ME 4731 Power Plants

Dr.-Ing. Haitem Hichri

1
Salman University
College of Engineering at Alkharj
Mechanical Engineering Department
ME 4731 Power Plants
Lecture Notes
Chapter 5: Steam Turbines
Dr.-Ing. Haitem Salem Hichri
1
2
The Steam Turbine
The more modern method of extracting mechanical energy from
thermal energy is the steam turbine.
Steam turbines have been the norm in various land based power
plants for many years.
ME 4731 Power Plants
Dr.-Ing. Haitem Hichri
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The Steam Turbine
The more modern method of extracting mechanical energy from
thermal energy is the steam turbine.
Steam turbines have been the norm in various land based power
plants for many years.
water turbines are categorized into impulse and reaction turbines.
4
How To Provide A Mass Flow Rate (Impulse Turbine)
Area for Flow of Fluid.
Proportional to the Length of the Blade.
More Number of Blade Spacing.
ME 4731 Power Plants
Dr.-Ing. Haitem Hichri
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Analysis of Simple Stationary Impulse Blade
Consider a stationary 180 degree
curved blade.
A jet with a velocity V
i
incidence on
the blade.
The blade deflects the jet along its
surface and finally the jet leaves with a
velocity V
e
.
The magnitude of velocity vector
remains unchanged.
However, the direction changes
through 180 degrees.
V
e
= - V
i
The change in velocity : - 2 V
i.
A jet with a finite mass flow rate will
experience a rate of change of
momentum, F
A
:
( )
i A
V m F 2 =

The force acting on the blade:

( )
i R
V m F 2

=
However, this force cannot develop any motive power.
V
i
V
e
F
A
F
R
6
U
V
ri
V
re
V
ai
U
V
ri
V
ai
Inlet Velocity Triangle
U
V
re
V
ae
Exit Velocity Triangle
Analysis of Simple Moving Impulse Blade
ME 4731 Power Plants
Dr.-Ing. Haitem Hichri
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V
ri
= V
ai
- U
V
re
= -V
ri
U
V
ae
= V
re
-U
V
ai
Analysis of Simple Moving Impulse Blade
( ) U V U U V U V V
ai ai ri ae
2 = = =
( ) U V V V V
ai ri re
= = 2
( )
( ) U V m V m F
U V m V m F
ai R
ai A
= =
= =


2
2
( )U U V m P
V U m U F P
ai b
R b
=
= =

2
8
Kinetic power lost by the jet :
( ) { } ( )
2
2 2 2
2
2 2
U V V
m
V V
m
KP
ai
ai ae ai
= =

Power lost by jet = Power gained by the Blade
( )U U V m KP
ai
=

2
Thermodynamic efficiency of an impulse blade :
2
2

=
ai
mV
KP
input
Initial Power of the jet :
( ) ( )

|
|

\
|
=

2
2
2
.
4
4
2
2
ai ai
ai ai
input
blade i
V
U
V
U
V
U U V
V m
U U V m
KP
KP
ai
ai

An efficient impulse blade is bulky Suitable for Dense fluids

ME 4731 Power Plants
Dr.-Ing. Haitem Hichri
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Analysis of Simple Reaction Blade
V
ai
V
ri V
re
V
ae
U
U V V
ai ri
+ = U V V
re ae
=
Change in velocity :
ri re
V V V =
( )
( )
( )U V V m F U P
V V m F
V V m V m F
ri re R
ri re R
ri re A
= =
=
= =

Motive Power Generated:
10
Thermodynamic efficiency of a Reaction blade :
( )
( )
( )
( )
2
2
.
2
2
2
ae
ae
V U V V
U V V
V m
U V V m
U V V m
KP KP
KP
ri re
ri re
ri re
ri re
exit
blade i
+

=
+

=
+

( )
( )
2
.
2 2
2 2
ae
V U U V V
U U V V
ai ae
ai ae
blade i
+

=
Motive Power Generated:
( )U U V V m F U P
ai ae R
2 = =

A compact Reaction blade is inefficient Suitable for Thin fluids

ME 4731 Power Plants
Dr.-Ing. Haitem Hichri
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Need for Multi Staging
Temperature Pressure
Specific
Volume Enthalpy Entroypy Del h
Increse in
velocity
C Mpa cu. M kJ/kg kJ/kg K KJ/kg m/s
550 15 0.02293 3449 6.52
50 0.01235 9.492 2089 6.52 1360 1650

Mean Peripheral Speed of the Blade = 825 m/s
ME 4731 Power Plants
Dr.-Ing. Haitem Hichri
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Strategy for Multi Staging
Temperature Pressure
Specific
Volume Enthalpy Entroypy Del h
Increse in
velocity
C Mpa cu. M kJ/kg kJ/kg K KJ/kg m/s
550 15 0.02293 3449 6.52 93 431.3
500 11.37 0.02845 3356 6.52 91 426.6
450 8.487 0.03575 3265 6.52 92 429.0
400 6.215 0.04559 3173 6.52 91 426.6
350 4.448 0.05914 3082 6.52 92 429.0
300 3.098 0.07832 2990 6.52 91 426.6
250 2.087 0.1063 2899 6.52 92 429.0
200 1.35 0.1489 2807 6.52 195 624.5
150 0.4759 0.3679 2612 6.52 248 704.3
100 0.1013 1.442 2364 6.52 275 741.6
50 0.01235 9.492 2089 6.52
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Current Practice
Purely multistage impulse turbines are mainly preferred
in medium capacities of power generations.(30 60 MW
units).
The main advantages are simplicity of construction, low
costs, reliability and convenience of operation.
The height of blades in last stages of multistage turbine
rapidly increase.
As the volume increases, the blade height increases,
and the base of the blade spins at a slower speed
relative to the tip. This change in speed forces a
designer to change from impulse at the base, to a high
reaction style tip.
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Dr.-Ing. Haitem Hichri
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HP Turbine Rotor
16
LP Turbine Rotor
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Dr.-Ing. Haitem Hichri
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Velocity compounding is
accomplished in the first two
stages by two rows of moving
blades between which is
placed a row of stationary
blades that reverses the
direction of steam flow as it
passes from the first to the
second row of moving blades.
The velocity is reduced in two
steps through the first two
rows of moving blades.
In the moving blades, velocity
decreases while the pressure
remains constant.
Four pressure-compounded
stages.
Turbine with
Impulse Blading
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3 Reaction stages are
preceded by an initial
velocity-compounded
impulse stage where a large
pressure drop occurs.
This results in a shorter, less
expensive turbine.
In the reaction blading of this
turbine, both pressure and
velocity decrease as the
steam flows through the
blades.
The graph at the bottom
shows the changes in
pressure and velocity
through the various stages.
Reaction turbine
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Dr.-Ing. Haitem Hichri
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Simple Impulse-Reaction Blade
Jet will lose power both by Impulse and Reaction.
One important and essential element in all these cases is a nozzle.
V
ai
V
ae
V
ri
V
re
U
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Impulse-Reaction turbine
This utilizes the principle of impulse and reaction.
There are a number of rows of moving blades attached to the
rotor and an equal number of fixed blades attached to the
casing.
The fixed blades are set in a reversed manner compared to the
moving blades, and act as nozzles.
The fixed blade channels are of nozzle shape and there is a
some drop in pressure accompanied by an increase in velocity.
The fluid then passes over the moving blades and, as in the
pure impulse turbine, a force is exerted on the blades by the
fluid.
There is further drop in pressure as the fluid passes through the
moving blades, since moving blade channels are also of nozzle
shape.
The relative velocity increases in the moving blades.
ME 4731 Power Plants
Dr.-Ing. Haitem Hichri
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U
V
ri
V
ai
V
re
V
ae

e

e
p
v
a
v
r
The reaction effect is an addition to impulse effect.
The degree of reaction
stage in the drop enthalpy The
blades moving in the drop enthalpy The
=
22
First law for fixed blades:
0
1
2
2
2
0
2
1 0
1
V V
h h

=
First law for moving blades:
2
2
1
2
2 1
2
r
V V
h h
r

=
2 2
2
1
2 2
0
2
2 0
2 1
r
V V V V
h h
r

=
2 2
2
1
2
2
0
2
1
2 0
2
r
a
V V
V V
h h
r

=
ME 4731 Power Plants
Dr.-Ing. Haitem Hichri
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TURBINE TYPES
Steam turbines up to between 40 and 60 MW rating are usually
single-cylinder machines.
Larger units use multiple cylinders to extract the energy from the
steam.
Single-Cylinder Turbines
The two types of steam turbines are:
1. condensing turbine
2. back-pressure (noncondensing) turbine
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Single-Cylinder Turbines
Condensing turbines, as compared to back-
pressure turbines, must increase more in size
toward the exhaust end to handle the larger
volume of low-pressure steam.
Back-pressure turbines exhaust the steam at the
pressure required by the process.
Automatic extraction turbines allow part of the
steam to be withdrawn at an intermediate stage (or
stages) while the remainder of the steam is
exhausted to a condenser.
ME 4731 Power Plants
Dr.-Ing. Haitem Hichri
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Compound Turbines
Compound turbines have more than one cylinder:
1. a high-pressure and
2. a low-pressure turbine.
The low-pressure cylinder is usually of the double-flow type to handle
large volumes of low-pressure steam (due to limitations on the length of
the blades).
Large plants may have an intermediate pressure cylinder and up to four
low-pressure cylinders.
The cylinders can be mounted along a single shaft (tandem-compound),
or in parallel groups with two or more shafts (cross-compound).
Reheating is usually done between the high- and intermediate-pressure
turbines.