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L 1 - AICD LEC1
L 1 - AICD LEC1
MEL G632
BITS Pilani
Pilani Campus
AICD Lecture 1
BITS Pilani
Pilani Campus
Anu Gupta
BITS Pilani
Pilani Campus
Introduction
Objective
The objective of this course is to teach analog integrated circuit design using todays technologies and in particular, CMOS technology.
why Analog?
NEED
While many applications have replaced much analog circuitry with their digital counterparts, the need for analog circuit design is actually growing. REASON 1------Consumer-focused electronics have become the driving force of industry, But , consumer electronics has become all-digital, networked, sophisticated, and almost independent of time, place, physical embodiment, and content. Users expect their tailored audio and video content when, where, and how they want it, to their own schedule and convenience.
Analog in digital handset. Interesting fact: There's more analog in a digital handset than in an analog model
In a digital handset, --convert the voice signal to a digital stream (with an "analog" ADC). ---But before conversion, need to filter it (using an analog filter). --What comes out to your ear must be converted from digital to analog.(DAC) --And there's an analog filter there to clean up that signal.
Getting the signal up onto the RF carrier, ---power amplifier (PA), --analog circuitry is needed to control the PA to ramp it up and down, and to control the power,
Putting the signal up on the air waves generally requires turning bits into a modulated carrier, which requires DACs and some filters (more analog parts).
On the receive side, what comes down from the RF carrier is a modulated signal that needs ADCs to decompose the signal into quadrature components.
The battery and power management CIRCUIT that's needed to handle all the new digital "stuff that's being packed into the newer models, like things to manage a color display, and the backlighting for it, high-performance audio, and so on.
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Modern Handset
Higher resolution camera---analog image processing required to interface a multimegapixel camera sensor to the digital processor, Music-player phones with iPod-like capabilities----high-quality playback digital-toanalog converters (DACs) and headphone driver amplifiers for audio playback. TV reception is a new feature emerging in cell phones----keeping the display brightly lit to watch a video clip without consuming too much power requires power management. power-management and battery-monitoring/charging functions needed to maximize battery life while powering all the new features. Emerging TV-related feature is the ability to play back recorded still photos and short video clips from the phone to a TV set. This requires creating an analog video signal from the digitally-stored photo or video clip. Games---improved graphics capability, user interfaces, and even sound effects.
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It also takes basic small-signal amplifiers, audio through RF power amplifiers, disk-drive read/write circuitry, motor controls, line drivers and receivers, transmitters, power-supply components, touch-screen interfaces, display drivers, thermal sensors and fan controls,
BITS Pilani
Pilani Campus
Analog IC Design
Approach to be followed
a. Develop a firm background on technology and modeling b. Present analog integrated circuits in a hierarchical, bottom-up manner c. Emphasize understanding and concept over analytical methods (simple models) d. Illustrate the correct usage of the simulator in design e. Develop design procedures that permit the novice to design complex analog circuits (these procedures will be modified with experience)
Emphasis
Presenting the fundamentals required to build highperformance analog systems, -----will help to take the mystery out of analog design.
In all cases ,
emphasis on
Course Handout
Component Duration Weight age 25 40 Spread throughout the semester Date, & Time Remarks
Mid-semester Test
90 min
OB OB
Comprehensive
3 hrs.
35 100
CB
Introduction
Analog Integrated Circuit Design Technology Impact on Analog IC Design Analog Signal Processing functions Notation, Symbology and Terminology Summary
Testing Aspects -Design and implementation for the experimental verification of the circuit after fabrication
BITS Pilani
Pilani Campus
Trends in CMOS Technology Moores law: The minimum feature size tends to decrease by a approx. factor of 1/ 2 every three years.
Trends in IC Technology
Technology Speed: Figure of Merit vs. Time:
Results:
Scramble to develop new tools Complexity is increasing with each new scaling generation Need more trained and skilled circuit designers
Existing philosophy
Regarding analog circuits:
Consequently
Analog finds applications where speed, area, or power have advantages over a digital approach.
Key issues: Analog/Digital mix is application dependent Not scaling driven Driven by system requirements for programmability/adaptability/testability/desig nability
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Cognitive - function oriented (adaptable, massively parallel) A newly growing area inspired by biological systems
Many similarities between analog circuits and biological systems Scalability Nonlinearity Adaptability
Neuromorphic analog VLSI Use of biological systems to inspire circuit design such as smart sensors and imagers
Smart autonomous systems Self-guided vehicles (Mars lander) Industrial cleanup in a hazardous environment
Sensorimotor feedback Self contained systems with sensor input, motor output
Analog designer must also be both a circuit and systems designer and must know:
-Technology and modeling -Analog circuit design -VLSI digital design -System application concepts
There will be no significantly new and different technologies - innovation will combine new applications with existing or improved technologies
Semicustom methodology will eventually evolve with CAD tools that will allow:
- Design capture and reuse - Quick extraction of model parameters from new technology - Test design - Automated design and layout of simple analog circuits
Example:
SUMMARY
Analog IC design combines a function or application with IC technology for a successful solution. Analog IC design consists of three major steps: 1.) Electrical design , Topology, W/L values, and dc currents 2.) Physical design (Layout) 3.) Test design (Testing)
Analog designers must be flexible and have a skill set that allows one to simplify and understand a complex problem
Analog IC design is driven by improving technologies rather than new technologies. Analog IC design has reached maturity and is here to stay. The appropriate philosophy is If it can be done economically by digital, dont use analog. As a result of the above, analog finds applications where speed, area, or power have advantages over a digital approach. Deep-submicron technologies will offer severe challenges to the creativity of the analog designer.
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Pilani Campus
END