GENERAL TNG CC THNG K STATISTICS OFFICE

BO CO
TNH TRNG TR EM NGHO A CHIU TI VIT NAM

REPORT ON MULTIDIMENSIONAL CHILD POVERTY IN VIETNAM

Thng 9 nm 2011 September 2011

MC LC/ Table of contents

MC LC/ Table of contents .................................................................................................... 2 LI NI U/ FOREWORD ................................................................................................... 4 TNG QUAN/ OVERVIEW ..................................................................................................... 5 Cc khi nim v tr em ngho .................................................................................................. 5 Definitions of child poverty........................................................................................................ 5 Tnh trng tr em ngho.............................................................................................................. 6 Child poverty status .................................................................................................................... 6 PHN 1. GII THIU ............................................................................................................. 12 PART 1. INTRODUCTION ..................................................................................................... 12 PHN 2. C S L THUYT ............................................................................................... 14 PART 2. LITERATURE REVIEW .......................................................................................... 14 1) Khi nim ngho v phng php nghin cu ..................................................................... 14 a) L do nghin cu tr em ngho ti Vit Nam ...................................................................... 14 1) Definition of poverty and approaches .................................................................................. 14 a) Rationale for studying child poverty in Vietnam ................................................................. 14 b) Phng php nghin cu ngho tr em ............................................................................. 14 b) Child poverty research approaches ...................................................................................... 14 2) tui tr em ....................................................................................................................... 16 2) Child age ............................................................................................................................. 16 3) Ngun s liu ....................................................................................................................... 16 3) Data sources ....................................................................................................................... 16 4) Lnh vc nghin cu ............................................................................................................ 16 4) Research domains ................................................................................................................ 16 a) Gio dc................................................................................................................................ 19 a) Education .............................................................................................................................. 19 b) Y t ....................................................................................................................................... 20 b) Health care............................................................................................................................ 20 c) Nh .................................................................................................................................... 21 c) Shelter ................................................................................................................................... 21 d) Nc sch v v sinh........................................................................................................... 22 d) Water & sanitation ............................................................................................................... 22 e) Lao ng sm ....................................................................................................................... 23 e) Child labor ............................................................................................................................ 23 f) Tha nhn x hi v bo tr x hi ...................................................................................... 23 f) Social inclusion and protection ............................................................................................. 23 5) T l ngho tr em a chiu ................................................................................................. 23 5) The multidimensional child poverty rate ............................................................................. 23 6) Nhng hn ch ca bo co.................................................................................................. 25 6) Limitations .......................................................................................................................... 25 PHN 3. KT QU TNH TON .......................................................................................... 26 PART 3. RESULTS .................................................................................................................. 26 1) Cc ch tiu ngho tr em ..................................................................................................... 26 1) Child poverty indicators ....................................................................................................... 26 2) T l ngho tr em theo lnh vc.......................................................................................... 38 2) Child poverty rate by domain ............................................................................................... 38 3) T l tr em ngho a chiu ................................................................................................. 42 3) Multidimensional child poverty rate ................................................................................... 42 4) Phn tch s giao nhau tnh trng tr em ngho theo lnh vc ............................................ 45 2

4) Analyzing the overlap of child poverty by domain .............................................................. 45 5) Phn tch tnh trng tr em ngho a chiu v ngho v chi tiu ......................................... 48 5) Analysis of child poverty using multidimensional and monetary poverty approaches ....... 48 6) Cc yu t nh hng n tnh trng ngho tr em .............................................................. 54 6) Elements influencing child poverty status ........................................................................... 54 KT LUN/ CONCLUSION .................................................................................................. 66 TI LIU THAM KHO/ References .................................................................................... 68 PH LC 1: nh ngha v phng php tnh cc ch tiu v tr em ngho da trn b s liu Kho st mc sng h gia nh 2008 ................................................................................ 69 ANNEX 1: Definitions and methods of calculating indicators on poor children based on VHLSS 2008 data set ............................................................................................................... 69 PH LC 2: H s tng quan gia cc lnh vc ................................................................... 74 APPENDIX 2: Coefficient among domains ............................................................................. 74

LI NI U/ FOREWORD
Tng cc Thng k bin son Bo co tnh trng ngho a chiu ca tr em Vit Nam, vi s h tr v k thut v ti chnh t Qu Nhi ng LHQ (UNICEF) v t vn k thut t trng i hc Maastrict (H Lan). Bo co ng dng phng php tip cn a chiu o ngho tr em do B Lao ng Thng binh v X hi v Qu Nhi ng LHQ (UNICEF) xut nm 2006. Cc phn tch trong bo co hon ton da trn s liu Kho st mc sng dn c nm 2008 ca Tng cc Thng k. Bo co tnh trng ngho a chiu ca tr em Vit Nam l s tip ni ca bo co Tr em ngho sng u? (2008) do B Lao ng, Thng binh v X hi v UNICEF cng b. Cc bo co v tnh trng ngho ca tr em ny mong mun a ra nhng m t rng hn v thc trng tr em ngho, khng ch cn c vo kha cnh kinh t m cn xem xt c vn lao ng tr em v kh nng tip cn cc nhu cu c bn khc ca tr em nh gio dc, y t, nh , nc sch v v sinh mi trng, v bo tr x hi Tng cc Thng k v UNICEF mong rng bn bo co ny s c c gi n nhn v s dng nh mt ti liu tham kho thng xuyn. Tuy c nhiu c gng nhng bo co khng trnh khi nhng thiu st. Tng cc Thng k v UNICEF rt mong nhn c kin ng gp qu bu ca cc c nhn, t chc trong v ngoi nc quan tm n tnh trng ngho ca tr em Vit Nam. GSO compiled the Report on Multidimensional Child Poverty in Vietnam with technical assistance from the University of Maastricht (the Netherlands) and technical and financial support from UNICEF. This report applied a multidimensional approach to measuring child poverty and was developed by the Ministry of Labor, Invalids and Social Affairs (MOLISA) and UNICEF in 2006. The analysis in this report is based on data from the Vietnam Household Living Standards Survey conducted in 2008 by GSO. The Report on Multidimensional Child Poverty in Vietnam is the continuation of the report Children in Vietnam, Who and Where are the Poor? (2008) released by MOLISA and UNICEF. These reports aim to provide a broader description of child poverty status. Child poverty is not only defined in economic terms but also in relation to child labor and the deprivation of basic needs such as education, health care, shelter, water & sanitation, and social inclusion & protection. GSO and UNICEF hope that this report will be appreciated and used as a regular source of reference. In spite of our best efforts, there may be some unavoidable shortcomings. The General Statistics Office and UNICEF would like to receive valuable feedback from individuals and organizations in the country and abroad that are interested in child poverty in Vietnam. Tng cc trng, Tng cc Thng k Director General ,General Statistics Office

UNICEF Vietnam

Representative

Thc 4

TNG QUAN/ OVERVIEW

Cc khi nim v tr em ngho Tr em ngho thng c quan nim l nhng tr em sng trong nhng h gia nh ngho - l nhng h gia nh c mc thu nhp hoc chi tiu thp hn chun ngho. y l khi nim tr em ngho n chiu, nhn di gc tin t. Vit Nam, tr em ngho v chi tiu c th c tnh ton da trn s liu chi tiu ca h gia nh trong KSMS 2006 v 2008. Ni chung, thu nhp hoc chi tiu cng cao th cng c kh nng m bo mt cuc sng y hn v vt cht v tinh thn v ngc li. Tuy nhin, trong thc t tr em cha to ra c thu nhp cng nh khng t quyt nh c chi tiu m hon ton ph thuc vo mi trng sng, s bao cp ca gia nh v s bo tr ca x hi. Ngoi ra, tr em cn c nhng nhu cu c bit khc pht trin ton din c v th cht, tinh thn v tr tu. Trn quan im , gn y UNICEF v MOLISA s dng khi nim tr em ngho a chiu, da trn 8 nhu cu c bn ca tr trn lnh vc l: gio dc, y t, dinh dng, nh , nc sch v v sinh, lao ng tr em, vui chi gii tr, s tha nhn v bo tr x hi. Theo quan im a chiu, mt tr em c xc nh l ngho khi khng c m bo t nht 2 trong 8 nhu cu trn1 .
1

Definitions of child poverty Child poverty is typically defined as children living in a poor household, i.e. a household with a lower income or lower expenditure level than the poverty line. This is a one-dimensional definition of child poverty in monetary terms. In Vietnam child poverty in terms of expenditure can be calculated based on household expenditure data from VHLSSs 2006 and 2008.

In general, higher income or expenditure ensures better physical and mental life and vice versa. However, in reality, children have neither generated income nor made expenditure decisions themselves. They totally rely on their living environment, family inclusion and social protection. Moreover, children have special needs for their comprehensive physical, mental and intellectual development. In this point of view, UNICEF and MOLISA have recently used the term multidimensional child poverty, based on the basic needs of children in 8 domains: education, health care, nutrition, shelter, water & sanitation, child labor, leisure, and social inclusion & protection. According to a multidimensional point of view, a child is identified as poor when deprived in at least 2 out of these 8 domains 1.
2

Tr em ngho Vit Nam sng u? ng dng v pht trin phng php tip cn a chiu v tr em ngho, 2008, Unicef, i hc Maastricht (H Lan), B Lao ng Thng binh v X hi, Tng cc Thng k v cc B ngnh. 21 Children in Vietnam, Who and Where are the Poor? The development and application of a multidimensional approach to child poverty, 2008, Unicef, University of Maastricht (the Netherlands), MOLISA, GSO and Ministries.

Tnh trng tr em ngho Trong bo co ny tnh trng tr em ngho c tnh ton t s liu KSMS 2006 v 2008 theo hai phng php tip cn tin t v a chiu, trong ngho tin t tnh theo chi tiu v ngho a chiu tnh theo 6 trong 8 nhu cu c bn ca tr. Do KSMS 2008 khng thu thp s liu v dinh dng v vui chi gii tr ca tr em nn bo co s tp trung phn tch 6 lnh vc, tr 2 lnh vc dinh dng v vui chi gii tr ca tr. Cc ch tiu c th cho tr em c s dng o mc thiu thn trong tng lnh vc v p dng mt ngng xc nh liu mt tr em c chu thiu thn trong mt lnh vc c th hay khng. Tm li vi mc tiu ca bo co ny, mt tr em c xc nh l ngho khi chu mt mc thiu thn c bn ti thiu ca trong t nht 2 trong 6 lnh vc, gm gio dc, y t, nh , nc sch v v sinh, lao ng sm, s tha nhn v bo tr x hi. Theo c hai phng php tip cn, t l tr em ngho nm 2008 gim so vi nm 2006. T l tr em ngho chi tiu nm 2008 l 20,7%, gim xp x 2 im phn trm so nm 2006; t l tr em ngho a chiu nm 2008 l 28,9%, gim 1,8 im phn trm so nm 2006.

Child poverty status In this report child poverty is calculated based on data from VHLSSs 2006 and 2008 using a monetary approach and a multidimensional approach. Monetary poverty is calculated by expenditure and multidimensional poverty is calculated by 6 out of 8 basic needs of children. Since the Living Standards Survey in 2008 did not cover nutrition and leisure data, this report focused on analyzing 6 domains, excluding the domains of nutrition and leisure. Specific child-focused indicators were used to measure deprivation in each of the 6 domains and a threshold was applied to determine whether a child was deprived or not in that particular domain. In sum, and for the purpose of the present report, a child was considered poor if s/he was deprived of a basic minimum in at least 2 out of 6 domains (education, health care, shelter, water & sanitation, child labor, and social inclusion & protection). According to the two approaches above, the child poverty rate in 2008 decreased compared to that of 2006. The expenditure child poverty rate in 2008 was 20.7%, a decrease of approximately 2 percentage points compared to 2006. The multidimensional child poverty rate in 2008 was 28.9%, a decrease of 1.8 percentage points compared to 2006. The multidimensional child poverty rate in 2008 was equivalent to about 6.34 million children under the age of 16. The two domains that revealed the highest levels of deprivation were health care (52.9%), and water & sanitation (42.9%). Deprivation levels were lower for shelter (17.4%), education (16.1%), child labor (9.8%), and social inclusion & protection (8.8%)

T l tr em ngho a chiu nm 2008 tng ng khong 6,34 triu tr di 16 tui. Hai lnh vc c mc thiu thn cao nht l y t (52,9%), nc sch v v sinh (42,9%). Cc nhu cu khng c p ng tip theo l nh (17,4%), gio dc (16,1%), tr lao ng sm (9,8%), v tha nhn x hi v bo tr x hi (8,8%).

Hnh/Figure 1: T l tr em ngho nm 2006 v 2008 chia theo cc lnh lc/ Multidimensional child poverty rate in 2006 and 2008 by dimension

T l tr em khng c tip cn nc sch v v sinh gim mnh nht, gim 5,9 im phn trm, tip n l nh v gio dc tng ng gim 3,6 v 2,3 im phn trm. Ring lnh vc y t, lao ng sm v than gia x hi v bo tr x hi th t l tr em ngho li c xu hng tng, mc tng tng ng l 5 v 0,9 v 0,8 im phn trm (Biu 1). Xu hng gim ngho a chiu nhanh hn din ra cc nhm tr t 3 n 5 tui, tr em sng trong cc h gia nh ngi Kinh/Hoa, sng khu vc nng thn, vng Bc Trung B, ng Nam B, ng bng sng Cu long. Nhng kt qu ny nhn chung th hin tc ng tch cc ca pht trin knh t v hiu qu ca cc chng trnh, chnh sch x hi v bo him y t cho tr di 6 tui; min gim hc ph cho tr thuc cc h ngho, h chnh sch; h tr xy dng v sa cha nh ; xy dng v cung cp ngun nc sch cho cc x ngho v cc h gia

The rate of children deprived of access to adequate water & sanitation decreased most, by 5.9 percentage points compared to 2006, followed by shelter and education with a decrease of 3.6 and 2.3 percentage points respectively. However, deprivation rates for health, child labor, social inclusion & protection increased by 5.0, 0.9 and 0.8 percentage points respectively (Chart 1). The rate of multidimensional child poverty reduction was relatively high among children aged 3 to 5, children living in Kinh/Chinese households, in rural areas, and on the North Central Coast, the South Central Coast, and in the Mekong River Delta. In general, these results point to the potentially positive impact of economic development and the effectiveness of social programs and policies in terms of health insurance for children under the age of 6; school fee exemptions for children of poor or preferential 7

nh ngho.

households; help building and repairing homes; and supplying clean water to poor communes and poor households Multidimensional child poverty differed in urban and rural areas, from region to region2, and among ethnic and age groups. Of the 6.34 million poor children, over 5.67 million of them lived in rural areas, 2.17 million children lived in the Mekong River Delta, 2.26 million children belonged to ethnic minorities and more than 0.75 million children were 15 years of age. Although children living in a household with a high average expenditure were unlikely to be poor in multidimensional terms, in fact, 6.5% of the children living in a rich household (i.e. with an average expenditure between 917,000 and 5,224,000 VND per capita per month) were found to be poor in multidimensional terms, especially in the Mekong River Delta, which is the rice bowl of the country and where the average expenditure per capita was fairly high (only lower than the Southeast and the Red River Delta). There the expenditure child poverty rate was 15.9% but the multidimensional child poverty rate was the highest, accounting for 52.8% of all children. In the northern mountainous regions, the Central Highlands, the Southeast and the Mekong River Delta, the multidimensional child poverty rate was higher than the expenditure child poverty rate. In the Red River Delta and on the North Central Coast and Central Coast regions, the tendency was reversed and the multidimensional child poverty rate was lower than the expenditure child poverty rate, 1.1 percentage points and 4 percentage points respectively. The child poverty rates for the various domains differed between regions as well. In the

T l tr em ngho a chiu c s khc bit gia khu vc nng thn v thnh th, cc vng 2, cc nhm dn tc v nhm tui. Trong tng s khong 6,34 triu tr em ngho th c ti hn 5,67 triu tr em sng khu vc nng thn, 2,17 triu tr em sng vng ng bng sng Cu long, 2,26 triu tr em dn tc thiu s v trn 0,75 triu tr tui 15. Mc d tr em sng trong cc h c chi tiu bnh qun cao t c nguy c ri vo ngho a chiuvn cn 6,5% tr em sng trong cc h gia nh giu (chi tiu bnh qun mt ngi mt thng t 917 n 5.224 nghn ng) ri vo ngho a chiu. c bit ng bng sng Cu Long l va la ca c nc, chi tiu bnh qun u ngi thuc din kh (ch thp hn vng ng Nam B v ng bng sng Hng), t l tr em ngho chi tiu ch c 15,9% nhng tr em ngho a chiu li chim t l cao nht, ti 52,8%. T l tr em ngho a chiu cc vng Trung du, min ni pha Bc, Ty Nguyn, ng Nam B v ng bng sng Cu Long u cao hn t l tr em ngho chi tiu. Ring ng bng sng Hng, Bc Trung B v Duyn hi min Trung li c xu hng o chiu, t l tr em ngho a chiu thp hn ngho chi tiu tng ng khong 1,1 im phn trm v 4 im phn trm. T l tr em ngho a chiu ca cc lnh vc cng khc nhau gia cc vng . vng ng bng sng Cu Long th 4 lnh vc quyt nh t l ngho a chiu cao theo th t l y t, nc sch v v sinh, nh v gio dc, tng ng vi 43,4%, 70,4%, 39,2% v 26,2% tr em sng trong iu kin thiu thn. Ngho tr em vng Ni v Trung du Bc B ch yu nh hng
3

c th so snh s liu vng gia nm 2006 v 2008 th trong bo co phn tch theo 8 vng a l, nhng p ng vi thc t qun l v ng dng chnh sch th phn ny phn tch theo 6 vng a l. 2 To be able to compare the regional figures between 2006 and 2008, the analysis in this report was implemented by eight geographical regions, but to meet with pratical management and policy application the analysis in this part was done by six geographical regions.
3

do 3 lnh vc l nc sch v v sinh (63,6%), y t (60,4%) v nh (32,1%). Ngho Ty Nguyn, Bc Trung B v Duyn hi min Trung tc ng bi 2 lnh vc l nc sch v v sinh (66,1%; 39,7%) v y t (48,0%; 59,8%). Ring ng bng sng Hng v ng Nam B t l ngho a chiu mc thp nht c nc, tng ng l 10,9% v 12,9%, nhng t l tr khng c m bo v y t li mc trn 45%, cao nht c nc.

Mekong River Delta, the 4 decisive domains were health care, water & sanitation, shelter and education, with 43.4%, 70.4%, 39.2% and 26.2% children living without those needs respectively. Child poverty in the northern mountainous regions was mainly affected by water & sanitation (63.6%), health care (60.4%) and shelter (32.1%). Child poverty in the Central Highlands, the North Central Coast and the Central Coast was affected by two domains: water & sanitation (66.1%; 39.7%) and health care (48.0%; 59.8%). Particularly in the Red River Delta and the Southeast, the multidimensional child poverty rate was the lowest in the country, at 10.9% and 12.9% respectively, but the rate of children whose health was not cared for was the highest, over 45%.

Hnh/Figure 2b: T l ngho a chiu v ngho chi tiu theo 8 vng/ Monetary and multidimensional child poverty rate in 2008
70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 12.0110.43 32.46 35.81 32.05 55.54 64.60 52.81 38.70 33.50

23.25 19.35 19.44

14.8215.50 5.51

ng ng Bc/ Ty Bc/ Bc Trungng Nam Ty ng Nam ng b ng sng Northeast Northwest B / North B / South Nguyn/ B / b ng sng H ng/ Red Central Central Central Southeast Cu Long/ River Coast Coast Highlands Mekong Delta River Delta Vng/Region

T l tr em ngho chi tiu/ Child expenditure poverty rate T l tr em ngho a chi u/ Multi-dimensional child poverty rate

Nh vy trong 6 lnh vc quan st c t KSMS th hin ti ni ln 2 lnh vc c tc ng n t l ngho a chiu ca tr em cn mc cao l y t, nc sch v v sinh. Tr em ngho trong lnh vc y t c t l cao tt c cc vng. Nc sch v v sinh lm nh hng ln n t l ngho v c khc bit r rt gia cc vng, c bit nht l ng bng sng Cu Long, Ty Nguyn, Trung du min ni pha Bc, v Bc Trung B v Duyn hi Min Trung. Vn nh tp trung trong 2 vng Trung du min ni pha Bc v ng bng sng Cu Long.

In sum, of the 6 domains observed in the VHLSS, the two main domains affecting the multidimensional child poverty rate were health care, and water & sanitation. Child health care poverty was high in all regions. Water & sanitation affected the poverty rate in all regions, with clear differences between regions, especially in the Mekong River Delta, the Central Highlands, the northern mountainous regions, the North Central Coast and the Central Coast. Shelter poverty was most prominent in the northern mountainous regions and the Mekong River Delta. Studying multidimensional child poverty based on characteristics of children, head of household, household members and regional factors can help clarify the causes of child poverty 3. Firstly, the child poverty rate was not
5

Nghin cu ngho a chiu da trn cc c tnh ca tr, ca ch h, cc thnh vin trong h gia nh v cc yu t vng min c th lm r nhng nguyn nhn ngho ca tr em 3. Th nht, t l tr em ngho chnh lch khng nhiu
4

Xy dng m hnh hi qui logistic ring cho thnh th v nng thn vi bin ph thuc l tr em ngho a chiu v cc bin c lp. M hnh thnh th vi n=2007, chi2= 291,23 v P<0.0000; M hnh nng thn vi n=7797, chi2= 1777,15 v P<0.0000. 3 Developing logistic regression model separately for urban and rural areas with multidimensional child poverty as the dependent variable and independent variables. Urban model with n=2007, chi2= 291.23 and P<0.0000; Rural model with n=7797, chi2= 1777.15 and P<0.0000.
4 5

10

gia tr em trai v tr em gi, c thnh th v nng thn, v gia nhm tr phn theo gii tnh ca ch h. V vy c th rt ra kt lun l gii tnh khng tc ng n nguy c ngho ca tr em, ngha l khng c s bt bnh ng ln gia tr em gi v tr em trai trong vic tip cn cc dch v p ng cc nhu cu c bn. Th hai, nguy c ngho ca tr em gim khi: tui ch h khng qu gi; trnh hc vn ca cc thnh vin h gia nh tng; ch h c vic lm hoc vic lm ca ch h c trnh chuyn mn cao; h gia nh sng khu vc thnh th thay v nng thn. Th ba, nguy c ngho tr em tng khi ch h l ngi dn tc thiu s; h sng cc vng ngho, c bit vng Ty Bc; tui ch h cao, c bit khu vc nng thn; quy m h gia nh ln. Ni cch khc, dng nh t l tr em ngho cao hn nhng tr em sng trong h gia nh c s ngi gi v tr em cao hn. Tr em nhng h c ch h ga (v hoc chng) hoc ly hn c t l ngho a chiu cao hn tr em nhng h c ch h khng tnh trng nh vy.

much different for boys and girls, in urban and rural areas, and according to the sex of the head of household. Therefore, we can conclude that gender had no impact on the child poverty risk of children, which means there was no big inequality between boys and girls in accessing basic needs. Secondly, the child poverty risk was less when the head of household was not very old; when educational qualifications of household members increased; when the head of household was employed or had high professional qualifications; and when the household lived in an urban area instead of a rural one. Thirdly, the child poverty risk increased when the head of household belonged to an ethnic minority; when the household lived in a poor area, especially in the Northwest; the head of household was old, especially in rural areas; and household size was big. In other words, the child poverty rate seemed to be higher for children living in a household with more old people and children. The multidimensional child poverty rate in a household with a widowed or divorced head of household was higher than that of a household with both parents.

11

PHN 1. GII THIU PART 1. INTRODUCTION

Vit Nam t c nhng thnh tu ng k trong vic thc hin Mc tiu pht trin thin nin k v xa b tnh trng ngho cng cc. Mc sng dn c ang ngy mt nng cao v ngho i c xu hng gim dn. Tuy nhin, mc sng tng v ngho i gim khng ng u gia cc vng trong c nc.
Biu 1: T l ngho v h s bt bnh ng chi tiu Table 1: Poverty rate and expenditure inequality
2002 C NC/ WHOLE COUNTRY Thnh th / Urban Nng thn / Rural Vng/Region ng bng sng Hng/ Red River Delta ng Bc/ Northeast Ty Bc / North Central Coast Bc Trung B / Duyn hi Nam Trung B/ South Central Coast Ty Nguyn/ Central Highlands ng Nam B / Southeast ng bng sng Cu Long/ Mekong River Delta H s GINI / GINI Coefficient 22.4 38.4 68.0 43.9 25.2 51.8 10.6 23.4 0.42 12.1 29.4 58.6 31.9 19.0 33.1 5.4 19.5 0.42 8.8 25.0 49.0 29.1 12.6 28.6 5.8 10.3 0.42 8.13 24.29 45.69 22.62 13.72 24.13 3.53 12.3 0.43 28.9 2004 19.5 2006 15.97 2008 14.47

Vietnam has made significant achievements in implementing the Millenium Development Goals and in eliminating extreme poverty. The standard of living is improving and poverty is declining. However, the increase in the standard of living and the decrease in poverty are unequally spread over different parts of the country.

6.6 35.6

3.6 25.0

3.9 20.4

3.31 18.47

Ngun: Kho st mc sng 2002-2008, TCTK Source: Living Standard Survey 2002-2008, GSO Biu 1 th hin t l ngho v h s bt bnh ng ca phn phi chi tiu phn theo khu vc, theo vng c tnh t s liu chi tiu bnh qun ngi/thng ca KSMS 2002-2008. Trong thi k 2002-2008, t l ngho gim dn nhng h s bt bnh ng Gini hu nh khng thay i. T l ngho nm 2004 gim 10 im % so vi nm 2002, nm 2006 gim 4 im % so vi 2004, nhng 2008 t l ny ch gim c 1,5 im % so vi nm 2006. Nm 2008 tc gim ngho chm li ng k, c l l do tc ng ca Chart 1 shows the poverty rate and inequality coefficient of expenditure distribution by region and area calculated from monthly average expenditure per capita data from VHLSSs 2002-2008. During 2002-2008 the poverty rate declined but the Gini coefficient was almost unchanged. The poverty rate in 2004 was 10 percentage points lower than in 2002, and in 2006 it was 4 percentage points lower than in 2004, but in 2008 the rate was only 1.5 percentage points lower than in 2006. In 2008 the 12

lm pht cao n mc sng ca ngi dn. Mc d tc gim t l ngho khu vc nng thn nhanh hn thnh th nhng t l ngho ca khu vc nng thn cao gp 5 ln khu vc thnh th. T l ngho c s khc bit ln gia cc vng. T l ngho ca vng ng Nam B v ng bng sng Hng thp nht c nc, l ni tp trung 2 thnh ph ln l H Ni v H Ch Minh, ni c mc thu nhp bnh qun u ngi cao nht c nc. T l ngho cao nht l vng Ty Bc; tip n l cc vng ng Bc, Ty Nguyn v Bc Trung b. y cng l nhng vng c s bt bnh ng trong phn phi chi tiu cao nht.

poverty reduction rate slowed down considerably, probably because of the impact of high inflation on the standard of living standard. Although the poverty rate in rural areas declined more quickly than in urban areas, the poverty rate in rural areas was five times higher than that of urban areas. The poverty rates varied greatly from region to region. The poverty rate in the Southeast and the Red River Delta, where two big cities, with the highest average income per capita, Hanoi and Ho Chi Minh City, are located, was the lowest in the country. The poverty rate was highest in the Northwest, followed by the Northeast, the Central Highlands and the North Central Coast. These were also the areas with the highest inequality in the distribution of expenditure. The poverty gap in urban areas was higher than in rural areas. The Gini coefficient computed from VHLSS 2008 showed that the inequality of expenditure distribution in urban areas was higher than that in rural areas. The inequality coefficient of the Southeast was the highest in the country. According to a generalized estimate from VHLSS 2008, 22 million children aged 0-15 made up one quarter of Vietnams population. Among these children, more than 20% were living in a household whose expenditure level was lower than the poverty line. However, can the percentage of children living in a household whose expenditure level was lower than the poverty line fully reflect the child poverty situation in Vietnam? This issue will be discussed in the next part of this report.

Phn ha giu ngho khu vc thnh th ln hn khu vc nng thn. H s Gini tnh t KSMS 2008 cho thy khu vc thnh th c s bt bnh ng v phn phi chi tiu cao hn khu vc nng thn v h s bt bnh ng vng ng Nam B cao nht trong c nc. Theo c tnh suy rng ca KSMS 2008, tr em t 0-15 tui c khong 22 triu em, chim khong 1/4 dn s Vit Nam, trong s c hn 20% tr em ang sng trong cc h gia nh c mc chi tiu thp hn chun ngho. Tuy nhin, t l nhng tr em sng trong cc h gia nh c chi tiu thp hn chun ngho, tc l t l tr em ngho v chi tiu liu phn nh y v tnh trng tr em ngho Vit Nam? Vn ny s c xem xt trong cc phn sau ca bo co ny.

13

PHN 2. C S L THUYT PART 2. LITERATURE REVIEW

1) Khi nim ngho v phng php nghin cu a) L do nghin cu tr em ngho ti Vit Nam Trong Tuyn ngn th gii v Quyn con ngi LHQ nhn mnh rng tt c tr em c quyn c sng cn, pht trin, bo v v tham gia. Lut bo v, chm sc v gio dc tr em cng khng nh trch nhim bo v, chm sc v gio dc tr em l ca ton x hi, khng loi tr bt k mt mt c nhn no. Mc tiu ca nghin cu v tnh trng tr em ngho nhm phc ha mt bc tranh v thc trng nhng tr em cn cha c p ng nhng nhu cu c bn ca mnh, cn b thit thi v tn thng. iu ny s gip cho vic thit k cc chnh sch ph hp vi nhm tr em ny. 1) Definition of poverty and approaches a) Rationale for studying child poverty in Vietnam The Universal Declaration of Human Rights of the UN states that all children have the right to survival, development, protection, and participation. In Vietnam, the Protection, Care and Education of Children law states that the responsibility for protecting, caring for and educating children lies with the whole of society, not excluding any individual. The aim of studying child poverty is to draw a picture of the reality in which some children are deprived of certain basic needs and are disadvantaged and vulnerable. This will help to design appropriate policies for this group of children. Poverty has a great impact on children. If children live in poverty and their basic needs are not met, they and their children will be likely to suffer poverty in the future. Therefore, solving child poverty now also means reducing the intergenerational transmission of poverty.

Ngho i tc ng nng n ln i tng tr em. Tr em sng trong cnh ngho v khng c p ng nhng nhu cu c bn th bn thn cc em v th h con ci h d b ri vo cnh ngho trong tng lai. V vy gii quyt c tnh trng tr em ngho hin ti cng ng ngha vi vic gim tnh trng ngho chuyn t th h ny qua th h khc. b) Phng php nghin cu ngho tr em Bo co Tr em ngho sng u? (2008) ca MOLISA v UNICEF cp hai phng php nghin cu ngho tr em: ngho tin t v ngho a chiu6. Phng php nghin cu ngho tin t: theo phng php ny mt tr em c coi l ngho nu sng trong h gia

b) Child poverty research approaches The report Children in Vietnam, Who and Where are the Poor? (2008) by MOLISA and UNICEF mentions two approaches to measure poverty among children: monetary poverty and 7 multidimensional poverty . The monetary poverty approach: Using this approach, a child is identified as poor if s/he lives in a household whose

Children in Viet Nam, Who and Where are the Poor? The development and application of a multidimensional approach to child poverty. Unicef - November 2008 7 Children in Vietnam - Who and Where are the Poor? The development and application of a multidimensional approach to child poverty. Unicef - November 2008

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nh c mc chi tiu bnh qun u ngi mt thng di chun ngho tnh cho nm 2008 l 280 nghn ng/ngi/thng. Phng php nghin cu ngho a chiu: Phng php tip cn a chiu do MOLISA v UNICEF xy dng nm 2008 nh gi tnh trng ngho ca mt tr em da trn cc nhu cu c bn catr c tuyn b trong Cng c quc t v Quyn tr em ca Lin Hp Quc. l cc nhu cu c bn trn tm lnh vc: gio dc, y t, dinh dng, nh , nc sch v v sinh, vui chi gii tr, khng phi lao ng sm, tha nhn x hi v bo tr x hi. Do thiu s liu v dinh dng v vui chi gii tr trong KSMS, bo co phn tch ny xc nh mt a tr l ngho a chiu khi khng c p ng y hai trong s su nhu cu c bn ni trn.Cc ch tiu c th cho tr em c s dng o mc thiu ht trong tng lnh vc v p dng mt ngng xc nh liu mt tr em c chu thiu thn trong mt lnh vc c th hay khng.

monthly average expenditure per capita is lower than the poverty line, which was about 280,000 VND per capita per month in 2008. The multidimensional approach: The multidimensional (non-monetary) approach developed by MOLISA and UNICEF in 2008 reflects the poverty of a child based on his/her basic needs, which were declared in the United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child. These basic needs are in the following 8 domains: education, health care, nutrition, shelter, water & sanitation, leisure, child labor, social inclusion & protection. Since VHLSS 2008 did not cover nutrition and leisure data, in this report a child was identified as suffering from multidimensional poverty if s/he is deprived in at least 2 out of 6 of the other domains. Specific child-focused indicators were used to measure deprivation in each of the 6 domains and a threshold was applied to determine whether a child was deprived or not in that particular domain (see table 2). Along with the monetary approach, the multidimensional approach can identify children living in a household whose expenditure was higher than the poverty line but who were still considered poor in non-monetary terms. Therefore, applying both the monetary and the multidimensional approaches in analyzing child poverty in Vietnam helped clarify the picture of child poverty in Vietnam, helping policy makers provide appropriate actions to solve child poverty in Vietnam.

Cng vi phng php tin t, phng php a chiu c th s pht hin thm c nhng tr em sng trong nhng h gia nh c chi tiu trn chun ngho, nhng c xc nh l ngho theo tiu ch phi tin t . Do vy s dng c hai phng php tin t v a chiu trong phn tch ngho tr em s lm r hn bc tranh tr em ngho Vit Nam, qua gip cc nh hoch nh chnh sch c nhng tc ng ph hp gii quyt vn ngho tr em.

15

2) tui tr em Tr em trong Lut bo v, chm sc v gio dc tr em l cng dn Vit Nam di 16 tui. Theo , nhng tr em t 0-15 tui s l i tng nghin cu. Ngoi ra, i vi mi lnh vc c th li c nhng tui ph hp, chng hn i vi lnh vc gio dc nhm tui c xc nh t 5 -15 tui v Lut Gio dc Vit Nam quy nh tui tr em cp tiu hc v trung hc c s l t 6-15 v chnh ph cng c chnh sch ph cp gio dc mn non cho tr em 5 tui; Nhm tui i vi cc ch tiu v y t c xc nh t 0-4 tui nhm tm ra t l tr nh khng c n c s y t; Nhm 6-15 tui i vi lnh vc lao ng tr em nhm pht hin tnh trng tr phi lao ng sm nh hng n hc tp v pht trin.

2) Child age In Vietnam, the Protection, Care and Education of Children law defines children as Vietnamese citizens below 16 years of age. Accordingly, children aged 0-15 were the subject of the research. In addition, each domain relates to a specific age group. For example, for education this is 5-15 years of age because the Vietnamese Law on Education stipulates the age for primary and secondary schooling as being from 6-15 years old, and a policy exists on the universalisation of kindergarten education for 5 year old children. The age range for health care indicators is 0-4 years old in order to find out the rate of young children who cannot access health care facilities. It is 6-15 years of age for child labor in order to find children who have to join the workforce work early, which affects their studies. 3) Data sources This report uses data from VHLSSs 2006 and 2008. VHLSSs 2006 and 2008 were surveys conducted every two years by GSO, starting in 2002. Random sampling was employed for this survey based on samples of enumeration areas of the census on housing and population conducted in 1999. VHLSS 2008 collected data from two samples: income & expenditure and income. The income & expenditure sample included 9,189 households comprised of 38,253 household members and 9,960 children under the age of 16. The sample of VHLSS 2006 was designed similarly to that of 2008. From this data set, it was possible to analyze the reality of children living in households by field of study, relationships between individual elements and households affecting child poverty. 4) Research domains As stated above, data used in this report was taken from VHLSS 2008. Therefore, domains must be in accordance with this data source. The selected domains and calculated 16

3) Ngun s liu Bo co ny da trn b s liu Kho st mc sng 2006 v 2008. KSMS l cuc kho st c Tng cc Thng k tin hnh 2 nm mt ln t nm 2002. Mu ca cuc kho st c chn ngu nhin t mu ch cc a bn ca Tng iu tra dn s v nh 1999. KSMS 2008 thu thp thng tin theo hai mu: mu thu nhp chi tiu v mu thu nhp. Mu thu nhp chi tiu gm 9.189 h gia nh, vi 38.253 nhn khu v 9.960 tr em di 16 tui. Mu ca KSMS 2006 c thit k v quy m mu tng t mu ca KSMS 2008. T b s liu ny c th phn tch c tnh trng tr em sng trong cc h gia nh theo tng lnh vc nghin cu, mi lin h gia cc yu t c nhn v h gia nh n tnh trng ngho tr em. 4) Lnh vc nghin cu Nh trn trnh by, s liu s dng trong bo co ny l s liu ca KSMS 2008, do vy vic la chn cc lnh vc phi ph hp vi ngun s liu ny. Cc lnh vc c la chn v cc

ch tiu c tnh ton trong bo co ny ch yu da vo phng php tnh c trnh by trong Bo co Tr em ngho sng u? (2008) ca MOLISA v UNICEF. Tuy nhin, mt s ch tiu cng c iu chnh cho ph hp. KSMS 2008 c s liu v 6 lnh vc, gm gio dc, y t, nh , nc sch v v sinh, lao ng sm, tha nhn x hi v bo tr x hi. Lnh vc dinh dng v vui chi gii tr khng c cp do khng c cc thng tin trong b s liu KSMS 2008. Di y l cc lnh vc v cc ch tiu c s dng trong bo co phn tch ny.

indicators in this report are mainly based on the calculation method presented in the report Children in Vietnam, Who and Where are the Poor? (2008) by MOLISA and UNICEF. However, some indicators need adjusting. VHLSS 2008 collected data for 6 domains, including education, health care, shelter, water & sanitation, child labor, and social inclusion & protection. Nutrition and leisure were not mentioned due to lack of data in VHLSS 2008. Below are the domains and indicators used in this report.

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a) 1. 2. b) 3. c) 4. 5.

d) 6. 7. e) 8. f) 9.

Bng 2: Cc lnh vc v ch tiu nh gi ngho tr em da trn s liu KSMS 2008 Table 2: Domains and indicators assessing child poverty based on data from VHLSS 2008 Gio dc/ Education T l tr em t 5-15 tui khng i hc ng tui/ Rate of children from 5-15 years old not attending school at the right age T l tr em khng hon thnh cp tiu hc trong tui 11-15/ Rate of children from 11-15 years old not completing primary education Y t/ Health care T l tr em t 0-4 tui khng n c s y t trong 12 thng qua/ Rate of children from 0-4 years old not accessing health facilities during the last 12 months Nh / Shelter T l tr em t 0-15 tui sng trong cc h gia nh khng c in sinh hot / Rate of children from 5-15 years old living in a household without electricity T l tr em t 0-15 tui sng trong h gia nh c nh khng t tiu chun / Rate of children from 5-15 years old living in a household whose shelter does not meet standards Nc sch v v sinh/ Water & sanitation T l tr em sng trong ngi nh khng c h x hp v sinh / Rate of children living in a household without a sanitary latrine T l tr em sng trong h gia nh khng c ngun nc ung sch / Rate of children living in a household without clean water Lao ng sm/ Child labor T l tr em t 6-15 tui phi lm vic / Rate of children from 6-15 years old working Tha nhn x hi v bo tr x hi/ Social inclusion and protection T l tr em sng trong h gia nh m ngi ch h khng c kh nng lao ng / Rate of children living in households in which the head of the household is unable to work

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a) Gio dc Cng c quyn tr em8 khng nh gio dc l mt nhu cu v l quyn c bn ca mi tr em. Tr em trong qu trnh pht trin ca mnh tng bc khm ph bn thn v th gii, cho nn gio dc trong giai on ny c ngha v cng to ln. Gio dc chnh l hnh trang cho mi tr em hon thin bn thn v pht trin. Gio dc gip tr tip thu tri thc, ng thi t khm ph ra nng lc tim tng. Mt tr em khng c i hc s mt i c hi hiu bit cc kin thc tch ly trong sch v, mt i c hi ha nhp vi cc bn cng trang la v iu quan trng nht l v tr ca tr khi trng thnh trong x hi khng c m bo. Cn c Mc tiu Thin nin k10, Vit Nam ra n nm 2015 phi m bo cho mi tr em, trai cng nh gi, hon thnh y chng trnh gio dc tiu hc. V nhng l do nu trn, 2 ch tiu gio dc di y c chn xc nh mt tr em b coi l ngho v gio dc, nu thiu ht mt mc ti thiu v gio dc c bn . Ch tiu gio dc th nht: T l tr em t 5-15 tui khng i hc ng tui (Ch tiu 1). Ch tiu ny phn nh ngho theo tnh trng nhp hc. y l kt hp ca cc ch tiu gm t l tr em 5 tui khng i hc mu gio, t l tr em t 6-10 tui khng i hc tiu hc v t l tr em t 11-15 tui khng i hc trung hc c s.

a) Education The Convention on the Rights of the Child9 states that education is a basic need and right of every child. Children tend to discover themselves and the world step by step. Therefore, education at this stage is very important. Education is an asset for them to improve and develop. Education helps children acquire knowledge, and self-discover their capabilities. An out-of-school child will lose opportunities to understand the knowledge in books, lose opportunities to integrate with peers, and, most importantly, their position in society when they grow up cannot be guaranteed. Pursuant to the Millennium Development Goals11, Vietnams target is to ensure by 2015 that all children, boys and girls, complete a full primary education. For the reasons stated above, the two education indicators below were selected to determine whether a child can be identified as education poor, i.e. deprived of a basic minimum in terms of education. The first education indicator is Rate of children aged 5-15 not attending school at the right age (Indicator 1). This indicator reflects poverty in schooling admission. This indicator is a combination of many indicators such as the rate of children aged 5 not attending kindergarten, the rate of children aged 610 not attending primary school and the rate of children aged 11-15 not attending secondary school. The second education indicator is Rate of children aged 11-15 not completing primary education (Indicator

Ch tiu gio dc th hai: T l tr em t 11-15 tui khng hon thnh cp tiu hc (Ch tiu 2). Theo tt c

8 9

Trch Cng c ca Lin Hp Quc v quyn tr em 20/11/1989 Quoted from Convention on the Rights of the Child by UN on 20/11/1989 10 Trch t cun Vit Nam tip tc chng ng thc hin cc mc tiu pht trin Thin Nin K. B KH T (Thng 12-2008) 11 Quoted from the book Vietnam Continues to Implement MDGs. MPI (12-2008)

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nhng tr em t 11-15 tui ti thi im iu tra b coi l ngho v gio dc nu cha tt nghip tiu hc. Ti Vit Nam thng thng tr em hc ht lp 5 cp tiu hc khi 10 tui. b) Y t Lut bo v chm sc v gio dc tr em s 25/2004/QH11 quy nh tr em di 6 tui c chm sc sc khe ban u, min ph ti cc c s y t cng lp. Quyn c chm sc y t l mt quyn c bn ca con ngi, c bit khi tr em l th h tng lai ca mt quc gia. Ch tiu phn nh ngho v y t da vo s liu KSMS 2008 s l: T l tr em trong tui 0-4 khng n khm cha bnh ti cc c s y t trong 12 thng qua (Ch tiu 3). Mt tr em (0-4 tui) c coi l ngho trong lnh vc y t nu trong vng mt nm qua khng c i khm bnh ti bt k mt c s y t no. L do n c s y t ca tr em c th l tim phng, kim tra sc khe hoc cha bnh. i vi mt tr em c sc khe bnh thng trong tui 0-4 th gi nh mt nm cng phi n c s y t t nht mt ln ung vc xin hoc tim phng. Cn lu rng ch tiu ny bao qut ton b nhng tr em trong tui di 5 tui, m rng hn so vi ch tiu s dng phn tch trong Bo co ngho tr em ca MOLISA v UNICEF nm 2008 ch gm tr t 2 n 4 tui. L do tp trung vo nhm tui t 2 n 4 trong bo co trc l nhm so snh vi s liu ca MICS 2006.

2). Accordingly, all children aged 11-15 at the time of the survey were identified as education poor if they had not completed primary education. In Vietnam, children complete primary school when they are 10 years old. b) Health care The Protection, Care and Education of Children law, 25/2004/QH11, stipulates that all children under 6 years old get free primary health care at public health facilities. The right to receive health care is a basic human right, especially when children are considered the future of a country. Indicators reflecting health poverty taken from VHLSS 2008 include: Rate of children aged 0-4 not visiting health facilities for check-ups and treatment during the last 12 months (Indicator 3). A child (0-4 years old) was identified as being health poor if he or she had not had a check-up or been treated in any health facilities. Reasons for visiting health facilities can be immunization, a check-up, and treatment. Children aged 0-4 with normal health status must go to a health facility at least once a year for vaccination or immunization. Note that this indicator covers all children under the age of 5. This is wider in meaning than the indicator used in the report by MOLISA and UNICEF in 2008, which covered only children aged 2 to 4. The reason for focusing on children aged 2-4 in the previous report was to compare it with data from MISC 2006.

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c) Nh Nh l ni ln ln v din ra tt c cc sinh hot hng ngy ca a tr. Ngi nh bo v thn th tr em trnh khi nhng tc ng trc tip c hi n sc khe. in l mt nhn t tc ng trc tip vo mi hot ng ca tr em nh cung cp nh sng hc bi, in dng xem truyn hnh v nhiu nhng hot ng thit yu khc gip tr pht trin tt hn. Bo co ny s dng hai ch tiu xc nh tr em ngho v nh gm tr em ngho nu khng c s dng in v ngho nu phi trong nh tm. Ch tiu ngho theo tnh trng s dng in l: T l tr em sng trong h gia nh khng c in sinh hot (Ch tiu 4). Ch tiu ngho theo nh l: T l tr em sng trong h gia nh khng c nh t tiu chun (Ch tiu 5). Trong KSMS c 4 loi nh gm bit th, kin c, bn kin c v nh tm. Nh t tiu chun gm bit th, kin c v bn kin c, nhng khng phi nh tm. Xa b nh tm cng l mt trong mc tiu pht trin ca Vit Nam. Thc hin c mc tiu trn cng ng ngha vi gim t l tr em sng trong nhng ngi nh khng tiu chun ti thiu.

c) Shelter Shelter is the place where a child grows up and carries out all daily activities. A shelter physically protects the child from things which are harmful to him/her. Electricity is a factor directly affecting all activities of a child, such as lighting for studying and power for watching TV as well as other essential activities for their development. This report uses two indicators for identifying shelter poverty, including poverty due to lack of electricity and poverty due to living in a temporary house. The indicator of poverty due to lack of electricity is Rate of children living in a household without electricity (Indicator 4). The indicator of poverty by type of shelter is Rate of children living in a household whose sheter do not satisfy standards (indicator 5). In VHLSS, there are 4 kinds of shelter: villa, permanent house, semi-permanent house and temporary shelter. Shelters satisfying standards are villa, permanent house, and semi-permanent house, but not a temporary house. Removing temporary housing is one of Vietnams development goals. Implementing the goal means reducing the rate of children living in shelters which do not meet minimum standards.

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d) Nc sch v v sinh Hai ch tiu dng xc nh tr em ngho theo tnh trng v sinh v nc sch l T l tr em sng trong ngi nh khng c h x hp v sinh (Ch tiu 6) v T l tr em sng trong h gia nh khng c ngun nc ung sch (Ch tiu 7). Tng t l ngi s dng nc sch ng ngha vi vic gim t l ngi mc cc bnh dch, bnh truyn nhim do ngun nc khng hp v sinh gy ra. Kho st mc sng phn loi 13 loi ngun nc ung, trong ngun nc khng sch gm nc ging khng c thnh bo v, nc khe/m khng c bo v, nc sng sui, h ao v knh rch. Mt tr em c coi l ngho v nc sch nu tr sng trong h gia nh khng c ngun nc ung sch. Lu l ngun nc sch s dng trong Bo co ngho tr em ca MOLISA v UNICEF nm 2008 khng bao gm ngun nc ging o khng c thnh bo v. Ch tiu T l tr em sng trong ngi nh khng c h x hp v sinh phn nh tnh trng tr em sng trong h gia nh khng c y cc iu kin v sinh . H x hp v sinh c th gip gim t l mc cc bnh k sinh ng rut tr em. H x hp v sinh gm cc loi h x t hoi, bn t hoi, hai ngn, thm di nc.

d) Water & sanitation Two indicators to identify water & sanitation poverty are Rate of children living in shelters without a sanitary latrine (indicator 6) and Rate of children living in a household without access to clean water (indicator 7). Increasing the rate of people using clean water means reducing the rate of people catching epidemic diseases due to unsanitary water. VHLSS classifies drinking water into 13 kinds, of which unsanitary water includes water from wells without protecting walls, water from streams without protecting facilities, and water from rivers, lakes, ponds, and channels. A child was identified as water poor if s/he lived in a household without clean water. Note that clean water sources used in the report by MOLISA and UNICEF in 2008 did not include water from wells without protecting walls. The indicator Rate of children living in shelters without a sanitary latrine reflects the reality of children living in a household without adequate latrine conditions. Sanitary latrines can help reduce the rate of catching intestinal parasitic diseases in children. Sanitary latrines include flush toilets with a septic tank, toliets connected to sewage pipes, double vault compost toilets, and pour flush toilets.

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e) Lao ng sm Cng c quyn tr em khng nh Tr em c quyn c bo v khng phi lm nhng cng vic gy tn hi n sc khe, gio dc v s pht trin ca cc em. Nh nc phi n nh tui ti thiu cho vic tuyn lao ng v quy nh nhng iu kin lao ng. B Lut Lao ng (Chng I, iu 6) ca Vit Nam quy nh tui lao ng l t 15 tui tr ln. Nh vy mi tr em lm vic trc 15 tui u coi l lao ng sm. Ch tiu tr em ngho theo tnh trng lao ng l T l tr t 6-15 tui phi lm vic to ra thu nhp trong hoc ngoi h gia nh trong 12 thng qua (Ch tiu 8). Tr em phi lm vic s b nh hng xu n vic hc tp, vui chi, gii tr, gy ra nhng tc ng tiu cc n qu trnh pht trin ca tr. f) Tha nhn x hi v bo tr x hi Ngho trong lnh vc tha nhn x hi v bo tr x hi c phn nh bng ch tiu T l tr em sng trong h gia nh c ch h khng lm vic do gi yu hoc tn tt (Ch tiu 9). H gia nh c ch h khng c kh nng lm vic do tn tt hoc gi yu rt c th s b tch bit khi cc hot ng x hi, v mt tr em sng trong gia nh s khng c nhiu c hi ha nhp vo cng ng v hng cc dch v bo tr x hi.

e) Child labor The Convention of Childrens Rights states Children have the right to be protected from work harmful to their health, education and development. The state defines the minimum age for recruiting employees and stipulates working conditions. Vietnams Labor Code (Chapter I, article 6) stipulates that the working age is from 15 years old. Thus all children working before the age of 15 are identified as child workers. The indicator of child work poverty is Rate of children from 6-15 years old working to generate income within and outside the household in the last 12 months (Indicator 8). Having to work early adversely affects childrens learning, recreation, and entertainment, negatively impacting the way they grow up. f) Social inclusion and protection Social inclusion and protection poverty is reflected in the indicator Rate of children living in a household in which the head of the household is unable to work due to old age or disability (Indicator 9). A household whose head of household is unable to work due to old age or disability is likely to be separated from social activities, and a child living in that household may not have opportunities for integrating into the community and enjoying social protection services. 5) The multidimensional child poverty rate Using the approach outlined in the Report Children in Vietnam, Who and Where are the Poor? (2008), the calculation of the aggregated indicator, the multidimensional child poverty rate, is based on poverty indicators by domain (as in the following chart).

5) T l ngho tr em a chiu p dng phng php s dng trong Bo co Tr em ngho sng u? (2008), ch tiu tng hp: T l ngho tr em a chiu c tnh ton da trn cc ch tiu ngho theo lnh vc. (m t bng s ):

S ba bc tnh T l ngho a chiu/ Three steps for calculating the multidimensional child poverty rate 23

ct1

ct2

ct3

ct4

ct5

ct6

ct7

ct8

ct9

Gio dc/ Education

Y t/ Health care

Nh / Shelter

Nc VSMT/ Water and Sanitation

Lao ng tr em/ Child labor

Bo tr XH/ Social inclusiion and protection

T l ngho a chiu / Multidimensional child poverty rate

S cho thy T l ngho tr em a chiu l ch tiu phn nh tng hp tnh trng ngho ca mt tr em theo cc lnh vc. C th cch tnh nh sau: Bc 1: Tnh 9 ch tiu n thuc cc lnh vc nu trn xc nh xem mt tr em c b ri vo tnh trng ngho, tc khng t c mt ngng nht nh cho tng ch tiu c th. Bc 2: Xc nh tnh trng ngho tr em trong tng lnh vc. V d, i vi lnh vc nh gm 2 ch tiu, nu mt tr em sng trong h gia nh khng c in (Ch tiu 4) hoc sng trong nh tm (ch tiu 5) th em b coi l ngho trong lnh vc nh . Bc 3: Tnh t l ngho tr em a chiu. Mt tr em c xc nh l ngho a chiu nu em b ngho t nht trong 2 trong 6 lnh vc nghin cu.

This chart shows that the multidimensional child poverty rate is an indicator reflecting the general poverty of a child by domain. The method of calculation is as follows: Step 1: Calculate 9 indicators from the above domains to identify whether a child is poor, i.e. does not reach the predefined threshold, for each particular indicator. Step 2: Identify child poverty in each domain. For example, in the shelter domain there are two indicators. If a child is living in a household without electricity (indicator 4) or in a temporary house (indicator 5), that child is identified as shelter poor. Step 3: Calculate multidimensional child poverty. A child is identified as suffering from multidimensional poverty when he is poor in at least 2 out of 6 of the above domains.

24

6) Nhng hn ch ca bo co S liu ca KSMS 2006 v 2008 c mt s hn ch khi s dng nghin cu cc lnh vc ngho tr em, gm hn ch v c mu v hn ch v ni dung thng tin thu thp. Mu iu tra ch gm cc h gia nh ng k thng tr ti x/phng theo tiu chun c mt trn a bn 6 thng tr ln, khng c cc gia nh mi nhp c. V vy s liu dng tnh tr em ngho khng c tr em ca loi h nhp c ny. Mu c thit k ch i din n cp vng nn s liu tr em ch c th phn t n cp vng, khng th phn t nh n cp tnh. V vy ch c th so snh t l tr em ngho theo cc lnh vc gia thnh th, nng thn c nc v theo cc vng. Quy m mu cng khng p ng c mt s nhu cu phn tch su hn i vi mt s ch tiu do s tr em trong cc phn t nghin cu qu nh. Do khng nhm mc ch thit k phc v nghin cu ngho tr em nn KSMS 2008 khng c thng tin v lnh vc vui chi gii tr ca tr em, cc thng tin v tha nhn x hi v bo tr x hi, y t cng khng chi tit v ni dung nn c nhng hn ch khi a ra nhng kt qu ngho a chiu.

6) Limitations There were some limitations when using data from VHLSSs 2006 and 2008, including sample size and the content of the data collected. The survey sample only included households with permanent residence registration in a commune/ward in which they had resided six months or more. New immigrant households were not calculated. Therefore, data taken for child poverty did not include children in those new immigrant households. The sample represented the regional level. Therefore, data on children was disaggregated at the regional level, not at the provincial level. Therefore, we could only compare child poverty rates in urban and rural areas in the whole country and by region. The sample size did not satisfy some in-depth analysis for some indicators because of the small sample size. Since VHLSS 2008 was not designed as a child poverty survey, it had no data on childrens leisure, and data on social inclusion & protection and health care, was not detailed enough, resulting in some limitations when providing data on multidimensional poverty.

25

PHN 3. KT QU TNH TON PART 3. RESULTS

Kt qu tnh ton tr em ngho nm 2008 da trn mu thu nhp chi tiu ca KSMS 2008, gm 9.189 h gia nh, trong c 9.960 tr em. Cc phn t gm gii tnh, khu vc thnh th v nng thn, tm vng a l , dn tc v nhm tui ca tr. . Tnh trng ngho tr em s c nh gi theo 3 gic : (i) theo tng ch tiu trong 9 ch tiu chn thuc 6 lnh vc , (ii) theo tng lnh vc thuc 6 lnh vc chn, v (iii) theo ch tiu tng hp l t l ngho a chiu (nhng tr em c xc nh l ngho trong t nht l hai lnh vc). 1) Cc ch tiu ngho tr em Bng 3 trnh by t l ngho tr em chia theo 9 ch tiu da trn s liu KSMS 2006 v 2008. S liu nm 2006 c trnh by trong Bo co MOLISA v UNICEF Tr em ngho sng u? (2008) The calculation of the child poverty rate in 2008 was based on the income & expenditure sample in VHLSS 2008, including 9,189 households with 9,960 children. Disaggregations included gender, urban areas, rural areas, 8 geographical regions, ethnic groups and age. Child poverty was assessed by three aspects: (i) by each of the 9 selected indicators in the 6 domains mentioned above (indicator poverty), (ii) by each of 6 selected domains (domain poverty), and (iii) by the aggregated indicator, i.e. multidimensional poverty (those children who are poor in at least two domains). 1) Child poverty indicators Table 3 shows the child poverty rate by 9 indicators based on data from VHLSSs 2006 and 2008. Data from 2006 was presented in the report Children in Vietnam, Who and Where are the Poor? released by MOLISA and UNICEF (2008).

26

Bng 3:T l tr em ngho theo tng lnh vc da trn s liu Kho st mc sng h gia nh Vit Nam 2008 Table 3: Child poverty rate by domain based on VHLSSs data from 2006 and 2008
Ngho Nc sch v v sinh mi trng / Water and sanitation Tha nhn v bo tr x hi / Social inclusion and protection N=9960, tui 015 Ch tiu / Indicator 9
T l tr em sng trong h gia nh c ch h khng lm vic do gi yu hoc tn tt /Rate of children living in a household in which the head of household did not work due to old age or disability

Ngho gio dc/ Education N=7377, tui 5-15 Ch tiu / Indicator 1

T l tr em t 5-15 tui khng i hc ng tui / Rate of children from 5-15 not attending school at the right age

Ngho Y t / Health care N=1559, tui 2-4 Ch tiu / Indicator 3

T l tr em trong tui 24 khng n khm cha bnh ti cc c s y t trong 12 thng/Rate of children from 2-4 not visiting health stations in the last 12 months

Ngho nh / Shelter N=1559, tui 0-4

Lao ng tr em / Labor N=6861, tui 6-15 Ch tiu / Indicator 8

T l tr t 615 tui phi lm vic to ra thu nhp trong hoc ngoi h gia nh trong 12 thng qua /Rate of children from 6-15 working to generate income in the last 12 months

N= 4090, tui 11-15 Ch tiu / Indicator 2

T l tr em t 11-15 tui khng hon thnh cp tiu hc / Rate of children from 11-15 not completing primary education

N=9960, tui 0-15 Ch tiu / Ch tiu / Indicator 4 Indicator 5

T l tr em sng trong cc h gia nh khng c in sinh hot/Rate of children living in a household without electricity T l tr em sng trong cc ngi nh tm/Rate of children living in temporary shelters

N=9960, tui 0-15 Ch tiu / Ch tiu / Indicator 6 Indicator 7

T l tr em sng trong h gia nh khng h x hp v sinh /Rate of children living in a household without a sanitary latrine T l tr em sng trong ngi nh khng c ngun nc ung sch /Rate of children living in a household without clean water

T l tr em trong tui 04 khng n khm cha bnh ti cc c s y t trong 12 thng/ Rate of children from 04 not visiting health stations in the last 12 months

Chung/Total 2006 2008 Gii tnh/Gender Nam/Male 2006 2008 N/Female 2006 2008 Khu vc/Area Thnh th/Urban 2006 2008

17.97 15.47

9.17 6.67

47.81 54.21

52.85

5.95 4.07

17.89 14.36

47.74 40.87

11.84 12.92

8.91 9.82

8.01 8.79

18.93 16.16 16.98 14.77

9.81 6.81 8.53 6.53

49.76 51.06 45.7 57.73

49.94

5.38 3.72 6.54 4.43

17.83 14.20 17.96 14.52

47.55 40.22 47.94 41.54

11.37 12.90 12.33 12.94

9.22 10.53 8.59 9.11

7.84 8.97 8.19 8.60

56.04

11.57 9.49

5.39 3.61

38.14 44.27

43.71

0.88 0.46

7.38 5.38

15.43 11.75

2.2 3.03

2.8 3.92

13.69 15.02

27

Nng thn/Rural 2006 2008 Vng/Region ng bng sng Hng/Red River Delta 2006 2008 ng Bc/Northeast 2006 2008 Ty Bc/Northwest 2006 2008 Bc Trung B/North Central Coast 2006 2008 Nam Trung B/South Central Coast 2006 2008 Ty Nguyn/Central Highlands 2006 2008 ng Nam B/Southeast 2006 2008 ng bng sng Cu Long/Mekong River Delta 2006 2008 Dn tc/Ethnicity Kinh/Hoa 2006 2008 Khc/Other 2006 2008

19.78 17.34

10.21 7.63

50.9 57.70

56.11

7.41 5.24

20.93 17.27

57.06 50.29

14.62 16.12

10.62 11.67

6.38 6.77

10.71 8.49 15.78 15.16 33.07 28.56

3.8 2.10 6.3 5.46 31.24 22.20

52.46 60.34 59.02 63.47 68.77 65.69

55.34

0.61 0.13 10.96 11.12 32.7 30.33

2.06 1.32 20.32 15.27 27.97 20.49

24.52 18.20 52.19 47.89 88.04 84.24

0.74 0.61 17.26 24.06 41.56 39.60

4.82 5.51 15.22 14.53 19.68 27.00

9.2 10.85 5.12 5.01 2.43 2.39

58.65

67.12

17.52 12.62

7.54 5.90

66.43 67.89

69.10

4.33 1.97

10.73 7.57

45.22 36.04

7.36 12.28

10.29 12.74

6.56 6.61

13.75 10.38

4.9 4.37

41.62 54.94

56.16

1.78 1.59

7.32 6.90

41.77 39.35

5.43 7.63

5.11 6.70

5.5 5.21

23.31 18.17 16.45 14.04

15.12 9.87 9.59 6.04

40.73 43.15 35.4 45.94

48.28

7.17 5.31 2.96 0.53

21.83 18.93 12.16 7.90

67.96 63.52 26.74 15.59

9.93 23.27 4.13 3.70

10.66 11.07 6.22 6.31

2.78 2.69 11.45 11.73

42.52

25.02 25.45

13.16 11.02

34.66 43.38

43.41

7.8 3.30

43.94 38.09

72.88 67.03

27.15 19.68

9.3 10.12

11.66 13.61

15.04 13.20 32.39 27.03

6.32 4.64 24.07 17.69

46.31 52.53 54.71 62.52

51.16

2.63 1.14 21.74 18.59

15.05 12.26 31.41 24.78

39.17 31.76 88.54 86.08

6.96 7.62 35.05 39.23

6.62 7.25 20.29 23.01

8.87 9.81 3.92 3.74

60.71

28

Ngho tin t/Monetary poor Ngho/Poor 2006 2008 Khng ngho/Non-poor 2006 2008 Nhm tui/Age groups 0-2 years old 2006 2008 3-years old 2006 2008 5 years old 2006 2008 6-10 years old 2006 2008 11-14 years old 2006 2008 15 years old 2006 2008

29.36 27.61 14.89 12.41

23.92 19.16 5.91 3.90

58.51 63.81 43.76 51.57

63.64

15.63 13.24 3.12 1.67

31.16 25.98 14.02 11.32

78.69 76.03 38.7 31.66

23.77 29.33 8.35 8.62

15.36 20.51 7.2 7.20

6.68 6.83 8.4 9.30

49.72

na na na na 40.57 32.20 7.31 6.63 17 14.57 42.64 35.42

na na na na na na na na 10.24 7.45 5.32 4.11

45.52 50.50 48.97 56.08 na na na na na na na na

50.66

6.85 4.78 7.22 4.19 6.64 5.53 6.68 4.60 4.97 3.27 4.37 3.08

17.86 13.50 19.46 14.83 19.16 17.70 19.02 15.69 17.15 13.36 15 12.84

48.11 40.67 47.83 39.58 48.29 45.79 48.9 42.39 47.51 39.51 44.15 39.97

13.26 13.10 12.85 13.29 11.83 14.19 11.7 13.06 11.63 12.53 10.07 12.40

na na na na na na 1.31 1.45 11.29 11.80 23.88 27.90

12.75 12.56 12.14 11.01 9.35 10.28 7.66 8.94 5.54 6.80 6.81 5.56

56.08

na

na

na

na

29

Ch tiu 1: T l tr em t 5-15 tui khng i hc ng tui So snh s liu 2008 vi 2006 cho thy xu hng gim ngho tr em kh kh quan trong lnh vc gio dc. Nu nm 2006 t l tr em t 5-15 khng i hc ng tui l 18% th nm 2008 gim xung cn 15%, ngha l trong 6 tr em t 5-15 tui th c 1 em khng i hc ng tui. Xt v gii, t l ny khng chnh lch ln gia tr em trai v gi, cng gim 2 im phn trm. Tuy nhin, t l tr khng i hc ng tui nng thn cao gp 2 ln thnh th. T l tr em khng i hc ng tui ti vng Ty Bc cao nht trong c nc. y l vng ni gm 4 tnh l Lai Chu, in Bin, Sn La, Ha Bnh c mc thu nhp bnh qun u ngi thp nht v s trng tiu hc, trung hc c s t nht so vi 7 vng cn li. Tng t, t l tr em khng i hc ng tui ca nhm dn tc Kinh/Hoa ch bng 1/2 so vi nhm dn tc thiu s khc do ngi Kinh/Hoa thng sng tp trung ti cc th v thnh ph ln nn con em h c kh nng tip cn gio dc tt hn, trong khi ngi dn tc thiu s ch yu sng ti nhng vng c iu kin kh khn hn nh Ty Bc. Cc pht hin cng cho thy tr em trong cc h ngho tin t khng i hc ng tui nhiu hn so vi tr em trong cc h khng ngho, mc d cp tiu hc Vit Nam c min ph. Xt theo nhm tui, t l tr em trong la tui trung hc c s khng i hc ng tui cao hn 2,5 ln so vi tr cp tiu hc. Trong nhm tr em khng i hc ng tui bao gm cc tr em hin ang i hc nhng khng ng tui cp hc quy nh v nhng tr em khng i hc trong 12 thng qua tnh t thi im Kho st mc sng 2008. Hnh 3 gii thch cc nguyn nhn ca tr t 11-14 tui khng i hc trong 12 thng qua. Trong s cc tr em khng i hc th c ti 37% l do phi lm vic, khong 13% do khng tr c hc ph, cn li 42% do cc nguyn nhn khc. Nguyn nhn phi lm vic chim t l kh cao so vi nguyn nhn khng ng c hc ph

Indicator 1: Rate of children aged 5-15 not attending school at the right age By comparing data from 2008 and 2006, we can see a decrease in education poverty. In 2006, 18% of the children aged 5-15 did not attend school at the right age, but in 2008, this figure decreased to 15%, which means 1 out of 6 children aged 5-15 did not attend school at the right age. In terms of gender, this rate was not much different for boys and girls, both fell by 2 percentage points. However, the rate of children not attending school at the right age in rural areas was twice as high as in urban areas. The rate of children who were not enrolled at the right age was highest in the Northwest. The Northwest is a mountainous area including 4 provinces: Lai Chau, Dien Bien, Son La, and Hoa Binh, with the lowest average income per capita and the lowest numbers of the primary and secondary schools compared to the other 7 regions. Similarly, the rate of Kinh/Chinese children not enrolled at the right age was only half that of other ethnic groups because Kinh/Chinese people often live in big cities and towns, and their children have better access to education, while ethnic minorities live in more difficult areas such as the Northwest. The findings also showed that the number of children who were not enrolled at the right age and were living in monetary poor households was higher than the number in non-poor households, even though in Vietnam primary education is tuition free. In terms of age groups, the rate of secondary school children not attending school at the right age was 2.5 times higher than the rate for primary school children. Among children not attending school at the right age, a number of them were attending school but not at right age and some others had not attended school for the previous 12 months. Figure 3 shows the reasons children aged 11-14 had for not attending school for the previous 12 months at the time the Living Standard Survey in 2008 was conducted. 30

hoc b m au/tn tt.

Among children not attending school, 37% had to work, about 13% couldnt pay the school fees, and 42% were out of school for other reasons. Having to work was the reason much more often than not being able to pay the school fees or being sick/disabled.

Hnh/ Figure 3: Cc nguyn nhn khng i h c trong 12 thng qua ca tr t 11 - 14 tui/ Reasons that children 11 -14 years old did not attend school during the last 12 months

8% 13% 42%

37%

m au, tn t t/ Illness/disabled Ph i lm vi c/ Had to work

Khng tr c h c ph/ Unable to pay fee Khc/ Other

Ch tiu 2: T l tr em khng hon thnh cp tiu hc trong tui 1115 T l tr t 11-15 tui khng hon thnh cp tiu hc theo s liu nm 2008 tnh c l 6,7%, gim 3 im phn trm so vi 2006. Chnh lch ln nht c thy trong phn t theo dn tc v ngho tin t. T l ngho ca tr em dn tc Kinh/Hoa ch bng 1/3 so vi dn tc khc. T l tr em khng tt nghip tiu hc trong h gia nh ngho tin t cao gp 6 ln so vi cc h khng ngho. Cng nh nm 2006, t l ny thp nht ti hai vng c mc sng cao hn l ng bng sng Hng v Duyn hi nam Trung B.

Indicator 2: Rate of children aged 11-15 not completing primary education The rate of children aged 11-15 who had not completed primary education in 2008 was 6.7%, a decline of 3 percentage points compared to 2006. The biggest disparity was found between ethnic groups and according to standard of living. The rate of Kinh/Chinese child poverty was only one third that of other ethnic groups. The rate of children not completing primary education in monetary poor households was 6 times higher than among non-poor households. As in 2006, this rate was found to be lowest in the two regions with a relatively high standard of living: the Red River 31

Delta and the South Central Coast. Ch tiu 3: T l tr em t 0-4 tui khng n c s y t trong 12 thng qua Nm 2008, t l tr em t 0-4 tui khng n khm cha bnh ti cc c s y t trong 12 thng qua l 52.9%. Nu ch tnh ring nhm tr em t 2-4 tui th t l ny tng 6 im phn trm so vi nm 2006. Kh c th gii thch t l tng ln ny nu khng tnh n tnh hnh lm pht cao v khng hong kinh t nm 2008 nh hng ti quyt nh chi tiu ca cc h gia nh, trong c vic khm cha bnh cho tr. T l tr em 0-4 tui khng n c s y t khng khc bit nhiu gia cc phn t. Chnh lch gia 8 vng, thnh th/nng thn, dn tc, h ngho/khng ngho u ch nm trong khong 2-8%. T l tr khng n cc c s y t thp nht ti vng ng Nam B (42%), cao nht ti vng Ty Bc (ln n 67%). Indicator 3: Rate of children aged 0-4 not going to health facilities in the last 12 months In 2008 the rate of children aged 0-4 not going to health facilities for a check-up and treatment in the last 12 months was 52.9%. The rate of children aged 2-4 not going to health facilities for a check-up and treatment for the last 12 months increased 6 percentage points compared to 2006. It is difficult to explain this increase without taking into account inflation and the economic crisis in 2008, which affected the expenditure decisions of a household, including childrens health care. The rate of children aged 0-4 not going to health facilities was not different among disaggregations. Disparity among the 8 regions, urban/rural, ethnicity, and poor/non-poor households was from 28%. The rate of children not going to health facilities was lowest in the Southeast (42%) and highest in the Northwest (up to 67%).

Hnh/ Fingure 4: L do tr em di 5 tui n c s y t chuyn nghip/ Reason for having visited professional health facilities Tim phng/
Vaccination 15% Kim tra sc khe/Check up and Consultation 11%

Cha bnh/Treatment 74%

32

Hnh 4 cho thy cc l do n cc c s y t ca tr em di 5 tui. Phn ln cc ln n c s y t l cha bnh, ch c trn 10% trong tng s cc ln l tim phng v kim tra sc khe. Ch tiu 4: T l tr em t 0-15 tui sng trong cc h gia nh khng c in sinh hot T l tr em sng trong nhng h gia nh khng c in gim t 6% nm 2006 xung cn 4% nm 2008. khu vc thnh th hu nh khng c tr em no phi sng trong h gia nh khng c in. Vng ng bng sng Hng c t l tr em ngho theo tnh trng s dng in thp nht (0,13%), cao nht l vng Ty Bc, ln n 30%. Chnh lch ln v s dng in c pht hin gia cc nhm dn c. Hn 13% tr em thuc h ngho tin t v 18% tr em dn tc thiu s sng trong cc h khng c in, trong khi t l ny cc h gia nh Kinh/Hoa hoc khng ngho ch di 2% . Ch tiu 5: T l tr em t 0-15 tui sng trong h gia nh c nh khng t tiu chun Nm 2008 c 14% tr em sng trong loi nh tm, gim 3 im phn trm so vi nm 2006. S khc bit ny khng xy ra gia nhm tr em trai v gi, nhng c bit ln gia khu vc nng thn v thnh th. Tr em sng trong cc nh tm vng ng bng sng Cu Long chim t l cao nht (38%), cao hn nhiu so vi vng ng th hai l Ty Bc (20%). y c th mt c im ring v nh ca vng ny.

Figure 4 shows a breakdown of the reasons for visiting health facilities for children under 5 years old. Most visits were for treatment. Only 10% were for vaccinations and check-ups. Indicator 4: Rate of children aged 0-15 living in a household without electricity The rate of children living in a household without electricity decreased from 6% in 2006 to 4% in 2008. In urban areas there were no children having to live in a household without electricity. The rate of child electricity poverty was lowest in the Red River Delta (0.13%) and highest in the Northwest, up to 30%. A big disparity in the use of electricity was found among resident groups. Over 13% of the children in monetary poor households and 18% of the children belonging to ethnic minorities lived in households without electricity, while this rate was under 2% in Kinh/Chinese or non-poor households. Indicator 5: Rate of children aged 0-15 living in a household, whose shelter e does not meet minimum standards In 2008, 14% of children lived in temporary houses, a decrease of 3 percentage points compared to 2006. There was no disparity between boys and girls, but the disparity was big between rural and urban areas. Children living in temporary houses in the Mekong River Delta made up the highest percentage (38%), much higher than the second highest, the Northwest (20%). This was determined by the typical features of housing in those areas.

33

Hnh/ Figure 5: Phn loi nh theo 8 vng nm 2008/ Percentage of households having house by type of house 2008
100% 80% 60% 40% 20% 0%
ng bng ng Bc/ Ty Bc/ Bc Trung Duyn hi Ty ng Nam ng bng sng Hng/ Northeast Northwest B/ North Nam Trung Nguyn/ B/ sng Cu Red River Central B/ South Central Southeast Long/ Delta Coast Central Highlands M ekong Coast River Delta

Nh kin c/ Permanent house Nh tm, loi khc/ Temporary and other house

Nh bn kin c/Semi-permanent house

Ch tiu 6: T l tr em sng trong h gia nh khng c h x hp v sinh T l tr em sng trong h gia nh khng c h x hp v sinh nm 2008 vn cn ti 40,9%, gim hn 7 im phn trm so vi nm 2006. T l ny nng thn vn cao gp 5 ln so vi thnh th. T l ngho tr em v tnh trng v sinh cao nht vng Ty Bc, ln n 84%, trong gn 20% h gia nh khng c h x, 50% h gia nh khng c h x t tiu chun (i vo h chn hoc cc hnh thc khng hp v sinh khc). Vng ng bng sng Cu Long, tuy c tin b so vi 2006 nhng vn cn ti 67% tr em sng trong h gia nh khng c h x hp v sinh. Nh v sinh l cu c vng ng bng sng Cu Long l kh ph bin, vi hn 40% cc h gia nh, mt t l cao nht c nc.

Indicator 6: Rate of children living in a household without a sanitary latrine The rate of children living in a household without a sanitary toilet in 2008 was 40.9%, a decrease of over 7 percentage points compared to 2006. In rural areas the rate was 5 times higher than in urban areas. The rate of child sanitation poverty was highest in the Northwest, up to 84%, of which 20% of households did not have toilets and 50% of households did not have standardized toilets. In the Mekong River Delta, in spite of some progress compared to 2006, 67% of children still lived in a household without a sanitary toilet. Toilets directly over the water were rather common in the Mekong River Delta, making up 40% of all households, which was the highest rate in the country.

34

Hnh/ Figure 6: Phn loi h x theo 8 vng nm 2008/ Percentage of households having toilet by type 2008
100%

80%

60%

40%

20%

0%
ng ng Bc/ Ty Bc/ Bc Trung Duyn hi Ty ng Nam ng bng sng Northeast Northwest B/ North Nam Nguyn/ B/ bng sng Hng/ Red Central Trung B/ Central Southeast Cu Long/ River Delta Coast South Highlands Mekong Central River Delta Coast
Khc/ Others Cu c/ Toilet directly over the water Hai ngn/ Double vault compost latrine Thm di nc/ Pour flush toilet, sulabh T hoi, bn t hoi/ Flush toilet with septic tank, sewage-pipes

Ch tiu 7: T l tr em sng trong h gia nh khng c ngun nc ung sch T l tr em sng trong h gia nh khng c ngun nc ung sch nm 2008 l 12,9%, cao hn 1 im phn trm so vi nm 2006. Tuy nhin trn thc t phm vi tnh ton ch tiu ny ca 2 nm c khc bit. Nm 2008, ngun nc khng sch gm c c nc ging khng c thnh bo v, trong khi tiu ch ny vn c coi l hp v sinh trong tnh ton ca nm 2006. T l khng c nc sch khu vc nng thn cao gp 5 ln thnh th. Vng Ty Bc c ti gn 40% tr em khng c tip cn ngun nc sch. y cng l vng lun ng u trong cc ch tiu ngho v nh , nc sch v v sinh qua c 2 nm nghin cu 2006 v 2008. iu ng lu l t l ngho v nc sch vng Ty Nguyn li tng ln ng k, t 10% (2006) ln 23% (2008). C th iu ny c lin quan ti vic m rng tiu ch v ngun nc

Indicator 7: Rate of children living in a household without clean drinking water The rate of children living in a household without clean drinking water in 2008 was 12.9%, an increase of 1 percentage point compared to 2006. However, the calculation scope of this indicator in 2006 was different than in 2006. In 2008 unsanitary water sources included water from wells without protecting walls, while this criterion was considered as sanitary in 2006. The rate of children living in a household without clean water in rural areas was 5 times higher than in urban areas. In the Northwest nearly 40% of children did not have access to clean water. This region was also at the top in terms of shelter and water & sanitation poverty in the 2006 and 2008 surveys. It should be noted that the water poverty rate in the Central Highlands increased significantly, from 10% (2006) to 23% (2008). This might be related to the 35

khng sch, v nh vy vic s dng nc khng sch t ngun nc ging khng c thnh bo v vng ny cn c quan tm. S liu cng cho thy vic tip cn ngun nc sch vng ng bng sng Cu Long c phn no c ci thin, t l ngho v nc sch gim t 27% (2006) xung 20% (2008). y c th l nhng bng chng ghi nhn nhng n lc ci thin mi trng sng vng ng bng sng Cu Long. S liu phn nh mt thc t r rng l tr em dn tc Kinh/Hoa hoc thuc gia nh kh gi c nhiu c hi c tip cn ngun nc sch hn tr em dn tc thiu s hoc thuc gia nh ngho. Vn cn 40% tr em dn tc thiu s v 29% tr em thuc h ngho khng c tip cn nc sch, trong khi con s ny ch khong 10% nhm tr em dn tc Kinh/Hoa hoc khng thuc gia nh ngho. Ch tiu 8:T l tr t 6-15 tui phi lm vic to ra thu nhp trong hoc ngoi h gia nh trong 12 thng qua. Vic tr em tham gia lao ng to thu nhp cho gia nh l mt lnh vc nhy cm. Tr phi lao ng sm s mt c hi c hc tp, vui chi gii tr v tham gia cc hot ng x hi, gy nh hng xu n s pht trin ton din ca tr. Kinh t gia nh kh khn v ngho i c tc ng trc tip ti vic tr em phi lao ng. Nm 2008 c 10 tr em trong tui t 6-15 th c 1 em phi lm vic to thu nhp. T l tr em phi lao ng tng nh, khong 1 im phn trm so vi nm 2006. T l tr em lao ng tng r nht l vng Ty Bc, vng ngho nht c nc, t 20% nm 2006 ln 27% nm 2008; t l tr em lao ng cng tng nhm tr em thuc h ngho v tr em dn tc thiu s, ln lt l 5 im phn trm v 3 im phn trm so vi nm 2006. iu ny cng khng nh thm rng trong khi lm pht v khng

expansion of criteria for unclean water sources. Therefore, the use of unclean water from wells without protecting walls in this area should be a concern. The data also shows that access to clean water in the Mekong River Delta was somewhat improved. The rate of water poverty decreased from 27% (2006) to 20% (2008). This may be evidence of efforts to improve habitats in the Mekong River Delta. It is clear that children from Kinh/Chinese or rich families had more opportunities to access clean water than those in ethnic minority or poor households. 40% of children belonging to ethnic minorities and 29% of children in poor households could not access clean water, while this rate was only 10% for Kinh/Chinese children and in nonpoverty households.

Indicator 8: Rate of children aged 6-15 having to work to create income in or outside the household in the past 12 months. Working at an early age to create income for a family is a sensitive matter. Children who work early lose the opportunity to study, and leisure, entertainment and social activities are limited, thus affecting their overall development. A familys economic difficulties and poverty have a direct impact on child labor. In 2008 1 out of every 10 children aged 6-15 had the need to work to create income. The percentage of working children increased slightly, about 1 percentage point, compared to 2006. The percentage of working children increased most prominently in the Northwest, the country's poorest region, from 20% in 2006 to 27% in 2008. The rate also increased among children of poor families and ethnic minorities, by 5 percentage points and 3 percentage points respectively compared 36

hong kinh t tc ng n mi tng lp dn c, th nhm d b tn thng v tr em lun chu tc ng mnh nht.

to 2006. This confirms that while inflation and economic crisis affected all strata of the population, vulnerable groups and children were affected the most. Child labor is closely related to child schooling, which can be seen by the rate of children not going to school and not completing their grades13. The child poverty rate in the Northwest, according to the two indicators in the education domain, was also the highest in the country. The rate of children having to work early in rural areas was higher than in urban areas, and the rate among children in poor households was three times higher than in non-poverty households. The working age according to Vietnamese law is 15 years old and above. Among children aged 15, 30% had to work. In comparison to 2006, the rate of children aged 15 who had to work increased 4 percentage points. It is clear that ethnic minority children have to work earlier than Kinh children. An estimate based on data showed that 23% of children belonging to an ethnic minority had to work when they were 6-15 years old, more than three times the rate for Kinh/Hoa children. Indicator 9: Rate of children living in a household in which the head of household can not work due to old age or being disabled The rate of children living in a household in which the head could not work due to old age or was disabled in 2008 was 8.8%. The rate in urban areas was three times higher than in rural areas, and the rate for the Kinh/Chinese was three times higher than for ethnic minorities. The child poverty rate by the householders status in 2008 increased slightly compared to 2006 due to the

Lao ng tr em c quan h mt thit vi tnh trng i hc ca tr, th hin qua t l tr khng i hc v khng hon thnh cp hc12. T l tr em ngho theo 2 ch tiu thuc lnh vc gio dc ca vng Ty Bc cng cao nht trong c nc. Tr em nng thn phi lao ng sm nhiu hn thnh th, v t l tr em trong cc h gia nh ngho phi lao ng cao gp 3 ln cc h khng ngho. tui lao ng ca Vit Nam c quy nh theo Lut lao ng l 15 tui tr ln. Trong s tr em 15 tui, gn 30% s phi lm vic. So vi s liu 2006 t l tr em 15 tui phi lm vic tng thm 4 im phn trm.

Mt thc t r rng l tr em dn tc thiu s phi lm vic sm hn tr em dn tc Kinh. c lng t s liu cho thy c n 23% s tr em dn tc thiu s phi lm vic trong tui 6-15, cao gp hn 3 ln so vi t l tr em dn tc Kinh/Hoa (7%). Ch tiu 9: T l tr em sng trong h gia nh c ch h khng lm vic do gi yu hoc tn tt T l tr em sng trong h gia nh c ch h khng lm vic do gi yu hoc tn tt nm 2008 chim khong 8,8%. T l ny khu vc thnh th gp 3 so vi nng thn, dn tc Kinh/Hoa cao gp 3 ln dn tc thiu s. T l tr em ngho theo tnh trng ca ch h nm 2008 c tng nh so vi 2006 do xu hng gi ha dn s, s ngi khng i

12 13

Ph lc 2: h s tng quan gia ngho gio dc v lao ng sm l 0.35; mc ngha 0.000 Appendix 2: the coefficient between education poverty and child labor poverty is 0.35; the acceptable level is 0.000

37

lm do gi yu tng. T l tr em ngho cn c vo ch tiu ny nm 2008 cng nh nm 2006 u cho mt kt qu l thnh th cao hn nng thn. Vic chn ch tiu ny c th cha tht phn nh y tnh trng ngho theo lnh vc tha nhn x hi v bo tr x hi v thc t nhiu tr em sng cng cha m trong gia nh 3 th h c ng/b hoc gi yu hoc v hu, khng cn lm vic na lm ch h. iu ny c bit ng vi khu vc thnh th ni c t l h gia nh loi 3 th h cao hn nng thn (Ngun: iu tra gia nh Vit Nam nm 2006). Do KSMS c rt t thng tin lin quan n lnh vc tha nhn v bo tr x hi khng cho php la chn ch tiu thch hp c th phn nh y tnh trng ngho ca tr em theo lnh vc tha nhn x hi v bo tr x hi. D sao tr em sng trong h gia nh c t l ph thuc cao (c ngi gi yu hoc tn tt) vn d b tn thng vi ngho hn v n c s dng nh mt ch tiu thay th da vo nhng thng tin sn c t b cu hi ca KSMS.

tendency of ageing population, and the number of people out of work increased. The child poverty rate based on this indicator in 2008 as well as in 2006 showed that the rate in urban areas was higher than in rural areas. This selection might not fully reflect the poverty in social protection and inclusion because in fact there were many children who lived with their parents in a three-generation family, the head of which was a grandparent, who was retired or could not work due to old age. This was particularly true in urban areas, where the rate among three-generation families was higher than in rural areas (source: Vietnamese Family Survey, 2006). Because the VHLSS questioninaire contained limited information related to social protection and social inclusion, it was not possible to select an appropriate indicator which could adequately reflect child poverty in social protection and inclusion. Children living in households with a high dependence rate are therefore considered more vulnerable to poverty and this was used as an indicator instead given the availability of information in the VHLSS questionnaire. 2) Child poverty rate by domain The child poverty rate by education, health care, shelter, water & sanitation, child labor, and social inclusion & protection was calculated based on the 9 indicators mentioned above. A child is identified as poor by domain when s/he is identified as poor in at least one indicator in that domain.

2) T l ngho tr em theo lnh vc T l tr em ngho theo tng lnh vc gio dc, y t, nh , nc v v sinh, lao ng tr em, tha nhn x hi v bo tr x hi c tnh t 9 ch tiu n l phn trn. Mt tr em c coi l ngho theo lnh vc khi em b xc nh l ngho i vi t nht mt ch tiu trong lnh vc .

38

Hnh/ Figure 7: T l tr em ngho theo tng lnh vc 2008/ Child poverty rate by domain 2008 Gio dc/Education 60 16.06 Tham gia XH v bo tr XH/Social inclusion and protection 8.79 40 20 0 52.85 Y t/Health

Lao ng tr em/Child labor 9.82

Nh /Shelter 17.35

Nc sch v cng trnh v sinh t tiu chun/Water and sanitation

42.87

th mng nhn (Hnh 7) th hin t l tr em ngho theo tng lnh vc. T l tr em ngho theo lnh vc y t cao nht v ln n 52,85%, ngha l c 10 tr em t 0-4 tui th c 5 tr khng n c s y t trong 12 thng qua. Tip theo l lnh vc nc sch v v sinh vi t l l 42,87%. Do y t, nc sch v v sinh c th coi l nhng lnh vc ng phi quan tm nht.

The spider chart (Figure 7) shows the child poverty rate by domain. The health care child poverty rate was the highest at 52.85%, which means about 5 out of every 10 children aged 0-4 did not go to health facilities in the past 12 months. The child poverty rate for water & sanitation followed at 42.87%. Therefore, health and water & sanitation can be seen as the domains that most need prominent attention.

39

Hnh/ Figure 8: T l ngho theo tng lnh vc chia theo gii tnh tr nm 2008/ Child poverty rate by sex and domains 2008
60 50 40 % 30 20 10 0 Gio dc/ Y t/ Health Education care Nh / Shelter Nc v v Lao ng tr T ham gia v sinh/ Water em/ Child bo tr XH / and labor Social sanitation inclusion and protection

Nam / Male N/ Female

T l tr em ngho theo cc lnh vc (Hnh 8) cho thy khng c s khc bit ln gia tr em trai v tr em gi. Tuy nhin c th quan st thy, t l ngho v y t tr em gi c cao hn mt cht so vi tr em trai, khong 7 im phn trm.

The domain child poverty rates (Figure 8) shows no big disparity between boys and girls. However, we can see health care child poverty in girls was slightly higher than for boys, about 7 percentage points.

40

Hnh/ Figure 9: T l ngho theo tng lnh vc chia theo 8 vng nm 2008/ Child poverty rate by region and domains 2008

ng bng sng Cu Long/ Mekong River Delta

ng Nam B/ Southeast

T y Nguyn/ Central Highlands Duyn hi Nam T rung B/ South Central Coast

Vng/ Region

Bc T rung B/ North Central Coast

T y Bc/ Northwest

ng Bc/ Northeast

ng bng sng Hng/ Red River Delta 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 T ham gia v bo tr XH / Social inclusion and protection Lao ng tr em/ % Child tr em labor ngho/ Child poverty rate Nc sch v v sinh/ Water and sanitation Nh / Shelter Y t/ Health care Gio dc/ Education 80 90

Hnh 9 trnh by t l tr em ngho theo tng lnh vc. Vng Ty Bc c t l tr em ngho cao nht trong c nc i vi cc lnh vc gio dc, nh , nc sch v v sinh, lao ng tr em. c bit i vi lnh vc nc sch v v sinh th t l tr em ngho ca vng Ty Bc vt qu 80%. T l ngho tr em i vi lnh vc y t cao nht l vng Bc Trung B.

Figure 9 shows the child poverty rate by domain and region. The Northwest had the highest child poverty rate in the country for education, shelter, water & sanitation, and child labor. For water & sanitation, the child poverty rate in the Northwest region exceeded 80%. The child poverty rate for health care in on North Central Coast was the highest.

41

3) T l tr em ngho a chiu p dng cch tnh trnh by trong mc 5 phn 2, t l tr em ngho a chiu phn nh t l tr em c xc nh l ngho trong t nht hai trong su lnh vc nghin cu.

3) Multidimensional child poverty rate Following the calculation approach presented in item 5, part 2, the multidimensional child poverty rate reflects the proportion of children who have been identified as poor in at least two out of six domains.

Bng 4: c lng t l tr em ngho da trn s liu 2006, 2008

Table 4. Child poverty estimate based on VHLSS 2006, 2008 VHLSS 2006, n=10696 T l tr em ngho (da trn 2 lnh vc lm chun)/ Child Poverty Rate (two-domain poverty line) 30.72 30.47 30.99 *** 11.25 36.33 *** 9.66 36.16 63.12 25.75 18.5 39.33 20.24 56.31 *** 24.08 62.34 *** 55.24 23.55 27.87 41.61 38.4 25.76 29.45 40.44 VHLSS 2008, n=9960 T l tr em ngho (da trn 2 lnh vc lm chun)/ Child Poverty Rate (two-domain poverty line) 28.93 28.37 29.51 12.50 34.25 10.43 35.81 64.60 23.25 19.44 38.70 14.82 52.81 22.36 61.52 57.81 21.37 37.44 36.51 32.68 21.28 26.23 36.18

CHUNG Gii tnh/Gender Nam/Male N/Female Khu vc/Area Thnh th/Urban Nng thn/Rural Vng/Region ng bng sng Hng/Red River Delta ng Bc/Northeast Ty Bc/Northwest Bc Trung B/North Central Coast Nam Trung B/South Central Coast Ty Nguyn/Central Highlands ng Nam B/Southeast ng bng sng Cu Long/ Mekong River Delta Dn tc/Ethnicity Kinh/Hoa Khc/Other Ngho tin t/Monetary poor Ngho/Poor Khng ngho/Non-poor Nhm tui/Age groups 0-2 3-4 5 6-10 11-14 15

T l tr em ngho a chiu nm 2008 gim gn 2 im phn trm so vi 2006, t 30,7% xung 28,9%. Theo c tnh nm 2008 vn cn khong 6,34

The multidimensional child poverty rate in 2008 declined by nearly 2 percentage points compared to 2006, from 30.7% to 28.9%. Accordingly, in 2008 there were around 6.34 million poor 42

triu tr em ngho Vit Nam. Khng c s khc bit ln v gii trong ngho a chiu.

children in Vietnam. There was no big disparity in gender for multidimensional child poverty. The disparity of the multidimensional child poverty rate between rural and urban areas was very big, more than 20 percentage points. Between 2006 and 2008, despite a general reduction in the poverty rate, the gap between urban and rural areas remained almost unchanged (Chart 11). The inequality between ethnic minority children and Kinh/Chinese children remained high. Over 60% of children belonging to an ethnic minority lived in poverty, 3 times more than Kinh/Chinese children (Chart 12).
Thnh th/ Urban Nng thn/ Rural

Chnh lch t l tr em ngho a chiu gia nng thn v thnh th rt ln, trn 20 im phn trm. Trong hai nm 2006 v 2008, mc d t l ngho chung c gim nhng khong cch gia hai khu vc nng thn v thnh th hu nh khng thay i (Hnh 11). S bt bnh ng gia tr em dn tc thiu s v tr em Kinh/Hoa vn mc cao. Vn cn trn 60% tr em dn tc thiu s sng trong cnh ngho, cao gp ba ln nhm tr em dn tc Kinh/Hoa (Hnh 12).

Hnh/Figure 11: T l tr em ngho chia theo khu vc/ Child poverty rates by area based on VHLSS 2006, 2008

40 35 30 25 % 20 15 10 5 0 T l tr em ngho (2 lnh vc)/Child Poverty Rate KSM S/ VHLSS 2006 T l tr em ngho (2 lnh vc)/Child Poverty Rate KSM S/ VHLSS 2008

43

Hnh/ Figure 12: T l tr em ngho chia theo dn tc/ Child poverty rates by ethnicity based on VHLSS 2006, 2008

Kinh/Hoa Khc/ Other

70 60 50 40 % 30 20 10 0 T l tr em ngho (2 lnh vc)/Child Poverty Rate KSM S/ VHLSS 2006 T l tr em ngho (2 lnh vc)/Child Poverty Rate KSM S/ VHLSS 2008

C s chnh lch r rt v t l ngho a chiu gia 8 vng a l (hnh 13). Vng Ty bc c t l tr em ngho cao nht (64,6%), tip n l vng ng bng sng Cu Long (52,8%) v thp nht l ng bng sng Hng (10%). iu ng ch l t l ngho tr em a chiu ca cc vng Ty Bc, ng bng sng Hng v Duyn hi nam Trung B tng nh so vi nm 2006, trong khi t l ngho tr em a chiu ca vng ng bng sng Cu Long v ng Nam B li gim t 4-6 im phn trm. Quan st nhm tui nh (0-2 tui), t l ngho tr em a chiu nm 2008 tng gn 10 im phn trm so vi nm 2006. T l ngho tr em a chiu nhm tui ny chu nh hng mnh ca ch tiu ngho v lnh vc y t.

There was a significant disparity in multidimensional poverty rates among the 8 geographic regions (Figure 13). The Northwest had the highest rate of child poverty (64.6%), followed by the Mekong River Delta (52.8%), and the lowest was the Red River Delta (10%). It is worth noting that the poverty rate of multidimensional child poverty in the Northwest, the Red River Delta, and the Southeast increased slightly compared to 2006, while the rate in the Mekong River Delta and the Southeast fell about 4-6 percentage points. Looking at the youngest age group (0-2 years old), the multidimensional child poverty rate in 2008 increased nearly 10 percentage points compared to 2006. The multidimensional child poverty rate in this age group was strongly influenced by the health care poverty indicator.

44

Hnh/ Figure 13: T l tr em ngho theo 2 lnh vc (CPR) chia theo 8 vng/ Child poverty rate (two dimensional) by region 2008
70.0 60.0 50.0 64.60 52.81

T l (%)

40.0 30.0 20.0 10.43 10.0 0.0 ng b ng sng H ng/ Red River Delta

35.81 23.25

38.70

19.44 14.82

ng B c/ Northeast

Ty B c/ Northwest

Bc Trung B / North Central Coast

Duyn h i Ty Nguyn/ ng Nam Nam Trung Central B / B / South Highlands Southeast Central Coast

ng b ng sng Cu Long/ Mekong River Delta

Vng/Region

4) Phn tch s giao nhau tnh trng tr em ngho theo lnh vc Phn tch mc giao nhau v ngho ca tr em theo lnh vc c th ch ra s tng quan c ngha quan trng v mt chnh sch v gip hiu bit hn v cc hnh thi ngho tr em, c bit theo nhm tui. T l tr em ngho t 0-4 tui i vi 2 lnh vc l nc sch v v sinh v y t cao nht, c 5 tr t 0-4 tui th c 1 tr em va khng c n cc c s y t trong 1 nm v va khng c tip cn ngun nc ung sch hoc sng trong h gia nh khng c h x hp v sinh. Nhm tr 6-15 tui c t l ngho i vi 2 lnh vc l nc sch v v sinh v lao ng sm cao nht, khong 6,7%. Xem xt ton b tr t 015 tui th t l ngho i vi lnh vc nh , nc sch v cng trnh v sinh vn cao nht, ln ti 15,2%. Nhng mt khc ch c 0,44% tr t 6-15 tui va b ngho lnh vc tha nhn x hi v bo tr x hi v i phi lao ng sm. Ph lc 2 trnh by h s tng quan gia cc lnh vc da trn s liu

4) Analyzing the overlap of child poverty by domain An analysis of the extent to which child poverty by domain reveals overlaps can point to a correlation that may have significant policy implications and may lead to a better understanding of patterns of child poverty, particularly by age group. Children aged 0-4 had the highest poverty rates in the health care and water & sanitation domains. 1 out of every 5 children aged 0-4 did not visit a health facility during the last year and at the same time did not have access to clean drinking water or a sanitary toilet. Children aged 6-15 had the highest poverty rates for water & sanitation and child labor, about 6.7%. For all children between the ages of 0 and 15, the poverty rates for shelter and water & sanitation were the highest, up to 15.2%. On the other hand, only 0.44% of children aged 6-15 were poor in both the domains of social inclusion & protection and child labor. Appendix 2 shows the correlation coefficient among domains based on data 45

kho st mc sng 2008. Quan h tng quan c h s cao nht l gia lnh vc nh , nc sch v v sinh. Tuy t l tr em ngho ng thi trn 2 lnh vc y t vi nc sch v v sinh l trn 23%, nhng c h s tng quan kh nh. H s tng quan ln th hai l gia lnh vc gio dc v lao ng tr em, vi gi tr 0,3514. Nhiu nghin cu cng ch ra rng tr em phi tham gia lao ng kim tin s c t c hi c hc hnh hn.

from the 2008 Housholds Living Standard Survey. The correlation between shelter and water & sanitation had the highest coefficient. Although the child poverty rates for health care and water & sanitation were over 23%, the correlation coefficient was quite small. The second biggest correlation coefficient was between education and child labor, with a value of 0.3515. Many studies have shown that children who have to work for money have fewer opportunities for schooling.

14 15

Xem ph lc 2, trang 71 See appendix 2, page 71

46

Bng 5: T l tr em ngho trong hai lnh vc, VHLSS 2008 Table 5: Child poverty rate in two areas, VHLSS 2008
Gio dc Education Gio dc/ Education Tui, s quan st/ Age, number of observation H s/Coefficient Y t/ Health care Tui, s quan st/ Age, number of observation H s/Coefficient Nh / Shelter Tui, s quan st/ Age, number of observation H s/Coefficient Nc sch&v sinh / Water and sanitation Tui, s quan st/ Age, number of observation H s/Coefficient Lao ng tr em/ Child labor Tui, s quan st/ Age, number of observation H s/Coefficient Tha nhn v bo tr x hi/ Social inclusion and protection Tui, s quan st/ Age, number of observation H s/Coefficient 0-15, n=9960 8.79 6-15, n=6861 9.82 6-15, n=6861 0.44 0-15, n=9960 17.35 0-15, n=9960 15.23 6-15, n=6861 2.85 0-15, n=9960 1.26 0-4, n=2583 52.85 0-4, n=2583 9.52 0-4, n=2583 23.23 x 0-4, n=2583 6.57 5-15, n=7377 16.05 X 5-15, n=7377 4.96 5-15, n=7377 10.51 6-15, n=6861 5.34 5-15, n=7377 1.34 / Y t/ Health care Nh / Shelter Nc sch & v sinh/ Water and sanitation Lao ng tr em/ Child labor Tha nhn v bo tr x hi/ Social inclusion and protection

0-15, n=9960 42.87

6-15, n=6861 6.66

0-15, n=9960 2.73

5) Phn tch tnh trng tr em ngho a chiu v ngho v chi tiu Nh cp phn l thuyt trn, bo co ny s dng c hai phng php o ngho tr em: ngho a chiu (phi tin t) v ngho chi tiu (tin t). Bng 6 th hin t l tr em ngho nm 2006 v 2008 theo 2 phng php o lng.

5) Analysis of child poverty using multidimensional and monetary poverty approaches

As mentioned in the literature overview, this report uses two measures of child poverty: multidimensional poverty (a non-monetary approach) and expenditure poverty (a monetary approach). Table 6 shows the child poverty rate in 2006 and 2008 according to these two measures. Bng 6: T l tr em ngho chi tiu v t l tr em ngho a chiu da trn s liu KSMS 2006, 2008 Table 6: Child expenditure poverty rate and multidimensional child poverty rate based on VHLSS 2006, 2008
VHLSS 2006, n=10696 T l tr em T l tr em ngho chi tiu/ ngho a chiu/ Child Multidimensional expenditure child poverty poverty rate rate CHUNG/ TOTAL Gii tnh/ Gender Nam/ Male N/ Female Khu vc/Area Thnh th/Urban Nng thn/Rural Vng/Region ng bng sng Hng/ Red River Delta ng Bc/ North east Ty Bc/ Northwest Bc Trung B/ North Central Coast Nam Trung B/ South Central Coast Ty Nguyn/ Central Highlands ng Nam B/ Southeast ng bng sng Cu Long/ Mekong River Delta Dn tc/Ethnicity Kinh/Hoa Khc/Other Nhm tui/Age groups 0-2 3-4 5 6-10 11-14 15 22.62 22.4 22.85 *** 5.42 27.58 *** 13.22 34.05 58.94 37.99 16.73 37.16 9.08 12.59 *** 14.5 61.25 *** 27.14 27.5 26.45 25.21 19.35 13.46 30.72 30.47 30.99 *** 11.25 36.33 *** 9.66 36.16 63.12 25.75 18.5 39.33 20.24 56.31 *** 24.08 62.34 *** 27.87 41.61 38.4 25.76 29.45 40.44 VHLSS 2008, n=9960 T l tr em T l tr em ngho chi tiu/ ngho a chiu/ Child Multidimensional expenditure child poverty poverty rate rate 20.74 19.22 22.32 *** 4.92 25.86 *** 12.01 32.46 55.54 32.05 19.35 33.5 5.51 15.5 *** 12.7 60.66 *** 23.55 21.05 25.39 22.02 18.84 15.91 28.93 28.37 29.51 *** 12.5 34.25 *** 10.43 35.81 64.6 23.25 19.44 38.7 14.82 52.81 *** 22.36 61.52 *** 37.44 36.51 32.68 21.28 26.23 36.18

48

Xem xt theo c hai phng php tip cn v so snh s liu gia hai nm kho st cho thy t l tr em ngho nm 2008 gim so vi nm 2006. T l tr em ngho chi tiu nm 2008 l 20,7%, gim xp x 2 im phn trm so nm 2006; t l tr em ngho a chiu nm 2008 l 28,9%, gim 1,3 im phn trm so nm 2006. Phn tch t l tr em ngho chi tiu v a chiu chia theo gii tnh u cho thy khng c s bt bnh ng ln i vi tr em gi v tr em trai trong vic tip cn cc dch v p ng cc nhu cu c bn. C hai phng php tip cn tr em ngho u ch ra vng Ty Bc c t l tr em ngho cao nht c nc. Vng c t l ngho tr em thp nht theo phng php chi tiu l ng Nam B v theo phng php a chiu l ng bng sng Hng. T l ngho chi tiu ca vng ng bng sng Cu Long ch bng 1/3 t l ngho a chiu (15,5% so vi 52,8%). y l vng c t l h ngho tin t thp th 3 trong c nc, nhng li l vng c t l ngho v nh , nc sch v v sinh rt cao. S bt bnh ng th hin kh r gia tr em dn tc Kinh/Hoa v tr em cc dn tc thiu s . C 2 phng php tip cn ngho chi tiu hoc a chiu u phn nh s bt bnh ng ny. T l ngho tr em dn tc thiu s cao gp 3-4 ln so vi dn tc Kinh/Hoa. 60% tr em dn tc thiu s phi sng trong cnh ngho tuyt i c v chi tiu v v cc nhu cu bn. Trong khi t l tr em ngho chi tiu ch xc nh c n cp h gia nh th t l ngho tr em a chiu c tnh ton n tng tr em. V vys dng cch tip cn a chiu xc nh t l tr em ngho theo nhm tui cho thy c s chnh lch r rt gia cc nhm tui. T l ngho a chiu cao nht tr em thuc nhm tui 0-4 v nhm 15 tui. l gii s chnh lch ny cn lu ti s khc nhau v cc ch

By reviewing the two approaches and comparing the data from both years, we can see that the child poverty rate in 2008 declined compared to 2006. The expenditure child poverty rate in 2008 was 20.7%, a decrease of nearly 2 percentage points compared to 2006. Multidimensional child poverty in 2008 was 28.9%, a decrease of 1.3 percentage points compared to 2006. Analysis of the expenditure child poverty rate and the multidimensional child poverty rate by gender showed that there was no large disparity between girls and boys in accessing their basic needs. Both approaches showed that the Northwest had the highest child poverty rate in the country. The Southeast had the lowest expenditure poverty rate and the Red River Delta had the lowest multidimensional poverty rate. In the Mekong River Delta, the rate of expenditure poverty was only one third that of multidimensional poverty (15.5% compared to 52.8%). This region had the third lowest monetary poverty rate in the country, but it had a very high poverty rate for shelter and water & sanitation. Inequality was quite clear between Kinh/Chinese children and ethnic minority children. Both approaches reflected this inequality. The poverty rate of ethnic minority children was 3-4 times higher than among Kinh/Chinese children. 60% of ethnic minority children lived in absolute poverty in terms of expenditure and basic needs. While the expenditure child poverty rate was only identified at the household level, the multidimensional child poverty rate was calculated at the child level. Therefore, using the multidimensional approach to determine the child poverty rate by age group showed there was a clear disparity among age groups. The multidimensional poverty rate was highest in the 0-4 year old group and the 15 year old group respectively. To 49

tiu c th c quan st cc nhm tui. Tr em nhm 0-4 tui c nhiu kh nng ri vo cnh ngho hn. Hn na, tnh trng ngho ca nhm ny chu nh hng mnh ca ch tiu c th v chm sc sc khe. T l tr em ngho a chiu nhm 15 tui cao hn mc trung bnh (36%), nhng theo phng php tin t th t l ny li thp nht (16%). iu ny c th quan st thy l tr em 15 tui ang vo tui d b tn thng hn v phi tham gia lao ng nn t l lao ng sm v t l b hc s cao hn cc nhm tui khc, t y t l ngho a chiu ln.

explain this disparity, it is necessary to pay attention to the difference in specific indicators observed in age groups. Children in the 0-4 age group were more likely to fall into poverty. Moreover, the poverty of this group was strongly influenced by specific indicators for health care. The multidimensional child poverty rate of the 15 year old group was above average (36%), but using the monetary approach, this rate was the lowest (16%). This can be explained by the observation that 15 year old children are more vulnerable and likely to engage in child labor. Therefore, the child labor and school drop out rates are higher than in other age groups, thereby raising the rate of multidimensional poverty.

Hnh/ Figure 14: S Ven biu th 4 nhm tr em/ Differences and overlap between child poverty Nhm/ Group measurements
C=62%

Nhm/ Group A=17% Nhm / Group AB=12% Nhm/ Group B=9%

Phn tch trn cho thy 2 phng php tip cn khng xc nh cng mt nhm tr em. Hnh 14 th hin s giao nhau gia cc nhm tr em ngho c xc nh theo phng php o lng ngho tr em khc nhau. Trong nhm tr t 0-15 tui, c 17% tr em c xc nh l ch ngho theo phng php a chiu (nhm A), ch 9% tr em c xc nh l sng trong cc h gia nh ngho v tin t (nhm B) v khong 12% tr em c xc nh l ngho theo c hai

The analysis above reveals that the two approaches did not identify the same groups of children. Figure 14 shows the overlap between groups of children identified by different approaches to measuring children. In the 0-15 year old group, 17% of children were identified as multidimensionally poor only (group A), 9% were identified as living in monetary poor households only (group B) and about 12% were identified as being both multidimensionally and monetarily poor 50

phng php (nhm AB) v cn li 62% tr khng ngho. Bng 7 th hin t l tr em ngho c phn t theo gii tnh, khu vc, vng a l , dn tc, nhm tui v s tr em trong h gia nh.

(group AB). The remaining 62% were not poor. Table 7 shows the child poverty rate disaggregated by gender, area, geographical region, ethnicity, age group, and the number of children in a household.

Bng 7: T l tr em ngho theo c im nhn khu hc chia theo phng php tnh da trn s liu KSMS 2008 Table 7: Poverty rates by demographic characteristics and by poverty measure based on VHLSS 2008
n v tnh/ Unit: % Nhm/ Group A Ch ngho theo ngho a chiu/ Only CPR poor CHUNG/ TOTAL Gii tnh/ Gender Nam/ Male N/ Female Khu vc/Area Thnh th/Urban Nng thn/Rural Vng/Region ng bng sng Hng/ Red River Delta ng Bc/ Northeast Ty Bc/ Northwest Bc Trung B/ North Central Coast Nam Trung B/ South Central Coast Ty Nguyn/ Central Highlands ng Nam B/ Southeast ng bng sng Cu Long/ Mekong River Delta S tr trong h gia nh/ Number of children in household 1 2 3 4 5 6 Dn tc/Ethnicity Kinh/Hoa Khc/Other 16.94 17.33 16.53 9.75 19.27 7.12 15.57 21.86 9.81 8.29 18.29 11.9 39.85 Nhm/ Group B Ch ngho chi tiu/ Only expenditure poor 8.75 8.18 9.34 2.17 10.88 8.71 12.22 12.79 18.62 8.21 13.09 2.59 2.53 Nhm/ Group AB Ngho theo c a chiu v chi tiu/ Both 11.99 11.04 12.98 2.75 14.98 3.3 20.24 42.75 13.43 11.15 20.41 2.92 12.96 Nhm/ Group C Khng ngho/ Non-poor Tng/ Total

62.32 63.45 61.15 85.33 54.87 80.86 51.97 22.61 58.13 72.36 48.2 82.59 44.66

100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100

19.01 17.19 16.71 12.2 7.8 2.15 16.35 19.85

3.95 7.44 12.52 21.49 20.93 26.62 6.69 18.99

5.95 8.78 16.62 26.33 54.43 54.95 6.01 41.67

71.08 66.59 54.16 39.98 16.84 16.27 70.95 19.49

100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100

51

Nhm tui/Age group 0-2 3-4 5 6-10 11-14 15

21.08 22.77 18.29 11.56 15.58 23.4

7.19 7.3 11 12.29 8.18 3.13

16.36 13.74 14.39 9.73 10.65 12.78

55.37 56.18 56.32 66.43 65.59 60.68

100 100 100 100 100 100

T l ngho tr em khng c s khc bit ln gia nhm tr em trai v tr em gi d theo phng php o lng no (a chiu hay tin t) . Tr em sng khu vc nng thn ngho hn rt nhiu so vi tr em sng khu vc thnh th. Khu vc nng thn c ti 45% s tr em ri vo mt trong nhng nhm ngho, cao gp 3 ln khu vc thnh th. Trong tng s cc tr em t 0-15 tui sng nng thn c 19,3% tr em c xc nh l ngho theo phng php a chiu, 11% tr em sng trong cc h ngho tin t v 15% tr em c xc nh ngho theo c hai phng php. Xt theo 8 vng a l chng ta thy c mt s vn ni bt. Th nht, t l tr em ngho theo c 2 phng php ti vng Ty Bc l cao nht, ln ti 77% tr em trong tui di 16 nm trong din ngho. Th hai, t l tr em ngho a chiu ca khu vc ng bng sng Cu Long l 40% (nhm A) so vi t l tr em ngho tin t ch c 2,5% (nhm B). iu ny gi rng cn c cc yu t khc, nh nhng c im ring bit ca ng bng sng Cu Long bn cnh yu t tin t quyt nh tnh trng ngho ca tr em vng ny. Th ba, nu nh t l tr em c xc nh l ch ngho theo phng php tin t (nhm B) vng Bc Trung B l cao nht (18,6%), th t l ngho a chiu vng ny ch c 10%, (nhm A). Tr em trong gia nh ng con c nhiu kh nng sng trong cnh ngho hn. Trong khi ch c 30% tr em thuc gia nh c mt con chu cnh ngho (nhm C) th c ti 84% tr em phi chu cnh ngho trong nhng h gia nh c t

There was no big difference in the child poverty rates between boys and girls, irrespective of the poverty measurement (multidimensional or monetary). Children living in rural areas were much poorer than children living in urban areas. In rural areas, 45% of children fell into one of the poverty groups, which was 3 times higher than in urban areas. Among all children aged 015 living in rural areas, 19.3% were identified as poor by the multidimensional approach, 11% lived in monetary poor households, and 15% of children were identified as poor by both approaches. Analyzing the 8 geographical regions we can see some emerging issues. First of all, according to both approaches, child poverty was highest in the Northwest region, where up to 77% of children under the age of 16 were poor. Secondly, the multidimensional poverty rate of the Mekong River Delta was 40% (group A) compared to a monetary child poverty rate of only 2.5% (group B). This suggests that other factors, e.g. the unique characteristics of the Mekong River Delta, in addition to monetary factors determined the status of child poverty in this region. Thirdly, the rate of children identified by the monetary approach only (group B) was highest on the North Central Coast (18.6%) while the multidimensional poverty rate in this region was 10% (group A). Children in large families were more likely to live in poverty. While only 30% of children in families with one child lived in poverty (group C), 84% of children in households with 5-6 siblings suffering from poverty. This is quite 52

5-6 anh ch em. iu ny th hin kh r nhm ngho tiu t (nhm B) v nhm ngho c tin t v a chiu (nhm AB). T l ngho ca tr em dn tc Kinh/Hoa theo c hai phng php u cho kt qu thp hn nhm dn tc thiu s. C ti hn 42% tr em dn tc thiu s va sng trong cc h gia nh c mc chi tiu thp va chu thit thi trong cc lnh vc ngho phi tin t (nhm AB). Khong 71% tr em dn tc Kinh/Hoa thuc din khng ngho trong khi gn 80% tr em dn tc sng trong cnh ngho hoc v tin t hoc v a chiu.

obvious in the monetary poverty (group B) and the combined monetary and multidimensional poverty group (AB). The child poverty rate of Kinh/Chinese using both approaches was lower compared to ethnic minority groups. More than 42% of ethnic minority children both lived in households with lower expenditure levels and suffered disadvantages in nonmonetary poverty domains (group AB). Approximately 71% of Kinh/Chinese children belonged to the non-poor group, while nearly 80% of ethnic minority children lived in poverty either monetary or multidimensional.

Bng 8: T l tr em ngho theo lnh vc da trn s liu KSMS 2006, 2008 Table 8: Domain poverty rates for the various poverty groups based on VHLSS 2006, 2008
KSMS/ VHLSS 2006 Nhm/ Nhm/ Group B Group AB Ch ngho Ngho chi tiu/ a Only chiu expenditure v chi poor tiu/ Both KSMS/ VHLSS 2008 Nhm/ Nhm/ Group B Group AB Ch ngho Ngho chi tiu/ a Only chiu expenditure v chi poor tiu/ Both

Nhm/ Group A Ch ngho a chiu/ Only CPR poor Lnh vc/ Domain Gio dc/ Education Y t/ Health care Nh / Shelter Nc v V sinh/ Water and sanitation Lao ng tr em/ Child labor Tham gia v bo tr XH/ Social inclusion and protection 25.85 19.19 61.93 90.34 9.81 17.07

Nhm/ Group C Khng ngho/ Nonpoor

Nhm/ Group A Ch ngho a chiu/ Only CPR poor 30.6 26.67 51.65 84.56 17.97 20

Nhm/ Group C Khng ngho/ Nonpoor

2.08 7.01 2.82 60.43 0.28 3.08

20.68 25.71 71.37 97.76 5.34 9.97

na na na na na na

2.88 7.51 2.72 52.46 2.51 2.98

33.81 25.47 59.99 95.52 21.45 9.63

3.87 8.75 1.88 20.06 1.51 6.39

Bng 8 th hin t l phn trm tr em tng nhm ngho c th theo tng lnh vc. Chnh lch ln v t l ngho theo 2 phng php trong cng mt lnh vc cho thy cch tip cn tin t b st mt nhm ln tr em ang chu thiu ht v nhu cu c bn. Tnh ton ca KSMS 2008 cho thy trong s nhng tr em ngho a chiu (nhm A) th c n 31%

Table 8 shows the proportion of children in each specific poverty group broken down by domain. The significant disparity in poverty rates of the two approaches in one particular domain showed that the monetary approach missed a large group of children who were deprived in specific dimensions of well-being. Data from the Living 53

chu thiu ht v gio dc trong khi theo phng php tin t (nhm B) ch xc nh c 2,9% . Tng t 5 lnh vc cn li t l ngho theo phng php a chiu cao hn nhiu so vi t l ngho o bng phng php tin t. Trong khi ch c 2,7% tr em sng trong cc h gia nh ngho v tin t (nhm B) chu ngho trong lnh vc nh , t l ny ln 51% v 60% hai nhm ngho A v AB tng ng. T l tr em ngho theo lnh vc nc sch v v sinh cao nht trong c 6 lnh vc. Hu ht tt c (96%) tr em c xc nh l ngho theo c 2 phng php (nhm AB) v 85% tr em ngho thuc nhm A.

Standard Survey 2008 showed that among multidimensional poor children (group A), 31% suffered deprivation in education while the monetary approach (group B) identified only 2.9%. Similarly, in the 5 other domains the multidimensional poverty rate was much higher than the rate measured using the monetary approach. While only 2.7% of children living in monetary poor conditions (group B) suffered shelter poverty, this rate was 51% and 60% for group A and group AB respectively. Water & sanitation child poverty was highest among all 6 domains. In the group of children identified as poor by both approaches (group AB), almost all (96%) were identified as poor and this figures was 85% for group A. In education and child labor, the proportion of poor children tended to increase between the two survey years. The rate of children having to work early who were identified in poor group A and group AB increased 8 and 16 percentage points. Similarly, the child poverty rate for education also increased, group A by 5 percentage points and group AB by 13 percentage points.

Trong lnh vc gio dc v lao ng tr em, t l tr em ngho c xu hng tng cao gia hai nm kho st. T l tr em phi lao ng sm c xc nh nhm ngho A v nhm AB tng ln ti 8 v 16 im phn trm. Tng t, t l tr em ngho theo lnh vc gio dc cng tng ln 5 im phn trm nhm A v 13 im phn trm nhm AB. Rt c kh nng kinh t suy thoi trong 2 nm qua l yu t tc ng n hai lnh vc nhy cm ny. 6) Cc yu t nh hng n tnh trng ngho tr em Phn ny xem xt nhng yu t lin quan n cc c im ca c nhn v ca h gia nh c th c vai tr quyt nh hoc nh hng ti nguy c ri vo trnh trng ngho ca tr. Thng tin v nhng yu t ny c trnh by trong Bng 9. Nhm nhng c im khng c nh hng r rng ti s khc bit v t l tr em ngho a chiu gm gii tnh ca tr v gii tnh ca ch h. T l tr em ngho chnh lch khng nhiu gia tr em trai v tr em gi, c thnh th v nng thn, v gii tnh ca ch h khng

6) Elements influencing child poverty status This part considers elements related to the characteristics of the individuals and the households that can play a decisive role or influence the risk of falling into poverty for children. Information on these elements is presented in Table 9. Characteristics which did not have a clear influence on the discrepancies in the multidimensional child poverty rate included sex of the children and sex of the head of household. There were not many differences between boys and girls in the 54

phi l mt yu t nh hng. iu ny chng t gii tnh khng phi l nhn t quyt nh tnh trng ngho ca tr.

child poverty rate in the rural and urban areas,and neither was the sex of the head of household a factor. This proves that gender is not a significant element when determining the poverty status of children. Characteristics which did have an effect on the discrepancies in the multidimensional child poverty rate included: (a) variables outside the household, including urban/rural areas, region, ethnicity, and (b) variables showing characteristics of the household, including the number of household members, and the qualification, occupation, age and marital status of the head of household. The multidimensional poverty rate of children living in rural areas was 3 times higher than for those living in urban areas, and the rate for ethnic minorities was 2 times higher than that of the Kinh/Chinese. In addition, there were differences in geographical regions. Children living in the northern mountainous areas had to suffer more disadvantages than those living in delta areas. The highest multidimensional poverty rate for children was in the Northwest regions (64%) and the lowest rate was in the Red River Delta (10%). Thus, it can be seen that ethnic and regional elements can have a great effect on the probability of being poor. The multidimensional child poverty rate in small households (2-3 persons) seemed to be higher. However this rate ascended again for households with more than 5 members. The age of the head of household also influenced the poverty status of the children. However, this tendency was different in urban and rural areas. In rural areas children had a high poverty risk in young households (45% for age group 18-29). The poverty risk declined gradually as the age of the head of household increased to 49, and then the multidimensional child poverty rate increased again to over 48% when the head of household was over 70 years old. Meanwhile in urban areas the more 55

Nhm nhng c im c th c nh hng ti s khc bit ng k v t l tr em ngho a chiu gm: (a) nhm cc bin ngoi h gia nh, gm khu vc thnh th/nng thn, vng, dn tc, v (b) nhm cc bin mang c tnh ca h gia nh gm s thnh vin h gia nh, bng cp ch h, ngh nghip ch h, tui ch h v tnh trng hn nhn ch h. T l ngho a chiu ca tr sng khu vc nng thn cao gp 3 ln tr sng khu vc thnh th, ca nhm dn tc thiu s cao gp 2 ln nhm Kinh/Hoa. Bn cnh , gia cc vng a l cng c s khc bit ny. Tr em sng vng ni pha Bc thng phi chu thit thi hn tr em sng khu vc ng bng. T l tr em ngho a chiu ca vng Ty Bc cao nht (64%) v thp nht l vng ng bng sng Hng (10%). Nh vy c th thy yu t dn tc v khu vc c th c tc ng ln ti kh nng tr em b ri vo tnh trng ngho.

T l tr em ngho a chiu nhng h gia nh c quy m nh (2-3 ngi) dng nh cao hn. Tuy nhin,t l tr em ngho a chiu li tng dn khi quy m h gia nh tng t 5 thnh vin tr ln. Tui ca ch h cng tc ng n tnh trng ngho ca tr em, tuy nhin xu hng ny cng c s khc bit gia thnh th v nng thn. khu vc nng thn tr em c nguy c ngho cao nhm ch h tr tui (45% nhm 18-29 tui), nguy c ngho gim dn khi tui ch h tng n 49 v sau t l tr em ngho a chiu li tng ln n trn 48% khi ch h trn 70 tui. Trong khi khu vc thnh th th tr em thuc gia nh c ch h cng cao tui cng c

nguy c ngho hn. Dng nh t l tr em ngho cao hn nhng tr em sng trong h gia nh c ng s ngi gi v tr em hn.

elderly the head of household was, the higher the poverty risk their children faced. It seems that the more elderly people and children there were living in a household the greater the child poverty rate. In terms of educational attainment level and occupation of the head of household, it appears that child poverty declined gradually when the educational attainment level of the head of household increased or his/her occupation required a high level of qualification. The highest child poverty rate was observed among heads of household without certification (53%) and those who were unemployed (44%). This rate was only 6.5% for heads of household with a bachelors degree or higher, and it was 4.5% for heads of household with highly qualified occupations. The marital status of the head of household also influenced the multidimensional poverty rate. Children living in a household in which the head was widowed (wife or husband) or divorced had a higher multidimensional poverty rate than those living in a household in which this was not the case.

Xt theo trnh hc vn v ngh nghip ca ch h thy rng t l tr em ngho gim dn khi trnh hc vn ca ch h tng ln hoc ngh nghip ca ch h i hi trnh chuyn mn cao hn. T l tr em ngho cao nht thuc v nhng h gia nh m ch h khng c bng cp (53%) v khng c vic lm (44%), trong khi t l ny ch l 6,5% i vi ch h c bng cp t i hc tr ln v 4,5% i vi ch h c ngh nghip vi chuyn mn bc cao. c im khc nhau v tnh trng hn nhn ca ch h cng cho t l ngho a chiu khc nhau. Tr em nhng h c ch h ga (v hoc chng) hoc ch h ly hn c t l ngho a chiu cao hn tr em nhng h c ch h khng thuc din ny.

56

Bng 9. Phn tch ngho tr em theo cc c im c nhn v h gia nh da trn s liu KSMS 2008 Table 9. Analysis of child poverty rate by individual and household characteristics based on VHLSS 2008
C nc/ Total T l ngho a Tng s chiu/ tr em Multidimensional trong poverty rate mu / Total number of children in the sample 28.93 9960 28.37 29.51 37.44 36.51 32.68 21.28 26.23 36.18 5088 4872 1541 1042 516 2771 3127 963 Thnh th/ Urban T l ngho a Tng s chiu/ tr em Multidimensional trong poverty rate mu / Total number of children in the sample 12.5 2163 12.67 12.3 21.48 18.78 11.84 5.42 10.82 15.49 1144 1019 367 238 112 561 675 210

Nng thn/ Ru T l ngho a chiu/ Multidimensional poverty rate

CHUNG/ TOTAL Gii tnh/ Gender Nam/ Male N/ Female Nhm tui/ Age group 0-2 3-4 5 6-10 11-14 15 S tr trong h gia nh / Number of children in household 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

34.25 33.74 34.76 43.23 42.63 39.35 26.18 31.14 42.48

24.96 25.97 33.32 38.53 62.23 57.1 79.35 100

2547 4474 1905 664 250 84 28* 8*

11.74 10.59 19.95 14.59 64.39

724 1058 279 92 10*

30.85 31.37 35.92 44.81 62.14 57.1 79.35 100

S ngi ln tui trong h gia nh (ngi trn 59 tui)/ Number of adults in household (over 59 years old) Khng c/ None 1 2 3 4 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 27.87 30.5 36.19 34.01 33.33 28.79 26.99 22.93 26.95 31.82 40.13 42.12 7526 1757 663 11* 3* 77 732 3223 2560 1618 856 441 4.98 7.25 7.62 14.35 14.04 26.34 17.51 25* 201 845 474 304 148 81 10 15.84 27.34 27.19 1583 439 137 4* 33.38 36.04 39.34 38.47 33.33 42.37 35.01 29.16 30.09 36.8 43.69 48.75

S thnh vin h gia nh/ Number of household members

57

9 10 11 12 13 14 15 Khng bng cp/No certificate Tiu hc/ Primary school Trung hc c s/ Lower secondary school Trung hc ph thng/ Upper secondary school Day ngh - Khc/ Vocational - Other Trung hc chuyn nghip v cao ng/ Professional secondary and college diploma

49.22 51.08 36.43 39.99 85.02 18.92 66.67 53.17 32.03 15.55 10.27 10.39 16.38

209 107 76 26* 16* 16* 3* 2792 2800 2426 705 596 378

36.64 33.34 12.63 25 66.67

40* 16* 22* 4* 3*

53.11 55.55 52.5 53.95 85.02 8.72 66.67

Bng cp cao nht ca ch h/ Highest certificate level of head of household 27.97 16.38 8.89 5.19 6.27 3.03 344 470 474 245 252 159 58.15 35.52 17.34 13.33 13.6 26.12

i hc v trn i hc/ 6.55 263 7.17 University and postgraduate Tnh trng ngh nghip ca ch h/ Occupational status of head of household Khng lm vic/ Unemployed Nh lnh o/ Gov/party leader Chuyn mn bc cao/ High level professional Chuyn mn bc trung / Mid level professional Nhn vin vn phng/ Administrative officers Nhn vin dch v k thut/ Technical service worker Cng nhn c tay ngh trong nng nghip/ Skilled agricultural worker Cng nhn sn xut c tay ngh/ Skilled manual worker Th lp rp v vn hnh my/ Machine operator Lao ng ph thng/ Unskilled worker Tui ch h/ Age of head of household 18 29 30- 39 40 49 50 59 60 69 70 -79 43.95 20.74 4.54 16.77 18.04 6.1 19.18 991 213 190 180 79 306 422 24.12 5.52 0.24 5.29 0 0 5.36

219

3.28

404 78 158 74 27* 129 51*

60.31 29.71 27.26 26.43 28.43 11.34 21.11

11.5 11.19 34.9

1155 295 6129

6.01 4.92 17.01

302 124 816

13.52 17.1 37.96

40.3 27.5 25.7 27.96 30.2 41.53

521 3624 3096 1388 722 480

8.34 8.45 9.07 16.29 19.38 26.83

63 627 753 343 214 134

45.45 32.14 31.83 32.26 35.64 48.47

58

80 89 Gii tnh ch h/ Sex of head of hh Nam/ Male N/ Female Dn tc/Ethnicity Kinh/Hoa Khc/Other Vng/Region ng bng sng Hng/ Red River Delta ng Bc/ Northeast Ty Bc/ Northwest Bc Trung B/ North Central Coast Nam Trung B/ South Central Coast Ty Nguyn/ Central Highlands ng Nam B/ Southeast

52.66 29.49 26.7 22.36 61.52 10.43 35.81 64.6 23.25 19.44 38.7 14.82

129 8097 1863 7706 2254 1715 1451 718 1121 928 958 1232

20.99 12.23 13.05 51.09 11.31 8.93 14.28 22.93 7.87 9.83 18.87 5.73 29.74

29* 1487 676 97 2066 352 240 63 145 265 183 525 390

64.25 33.95 35.8 26.77 62 10.87 40.17 69.28 25.22 22.88 43.97 24.64 58.77

ng bng sng Cu Long/ 52.81 1837 Mekong River Delta Tnh trng hn nhn ca ch h / Marital status of head of hh c thn/ Single 22.68 57 kt hn / Married 28.12 8751 Ga / Widowed Ly hn / Divorced Ly thn / Separated

17.97

25*

25.69 33.31 42.7 42.53 31.6

11.13 1806 35.47 1005 19.85 289 34.2 85 19.04 32* 27.66 62 7.24 11* * S quan st qu nh (di 50 quan st)/ Number o f observations is very small (less than 50 observations)

Bng 10 trnh by kt qu hi qui i vi ngho tr em khu vc thnh th vi bin ph thuc l xc sut tr em ri vo tnh trng ngho. Bng gm 4 ct s liu. Ct th nht th hin cc h s ca hm hi quy, ct th 2 l cc sai s chun, ct th 3 l gi tr p v p cng nh th bin cng c ngha thng k. Ct cui cng l xc sut ri vo tnh trng ngho khi thay i 1 n v ca bin c lp (xc sut gi nh ban u l 10%).

Table 10 below presents the regression result for child poverty in urban areas with the dependent variable representing the probability of children being poor . The table includes 4 columns of data. The first column shows the coefficients of regression function, the second column includes standard errors, and the third column is the p value and the smaller p is the more statistically significant the variable is. The last column is the probability of falling into poverty when changing 1 unit of response variable (the primary supposed probability is 10%). The result shows that, with other elements constant, the probability of children falling into multidimensional poverty decreased by nearly 5 percentage points for children living in the Southeast region and increased by around 10 percentage points for children in the 59

Kt qu cho thy, vi cc yu t khc khng i, xc sut tr em ri vo ngho a chiu gim gn 5 im phn trm khi tr sng vng ng Nam B, v tng thm khong 10 im phn trm khi sng vng ng bng sng Cu Long.

Mekong River Delta. Trnh hc vn ca ch h cng cao th xc sut tr em ri vo ngho a chiu cng gim. Thc t, xc sut ngho ca tr gim 3 im phn trm khi ch h hc ht cp II, gim 5 im phn trm khi ch h hc ht cp III. An increase in the education level of the head of household resulted in a lower probability of falling into multidimensional poverty. In fact, the poverty probability of children declined by 3 percentage points when the head household had finished lower school and by 5 percentage points when the head of household had finished upper senior secondary school. Employment status of the head of household also had a notable impact on the probability of children falling into poverty. If the head of household was an unskilled worker the probability increased by 12%. When the head of household belonged to an ethnic minority the rate was 25 percentage points higher compared to Kinh/Chinese households. Heads of household in the age group 70 79 had an effect on the child poverty rate. With other elements constant, when living in these households, a childs poverty risk rose by 8 percentage points.

Tnh trng vic lm ca ch h cng c tc ng ng k n xc sut tr em ri vo ngho. Nu ch h l lao ng gin n th xc sut s tng n 12 phn trm. Khi ch h l dn tc thiu s th xc sut tr em ngho tng thm 25 im phn trm so vi ch h l ngi Kinh/Hoa. Ch h thuc nhm tui 70-79 tui c nh hng ti t l ngho ca tr. Vi cc yu t khc khng i, khi sng trong cc h ny nguy c ngho ca tr em tng 8 im phn trm.

Bng 10: M hnh logistic tnh trng ngho tr em khu vc thnh th da trn s liu KSMS 2008 Table 10: Logistic model for child poverty in urban areas based on VHLSS 2008
H s/ Coefficient S.e Gi tr P/ P value Xc sut mi sau khi thay i 1 n v ca bin c lp vi XS ban u l 10%/ Probability after changing 1 unit of independent variable with initial probability 10%

Bin ph thuc/Dependent variable Tr em ngho (C=1)/ Poor children (Yes=1) Bin c lp/ Independent variables c tnh ch h/ Characteristics of head of household Ch h hc ht THCS/ Completed lower secondary school Ch h hc ht THPT/ Completed upper secondary school

-0.514 -0.75

0.197 0.301

0.009 0.013

6.23 4.986

60

-0.613 0.277 0.027 Ch h c bng ngh/ Had vocational training certificate Ch h hc THCN v Cao ng/ -1.153 0.5 0.021 Had professional secondary or college diploma 0.68 0.226 0.003 Ch h ang sng chung vi v/chng/ Lived with a couple 1.388 0.51 0.006 Ch h ly hn/ Divorced Ch h tui t 70-79/ Aged 700.701 0.269 0.009 79 -2.318 0.263 0 Ch h ang lm vic/ Had a job 1.592 0.25 0 Ch h thuc dn tc t ngi/ Belonged to an ethnic minority Ch h l lao ng gin n/ 0.94 0.212 0 Unskilled worker Vng sinh sng/ Region -0.782 0.205 0 Vng ng Nam B/ Southeast 0.857 0.165 0 Vng ng bng sng Cu Long/ Mekong River Delta c tnh h/Characteristics of household -0.025 0.007 0 Bnh phng quy m h/ Square of household 0.073 0.023 0.001 Bnh phng s tr em trong h/ Square of household children 0.622 0.098 0 S lao ng trong h/ Number of working members in household S lao ng qua o to/ Trained -0.701 0.196 0 employees Bnh phng s lao ng qua 0.138 0.042 0.001 o to/ Square of trained employees -1.981 0.311 0 Hng s/Constant Ghi ch: S tr em quan st khu vc thnh th l 2007 quan st, P=0.000, R=0.22 Note: Child observations in urban areas are from 2007, P=0.000, R=0.22

5.676 3.39

17.98 30.808 18.305 1.083 35.323 22.138

4.839 20.741

9.773 10.679 17.153 5.222 11.31

61

Hnh/ Figure 15. im % thay i khi thay bin c lp thay i vi cc xc sut gi nh ban u l 10% (Khu vc thnh th)/ Change of % when independent variables are changed with initial probability of 10% (Urban)
1.3 -4.8 7.2 0.7 -0.2 Bnh phng s lao ng qua o to/Square of trained laborers S lao ng qua o to/Number of trained laborers S lao ng trong h/Number of laborers in household Bnh phng s tr em trong h/Square of children in household Bnh phng quy m h/Square of household size

10.7 -5.2

Vng ng bng sng Cu Long/Mekong River Delta Vng ng Nam B/South East

12.1 25.3 -8.9 8.3 20.8 8.0 -6.6 -4.3 -5.0 -3.8 -15.0 -10.0 -5.0 0.0 5.0 10.0 15.0 20.0 25.0

Ch h l lao ng gin n/Head of HH is a simple worker Ch h thuc dn tc t ngi/Head of HH belongs to an ethnic minority Ch h ang lm vic/Head of HH worked Ch h tui t 70-79/Head of HH from 70-79 years old Ch h ly hn/Head of HH is divorced Ch h ang sng chung vi v/chng/Head of HH is married Ch h hc THCN v Cao ng/Head of HH studies at professional secondary and college Ch h c bng ngh/Head of HH has vocational training certificate Ch h hc ht THPT/Head of HH completed upper secondary school Ch h hc ht THCS/Head of HH completed lower secondary school 30.0

i vi khu vc nng thn c nhiu yu t tc ng c ngha n tr em ngho a chiu hn khu vc thnh th. Bng 11 cng c kt cu tng t nh Bng 10, nhng mc xc sut gi nh ban u l 35%. Tr sng vng Ty Bc c mc tng nguy c ngho thm ti 36 im phn trm. Trnh hc vn ch h cng cao th xc sut ngho tr cng gim. Ch h c mt trnh nht nh (l nhn vin vn phng, nhn vin k thut, th c k thut) u lm gim nguy c ngho ca tr khong 9-19 im phn trm.

There were more significant influential elements to multidimensional child poverty in rural areas than in urban areas. Table 11 has a similar structure to Table 10 but the primary supposed probability was 35%. Children living in the Northwest region faced a poverty risk of up to 36 percentage points. Increasing levels of educational attainment of the head of household went hand in hand with a decline in the probability of children falling into poverty. When the head of household had certain qualifications (administrative officers, technicians and skilled workers) the poverty risk decreased by 9-19 percentage points.

62

Bng 11: M hnh logistic tnh trng ngho tr em khu vc nng thn da trn s liu KSMS 2008 Table 11: Logistic model for child poverty in rural areas based on VHLSS 2008
H s/ Coefficient S.e Gi tr P/ P value Xc sut mi sau khi thay i 1 n v ca bin c lp vi XS ban u l 35%/ Probability after changing 1 unit of independent variable with initial probability 35%

Bin ph thuc/ Dependent variable Tr em ngho (C=1)/ Poor children (Yes=1) Bin c lp/ Independent variables c tnh ch h/ Characteristics of head of household Ch h hc ht cp I/ Completed primary school Ch h hc ht THCS/ Completed lower secondary school Ch h hc ht THPT/ Completed upper secondary school Ch h qua o to ngh/ Had a vocational training certificate Ch h c trnh trn i hc/ Had a university diploma Ch h l nhn vin vn phng/ administrative officer Ch h l nhn vin k thut dch v/ Technical service worker l Ch h l th k thut/ Technical workers Ch h l th th cng c k thut/ Skilled manual workers Ch h t 30-39 tui/ 30-39 years old -0.23 Ch h 50-59 tui/ 50-59 years old -0.653 Ch h 60-69 tui/ 60-69 years old -0.471 Ch h 70-79 tui/ 70-79 years old Ch h ga v/chng/ Widowed Ch h l Nam/ Male Bnh phng tui ch h/ Square of age of head of household Ch h l dn tc thiu s/ Belonged to an ethnic minority Ch h lm vic/ Had a job Vng sinh sng/ Region Vng ng Bc/ Northeast 0.366 0.34 0 0.962 -2.326 0.948 0.221 0.144 0.109 0 0.087 0.153 0.125 0.033 0.011 0.002 0.004 0 0 0 25.561 44.388 43.743 35.544 59.407 5.076 59.051 0.18 0 22.241 0.108 0.034 30.441

-0.459 -0.957 -1.122 -0.986 -1.645 -1.06 -0.844 -0.778 -0.466 -0.252

0.071 0.087 0.147 0.167 0.763 0.243 0.161 0.113 0.213 0.073

0 0 0 0 0.031 0 0 0 0.029 0.001

25.777 17.398 15.155 16.991 9.56 15.964 19.087 20.141 25.654 29.972

63

Vng Ty Bc/ Northwest Vng Bc Trung B/ North Central Coast Vng duyn hi Nam Trung B/ South Central Coast Vng ng Nam B/ Southeast Vng ng bng sng Cu Long/ Mekong River Delta Vng Ty Nguyn/ Central Highlands c tnh h/ Characteristics of household Quy m h/ Size

1.516 0.751 0.603 0.768 2.28 0.994 -0.534 0.539

0.153 0.124 0.139 0.134 0.116 0.141 0.044 0.049

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

72.143 54.132 50.38 54.548 85.356 60.198 24.364 48.745 40.1 50.194 20.733

S tr em trong h/ Children in household 0.192 0.075 0.01 S ngi gi trong h/ Old people in household 0.596 0.042 0 S lao ng trong h/ Employees in household -0.742 0.116 0 S lao ng qua o to trong h/ Trained employees in household 0.929 0.258 0 Hng s/ Constant Ghi ch: S tr em quan st khu vc thnh th l 7797quan st, P=0.000, R =0.26 Note: Child observations in rural areas are 7797, P=0.000, R =0.26

64

Hnh/ Figure 16. im % thay i khi thay bin c lp thay i vi cc xc sut gi nh ban u l 35% (Khu vc nng thn)/ Change of % when independent variables are changed with initial probability of 35%
S lao ng qua o to trong h/ - Number of trained laborers in HH 14.42 4.48 13.00 -11.01 S lao ng trong h/ Number of laborers in HH S ngi gi trong h/ Number of older people in HH S tr em trong h/ Number of children in HH Quy m h/ HH size

-14.59

24.27 49.04 18.71 14.60 18.30 36.03 23.14

Vng Ty Nguyn/ M ekong River Delta Vng ng bng sng Cu Long/ Southeast Vng ng Nam B/ Central Highlands Vng duyn hi Nam Trung B/ - South Central Coast Vng Bc Trung B/ North Central Coast Vng Ty Bc/ Northwest Vng ng Bc/ Northeast

-30.00 23.49 0.00 8.07 8.70 -9.83 -13.10 -5.03 -5.49 -9.74 -15.17 -16.21 -19.28 -25.59 -18.27 -20.08 -17.87 -9.62

Ch h lm vic/ Head of HH worked Ch h l dn tc thiu s/ Head of HH belonged to an ethnic minority Bnh phng tui ch h/ Square of household age Ch h l Nam/ Head of HH was male Ch h ga v/chng/ Head of HH was a widow(er) Ch h 70-79 tui/ Head of HH was 70-79 years old Ch h 60-69 tui/ Head of HH was 60-69 years old Ch h 50-59 tui/ Head of HH was 50-59 years old Ch h t 30-39 tui/ Head of HH was 30-39 years old Ch h l th th cng c k thut/ Head of HH was a technical craftsman Ch h l th k thut/ Head of HH was a technical worker Ch h l nhn vin k thut dch v/ Head of HH was a technical service worker Ch h l nhn vin vn phng/ Head of HH was an administrative officer Ch h c trnh trn i hc/ Head of HH had a post graduate degree Ch h qua o to ngh/ Head of HH completed vocational school Ch h hc ht THPT/ Head of HH completed upper secondary school Ch h hc ht THCS/ Head of HH completed lower secondary school Ch h hc ht cp I/ Head of HH completed primary school

-40

-30

-20

-10

10

20

30

40

50

60

65

KT LUN/ CONCLUSION
Bo co tnh trng tr em ngho ti Vit Nam nm 2008 c bin son da trn phng php lun c nu trong Bo co Tr em ngho Vit Nam sng u? (2008) ca B LTBXH v UNICEF, tp trung o lng ngho tr em theo phng php a chiu. S liu trong bo co hon ton ly t Kho st mc sng 2006 v 2008 do Tng cc Thng k tin hnh. T l ngho tr em chung c nc nm 2008 theo phng php a chiu l 28,9%, tc l c khong 6,34 triu tr em Vit Nam di 16 tui ang sng trong cnh ngho a chiu. T l ngho c s chnh lch ln gia thnh th v nng thn, tm vng a l , gia nhm dn tc thiu s v a s v gia cc nhm tui, nhng t l ngho hu nh nh nhau gia nhm tr em trai v gi. Kt qu cho thy cc tr em sng nng thn v tr em dn tc thiu s c nguy c b ri vo ngho cao hn tr em sng thnh th v tr em dn tc Kinh. T l tr ngho sng vng Ty Bc cao nht trong c nc, tip sau l vng ng bng sng Cu Long. Vng ng bng sng Cu Long c t l ngho tin t kh thp nhng do nh v cng trnh v sinh khng t tiu chun nng cao t l ngho a chiu. This report on child poverty in Vietnam in 2008 was written based on the methodology mentioned in the Report Children in Vietnam, Who and Where are the Poor? (2008) by MOLISA and UNICEF, and it focused on measuring child povetry using a multidimensional approach. The data in this report came from the Vietnam Living Standard Surveys 2006 and 2008 that were conducted by GSO. The national child poverty rate using a multidimensional approach was 28.9%, meaning that there were around 6.34 million children aged under16 in Viet Nam living in multidimensional poverty. There was a large discrepancy in the poverty rate between urban and rural areas, among the 8 geographical regions, between majority and minority ethnic groups and between age groups of children, but the rate was the same for boys and girls. The results show that children living in rural areas and ethnic minority children face a higher risk of being poor than those living in the urban areas and the Kinh group. The child poverty rate in the Northwest was the highest followed by the Mekong River Delta. The monetary poverty rate in the Mekong River Delta was quite low but since housing and sanitation in this region did not satisfy the required standards, multidimensional poverty increased. The monetary poverty approach did not identify all poor children. For instance,in the Mekong River Delta the multidimensional poverty rate was 18 times higher than the monetary rate. Combining the two approaches helped avoid missing some poor children. Multidimensional child poverty at the national level was mainly related to two particular areas of deprivation: health care and clean water & sanitation. However, the multidimensional poverty 66

Phng php tip cn ngho tin t khng xc nh c ht s tr em ngho. V d nh vng ng bng sng Cu Long t l ngho a chiu cao gp 18 ln so vi ngho tin t. Vic kt hp c hai phng php s gip chng ta khng b st tr em ngho. Tnh trng ngho a chiu ca tr em chung c nc phn ln lin quan n s thiu ht hai lnh vc c th l y t, nc sch v v sinh. Tuy nhin t l tr em ngho cng rt khc nhau gia cc

vng. Cc nhn t nh khu vc thnh th hay nng thn, vng ngho hay khng ngho, dn tc, trnh hc vn ca ch h, tnh trng h (ngho tin t hay khng) c tc ng ln n kh nng ri vo ngho a chiu. hon thin v p dng rng ri phng php tip cn ngho a chiu i vi tr em Vit Nam nhm phc v tt hn cng tc hoch nh chnh sch i vi tr em, TCTK khuyn ngh: - Cn tip tc hon thin khung cc khi nim ph hp hn vi s pht trin ca Vit Nam trong giai on mi, la chn cc lnh vc (nhu cu ca tr em) v cc ch tiu i din cho mi lnh vc. Cc lnh vc cn c bit quan tm gm: y t, dinh dng, gii tr, v tha nhn v bo tr x hi. - Cn kt hp 2 phng php tip cn ngho tin t v ngho a chiu khng b st mt tr em ngho no, ng thi hiu su v hiu mt cch y bc tranh tr em ngho Vit Nam - Nng cao nhn thc v phng php mi ny sm a vo s dng trong cng tc hoch nh chnh sch

rate was quite different among the regions. Factors such as urban or rural areas, poor or non-poor regions, ethnicity, educational qualification of head of household, household status (monetary poverty or not) had a great impact on the risk of falling into multidimensional poverty. In order to improve and widely apply the multidimensional poverty approach to calculate child poverty in Vietnam to better meet policy making needs for children, GSO recommends: - The framework of definitions relevant to Vietnam should be improved. Domains (needs of children) and indicators representing each domain should be selected carefully. Domains requiring special attention include health care, nutrition, leisure, and social inclusion & protection. Monetary poverty and multidimensional poverty should be combined to avoid omission of poor children and to have an in-depth and comprehensive understanding of child poverty in Vietnam. - Awareness of this new approach should be improved so as to be able to introduce it to policy makers.

67

TI LIU THAM KHO/ References

1) Bo co Tr em ngho sng u? (2008) UNICEF (Thng 11-2008)/ Report Where are the poor children? (2008) Children in Vietnam, Who and Where are the Poor? UNICEF (November-2008) 2) H gia nh Vit Nam- Nhn qua phn tch nh lng, NXB Chnh tr quc gia (1999) / Vietnamese Household Looking through quantitative analysis, National Politic Publishing House (1999) 3) Bo co pht trin Vit Nam 2004 Ngho, Bo co chung ca cc nh ti tr ti Hi ngh T vn cc nh ti tr Vit Nam (2-3 thng 12 nm 2003) / Vietnam Development Report 2004 Poverty, General report of the donors in Vietnam Donors Consultancy Conference (2-3 December 2003) 4) Cng c ca LHQ v quyn tr em / UN Convention on the Rights of the Child 5) Vit Nam tip tc chng ng thc hin cc mc tiu pht trin Thin nin k - B K hoch v u t (Thng 12 -2008) / Vietnam continues to carry out MDGs Ministry of Planning and Investment (December 2008) 6) Kt qu Kho st mc sng h gia nh cc nm 2002, 2004, 2006, 2008 - Tng cc Thng k / The results of Vietnam Household Living Standard Surveys 2002, 2004, 2006, 2008 General Statistics Office 7) Tr em ngho Vit Nam. y ban Dn s, Gia nh v Tr em (2004) / Poor Children in Vietnam. Children, Family and Population Committee (2004)

68

PH LC 1: nh ngha v phng php tnh cc ch tiu v tr em ngho da trn b s liu Kho st mc sng h gia nh 2008 ANNEX 1: Definitions and methods of calculating indicators on poor children based on VHLSS 2008 data set
1. Lnh vc gio dc 1. Education Indicator 1: Rate of children aged 5 15 not attending school at the right age is the percentage of total children aged 5 not attending pre-school, aged 6 10 not attending primary school and aged of 11 15 not attending lower secondary school divided by the total nmber of children aged 5 15. Indicator 2: Rate of children aged 11 -15 not completing primary education is the percentage of children aged 11 15 not having a primary graduation certificate divided by the total number of children in that age group. 2. Health care Indicator 3: Rate of children aged 0-4 not visiting health facilities in the last 12 months is the percentage of children aged 0 - 4 not visiting health facilities divided by the total number of children in that age group. The health facilities used in VHLSSs include health facilities in villages/hamlets, communes/precincts, regional general clinics, district hospitals, provincial/city hospitals, national hospitals, other state hospitals, private hospitals, other hospitals, private clinics, individual health services and other health facilities different from the abovementioned types. 3. Shelter Indicator 4: Rate of children living in a household without electricity is the percentage of children under the age of 16 living in a household without 69

Ch tiu 1: T l tr em t 5 n 15 tui khng i hc ng tui l s phn trm tng s tr 5 tui khng hc mu gio, tr em 6-10 tui khng i hc cp tiu hc v tr em t 11-15 tui khng i hc cp trung hc c s trong tng s tr em t 5-15 tui.

Ch tiu 2: T l tr em t 11-15 tui khng hon thnh cp tiu hc trong tui 11-15 l s phn trm tr em trong tui cha c bng tiu hc trn tng s tr em cng tui .

2.

Lnh vc y t

Ch tiu 3: T l tr em t 0-4 tui khng n c s y t trong 12 thng qua l s phn trm tr t 0-4 tui khng n cc c s y t trn tng s tr trong cng tui.

C s y t xc nh trong Kho st mc sng gm y t thn/bn/p, trm y t x/phng, phng khm a khoa khu vc, bnh vin huyn/qun, bnh vin tnh/thnh ph, bnh vin trung ng, bnh vin nh nc khc, bnh vin t nhn, cc bnh vin khc, phng khm t nhn, dch v y t c th v cc c s y t khc ngoi cc loi ni trn.

3. Lnh vc nh Ch tiu 4: T l tr em sng trong cc h gia nh khng c in sinh hot l s phn trm s tr di 16 tui sng trong cc h gia nh khng dng in trong

sinh hot trong tng s tr trong cng tui.

electricity divided by the total number of children in that age group.

in sinh hot c xc nh l in li in quc gia; h dng in t c quy, my n khng c coi l h c in sinh hot. Thi gian dng in ti thiu 4 gi/ngy v s dng t nht 15 ngy trong mt thng.

Household electricity is identified as power gotten from the national electricity network; a household using power generated from a battery powered generator is not considered an electricityequipped household. The minimum time using electricity is 4 hours/day and at least 15 days/month. Indicator 5: Rate of children aged 0-15 living in dwellings which do not meet required standards is the percentage of children under 16 years old living in a household whose dwellings do not meet required standards divided by the total number of children in that age group. Houses are classified into 3 main types

Ch tiu 5: T l tr em t 0-15 tui sng trong h gia nh c nh khng t tiu chun l s phn trm tr em di 16 tui sng trong cc h gia nh m ngi nh h ang l nh khng t tiu chun trong tng s tr em cng tui.

Nh ca dn c c chia ra 3 loi chnh: - Nh kin c: Gm nh bit th, nh cao tng, nh mi bng c thi gian s dng cao (t 50 nm tr ln). Nh kin c c chia ra:

- Concrete dwellings includes villas, high buildings, flat roof dwellings that have been used for a long time (over 50 years). Concrete dwellings are divided into: + Villa refers to a dwelling with one or many storeys, a toilet attached to the room or the house, a garden, and walls/fences surrounding the property. + Self-contained concrete dwelling refers to a concrete dwelling with a toilet attached to the room or the house for the private use of the family household. + Non-contained concrete dwelling refers to a concrete dwelling whose toilet is for the common use of many households, or whose toilet is not attached to the dwelling.

+ Kiu nh bit th: Nh kin c mt tng hay nhiu tng, khu ph gn lin vi phng hoc ngi nh , c vn, tng/hng ro bao quanh. + Nh kin c khp kn: Nh kin c c khu ph gn lin vi phng hoc ngi nh/cn h dng chung cho h gia nh. + Nh kin c khng khp kn: Nh c khu ph s dng chung vi nhiu h khc hoc khu ph khng gn lin vi ngi nh/cn h .

70

- Nh bn kin c: Nh c cht lng xy dng v thi gian s dng thp so vi nh kin c (khong trn di 20 nm), bao gm cc nh tng xy hoc ghp g, mi ngi, mi tn (hoc vt liu tng ng).

- Semi-concrete dwelling refers to a dwelling whose construction quality and period of use is shorter than a concrete dwelling (about 20 years). This includes dwellings with concrete walls or wood walls, and tile roofs or iron sheet roofs (or equivalent materials).

- Nh thiu kin c v nh n s: L cc loi nh khng thuc cc nhm trn gm nh c kt cu tng, nn nh bng cc vt liu n gin, v mi bng tranh, tre, na l.

- Temporary dwellings and other kinds refers to dwellings that do not belong to those mentioned above, including dwellings whose walls and floors are made from simple materials, with roofs made of thatch, bamboo, or leaves. Houses which do not meet required standards are temporary dwellings and other kinds

Nh khng t tiu chun l nh thiu kin c v nh n s

4. Lnh vc nc sch v v sinh Ch tiu 6: T l tr em sng trong h gia nh khng c h x hp v sinh l s phn trm tr em di 16 tui sng trong cc h gia nh s dng loi h x khng hp v sinh trong tng s tr em cng tui.

4. Safe drinking water and sanitation Indicator 6: Rate of children living in a household without a hygienic latrine is the percentage of children under 16 years of age living in a household using a nonhygienic latrine divided by the total number of children in that age group.

H x hp v sinh phi bo m cc tiu chun: khng gy nhim t b mt, khng gy nhim nc b mt v nc ngm, khng c rui mui, khng c mi hi thi v mt m quan, khng to kh nng sc vt tip xc vi phn. Ch tiu 7: T l tr em sng trong h gia nh khng c ngun nc ung hp v sinh l s phn trm tr em t 0-15 tui sng trong h gia nh c ngun nc ung khng hp v sinh trong tng s tr cng tui.

A hygienic latrine must not: pollute the land, pollute the water above ground or below ground, be swarmed by flies and mosquitoes, cause a bad smell or look bad, and animals must be prevented from using it. Indicator 7: Rate of children living in a household without safe drinking water is the percentage of children aged 0 15 living in a household with unsafe drinking water divided by the total number of children in that age group.

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Ngun nc hp v sinh l nc c s dng trc tip hoc sau lc tha mn cc yu cu cht lng: khng mu, khng mi, khng v l, khng cha thnh phn c th gy nh hng n sc khe con ngi, c th dng n ung sau khi un si; ng thi kt hp vi cc quan st theo hng dn sau:

Hygienic water refers to water used directly or used after being filtered which meets these quality requirements: It must be colorless and odorless, and have no strange taste; it should not contain ingredients that could affect human health, and it can be used for drinking after being boiled. Hygienic water needs to be checked and observed as per the following instructions: - A sanitary well must be at least 10m distance from a toilet, cattle case or other polluting source, and the minimum height of the well wall is 0.6 meters. It must be built with bricks, stones or concrete tubes buried 3m deep from the ground. The area surrounding the well needs to be concrete or bricks with no cracks. - A sanitary borehole well must be at least 10m distance from a toilet, cattle case or other polluting source. And the area surrounding the well needs to be concrete or bricks with no cracks. - Other hygienic water sources are spring water or surface water which is not polluted by human & animal waste, chemicals, pesticides, industrial waste or craft village waste; rain water collected froma tile roof, metal sheet roof, or concrete ceiling (after discharge of dust) and contained in tanks or jars washed before collecting rain water; and underground spring water, which is water that appears from underground, which is not polluted by human & animal waste, chemicals, pesticides, industrial waste or craft village waste.

- Ging o hp v sinh: nm cch nh tiu, chung gia sc hoc ngun gy nhim khc t nht 10m; thnh ging cao ti thiu 0,6m c xy bng gch, hoc th ng buy su t nht 3m k t mt t; sn ging phi lm bng b tng, lt gch, , khng b nt n.

- Ging khoan hp v sinh: nm cch nh tiu, chung gia sc hoc ngun gy nhim khc t nht 10m; sn ging phi lm bng b tng, lt gch, , khng b nt n. - Cc ngun nc hp v sinh khc: nc sui hoc nc mt khng b nhim bi cc cht thi ca ngi, ng vt, ha cht, thuc bo v thc vt hoc cht thi cng nghip, lng ngh; nc ma c thu hng t mi ngi, mi tn, trn nh b tng (sau khi x nc bi bn) trong b cha, lu cha c ra sch trc khi thu hng; nc mch l l ngun nc ngm xut l t khe ni v ni t khng b nhim bi cht thi ca ngi hoc ng vt, ha cht, thuc bo v thc vt hoc cht thi cng nghip, lng ngh.

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5. Lnh vc lao ng sm Ch tiu 8: T l tr em t 6 -15 tui phi lm vic to ra thu nhp l s phn trm tr em trong tui phi lm cc cng vic to ra thu nhp trong hoc ngoi h gia nh trong 12 thng qua k t thi im iu tra trong tng s tr em trong tui .

5. Child labor Indicator 8: Rate of children aged 615 who had to work inside or outside the household to generate income in the last 12 months is the percentage of children aged 615 years old obligated to work to generate income in the last 12 months divided by the total number of children in that age group. Income-generated jobs include work inside and outside the household to earn money, including production or service activities, farming, raising animals, forestry, fishery, and business.

Vic lm to ra thu nhp bao gm cc cng vic trong v ngoi h gia nh nhn tin lng, tin cng; hot ng sn xut hoc dch v v trng trt chn nui, lm nghip v thy sn cho h; hot ng ngnh ngh sn xut kinh doanh hoc dch v ca h. 6. Lnh vc tha nhn x hi v bo tr x hi Ch tiu 9: T l tr em sng trong h gia nh m ngi chm sc khng c kh nng lao ng l s phn trm tr di 16 tui trong cc h gia nh m ch h khng lm vic ti thi im iu tra do hai nguyn nhn l gi yu (ngh hu) hoc b tn tt, m au trong tng s tr em trong cng tui.

6. Social inclusion and protection Indicator 9: Rate of children aged 0 15 living in a household in which hthe head of household cannot work is the percentage of children under 16 years old in a household whose head was not working at the time of the survey due to 2 reasons: old age (retired) or disability/illness divided by the total number of children in that age group.

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PH LC 2: H s tng quan gia cc lnh vc APPENDIX 2: Coefficient among domains

Bng 12: H s tng quan gia cc lnh vc da trn s liu VHLSS 2008 Table 12: Coefficient among domains, VHLSS 2008
Gio dc/ Education Y t/ Health care Nh / Shelter Nc sch v v sinh / Water and sanitation 5-15, n=7377 10.51 0.1994 0-4, n=2583 23.23 0.0139 0-15, n=9960 15.23 0.4149 0-15, n=9960 42.87 1.0000 Lao ng tr em/ Child labor 6-15, n=6861 5.34 0.3595 X 6-15, n=6861 2.85 0.1161 6-15, n=6861 6.66 0.1772 6-15, n=6861 9.82 1.0000 Tha nhn v bo tr x hi/ Social inclusion and protection 5-15, n=7377 1.34 0.0078 0-4, n=2583 6.57 0.0189 0-15, n=9960 1.26 -0.02 0-15, n=9960 2.73 -0.0659 6-15, n=6861 0.44 -0.0325 0-15, n=9960

Gio dc/ Education

5-15, n=7377 16.05 1.0000

X 0-4, n=2583 52.85 1.0000

Y t/ Health care

Nh / Shelter

5-15, n=7377 4.96 0.1633 0-4, n=2583 9.52 0.028 0-15, n=9960 17.35 1.0000

Nc sch v v sinh/ Water and sanitation Lao ng tr em/ Child labor Tha nhn v bo tr x hi/ Social inclusion and protection

8.79 1.0000

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