Vibration

A BIT OF VIBRATION

TECHNICAL ANALYSIS DIAGNOSIS SOLUTION FOUND

Vibration Measurement -- Displacement. -- Velocity. -- Acceleration. Uses -- Displacement , Slow speed machines, f<10hz, (visible) -- Velocity , Medium speed machines, f= 10Hz - 1000Hz, (feel) -- Acceleration , High speed machines, f>10,000Hz, (neither) Units -- Displacement = Mils, Peak to Peak -- Velocity = ins/sec, rms. -- Acceleration = g rms = a/root 2 or (2a)/root2

Vibration

Sine(wt)
1.5

amplitude

Frequency = 1/T Hz
2a
)

0.5

a
0 1 6 21 36 16 26 31 41 11

46

51

56

61

66

71

76

81

86

91

96

-0.5

101

sine(wt)

Amplitude = a Peak to Peak = 2a

-1

-1.5

time

Measurement Units
SINUSODIAL MOTION PEAK PEAK TO PEAK

UPPER LIMIT NEUTRAL POSITION LOWER LIMIT

MULTIPLY NUMBER OF

AVG RMS

TO OBTAIN

BY

PEAKTOPEAK

PEAK

RMS

AVG

PEAK -TO- PEAK PEAK RMS AVERAGE

1.000 0.500 0.354 0.318

2.000 1.000 0.707 0.636

2.828 1.414 1.000 0.900

3.142 1.571 1.111 1.000

Vibration
1.5

Sum of sine(wt) and 0.5*sine(2wt)

0.5

13

17

21

25

29

33

37

41

45

49

53

57

61

65

69

73

77

81

85

89

93

97

-0.5

-1

-1.5

time COMPLEX PERIODIC VIBRATION(comprising two sine waves)

1.5 1

Amplitude

0.5

101

Summing the 2 vibrations is simply the arithmetic addition of the 2 individual Sine waves at any point

amplitude

sin(wt)
0

0.5*sin(2wt)
0 20 40 60 80 100 120

sin(wt)+0.5*sin(2wt)
-0.5

-1

-1.5

Time axis

Vibration Frequency analysis is the cornerstone of Machine Diagnostics

FREQUENCY ANALYSIS OF COMPOSITE SINE WAVE
1.2

APLITUDE a

0.8

0.6

SPECTRAL VALUES

0.4

0.2

0 0 1 2 3 4 5 6

NON DIMENSIONAL FREQUENCY

Vibration Common causes 1 x rpm Out of balance. bent shaft. Misalignment. Mechanical looseness. Hydraulic. Damaged rolling element.

2 x rpm

Imp Blade number x rpm High freq.

Vibration : Causes Primary:Secondary:Causes Unbalance / Hydraulic Forces / Misalignment Bent Shaft / Broken Blades / Bearing damage / Erosion / Eccentricity / Bad assembly / Looseness Cavitation UNBALANCE this is important to pumps but not as critical as with
turbines, motors, fans etc. The main thing is to get the way in which the rotor is balanced correct, then acceptable vibration follows as a matter of course. Generally for pumps unbalance will only be important at or near full design flow.).

HYDRAULIC FORCES these are usually more important than

unbalance, particularly at low flow.

SHAFT DEFFECT DIAGNOSED FROM OSCILLOGRAPH DISPLAYS BY MEANS OF PROXIMITY SENSORS Malfunction Misalignment Time base X-Y Plot Diagnosis
Typical or severe misalignment Appearance similar to unbalance Distinction: whirl frequency is slow: < 0.5 shaft speed Contact produces spike superimposed on normal shaft orbit

Oil Whirl

Rub Unbalanced or bent shaft

Oval XY Display

2. .46 x N .54 x N 1. 0. Shaft vibration Amplitudes - mils 3.

Changes made :Increase IMP./DIFF.clearance Change to tilt- Pad Brg. Re-align pump & Driver Proper Dynamic balancing 2 x N = DYN. MISALIGNED 6% Z x N = TIP PASSING ZxN RADIAL GAP : 1%

2.

1.

0. 0 0.5 1.0 3.0 2.0 Rotor vibration frequency/machine speed (cps/rps

Multistage boiler feed pump shaft vibration history. Shaft vibration before failure, and after proper modifications were introduced.

Oil whip; Rubbing; Resonance

1 x N = DYN. UNBAL.

Vibration Trouble-Shooting Chart (B)

N a tu r e o f fa u lt F re q u e n c y O f D o m in a n t V ib r a tio n (H Z = r p m /6 0 S h a f t c r itic a l s p e e d T q n h o o th m e s h in g f r e u e n c ie s ( s h a ft r p m x u m b e r o f te e th ) a n d a r m o n ic s 2 x rp m D ir e c tio n R e m a rk s

H y s te r e s is W h ir l

P r im a r ily R a d ia l R a d ia l & A x ia l

V ib r a tio n s e x c ite d w h e n p a s s in g th r o u g h c r itic a l s h a ft s p e e d a r e m a in t a in e d a t a h ig h e r s h a f t s p e e d s . C a n s o m e t im e s b e c u r e d b y c h e c k in g tig h tn e s s o f r o to r c o m p o n e n ts . S id e - b a n d s a r o u n d to o th m e s h in g f r e q u e n c ie s in d ic a te m o d u la tio n ( e .g . e c c e n tr ic ity ) a t f r e q u e n c y c o r r e s p o n d in g to s id e - b a n d s p a c in g s . N o r m a lly o n ly d e te c ta b le w ith v e r y n a r r o w - b a n d a n a ly s is a n d c e p s tru m . A ls o s u b - a n d in t e r h a r m o n ic s , a s f o r lo o s e jo u r n a l b e a r in g s T h e p r e c is e p r o b le m c a n u s u a lly b e id e n t if ie d v is u a lly w it h t h e h e lp o f a s tro b o s c o p e .

D am aged or w o rn g e a rs M e c h a n ic a l lo o s n e s s F a u lty b e lt d r iv e U n b a la n c e d R e c ip r o c a tin g F o rc e s a n d c o u p le s In c r e a s e d T u r b u la n c e E le c tr ic a lly In d u c e d V ib r a tio n s

1 ,2 ,3 ,4 , x r p m o f b e lt 1 x rp m a n d /o r m u ltip le s f o r h ig h e r o r d e r u n b a la n c e B la d e & v a n e p a s s s in g f r e q u e n c ie s a n d h a r m o n ic s . 1 x r p m o r 1 o r 2 tim e s s y n c h ro n o u s fre q u e n c y

R a d ia l

P r im a r ily R a d ia l R a d ia l & A x ia l R a d ia l & A x ia l

I n c r e a s in g le v e ls in d ic a t e in c r e a s in g t u r b u le n c e .

S h o u ld d is a p p e a r w h e n t u r n in g o f f t h e p o w e r .

Vibration Trouble-Shooting Chart (A)

N a t u r e o f f a u l t F r e q u e n c y O f D o m i n a n t D i r e c t i o n V i b r a t i o n ( H Z = r p m / 6 0 1 x r p m R e m a r k s

R o t a t i n g m e m b e r s o u t o f b a l a n c e

R a d i a l A c o m m o n c a u s e o f e x c e s s v i b r a t i o n i n m a c h i n e r y R a d i a l & A c o m m o n f a u l t A x i a l
Uneven vibration level s often with shocks. * Impact-Rates :
Contact angle Ball Dia (BD) Impact Rates 1 (Hz) For outer Race Defect f(Hz) = n fr ( 1 BD Cos) 2 PD For Inner Race Defect f(Hz) = n fr ( 1 + BD Cos) 2 PD For ball Defect f(Hz) = BD fr [ 1 - BD Cos) ] PD PD

U s u a l l y 1 x r p m M i s a l i g n m e n t & O f t e n 2 x r p m b e n t s h a f t S o m e t i m e s 3 7 4 x r p m I m p a c t r a t e s f o r t h e i n d i v i d u a l b e a r i n g c o m p o n e n t D a m a g e d r o l l i n g l s o v a r i a t i o n s a t e l e m e n t B e a r i n g sA f r e q u e n c i e s ( 2 t o 6 0 ( b a l l , R o l l e r , e t c . ) k H Z ) o f t e n r e l a t e d t o r a d i a l r e s o n a n c e i n b e a r i n g s .

Pitch Dia (PD)

N = number of balls or rollers f = relative rev./s between inner & outer races

S u b h a r m o n i c s o f J o u r n a l B e a r i n g s P r i m a r i l y s h a f t r p m , e x a c t l y L o o s e i n h o u s i n g R a d i a l o r 1 / 3 x r p m l i g h t l y l e s s t h a n O i l F i l m W h i r l o r S r i m a r i l y h a f t s p e e d ( 4 2 % t oP W h i p i n j o u r n a l s S h o u l d d i s a p p e a r w h e n t u r n i n g o f f t h e p o w e r . R a d i a l 4 8 % ) B e a r i n g s

Vibration Acceptance Limits

Pump running speed (Hz)
10 600 4 2 100 8 6 4 2 10 8 6 4 4 6 8 1000 2 4 6 8 10000 2 4 2 3 4 5 6 8 100 2 3 4 5 600 20 15 10 8 6 5 4 3 2 1.5 1 0.8 0.6 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.15 0.1

Pump running speed (R.P.M.)

Transverse Vibration amplitude at bearing housing 26 (peak to peak)

Microns

Mils

Vibration Acceptance Limits

Pump running speed (Hz) 10 600 4 2 100 8 6 4 2 10 8 6 4 4 6 8 1000 2 4 6 8 10,000 2 4 2 3 4 5 6 8 100 2 3 4 5 600 Transverse Vibration amplitude at bearing housing 26 (peak to peak)

Microns

20 15 10 8 6 5 4 3 2 1.5 1 0.8 0.6 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.15 0.1 Mils

Limitations shown applicable to the maximum of horizontal and vertical vibration amplitudes as measured at pump shaft rotational frequency.

Pump running speed (R.P.M.)

Weir Services Division

Excellent Engineering Solutions

Section 6 Vibration