The Future of Quantum Information

Philip Gammill
Student of Information Technology th 4019 North 57 Street Fort Smith AR, 72904

pgammi01@uafortsmith.edu

ABSTRACT
In this paper, we discuss the past present and future of Quantum Computing. Starting with the issues Qbits pose and ending with suggested solutions.

Reading and writing of qbits alone causes de-coherence at our current level of technology and understanding, however these issues have been addressed and many solutions have been proposed. This article will discuss QIT (quantum information technology) and its purpose. Where quantum technology currently stands and what implementations already exist will be another topic of discussion. Last, a proposal concerning reading and writing qbits will be offered to the reader.

Keywords
micrometre or micrometer- ( symbol m) is an SI 6 derived unit of length equaling 110 of a meter. Adiabatic quantum computation (AQC) relies on the adiabatic theorem to do calculations. First, a complex Hamiltonian is found whose ground state describes the solution to the problem of interest. Next, a system with a simple Hamiltonian is prepared and initialized to the ground state. Finally, the simple Hamiltonian is adiabatically evolved to the complex Hamiltonian. By the adiabatic theorem, the system remains in the ground state, so at the end the state of the system describes the solution to the problem. universal quantum computer- is an abstract machine used to model the effect of a quantum computer. It provides a very simple model which captures all of the power of quantum computation. quantum information- is physical information that is held in the "state" of a quantum system. The most popular unit of quantum information is the qubit, a two-level quantum system. quantum decoherence- is the loss of coherence or ordering of the phase angles between the components of a system in a quantum superposition. qbit or quantum bit- is a unit of quantum information the quantum analogue of the classical bit. Bit- is the basic unit of computer information. Regardless of its physical realization, a bit is always understood to be either a 0 or a 1. An analogy to this is a light switch with the off position representing 0 and the on position representing 1.

2. 2.1

QBITS OR QUBITS What are Quantum Bits

Quantum bits are just like our current bits in that they can represent either a 1 or a 0; they differ in that the qbit can also represent both 1 and 0 and any possible value in-between (called [8] a superposition.)

Figure 1. Representation of Quantum bits or Qbits.

This means all possible values in a function can be explored within an instant. Here is an example with a three qbit quantum 3 register (This machine can perform 2 calculations at once [1] providing eight results.)

1.

INTRODUCTION

Todays manufacturing techniques yield smaller and smaller [1] transistors only a fraction of a micrometer wide. Quantum
Figure 2. Example of a quantum register. Permission to make digital or hard copies of all or part of this work for personal or classroom use is granted without fee provided that copies are not made or distributed for profit or commercial advantage and that copies bear this notice and the full citation on the first page. To copy otherwise, or republish, to post on servers or to redistribute to lists, requires prior specific permission and/or a fee. Conference10, Month 12, 2010, City, State, Country. Copyright 2010 ACM 1-58113-000-0/00/0010$10.00.

2.2

The Issue With Qbits

computings goal is to increase the threshold to a molecular level allowing smaller and faster processing. Many issues exist concerning this new technology the largest being de-coherence of [8] the quantum particles, spoiling any measurements taken.

The issue with quantum bits is that they are extremely sensitive [5] and easily disturbed by any interaction. It is impeccable that reading and writing (input and output) of these qbits be possible for any form of information to be processed in the first place. Various methods of dealing with this noise include: measuring the interference, putting the machine in its lowest powered state, and quantum entanglement.

3 3.1

ABILITIES Power

Quantum computers perform many different calculations in n parallel: the number n qubits in a system can perform 2 [1] calculations at once. Each qbit added exponentially doubles the previous amount of calculations possible, making potential processing power rise to a seemingly infinite level.

[3] exist. Their website offers many .pdfs concerning the specifics of the D-Wave system but the important fact is that the [4] computer is an adiabatic machine.

4.2

Adiabatic Quantum Computer

3.2

Applications

With this kind of power emulation of anything is possible. Disaster simulations, astronomical bodies, biospheres of any size, unimaginable ciphers created/broken: these are just some applications. Leaps and bounds will be made in all scientific fields including: engineering, medicine, and technology. Let us not forget monetary and military applications. Systems could be used to mine digital currency (called bit coins) and run marketing simulations millions of times faster than traditional computers. Simulation of war scenarios, flight plans, as well as logistics would be an issue of the past. The reason this has not been actualized or implemented in any form lies in decoherence of these bits, a problem D-Wave Systems claims to [4] have resolved.

Adiabatic quantum physics keeps the computer in its lowestenergy configuration, rendering it immune to many de-coherence [4] sources including other qbits. This allows computer scientists to make accurate measurements from qbits without interfering with its current state. While this is effective at removing outside noise, it is considered a workaround in that that the adiabatic [3] state limits scaling and real-world application.

4.3

Universal Quantum Computer

4 4.1

IMPLEMENTATION D-Wave Systems

The other option is using the universal gate-model quantum [7] computer which uses quantum circuits. Modeled after traditional circuitry, quantum gates are reversible in order to [7] perform classical computing as well as quantum functions. The most common gates operate on one or two qbits; similarly, [5] classical gates operate on one or 2 bits. Quantum gates are represented by unitary matrices (These quantum logic gates are [5] described as 2 x 2 or 4 x 4 matrices.)

D-Wave has created a computer that exhibits quantum properties. This is the description on the companys website of the D-Wave One; a 128-qbit quantum computer recently purchased by Lock[2] Heed Martin.

5 5.1

PROPOSAL Quantum Entanglement

The final current solution offers quantum entanglement as a form of noise reduction. Quantum entanglement applies to two members that interact physically and then become separated; the interaction causes each resulting member can be described by the [9] same quantum mechanical description (superposition or state). When a measurement is made, it causes one particle to take on a definite value the other entangled member will be found to have [9] taken the opposite value. There is a correlation between the results of measurements performed on entangled pairs, and this correlation is discernible even though the entangled pair may be [8] separated by large distances.

5.2
Figure 3. Our current superconducting 128-qubit processor chip is housed inside a cryogenics system within a 10 square meter shielded room.

Quantum Resonator

Lockheed, a major American military contractor, would use the quantum computer to create and test complex radar, space and [2] aircraft systems. The D-Wave would be used alongside traditional computer systems in order to solve business and [3] scientific problems a million times faster than before. Many physicists are quite skeptical about the quantum abilities of this computer, considering many issues with the technology still

The proposed solution consists of combining aspects of two current implementations. It involves using the low power state as a baseline to measure any deviations observed in an entangled particle. This has been demonstrated very recently in February of this year using quantum entanglement in a near absolute zero [6] environment.

7.

REFERENCES

[1] Jacobson, Brian. "What Is Quantum Computation." Quantiki.org. Quantiki, n.d. Web. 14 Apr. 2013. http://www.quantiki.org/wiki/What_is_Quantum_Computation %3F [2] Francisco., Quentin Hardy; John Markoff Contributed Reporting From San. "Testing a New Class of Speedy Computer." The New York Times. The New York Times, 22 Mar. 2013. Web. 29Apr.2013. http://www.nytimes.com/2013/03/22/technology/testing-a-newclass-of-speedy-computer.html?pagewanted=all
A piece of aluminum is used as a superconductor with a piece of sapphire attached to simulate an atom.[6]

The fake atom enters a quantum state, its energy made the [6] resonator vibrate in a particular way. The vibration stored the quantum state information, or qubit. Simultaneously, it transferred energy into the cavity, which emitted a microwave [6] photon that could be read. This effectively demonstrated output (a read) from quantum particles. Silanp and his team plan to reverse the process and bombard microwaves on the component and change the state (effectively demonstrating a [6] write).

[3] Vance, Ashlee. "D-Wave Qubits in the Era of Quantum Computing The Register." D-Wave Qubits in the Era of Quantum Computing The Register. The Register, 13 Feb. 2007. Web.12Apr.2013. http://www.theregister.co.uk/2007/02/13/dwave_quantum/ [4] "Technology Deep Dive." D Wave Systems, 2011. Web. 16 Apr. 2013. http://www.dwavesys.com/en/deep-dive.html. [5] Nielsen, Michael A.; Chuang, Isaac L. (2000). Quantum Computation and Quantum Information. Cambridge University Press. pp. 112113. ISBN 0-521-63503-9. [6] Emspak, Jesse. "Quantum Computer to Log Onto Quantum Internet." DNews. Discovery.com, 22 Feb. 2013. Web. 09 Mar. 2013. [7] Hagouel, Paul I., and Loannis G. Karafyllidis. Quantum Computers: Registers, Gates and Algorithms. Proc. of 28th International Conference On Microelectronics (Miel 2012), Serbia, NI. N.p.: n.p., n.d. ACM Library. Web. 5 Mar. 2013. [8] Mariantoni, Matteo, Radoslaw C. Bialczak, and John M. Martinis. "Implementing the Quantum Von Neumann Architecture with Superconducting Circuits." Science 334 (2011): 61-65. Print. [9] Lloyd, Seth. Programming the Universe: A Quantum Computer Scientist Takes on the Cosmos. New York: Knopf, 2006. Print.

CONCLUSION

With the need to process greater amounts of information at faster speeds, comes the development and advancement of technology beyond just ones and zeros and into the realm of quantum physics, a science not completely understood. As information technology evolves it can be observed that it begins to mirror similar instances already occurring in nature. The best solution is most likely already present within a range of solutions, this is where quantum information shines brightest.