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Mark Scheme For Holiday From Students Block 1
Mark Scheme For Holiday From Students Block 1
(b) (i) Groundwater storage-where the water is held in pores, and cervices and its
underlying bedrock below water table.
(ii) Surface storage-where the water that is not intercepted by vegetation held on the
ground surface and fill in small depression, for example lake, puddles and etc.
(c ) Throughflow- the flow of water through the soil. It occurs when the rate of water
falling on the ground surface infiltrate to the soil is greater for the process of
percolation which is for the water reaches downwards into the soil.
(d) Groundwater flow is water that has infiltrated and percolated into the underlying
bedrocks that then move laterally to the river channel.
(b) Interception storage means first raindrops of a rainfall event that fall on
vegetation which shelters the underlying ground (water collect in leaves). (1)
(c ) Firstly, water from surface storage will enters the soil. This process is know as
infiltration. After that, the water undergoes the process of percolation where moves
further down the ground and tend to be more compact (slow movement) create
ground water storage. (3)
6(a) (i) Interception –the first raindrops of a rainfall event that will fall on vegetation
and shelters the underlying grounds.
Stemflow: the water that reaches the ground when it flows down the trunk. (4)
(ii) Water balance is the state where both input and output in a drainage basin is
equal. Input (precipitation) and output (evaporation, transpiration and river run-off)
(2)
(b)
As we can see the land use in woodland have a gentle-slope type of graph. It is an
area where covered with vegetation. Vegetation may help to prevent flooding by
intercepting rainfall where storing the moisture on its leaves, before it evaporates
back into atmosphere that’s why it has longer lag time for the water to reach the
stream. It is also having low peak discharged while in the urbanisation area it has
steep slope type of graph. In urbanisation, it increased the flood risk as water cannot
infiltrate through tarmac and concrete, and gutters and drains carry water more
quickly to the nearest river. Small streams may be either canalised so that the water
flows away more quickly or culverted, which allows only limited amount water to pass
through at one time. It has short lagtime and having high peak discharge. (8)
(ii) When the rainfall has high intensity, the ground will be saturated, infiltration will be
replaced by surface run-off or overland flow which this situation will lately form
flooding. which may lead to flooding the area.
For low intensity rainfall, such as drizzle rainfall much of the water will infiltrate into
the soil but less will overflow of the surface as surface run-off thus this area is less
likely to be flood.
Diagram to show storm hydrograph of different type of soil, geology and slope
steepness.
Building dam, it can control amount of water which distribute to river downstream.