIGURE 8: CAPACITY ANALYSIS RESULTS......................................................................................................15
FIGURE 9: TRAFFIC LOAD VS. INTERFERENCE LEVEL CURVE...............................................................17
FIGURE 10: DOWNLINK POLE CAPACITY EVALUATION ON TWO RINGS........................................20
FIGURE 11: DOWNLINK POLE CAPACITY EVALUATION ON UNIFORM USERSDISTRIBUTION
.........................................................................................................................................................................................20
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Ed 01
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DRAFT 4/46
FIGURE 12: LINK BUDGET FLOW CHART........................................................................................................23
FIGURE 13: RADIO DESIGN PROCESS FLOWCHART.....................................................................................29
FIGURE 14: LAND USAGE DISTRIBUTION BY SUBSCRIBER TYPE...........................................................31
FIGURE 15: CELL NLOAD VS. CELL RADIUS....................................................................................................33
FIGURE 16 : UTRAN INTERFACES........................................................................................................................34
FIGURE 17 : IUB DIMENSIONING PROCESS......................................................................................................37
FIGURE 18 : RNC TRAFFIC REQUIREMENTS: MBPS VS ERLANG CURVE..............................................40
FIGURE 19 : RNC DIMENSIONING PROCESS....................................................................................................42
FIGURE 20 : CALCULATION OF #RNC2..............................................................................................................43
FIGURE 21 : VALIDATION OF RNC THROUGHPUT CONSTRAINT.............................................................44
FIGURE 22 : IU-CS AND IU-PS DIMENSIONING PROCESS.............................................................................45
Tables
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DRAFT 5/46
TABLE 1: LINK BUDGET PARAMETERS............................................................................................................26
TABLE 2: TYPICAL LINK BUDGET......................................................................................................................27
TABLE 3 : 3G TRAFFIC FORECASTS....................................................................................................................35
TABLE 4 : RNC PRODUCT SPECIFICATIONS....................................................................................................40
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DRAFT 6/46
1. INTRODUCTION
Cell planning for Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA) systems is quite complex as compared
with Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA) wireless networks. This is due to the fact that in CDMA,
the cell radius depends on the offered traffic. Taking the uplink as an example, as the number of
users or offered traffic load increases, the total noise at the Base Station increases. Interference
from other users in CDMA can be thought of as noise to a reference user. If the reference user is
already using the maximum allowed power on the uplink, too many users at the cell will cause the
reference users signal to be received with an insufficient margin above the noise level at the Base
Station. This phenomenon leads to the reference user no longer being covered by the Base
Station, or in essence, a reduction in the coverage area of a cell. This dependence of the cell
coverage radius on the loading can lead to an iterative procedure to balance the coverage radius
with the offered traffic.
For 3rd Generation (3G) systems, another complexity arises from the fact that a considerable
portion of the traffic is expected to be data traffic with varying bit rates. As the demanded data rate
increases, for a given transmission power, the coverage radius shrinks. If ubiquitous coverage for
the highest offered data rate is desired, power limitations must be imposed on lower data rate
services to match the lower coverage of high data rate services if all services are offered from the
same cell. An alternate strategy can be offering higher data rate services from micro and pico cells
and lower data rate services from macro cells.
For circuit-switched networks, a measure that is designed for is the blocking rate, which typically is
dealt with by using the Erlangs B formula. For packet-switched networks, measures of performance
are throughput and delay. Capacity planning for packet-switched traffic is another complexity
thrown in for 3rd Generation networks.
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DRAFT 7/46
In performing a design for a UMTS networks, all the problems mentioned are dealt with. All
assumptions that need to be made for performing a typical design are stated in this report. But the
real outcome of this document is to perform an equipment count of the UTRAN Network. An
overview of the network is shown below.

RNC
Core
Network
Iub
Iub
Iu-cs
Iu-cs
Iu-ps
Iu-ps
Iur
UE
Radio design UTRAN design
Node B
Node B RNC
UE
Figure 1: UTRAN architecture
2. RADIO DESIGN PROCESS
The purpose of this section is to describe in details the various steps that lead to dimension the air
interface pipe. The idea is to figure out the total number of sites (Node B) for the different
environment morphologies, which are required to handle the traffic.
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DRAFT 8/46
1.1 Problematic
1.1.1 W-CDMA specific parameters
1.1.1.1 Frequency planing :
In a CDMA mobile radio system, all users are active at the same time in the same frequency
band. Separation between the different users' information signals is assured by assigning to each
user a unique orthogonal code sequence. In a traditional cellular system (TDMA/FDMA),
neighbouring cells do not use the frequencies used by the given cell (i.e., there is a spatial
separation between cells using the same frequencies). This is called the frequency reuse concept.
Because of the processing gain (spread spectrum), such spatial isolation is not needed in CDMA,
and a frequency reuse factor of one can be used. At a first glance, a frequency planing is not
mandatory in a W-CDMA system.
With CDMA With CDMA
Figure 2: Frequency reuse scheme
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DRAFT 9/46
1.1.1.2 Trade-off between coverage and capacity :
The interference increases with the number of active users, so that the capacity is limited. This
limitation is a soft one; i.e. the system quality decreases continuously until it is no longer tolerable.
This leads to the phenomenon of the breathing cells: When the number of users gets too high,
the quality for the users at the edge of the cell gets so bad that their calls are dropped. This can be
interpreted as a shrinking of the cell. The call drops lead to a lower interference for the rest of the
users, so that the cell area grows again. This example illustrates the trade-off between capacity
and coverage, which exists in a CDMA network. Coverage and capacity are directly linked.
Figure 3: Capacity and coverage trade-off
The schematic above illustrates the cell shrinking when more and more users arrive in the cell.
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DRAFT 10/46
Coverage and capacity of a cell are a function of the received bit-energy-to-total-noise-plus-
interference-ratio Eb/(N0+I0) on each pixel of the cell for the downlink and in the base station for
the uplink. That means, that any parameter, which affects the signal level and/or the interference
1
,
or reduces the Eb/(N0+I0) requirements
2
, influences coverage and capacity of the cell and of the
overall system. In the following chapters, these parameters and their impact on capacity and
coverage are described from the link budget point of view.
1.1.1.3 Soft handover zone :
Usually, a mobile station performs a handover when the signal strength of a neighbouring cell
exceeds the signal strength of the current cell with a given threshold. This is called hard handover.
Since in W-CDMA system, the neighbouring cell frequencies are the same as in the given cell,
this type of approach is called soft handover.
In soft handover position, a mobile station is connected to more than one base station
simultaneously. Soft handover is used in W-CDMA to reduce the interference into other cells
and to improve performance through macro diversity (all the path are combined together to get a
better quality of the signal). Softer handover is a soft handover between two sectors of a site.
1.1.1.4 Orthogonal codes :
Separation between the different users' information signals is assured by assigning to each user a
different broadband and time limited, user specific carrier signal, which is either derived from
orthogonal code sequences (e.g. Walsh sequences) or from quasi-orthogonal pseudo-noise (PN)
sequences. In the case of completely orthogonal
3
, synchronously transmitted and received signals,
the user signals can be separated perfectly. This is not possible in the Uplink, because users are
transmitting independently from different distances and with different time delays. But even in the
Downlink, where all signals originate from a single point and the parallel code channels can be
synchronised, orthogonality cannot be maintained completely due to multipath propagation.
1
interference=intracell interference and intercell interference
2
interference = intracell interference and intercell interference
3
Orthogonality of two functions g(t) and s(t) is given in the case, that their crosscorrelation function is equal to
zero
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DRAFT 11/46
1.1.2 Multiservice Specific parameters
Contrary to second generation mobile radio systems, where one single type of quality criteria
designed for speech determines the radio design process, for UMTS a multitude of different
bearer services with different quality requirements have to be taken into account. The services are
characterised by parameters such as the bit-rate, the maximal delay, the tolerable maximal bit
error rate and the symmetry of the connection. Different settings have to be planned in order to
offer the required coverage and capacity for the different services. A traffic modelling process is
absolutely requested to provide a good accuracy in the network dimensioning.
The number of base stations has to be planned in order to handle the level of traffic that is
expected including the service mix. As for CDMA with conventional single user detection, the cell
range is traffic dependent, reliable traffic models will play an important role in the UTRA/FDD
radio 3design. It has to be noted once again, that the basic property of W-CDMA is the trade-off
between capacity and coverage. The less capacity is needed the larger the cell can be. The
symmetry of the connection has to be taken into account, too.
In a third generation mobile radio system, a multitude of services will be supported. As they are
handled differently, they all have different influences on capacity and coverage. In fact,
coverage can explicitly only be given for ONE service, as it depends among others on the user bit
rate. However, it is possible to adjust all services to the same cell range by individually adjusting
the emitted power of each one, as described in the next chapters. In this way, one common cell
boundary is provided for all the services. The different footprints are represented on the schematic
below.
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DRAFT 12/46
Voice and LowData Rate
MediumData Rate
High Data Rate
Figure 4: Services different footprints
1.2 Multiservice traffic modelling :
In the third generation, the traffic modelling is the key issue in the dimensioning process because
the outcome of the whole modelling process has a direct impact on the site count. Indeed, the
number of simultaneous channels that is derived from the analysis is the main inputs of the link
budget analysis. When the traffic to handle is quite sufficient (cell loading of 30%), the slightest
variation of this parameter directly induces a modification of the cell radius. The main target is to
find out the peak of traffic during the busy hour. An accurate analysis of the traffic behaviour
proves to be indispensable. This analysis will be treated differently depending on the type of
service, Real Time (RT) or Non Real Time (NRT).
1.2.1 Circuit switched services
Dimensioning capacity for Circuit-Switched services is straightforward given the offered load in
Erlangs and the blocking rate. The main idea is to derive from the traffic assumptions the offered
traffic at the busy hour per cell expressed in Erlang. This is obtained by making an assumption of
the cell radius (this parameter will be re-tuned by several iteration with the link budget). Then, for
these services an Erlang B table is used to determine the number of simultaneous channels
required during the busy hour for a given blocking rate.
Erlang B
Offered traffic
(Erl/cell) @ BH
Pblock
# Simultaneous active
channels
Figure 5: Circuit switched traffic modelling
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Ed 01
RCD
143199375.doc
DRAFT 13/46
1.2.2 Packet switched services
Dimensioning for Packet-Switched (PS) services is somewhat elaborated as compared to
dimensioning of circuit-switched services because it requires knowledge of the nature of the traffic
that uses the services and the traffic modelling of that type of service. A packet traffic approach
is used to determine the number of simultaneous channels required to handle the PS traffic. This
number of channels represents in fact the peak of traffic during the busy hour. Similarly to the CS
services, the first idea is to derive from the traffic assumptions the offered traffic during the busy
hour per cell expressed in kbits. Each service is treated independently because they may have
different grade of service or asymmetry.
The number of channels for packet switched services is calculated by considering an observation
window of duration the service acceptable delay, which will be called D in the following and which
is expressed in seconds. D is typically equal to 0.5s.
A step-by-step procedure is as follows:
i. An assumption is made on the nature of the traffic (Web usage, Smart shopping,
Shopping on line, file transfer, etc). Based on the typical models given in UMTS 30.03, a
typical packet length in terms of bits is obtained. For instance L=3840 bits or 10ms.
ii. From the total busy hour traffic for a given reference area, the mean offered data
rate M for the reference area in kbps is then calculated. This is translated into a mean packet
arrival P rate (dividing by the typical packet length). The formula used is: P=(MxD)/L
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Ed 01
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143199375.doc
DRAFT 14/46
iii. Assuming a Poisson packet arrival process from all users, with a mean P
calculated in the previous step, the probability density function as well as the cumulative
density function can be obtained. The peak packet arrival rate H at 95% time probability is
obtained (cf. the curve below).
DL / Poisson Distribution, T=0.5, Lambda=17.25
0
0.008
0.016
0.024
0.032
0.04
0.048
0.056
0.064
0.072
0.08
0.088
0.096
0.104
2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32
k Arrivals in T sec
P
(
k

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[
P
D
F
]
0
0.05
0.1
0.15
0.2
0.25
0.3
0.35
0.4
0.45
0.5
0.55
0.6
0.65
0.7
0.75
0.8
0.85
0.9
0.95
1
1.05
P(k) (PDF)
CDF
Figure 6: Poisson law pdf and cdf
iv. Using the higher, 95% time probability packet arrival rate, which is translated
back into kbps (by applying the typical packet length : H(kbps)=H(kbits in D sec)/D), the
number of channels C necessary is calculated by dividing by the service bearer rate R. For
instance, C=H(kbps)/R. The number of channels is not rounded off to the nearest integer;
instead, the activity factor is kept at 1.
To sum up the previous process, the following formula can be derived:

,
_

% 95 ,
Length Packet * Delay Service
*
delay Service
1
*
rate bit Service
1
channels required of Number
m
cdfP
Where cdfP(x,y) represents the point of probability y on the cdf associated to the Poisson law of
mean x, and where m represents the mean offered data rate in kbps.
1.2.3 Capacity analysis applied for the dimensioning
The very first step of estimating the capacity in a cell consists of assuming a typical coverage
radius Ro and deriving a reference cell area. The second step consists in calculating per service
at the busy hour the offered traffic in the reference area per carrier. Afterwards, the number of
required channels for CS and PS services are determined for each link - by using the
dimensioning rules described in the section above - and therefore the total number of
simultaneous channels is found (NT_UL

and NT_DL). The flowchart below explains this capacity
analysis process.
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Ed 01
RCD
143199375.doc
DRAFT 15/46
GENERIC INPUT
Cell range
Number of carrier/cell
OFFERED CAPACITY
Total Offered Capacity in the cell (CS
in Erl/cell, PS in pkts/sec/cell)
CHANNELS REQUIRED
Max number of simultaneous Channels @ BH
SERVICES
Service Bit Rate
Activity Factor
Blocking Probability/GoS
Maximum Allowable Delay
Effective Typical Call Length
(CS in sec, PS Data in kbits)
TRAFFIC
Traffic/cell/carrier @ BH (Mbits)
CS:
Erlang
Blocking Prob.
PS:
Poisson
CS: Bit Rate
PS: Packet Length
CAPACITY ANALYSIS
MARKETING !
Figure 7: Capacity analysis process
1.2.4 Typical capacity analysis
A typical result of the capacity analysis is shown below. The last column shows the number of
simultaneous channels requested to handle the traffic. There are three circuits switched services
and two packets switched services. The rules described above have been applied (Erlang B and
Poisson approach).
Nb %
Voice 532.8 120 0.6 12.1319 19 64%
Video conferencing 201.9 300 1 0.8764 4 14%
video game 193.2 300 1 0.3727 3 10%
Info push 13.1 3840 1 0.9467 2.016 7%
Smart shoping / Online advertising 1708.7 3840 1 123.6010923 1.480 5%
29.496 100.00%
22
Traffic per cell
per carrier @
BH (Mbits)
0.47 0.144 3 67
Number of
cell per
morpho
Number of
sites per
morpho
Total number of required channels
Activity
Factor
DOWNLINK
Services
Cell
radius
(km)
Cell Area
(sqkm)
Number of
carrier per cell
Effective Typical
Call Length (CS
in sec, PS Data in
kbits)
Max number of
simultaneous Channels
@ BH
Total Offered
Capacity in the cell
(CS in Erl/cell, PS in
pkts/sec/cell)
Figure 8: Capacity analysis results
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Ed 01
RCD
143199375.doc
DRAFT 16/46
1.3 Multiservice link budget
The link budget is a key element in the dimensioning process. It is used to derive the path loss
and the cell radius. It has to be admitted that in W-CDMA, the link budget is much more
elaborated than in GSM since it has to integrate all the complexity of a Multiservice environment
and to face a new technology with its own specific parameters. This section introduces the
concept implemented in the tool ILBT and which allows to analyse and to bring a solution for the
Uplink and Downlink.
For the dimensioning, a completely homogenous network with a hexagonal cell structure, a
homogenous morphostructure, topographical environment and user distribution are assumed.
Therefore, one cell is representative for the whole network, meaning that all parameters are valid
for all cells.
1.3.1 Uplink analysis
A link budget is conventionally performed for one mobile located at the edge of the cell and
therefore transmitting at maximal power. Since in a multiservice environment, there are different
types of mobiles with different service characteristics, the link budget has to be elaborated for one
mobile of each service type.
The main target of the uplink is to figure out the increase of the interference level due to the traffic
available in the cell. The curve below shows the relation between the traffic load and the
interference level. The level of interference diverges when the number of mobile is close to the
pole capacity.
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Ed 01
RCD
143199375.doc
DRAFT 17/46
Interference curve
0.00
5.00
10.00
15.00
20.00
25.00
0.00 20.00 40.00 60.00 80.00 100.00
Capacity
N
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(
d
B
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Figure 9: Traffic load vs. interference level curve
The interference in a cell depends on the thermal noise, on narrow band and wide band
interference from another system, other users in the same cell and users from all the others cells.
The intra-cell interference perceived by a mobile in the uplink is independent of the location of the
other mobiles thanks to an effective power control, so that for the uplink link budget elaboration
the mobile distribution is not relevant.
Once the level of interference has been calculated, the next step is to calculate the maximum
allowable path loss (MAPL) in order to derive the cell radius.
For a given cell load, the uplink maximal allowable pathloss for a service i depends on its Eb/N0
requirements, its user bit rate and the maximal mobile transmitting power for this service. This
means that in general, one will obtain different uplink coverage ranges for the different service
types.
By adjusting the mobile transmitting power, different coverage scenarios can be achieved. Service
specific gains, losses and margins have to be integrated if not all mobiles are suffering from the
same losses and taking advantage of the same gains, and/or if different margins are applied to
different services. This can be the case e.g. for soft handover gains as well as body losses and
even penetration margins.
The strategy adopted in the dimensioning of the uplink is to provide one common cell
boundary. Hence depending on the type of service proposed and the volume of traffic
associated, the idea is to find the limiting service (i.e. the service which reach its maximum power
capabilities) and then match all the other UE power to this service limiting cell range.
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Ed 01
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143199375.doc
DRAFT 18/46
1.3.2 Downlink analysis
One of the main target of the downlink analysis consists in finding the maximum number of mobile
that can be connected to the base station with a good quality of service. However, contrary to the
uplink analysis, for the downlink the position of the users has to be known, since the distance
from the base station impacts the power share allocated to the mobile and hence both intracell
and extracell interference.
The results of the downlink analysis depend on the location of the users, hence there is no unique
solution. Intuitively, one would assume a uniform distribution of the users within the cells.
However, this approach can not be treated in a simple link budget analysis, since the
pathloss differences between all mobiles would create a huge equation system, which is only
solvable using an adequate tool. Therefore the nearest approximation of the real capacity of a cell
can be done through several scenarios:
All users are located at the cell edge of its service area
The analysis is performed for tow or three cell radii with the users distributed on each
circle
The analysis is done for fifty rings and with a uniform users distribution in each ring.
Those different scenarios can lead to different set of results going from the most optimistic to the
most pessimistic. The idea is obviously to figure out the most realistic case in terms of
interference level assessment.
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Ed 01
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143199375.doc
DRAFT 19/46
1.3.2.1 All users located at the cell edge :
The scenario that can be computed in a simple link budget is the one where all mobiles are
located at the same distance from the base station, i.e. the cell edge. The main point that leads to
a such a worst case analysis is due to the interference calculation. In order to determine the
interference perceived by a given mobile i, the contribution of each active connection within the
cell to the total received level at the location of mobile i as well as the extracell interference has to
be known. Lets call the mobile for which the link budget is performed mobile 1. If all users are
located at the same distance from the base station as mobile 1, and only then, the mobile 1
receives from all other connections i (for i 1) the same level Si as the corresponding mobile i
itself. This means, the input Eb/N0 values for all services can be directly applied to calculate the
interference perceived by mobile 1, without introducing pathloss differences. Another advantage is
that the interference factor f which is actually location dependent can be treated as a constant,
since only one location distance from the base station occurs.
This scenario corresponds to the worst case since the Node B will transmit for each link a very
high level of power. As the maximum power of one base station is limited at a given level (i.e.
43dBm), the maximum number of mobile will be affected by the power allocated to each link. In
this scenario the maximum capacity reached will be quite pessimistic.
1.3.2.2 Two and three cell radii :
This scenario is more realistic than the previous one because it gives a better idea of the level of
interference in the cell. The analysis relies on several cell radii (two to three) with all users
dispatched on this different cell edge. The idea is to calculate the interference level due to the
users distributed on the two cell radii. The schematic below shows the analysis for two cell radii:
one inner cell edge and one outer cell edge.
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Ed 01
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143199375.doc
DRAFT 20/46
30% of the mobile are at the cell edge
Inner cell radius =50% of the cell edge
Cell edge
Inner cell radius
Figure 10: Downlink pole capacity evaluation on two rings
For the analysis, the percentage of mobile dispatched on each radius can be modified. As a
reference 30% of mobile can be put on the cell edge and 70% on the inner cell. The ratio of
between the two radii can also be changed.
To provide the interference degradation, one needs to get a set of values for the parameter f
(outer cell/Inner cell), but this is fully dependent on the users distribution. Hence several Monte-
Carlo simulations performed with several users distribution are required to have a set of value
available.
This approach is more realistic and can be optimised by using several ratios (Outer/Inner cell
radius and distribution of mobile).
1.3.2.3 Uniform users distribution :
This is the better study but it requires several analysis of the capacity with different users
distribution. The main idea is to compute within a given cell range, fifty scenarios of capacity
analysis. This is done by taking fifty rings that cover the total cell area. Within each ring, the
capacity analysis is done (in terms of maximum number of mobile) with a uniform users
distribution. The schematic below shows the principle of the analysis.
All users distributed
uniformly inside the ring
50 rings from the
BTS to the cell edge
Node B
Cell edge
R
Figure 11: Downlink pole capacity evaluation on uniform usersdistribution
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Ed 01
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143199375.doc
DRAFT 21/46
Within each ring the assessment of the capacity is performed by calculating the level of
interference and the power allocated to each mobile in order to derive (knowing the maximum
transmitted power of the Node B) the maximum number of mobile in this given rings. This number
will be high when the rings are close to the Node B and conversely will be low at the cell edge.
Then an average number of mobile in the cell is deduced. This approach is the most realistic but
require accurate Monte-Carlo simulations for the factor f.
Whatever the scenario selected, there is another important step which consists in calculating the
downlink pole capacity in the multi-service environment. The pole capacity in the downlink
corresponds to the theoretical maximum number of mobile for an infinite transmitted power of the
BTS. In reality the limitation will be made by the maximum transmitted power of the Node B
before being limited by the interference level. This limitation gives in fact the downlink loading
factor since the loading represents the ratio between the maximum capacity in the cell and the
pole capacity.
1.3.3 Link budget flowchart
The following flowchart shows the various steps that lead to derive the cell radius. The number of
simultaneous active channels per service has to be known (NTUL

and NTDL). It is provided by the
capacity analysis section.
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DRAFT 22/46
UL+DL / Pole capacity calculation
UL+DL / loading calculation
UL+DL / RX sensitivity
calculation
UL / Noise rise calculation
UL / MAPL calculation
UL / Cell radius calculation
UL / UE transmitted power
calculation
Equalize the UL and DL MAPL
DL MAPL: =UL MAPL + margin
DL / transmit power calculation
(TX _DL) + P synch + P pilot
TX_DL+Psynch+
Ppilot <TX_max
?
UL / Reduce max mobile transmit
power
DL / noise rise calculation
Calculate the cell area
UL+DL / Number of active
channels per service
CELL
COUNT
Outputs from the capacity analysis
Using multiserivce pole capacity formula
Loading=Total number of simultaneous channels/Pole capacity
Using theoretical formula
Using multiservice noise rise formula
Using theoretical formula for each service
Using the propagation model parameters
Calculation of the UE power of each service to have the same MAPL
The margin added is to ease soft handover zone
Using multiservice noise rise formula
Calculation of the power required to reach the Traffic channels MAPL
and calculation of the Synchronisation and Pilot power
Checking the total transmitted power (P pilot+Psynch+Ptraffic channels)
with the maximum Hardware Node B transmit power
If the Power is greater than the hardware requirement (43dBm) that means
that the UL MAPL is too high. The solution is to decrease the UE TX power.
Depending on the site type (tri-sectored, Oni, hexa, ,etc)
Add an other carrier
Add a
carrier or
decrease
power?
Done in the capacity
analysis section
NO
Selection box
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DRAFT 23/46
Figure 12: Link budget flow chart
The next step consists in calculating the pole capacities for both links. Since the loading factor of
one link constitutes a percentage of its pole capacity, the uplink and downlink loading (
DL
,
UL
)
can be worked out by using NTUL

and NTDL from previous step.
From now on, the calculation of the receiver sensitivity for both link can be done. Then the noise
rise and the maximal allowable pathloss (MAPL) calculation for the uplink and for the different
service k can be accomplished. In the full coverage scenario, the MAPL should be the same for all
the services, because the mobile transmitting powers have been fixed to fulfil the condition of
same service radii for all services, which are directly related to the MAPL by the propagation
model. Hence, the calculation of the mobiles transmitted power per service is needed.
In order to balance uplink and downlink, the uplink MAPL results are taken as input for the
downlink budget, adding for the PCCPCH and the synchronisation channel a certain margin M (in
dB) in order to assure that the pilot coverage exceeds a little bit the traffic channel coverage for
assuring the possibility of soft handover. Fixing the MAPL derives the downlink transmission
power share Ti,k for each connection i of service k. The power share per service can be calculated
by multiplying by the number of channels of the service k: Tk=Ti,k Nk , the total transmission power
Ttot can be derived by summing up all service power shares. It has to be assured that this sum of
all output powers doesnt exceed the maximal downlink transmission power (which is represented
in the link budget template). If the latter occurs, the system is downlink limited. Two possible
solutions are considered : the first one is to add a carrier to decrease the capacity handle by one
cell, and the second one is to reduce the uplink mobile powers in order to decrease the MAPL.
A selection box is insert in the process to choose according to the deployment strategy and the
availability of the spectrum the best solution for the design. One may observe on the flowchart
that the adding of carrier will directly impact the capacity analysis and not directly the link budget.
1.3.4 Main parameters used in the link budget
The main parameters used in the link budget are defined hereafter:
Service related
inputs
Number of active
channels per carrier k
number of active channels needed for service k within
one cell
Bit rates Rk
UL
/ Rk
DL
Uplink / downlink user bit rate of service type k (to be
given for all services k)
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DRAFT 24/46
Required (Eb/N0)k
UL
/
(Eb/N0)k
DL
Min Eb/N0 required at user level for good reception of
service type k in uplink/downlink
Activity factors k
UL
/
k
DL
Fraction of session time in which user of service type
k is transmitting in uplink / downlink (to be derived for
all services k by an according traffic model)
W-CDMA related
inputs
Bandwidth W Bandwidth of the W-CDMA channel (the occupied
bandwidth for one carrier is theoretically equal to the
chiprate Rc)
Loading factor x
UL
/ x
DL
uplink and downlink load of the cell. The values
express percentages of the uplink and downlink pole
capacity, which represents the theoretical maximum
number of users.
f
UL
=(Ioc/It)
UL
f
DL
=(Ioc/It)
DL
Ratio between interference generated in other cells
and the total interference (=total received power)
generated in the same cell. It has to be noted, that
these values constitute in fact output values of the
planning process, measured in an implemented
network. For the uplink, it is in general different for the
different base stations. For the downlink, it is location
dependent. In order to perform the dimensioning,
typical values has to be taken, derived from
simulations and experience.
Orthogonality factor Describes the downlink non-orthogonality due to
multipath propagation. An orthogonality factor of zero
corresponds to a perfectly orthogonal downlink, while
a factor of one represents a completely non-
orthogonal downlink
Required SCH Ec/It Min Ec/It required for the synchronisation channel
(downlink)
Required PCCPCH
Eb/N0
Min Eb/N0 required for the pilot (downlink)
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DRAFT 25/46
Chip rate Rc The system chip rate is the same for uplink and
downlink. However, the effective chip rate for the
downlink is twice the system chip rate, since both I
and Q branch are available for data transfer
DL cell inner radius /
cell edge ratio
Ratio between the inner cell radius and the cell edge
(for the downlink analysis)
DL ratio of mobiles at
cell edge
Percentage of mobile on the cell edge (for the
downlink analysis)
Synchronisation
channels activity
factor
The Eb/No values are defined for a frame duration of
10ms but the synchronisation channel is active only
during a portion of this time. The typical activity factor
is 10%.
Gains, Losses and
Margins
Shadowing&Rayleigh
margin
Margin taken to compensate these two effects.
Penetration margin indicates outdoor, incar, indoor or deep indoor
coverage
Body loss It is considered that there is no body loss with a
mobile being held away from the body. Therefore a
margin of 3dB is taken only for speech application
and 0dB for all the other services.
Soft Handover gain When a mobile is in connection with several cells, there is a
gain mainly due to the MRC scheme implemented in the
downlink. Hence a value of 2.5dB is taken for the DL. For
the uplink there is no gain since selection diversity is
implemented in the RNC.
Hardware related
inputs
Cable, connector &
combiner losses
3dB is taken
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DRAFT 26/46
Tx Node B Antenna
Gain
17dBi for a tri-sectored site and 22dBi for an Hexa-
sectored site
TX UE Antenna Gain 0dBi
Receiver noise figure
NF
UL
/ NF
DL
5dB for the Node B and 9 dB for the UE
Max Tx power
Tk
UL
/Ttot
DL
Uplink: Maximal mobile power (for service k) to be fixed
according to dimensioning (depend on service class 21dBm
or 24dBm)
Downlink: Maximal total transmission power (43dBm)
Table 1: Link budget parameters
1.3.5 Typical link budget
A typical link budget for a dense urban environment with five different service types is shown
below. One may observe that the limiting service in terms of coverage is the LCD384K since it
reach its maximum TX power capabilities before all the others services (+24dBm).
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DRAFT 27/46
LBA Parameters Units
5 different service types Voice LCD 64 LCD 384 UDD 64 UDD 144 Voice LCD 64 LCD 384 UDD 64 UDD 144
Ratio channels / total channels 56% 11% 11% 11% 11% 56% 11% 11% 11% 11%
Activity Factor 60% 100% 100% 100% 100% 60% 100% 100% 100% 100%
f (I
oc
/I
o
) at cell edge
f (I
oc
/I
o
) at cell inner edge
Downlink orthogonality factor
Effective Chip Rate Kchps
PCCPCH bit Rate Kbps
Service bit Rate Kbps 8 64 384 64 144 8 64 384 64 144
Processing Gain 480 60 10 60 26.666667 480 60 10 60 26.666667
Target E
b
/N
o dB 4.1999998 2 0.2 0.8 0.1 4 3 2.5 1.3 0.5999999
Required SCH E
c
/I
t dB
Required PCCPCH E
b
/N
o dB
Cable, conn. & combiner losses dB
TX Antenna Gain dB
Downlink Tx power per service dBm 29.0 27.0 34.0 25.3 28.1
SCH Tx power dBm
PCCPCH Tx power dBm
Total TX power dBm 14.6 18.3 24.0 17.2 19.9
Total TX EIRP dBm 14.6 18.3 24.0 17.2 19.9
RX Antenna Gain dB
Cable and Connector Losses dB
Receiver Noise Figure dB
Thermal Noise dBm/Hz
Interference Degradation UL & DL Cell edge dB 1.7 1.6 1.3 1.6 1.6
Interference Degradation DL inner edge dB
Service Rx sensitivity dBm -125.8 -118.9 -113.0 -120.1 -117.3 -122.0 -114.0 -107.0 -115.7 -112.9
Synchro Rx sensitivity dBm
Pilot Rx sensitivity dBm
Log Normal Fade Margin dB
Penetration margin dB 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15
Body loss dB 3 0 0 0 0 3 0 0 0 0
Soft Handoff Gain dB 0 0 0 0 0 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5
Maximum Allowable Path Loss Services dB
MAPL Pilot & Synch channels DL dB
MAPL inner edge dB
Cell inner radius km
Cell range km
Site area km2
Loading Factor
Pole Capacity
Number of active channels per service 4.997065 0.999413 0.999413 0.999413 0.999413 4.997065 0.999413 0.999413 0.999413 0.999413
Total number of active channels in the cell
0.11
0.4
3840 3840
32
38.7
52.7
Tx data
0 3
0 17
30.7
-15
7
129.6
-113.0
7.1 2
Gains & margins
Path loss & cell radius
127.6 127.6
21.4
-114.2
-174 -174
27.36 10.51
9 9
117.0
32.9% 85.6%
0.21
0.42
0.35
W-CDMA specific parameters
9.3
31.9
17 0
3 0
Rx data
5 9
Uplink Downlink
0.7 1.2
W-CDMA specific inputs
Table 2: Typical link budget
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DRAFT 28/46
1.4 Radio design process
1.4.1 Process description
Before starting the dimensioning process, the choice of the coverage scenario is indispensable. In
the following, a full coverage scenario has been considered, meaning that the dimensioning aim
consists of providing all services within the whole area to be covered. Therefore, by adjusting the
ratio of mobile transmitting powers for all pairs of services accordingly, a homogenous coverage
can be achieved. The absolute power values can be fixed by choosing the highest possible power
fulfilling the ratio constraint and being below the maximum possible mobile power of this service.
This can be seen in the example link budget in previous section, which has been performed for a
full coverage scenario.
The radio design process is based on a link budget approach and consists of two major stages,
capacity analysis and link budget analysis. The two stages are inter-dependent; meaning that
each stage requires input from the other. The capacity planning process requires an estimate of
the coverage radius of the cell, and the link budget requires the amount of loading produced by
the traffic within a cells coverage area. This inter-dependence leads to an iterative process that
converges to a solution in the link budget.
1.4.2 Radio design process flowchart
The following chart shows the overall process.
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DRAFT 29/46
LINK BUDGET ANALYSIS
(gives the cell radius Rnew)
Check capacity
UL / Reduce max mobile transmit
power
Calculate the cell area
Default values : Ro and Co
CELL
COUNT
Ro = typical cell radius for a given environment
Co = number of carrier (one to start the process)
Add an other carrier
Add a
carrier or
decrease
power?
CAPACITY ANALYSIS
(done for a cell radius Rc)
Check Cell radius
Rc=Rnew ?
Take the new cell radius and redo
the capacity analysis process
Rc:=Rnew
Capacity non OK
Capacity OK
NO
YES
Selection box (depends on
the deployment strategy)
Figure 13: Radio design process flowchart
The very first step consists of assuming a typical coverage radius Ro and deriving a reference cell
area. Then the capacity analysis and the link budget analysis give a first set of results: If the
capacity does not respect the criteria (i.e. the loading factor is higher than the maximum loading
factor acceptable) then the solution is to either add a carrier or reduce the UE transmitted power.
If the capacity fulfil the requirements then the final step consists in deriving the cell radius. As it
was stated before, the process should converge to a solution when the cell radius taken to process
the capacity analysis is the same than the one provided by the link budget analysis. If it is not the
case, the action to complete is to set Rc to Rnew - which will give a new reference area - and to
redo the whole process.
1.5 Inputs required for the design
1.5.1 Service related inputs
In 3G network there is several kind of services available on the air interface. They can be divided
in two families: the non real time services (NRT) and the real time services (RT. To perform an
accurate dimensioning one need to know the nature and the behaviour of the traffic. In this way
some parameters are mandatory (i.e. traffic forecast) and some others can be assumed. The
following tables show the typical inputs needed to do a preliminary network design.
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The first set of inputs needed is related to the traffic forecast for each service at the busy
hour for the roll out plan. This can be expressed through various forms. For instance the total
number of subscriber with the associated traffic forecast per subscriber. Or it can also be
directly the total traffic forecast at the busy hour.
2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010
Speech Mbits
Switched Data Mbits
Interactive Multimedia Mbits
Simple Messaging Mbits
Medium Multimedia Mbits
High Multimedia Mbits
Service Demand - 3G Terminals Unit
TRAFFIC PROJECTION @ BH
Notice : The volume for the circuit switched services can be expressed in Erlang.
The asymmetry of the traffic is required to start the dimensioning process, it will allow to
calculate the cell loading for each link. This asymmetry depends on the type of service (50%
for video conferencing, 10% for web browsing application, etc).
The service bit rate and the activity factor are also requested.
Grade of service: one reason for an unsuccess call is the situation that a subscriber finds all
radio channels occupied. The probability for that case is called the blocking probability. For
the circuit switched services, a typical value is between 1% and 5% blocking probabilities.
For packet switched service measure of performance are throughput and delay.
Service class: Two class of power were defined in the standard (release 99): Class 3
(24dBm) and class 4 (21dBm). This information will be helpful in the link budget analysis.
1.5.2 Coverage related inputs
The Quality of service: the received field strength is subject to statistical variations (Raleigh
fading, lognormal fading) and interference. It is not possible, in that condition, to achieve a
100% surface coverage probability for sufficient service quality in the service area. Therefore
a reasonable value should specified for that probability of sufficient service. The following
probability is defined
Pcov :Coverage probability = Probability (field strength > threshold)
The threshold value is the minimum field level that allows a call to be performed while in
operational conditions. Usually, a surface coverage probability in the range of 90 % to 99 % is
required. In a first approach, Pcov is considered constant. As for instance, the surface
coverage probability could vary depending on the planning area (land usage) or the coverage
probability may also be time dependent.
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DRAFT 31/46
Maps & subscribers distribution: The subscribers area distribution is the mapping of the
subscribers within define areas of a city. The mains define areas are as follows :
business area,
industrial area,
VIP area,
high level residence area,
medium level residence area,
low level residence area,
tourist area,
commercial area.
For the cities or areas to cover, one needs to provide topographical maps with indication of
subscribers distribution drawn by hands. The map below depicts the required information.
Medium level residence area
High level residence area
Business area
VIP residence area
Commercial area
Tourist area
Figure 14: Land usage distribution by subscriber type
The coverage service margin is the average loss for the radio signal due to the indoor or the
in car penetration. As an example, a value of 20dB can be used for the dense urban
environment and 15dB for an urban area.
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DRAFT 32/46
1.5.3 Bandwidth related inputs
The bandwidth allocation as well as the number of carrier available has a direct impact on the
dimensioning. Hence for the capacity analysis section the maximum number of carrier is required
1.6 Deployment strategy
Further deployment strategy can be applied depending on many factors such as the operators
business plan, the number of carrier available, or if there is an existing GSM network, etc. The
target of this chapter is therefore to give only one of the dominant trend in the deployment of a
typical network.
The main problem that exists in deploying a 3G network is related to the cell breathing effect i.e.
the relation between coverage and capacity. This phenomenon induces to keep in mind that when
the traffic increase holes in the coverage will unfortunately appear. It might be obvious that the
strategy adopted for the deployment should be mainly focused on in this constraint. The graph
below represents the relation between the loading factor and the cell radius.
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DRAFT 33/46
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
LOADING
CELL RADIUS
WORKING ZONE
Add a T/RX
Unloaded cell
Figure 15: Cell nload vs. cell radius
One solution would be to build the network in a dense way by anticipating the traffic growth (one to
two years in the traffic roll out forecast). During the first one or two years no cell breathing effect
will appear due to the power control (all the cells will match together in such a way that the cell
radius of each cell will equal the initial cell radius). When holes in the coverage will appear it is
recommended to add another T/RX. This will immediately increase the cell radius. If the loading
keep going to increase, traffic will not be supported and the strategy adopted will be to add other
sites.
3. UTRAN DESIGN PROCESS
1.7 INTRODUCTION
This document describes the RNC and UTRAN interfaces dimensioning process applied in
performing pre-sale designs of UMTS networks.
The methodology is applied for a given service traffic mix and involves the following calculations:
dimensioning of Iub interface between Node B and RNC;
calculation of number of RNCs;
dimensioning of Iu-cs and Iu-ps interfaces between RNC and core network;
dimensioning of Iur interface between RNCs.
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DRAFT 34/46
Chapters 3 to 9 explain the dimensioning process in details, so as to allow the reader to understand
the procedure and apply it in answering UMTS RFI/RFQ. Moreover, several annexes are provided
at the end of the document. In Annex A some dimensioning models are reported; in Annex B the
calculation of overheads margins is explained; Annex C reports the Alcatel's traffic forecasts, as
used in building the UMTS business case; finally, in Annex D and Annex E an example of
dimensioning the Iub interface, number of RNC, Iu and Iur interfaces is provided.
Node B
Iub
Iu
to CN
Uu
source traffic
softer HO
soft HO
Iur
RNC
RNC
UE
Node B
Node B
Figure 16 : UTRAN interfaces
1.8 Required input
The following minimum information is needed for the UTRAN design process:
Number of Nodes B
The number of Nodes B is normally provided by the Radio Design Process, for a given clutter
area and year.
3G services and traffic forecasts
Traffic forecasts for reference area at the BH.
The information provided should be as detailed as possible, with a list of services and
parameters such as the ones reported in the following table.
For each clutter area:
Dense Urban, Urban, Suburban, Rural, Roads
For each year:
Year1, Year2, Year3, etc.
Uplink Downlink
For each type of service:
speech,
CS data,
WWW,
etc.
Number of subscribers per sqkm # #
Average/Peak User Bit Rates kbps Kbps
Number of Sessions per user @ BH # #
Volume of data per session per sub kbits Kbits
Average Session Length sec Sec
Activity Factor (optional) # #
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DRAFT 35/46
Table 3 : 3G traffic forecasts
However, if the parameters are not directly usable, a pre-elaboration is needed to derive the
required inputs.
Number of 3G users
The number of 3G users is normally provided by the Operator.
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DRAFT 36/46
1.9 Iub dimensioning
1.9.1 Introduction
The Iub interface shall be dimensioned by taking into account the site configuration, the service
traffic mix and the transmission topology. As previously mentioned, the multiservice environment
plays an important role in the dimensioning process. From the average traffic per Node B, a total
traffic must be derived, by considering the service mix statistics, the soft handover traffic, and
overheads, signalling and O&M contributions.
The average traffic per Node B is known from the Operator's requirements and the Radio Design
Process. Usually, the average traffic per Node B is provided at the BH as:
Total Erlang value for the aggregate voice and CS data;
Total kbps value for the aggregate PS data.
The Iub is dimensioned by calculating the total traffic per Node B, which takes into account the
service parameters, the soft handover traffic, the peak traffic calculation, the overheads, signalling
and O&M margins.
Therefore, in order to determine the total traffic, the following steps are performed:
i. the peak aggregate traffic mix is calculated by means of an analytical approach, taking into
account the service parameters, grouped into the Traffic Table: Ni, Rbi, Ti, i, AFi.
ii. then, overheads, signalling and O&M margins are added.
Note that the ratio Peak traffic/Average traffic represents the Burstiness Factor.
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DRAFT 37/46
Traffic Table
Peak
Traffic
(RUBIS)
Signalling
factor
Total
Throughput
O&M
Margin
Average
Traffic
ATM
Overheads
factor
Figure 17 : Iub dimensioning process
1.9.2 Peak traffic per Node B (RUBIS tool)
The methodology consists in calculating the overall pdf(R) and cdf(R), where R is the aggregate bit
rate, and determining the outage probability for each value of user bit rate. Thus a set of outage
probabilities is obtained, one for each user bit rate Rb : the channel capacity is dimensioned by
fixing a common outage value Pb0 for each service i.
This analytical approach has been implemented into the tool RUBIS [1]. The tool determines the
probability density function of an aggregate bit rate, where each service i composing the traffic mix
is described by the following parameters:
User Bit Rate (Rbi)
Number of subscribers per Node B (Ni), taking into account of both direct and soft
handover traffic
Session Length (Ti)
Session Interarrival Time (1/i)
Activity Factor (AFi)
Then by assuming that the traffic sources follow a binomial law, the pdf and cdf of the aggregate bit
rate can be derived.
1.9.3 Total traffic on Iub
Having calculated the peak traffic per Node B, in order to dimension the Iub interface it is necessary
to take into account overheads and signalling factors. This is done by means of margins. The Total
Traffic at the Iub interface is then derived, which takes into account the user (direct) traffic, soft
handover traffic, burstiness factor (peak traffic), overheads and signalling margins.
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DRAFT 38/46
The total traffic per Node B is calculated from the peak traffic by adding the following parameters:
Overhead margin: 1.4 (40% of Iub peak user traffic)
Signalling margin: 1.2 (20% of Iub peak user traffic)
O&M margin: 1.1 (10% of Iub peak user traffic)
Thus, the total traffic on the Iub interface is determined as follow:
Total Traffic = Peak Traffic + Overhead + Signalling + O&M
= Average Traffic * Burstiness * (1 + 40% + 20% + 10%)
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DRAFT 39/46
1.10 RNC dimensioning
1.10.1 Introduction
The RNC dimensioning process is based on Alcatel's RNC product specifications.
As reported in the section 1.10.2, four parameters characterized Alcatel's RNC:
Iub connectivity;
Iu and Iur connectivity;
Throughput (both CS and PS);
The number of node-B managed by a RNC
Therefore, in order to determined the number of RNCs necessary in the target area, the following
input is necessary:
Total number of node-B
Average traffic forecasts, expressed in Erlang (CS) and Mbps (PS).
1.10.2 RNC product specifications
The following table details the capacity and connectivity constraints of Alcatel's RNC, for different
releases.
2001 (R1) 2003 2005
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DRAFT 40/46
User Throughput
CS data (Erlang) 3000 9000 15000
PS data (Mbps) 60 180 300
Iu and Iur Connectivity
#STM-1 for Iu and Iur 2 4 6
Iub Connectivity
#STM-1 for Iub 3 7 14
#Node B 256 1000 2000
Table 4 : RNC product specifications
The RNC capabilities given here take into account only the user traffic. CS data incorporate both
voice and circuit switched data services which bit rate is less or equal to 64kbps. PS data
incorporates packet switched services and circuit switced services which bit rate is more than 64
kbps.
The capacity figures are nominal values taken from PS traffic vs. CS traffic curves such as the
following. These curves, together with the #Node B constraint, are used in the RNC dimensioning
process.
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000
Erlang
M
b
p
s
Figure 18 : RNC traffic requirements: Mbps vs Erlang curve
1.10.3 General process
The four RNC product constraints influencing the RNC dimensioning are:
1. the maximum number of node-B that a RNC can manage,
2. the maximum throughput supported by one RNC,
3. the maximum number of connection supported by one RNC on Iub interfaces,
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DRAFT 41/46
4. the maximum number of connection supported by one RNC on Iu and Iur interfaces.
The two first constraints give two different numbers of required RNC: #RNC1, #RNC2. The final one
is the maximum of the two. Then as the Iub and Iu/Iur connectivity constraint are not very limitating,
a simple verification is done in order to be sure that the connectivity is not over-passed.
The radio design process provides the number of Nodes B required in the target area. Therefore the
number of required RNC for the first constraint is easily determined (#RNC1).
For the second constraints, the process is as follow: a preliminary number of RNC (#RNC2') is
determined by the average traffic on the target area. This first estimation is further refined by
calculating the peak traffic per RNC (for a given GoS) and verifying again the RNC throughput. If
this constraint is not respected, the number of RNC is incremented and the peak traffic re-
calculated. This process is performed until the constraint is respected. By this way, the second
number of required RNC is obtained (#RNC2'').
Then, with the number of required RNC, the traffic on Iub and Iu/Iur (i.e. per RNC) can be derived.
The peak traffic on those interfaces is calculated by means of a Gaussian law. By adding margins
(see Iub dimensioning and Iu/Iur dimensioning), the connectivity constraints can be verified.
The drawing reported hereafter describes the RNC dimensioning process.
YES
NO
RNC Product Specs
Input:
#Nodes B
Calculation
#RNC
1
Input:
Average
Traffic
Calculation
#RNC
2
'
Traffic
Table per
RNC
Peak
Traffic
Calculation
Increment
#RNC
2
#RNC
I
U-CS
& I
U-PS
MAX
#RNC
1
, #RNC
2
OK ?
Capacity
Node-B
limitation
Throughput
limitation
Iu and Iur
Connectivity
limitation
RNC
2
RNC
Product
Specs
i
ii
iii
iv
v
Iub
connectivity
limitation
vi
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Ed 01
RCD
143199375.doc
DRAFT 42/46
Figure 19 : RNC dimensioning process
1.10.4 Step by step process
1.10.4.1 Node-B limitation
i. The node-B constraint determines a first number of required RNC - #RNC1.
#RNC1 is calculated as follow:
#RNC1.=
RNC one by supported B - nodes of Number
B - nodes of number Total
.
1.10.4.2 Throughput and connectivity limitations
ii. The throughput and connectivity constraints determine a second number of RNC - #RNC2. An
initial calculation (#RNC2') is performed by considering the global average CS and PS traffic
(without any additional margins) in the target area. This traffic is supposed uniformely
distributed.
#RNC2' is calculated as follow. The RNC Mbps vs Erlang curve of Figure 18 is modified into a
PS vs CS curve, by translating the CS traffic from Erlang to Mbps (Erlang multiplied by 12 kbps
voice codec).
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Ed 01
RCD
143199375.doc
DRAFT 43/46
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70
CS thru [Mbps]
P
S

t
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r
u

[
M
b
p
s
]
(CS
ave
, PS
ave
)
(X
I
' , Y
I
')
(CS
peak
, PS
peak
)
(X
I
'' , Y
I
'')
Figure 20 : Calculation of #RNC2
This curve allows to calculate #RNC2': having defined CSave, PSave the global average CS and
PS traffic respectively, and XI', YI' the intersection point as depicted in Figure 20, #RNC2' is
given by:
#RNC2' =

,
_

1
1
1

1
1
1

'
,
'
max
I
ave
I
ave
Y
PS
X
CS
Note that this is a preliminary calculation, which takes into consideration only the average traffic
(and not the peak, that is including the burstiness).
iii. In order to refine the above calculation, it is necessary to determine the peak CS traffic and PS
traffic per RNC (
RNC
peak
CS
and
RNC
peak
PS
). The peak values are calculated by means of
a gaussian law approach.
iv. It must be verified that the calculated peak throughput per RNC can be supported in terms of
throughput and connectivity (see point v). If these constraints are not respected, the number of
RNC is incremented (#RNC2'') and the peak traffic re-calculated (i.e., step iii rerun). This
process is performed until the RNC throughput and connectivity constraints are respected.
To verify the throughput constraint, the peak CS and PS traffic must be compared to RNC
capacity, which means that the point (
RNC
peak
CS
,
RNC
peak
PS
) must be below the RNC
throughput curve (see Figure 21).
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Ed 01
RCD
143199375.doc
DRAFT 44/46
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70
CS thru [Mbps]
P
S

t
h
r
u

[
M
b
p
s
]
(CS
peak| RNC
, PS
peak| RNC
)
Figure 21 : Validation of RNC throughput constraint
v. Moreover, to verify that the connectivity constraints are satisfied, the total throughput (including
ATM/AAL overheads, O&M margins, signalling factor as described in Iub and Iu/Iur
dimensioning sections) carried by Iub and Iu/Iur must be calculated. It must then be compared
with the available number of STM-1 per RNC, to be sure that the RNC can support it. If it is not
the case, a RNC must be added and the connectivity constraints re-verified.
By this way, the second number of RNC is obtained #RNC2.
1.10.4.3 Final number of RNC
vi. The final number of RNC is the maximum between #RNC1 and #RNC2.
1.11 Iu-cs and Iu-ps dimensioning
1.11.1 General process
One step of the RNC dimensioning process consists on the calculation of the peak throughput per
RNC. The Iu dimensioning derives from this calculation: the total throughput is obtained by adding
to the peak throughput the overhead, signalling and O&M margins, as depicted in the following
figure.
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Ed 01
RCD
143199375.doc
DRAFT 45/46
RNC
Dimensioning
CS & PS
Traffic
per RNC
ATM
Overheads
factor
Signalling
factor
O&M
Margin
Total
Iu-cs and Iu-ps
Throughput
Figure 22 : Iu-cs and Iu-ps dimensioning process
1.11.2 Default parameters
A 40% margin is considered to take into account ATM and AAL overheads.
A margin of 10% is sufficient to take into account additional traffic due to signalling.
In the same way, a 10% margin is considered to take into account additionnal traffic due to O&M.
1.12 Iur dimensioning
The traffic transmitted on Iur interface is mainly due to the soft handover process between two
RNCs. Iur will be logically mapped into the same physical links carrrying the Iu interface. Thus, the
additional traffic on Iur can be considered as an additional margin on the Iu-cs and Iu-ps interface
dimensioning.
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Ed 01
RCD
143199375.doc
DRAFT 46/46
1.13 Conclusions
The previous sections give an idea of how Alcatels UTRAN dimensioning approach may be used
to perform a pre-sales UMTS design, meeting the Operator's needs. Alcatel would welcome the
opportunity to work closely with the Operator in performing the network design activity.
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