Canadian Journal on Electrical and Electronics Engineering Vol. 2, No.

5, May 2011

Comparison of the Effects of Phase to Ground Faults and Three Phase Faults in a Micro-turbine Generation System
A. Khanjanzadeh, M. Sedighizadeh S. M. Alizadeh

Abstract This paper studies the effects of phase-toground faults and three phase faults on a micro-turbine generation system. The faults happened in the confluence of grid and micro-turbine generation system. We simulate the effects of these faults on the current and active and reactive powers of the system. Determining the magnitude of the fault current is the staple step to set the breakers properly and this is the major point of study in this paper. The main parts of the system are: a micro-turbine, a permanents magnetic generator, three phase bridge rectifier and inverter. The model is developed in Matlab / Simulink1. Key Words Distributed generation, inverter, Micro-turbine, PM generator, phase-to-ground faults, rectifier, three phase faults

I. INTRODUCTION This integration DG systems into the main electricity network is currently changing the paradigm we used to live with, where the electric power was generated in large power plants, sent to the consumption areas through transmission lines, and delivered to the consumer through a passive distribution networks in recent years has transformed them from being passive to active networks [1]. The progress of DG, as an important energy option in the present scenario is the result of combination of utility restructuring, technology evolutions and recent environmental policies [2]. Micro-Turbines are one of the most important technologies of DG systems. Micro turbines are small and simple cycle gas turbines with outputs ranging from 25KW to 300KW. They are one part of general evolution of gas turbine technology. Turbine speeds mainly range from 50000 rpm to 120000 rpm. There are other types of micro turbines that use power turbine
1 This work was supported in part by I mam Khomeini International University, Qazvin, Iran . A. Khanjanzadeh is with the Islamic Azad University, Chalous Branch, Chalous, Iran. M. Sedighizadeh is with Imam Khomeini International University, Qazvin, Iran. (email:sedighizadeh@ikiu.ac.ir). S. M. Alizadeh is with the Islamic Azad University, Saveh Branch, Saveh, Iran.

rotating at 3600 rpm and a conventional generator connected through a gearbox [3]. There are essentially two types of micro turbine designs. One is a high-speed single-shaft design with the compressor and turbine mounted on the same shaft as the permanent magnet synchronous generator. The generator generates a very high frequency three phase signal ranging from 1500 to 4000 Hz. The high frequency voltage is first rectified and then inverted to a normal 50 or 60 Hz voltage. Another is a split-shaft design that uses a power turbine rotating at 3600 rpm and a conventional generator (usually induction generator) connected via a gearbox the power electronic interfacing is not needed in this design. Along with the turbine there will be control systems including speed and acceleration control, fuel flow control, and temperature control. A micro turbine can generate power in the range of 25 KW to 500 KW [2]. A non-linear model of the micro-turbine implemented in NETOMAC software and a linear modeling of grid connected MTG system are reported in [4] and [5], respectively. The dynamic behavior of the grid connected split shaft microturbine is done in [6]. A novel approach for fault location in distribution networks is presented in [7]. Ref [8] investigated the fault simulation at various locations of a distribution network with wind generators, micro-turbines and CHP plants to analyze the transient stability. In this paper, we simulate the effects of phase to ground fault and three phase fault on the current and active and reactive powers of a micro-turbine generation system. II. MICRO-TURBINE GENERATION SYSTEM MODEL Along with the turbine there will be main parts including fuel control, turbine dynamic, and speed control blocks. The dynamic model used for micro-turbine is shown in Fig. 1 . As can be seen from Fig. 1, a lead-lag transfer function is used for modeling the speed governor. However a PID controller can also be used as a model for speed governor [9]. The speed control operates on the speed error formed between a reference (one per-unit) speed and the MTG system rotor speed.

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Canadian Journal on Electrical and Electronics Engineering Vol. 2, No. 5, May 2011
0.23 Constant1 Add X.s+1 Y.s+Z speed governer Gain Saturation K Product -KGain1 1.3 Gain2 1 Constant 1 Torque Add1 Constant2 0.5 Gain3 1 Constant3 0.23

1
1 1

VDC

0.05s+1 0.4s+1 Transfer Fcn1 Transfer Fcn2 Transport Delay

PI
2 Add

1 alpha degree

1 0.2s+1 Transfer Fcn3

VDC,ref

Discrete PI C ontroller

Fig. 2. Rectifier control block

1 pu rotor speed

Fig. 1. Dynamic model of micro-turbine

III. POWER CONDITIONING The voltage across the stator terminals of PM generator has a very high frequency, which is not suitable for supplying a load with a frequency of 50 Hz or 60 Hz. Therefore it is needed to rectify this high frequency voltage to DC voltage, which is done using a thyristor. A thyristor rectifier rectifies this high frequency AC voltage to 800 V DC. The DC voltage is inverted back to 50HZ AC by means of an IGBT inverter, and then filtered to reduce harmonics generated by the inverter [9].IV. Units Use either SI (MKS) or CGS as primary units. (SI units are strongly encouraged.) English units may be used as secondary units (in parentheses). For example, write 15 Gbit/cm2 (100 Gbit/in2). An exception is when English units are used as identifiers in trade, such as 3 in disk drive. Avoid combining SI and CGS units. This often leads to confusion because equations do not balance dimensionally. If you must use mixed units, clearly state the units for each quantity in an equation. A. Rectifier Control Fig. 2 shows control system for the MTG. According to Fig. 2, the rectifier control block is based on a PI regulator, acting on the

B. Submission Procedure The IGBT inverter uses Pulse Width Modulation (PWM) at a 2 kHz carrier frequency and sample time of 2s. Depending on the status of the power plant, there are two different control strategies for the inverter: PQ control strategy, when MTG system is in grid connected operation; V-f control strategy, for operating in stand-alone mode; In this work, we study the grid connected operation. In this strategy, the inverter controls the active and reactive power injected to the grid, which have to follow the set-points Pref and Qref. The proposed inverter operates as a controlled current source. Ref [11] gives the theory and experimental results for a current-source parallel-resonant inverter employed for induction heating. The analysis was performed in the frequency domain using Fourier series techniques to predict output power, efficiency, dc-to-ac voltage transfer function, and component voltage and current stresses. Here, the inverter controls active and reactive power according to the set points and it also dominate the frequency in a way that it be appropriate for feeding the load. These set-points can be chosen by customer or by a remote control [10]. The initial value of Pref is 9kW, Qref is 3Kvar, then Pref steps up to 18 ( KW ) and Qref steps up to 5250 ( VAR ) in 0.5 s. Fig. 3 shows the inverter control block [10].
1 vabc a bc dq0 sin_cos Selector1

abc_to_dq0 Transformation
2 iabc 3 a bc dq0 sin_co s Selector

-KGain1

VDC error ( VDC ,ref VDC ), that controls the firing

angle for the rectifier thyristor, obtained from (1):

abc_to_dq0 sin-cos Transformation1

Add
dq0

V DC =

3 2

V AC cos

3X C

I DC

Pref

PI
Divide Add1

abc sin_cos

1 vabc-inv

(1)
5 Qref

Discrete PI C ontroller
Divide1

dq0_to_abc Transformation

VAC is the RMS phase to phase voltage level on the AC

side of the rectifier,

PI
Add2

X C is the reactance of the elements on I DC is the DC-link current [10].

Fig. 3. Inverter contol loop

Discrete PI C ontroller1
-KGain

Add3 0 Constant

the AC side of the rectifier;

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Canadian Journal on Electrical and Electronics Engineering Vol. 2, No. 5, May 2011 IV. FAULT CURRENT Fault Current means the electrical current that flows through a circuit during an electrical fault condition. A fault condition occurs when one or more electrical conductors contact ground and/or each other. Types of faults include phase to ground, double-phase to ground, three-phase to ground, phase-tophase, and three-phase. A Fault Current is several times larger in magnitude than the current that normally flows through a circuit. The most common types of fault are (in order) single-lineto-ground fault, line-to-line fault, and double-line-to-ground fault. All of these are unbalanced faults. The balanced and symmetrical (or three phase) fault is the one when all three lines are shorted to ground. It is usually rare, but can happen. When a fault occurs it is important to isolate it by opening protective breakers. To properly set the breakers, the magnitude of the fault currents needs to be known. This is the major point of study in this paper. You may describe a three phase fault as symmetrical and be correct semantically, but not electrically. An asymmetric fault refers to the fault current having a DC component and not being a symmetrical sine wave. The term "asymmetrical fault current" is not related to the equality or inequality of the currents in the three phases. It refers to the fact that most fault currents have a large DC component and the resulting fault current wave-form is not a symmetrical sine wave. . If all three phases are much higher than normal, it is called a three phase fault and this indicates that not all three phase faults are symmetrical. In this study, we show the fault current due to single phase to ground fault and three phase fault in a microturbine generation system. The faults occur in the confluence of grid and micro-turbine generation system. V. SIMULATION RESULTS A test system is used, as shown in appendix to depict the effects of phase to ground and three phase faults in a MTG system in grid connected operation,. The test system has a nominal speed of 66000 rpm / min and a rated capacity of 55kW. A load of 50 kW with the frequency of 50 Hz is applied on the MTG system. It is considered that the fault occurs in t = 0.6 (Sec) and it lasts for three seconds. The fault current during the single phase to ground fault is shown in Figs. 4 (a) to 4 (c) for phases a, b and c, respectively. It has been assumed that the fault has occurred in phase a. Fig. 5 shows the variation of each phase in one reference. As can be seen, the magnitude of initial current in phase A is about 11400 in fault time. However before fault time, the magnitude of current is about According to the Figs. 6 (a), 6 (b) and 6 (c), the amount of initial current is about 9700 (A) in phase a and 322000 in phases b and c. Fig. 7 shows the fault current in each phases in one reference and Fig. 8 shows the amount of fault current in each phases after initial current during the fault time. Apart from the variation of current during the different kind of faults, we studied the active and reactive powers changes due to the faults. The active and reactive powers of phase a in a normal operation are show in Figs. 9 (a) and 9 (b). The active and reactive powers change after the phase to ground fault as shown in Figs 10 and 12, respectively. Figs. 11 to 13 show the variation of active and reactive power in phase a due to three phase fault. As can be seen, the amount of active power and reactive power in phase A is approximately zero and the maximum effect is concerned with three phase fault.

Fig. 4. The fault current in phase a, b and c in single phase to ground fault

50 (A) when Pref is 9 ( kW) and it leaps to about 150 (A) after 0.5 ( Sec ), when Pref steps up to 18

( kW ). As can be seen from Figs. 6 (a) to 6 (c) and Fig. 7, the magnitude of initial current during a three phase fault is much more than the previous fault. 171

Canadian Journal on Electrical and Electronics Engineering Vol. 2, No. 5, May 2011
12000 10000

phase(a) phase(b)and(c)

x 10

F a u lt C u r r e n t ( A )

8000 6000 4000 2000 0

2 C u rre n t ( A )

phase(a) phase(b) phase(c)

-2

-4 0
0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5 0.6 Time ( Sec )

0.7

0.8

0.9

-2000 0

Fig. 7. The fault current in phase a, b and c in three phase fault

Time ( Sec )
Fig. 5. The fault current in phase a, b and c in single phase to ground fault

3000 2000 C u rre n t ( A ) 1000 0

phase(a) phase(b) phase(c)

-1000 -2000 -3000 0.6 0.65 0.7 0.75 0.8 0.85 Time ( Sec ) 0.9 0.95 1

Fig. 8. The fault current in phase a, b and c in three phase fault

Fig. 6. The fault current in phase a, b and c in three phase fault

(a)

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Canadian Journal on Electrical and Electronics Engineering Vol. 2, No. 5, May 2011

(b) Fig. 9. The active and reactive power of phase a without faul Fig. 12. The effect of single phase to ground fault on reactive power of phase a

Fig. 10. The effect of single phase to ground fault on active power of phase a

Fig. 13. The effect of three phase fault on reactive power of phase a

IX. CONCLUSION In this work, we presented a dynamic model of a microturbine generation system and we studied the output active power and reactive power and the current of a micro-turbine generation system during phase to ground fault and three phase fault. We compared the output signals in each one of the faults. The results showed that the interruption due to three phase fault is noticeably more than the phase to ground fault. Because our test system contained nonlinear elements, the ode23tb variable-step stiff solver with relative tolerance set to 1e-4 should be applied in order to get best accuracy and simulation performance. In addition to, it was necessary to set the "Solver reset method" parameter to "Robust". For further works, the other interested researchers can tackle the effects of other sorts of faults such as phase to phase fault or the combination of phase to phase and ground faults. In this work, we studied the effects of single phase to ground fault, as 173

Fig. 11. The effect of three phase fault on active power of phase a

Canadian Journal on Electrical and Electronics Engineering Vol. 2, No. 5, May 2011 one of the most popular kind of faults happens in power systems, and three phase fault, as one of the most harmful kinds of faults which sometimes can leads to a block-out in power systems. Apart from studying the effects of other kinds of faults, having a dynamic model of a micro-turbine generation system provides an useful tool for studying the various operational aspects of micro turbines. APPENDIX Parameters of PM generator: Rated power 55 kW. The inertia coefficient J=0.005 kg *m2. Stator: The resistance Rs =2.91*10-3
Continuous powergui active and reactive power
+ pu rotor speed Torque i -

inductance Ll=3.09*10-4 H, and d-axis, magnetizing inductances Lmd=Lmq =3.216*10-4

q-axis

Field: field resistance Rf=0.0005 , leakage inductance Llfd' =7.12 H, both referred to the stator. Parameters of speed governor: Gain ( k )= 25, X= 0.4, Y= 0.05, Z= 25

, leakage
+ v -

Active & Reactive Power

V PQ I

V prim

Fault Breaker
A B C

Three-Phase Source

m Pm A B Vf_

<Rotor speed wm (rad/s)>

I prim

. 5 6

L
g + A B C

PWM IGBT Inverter

g + A A B B C C C C A B A B Vabc Iabc a b c

microturbine

Synchronous Machine SI Fundamental

Vf 11.94

rectifier

Dc bus

LC Filter

Measure A B C Load_50 kW 380 V rms 50 Hz

Freq Sin_Cos v abc iabc wt

3
-K-

1 PI Discrete PI Controller
Vab
+ v alpha_deg AB BC CA Freq Block pulses

+ -

Vdc ref Vdc 800

Vbc
+ v -

Pulses

Uref

v abc-inv

sin-cos Pref Qref

Vca
+ v -

Discrete PWM Generator PQ controller

-K-

block 0

Discrete Synchronized 6-Pulse Generator 3 Multimeter Fault Current

Fig. 14. The test system [4]

REFERENCES
[1] P. P. Barker, and R. W. de Mello, Determining the impact of distribution generation on power systems: Part 1-Radial distribution systems, in Proc.IEEE Power Eng. Soc. Summer Meeting. vol. 3, 2000, pp. 1645-1656. Gaonkar D. N., Patel R. N., Pillai G. N., Dynamic Model of Microturbine Generation System for Grid Connected/Islanding Operation, Industrial Technology, IEEE International Conference~ICIT 2006~, on15-17 Dec. 2006, pp:305 310. Y. Zhu and K. Tomsovic, Development of models for analyzing the loadfollowing performance of micro-turbines and fuel cells, Elect.Power Syst. Res. J., Dec. 2001. [5]

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[6]

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[7]

H. Nikkhajoei and M.R. Iravani, Modeling and analysis of a microturbine generation system, IEEE Power Engineering Society Summer Meeting, vol .1, pp. 167 -169, 2002. R. Lasseter, Dynamic models for micro-turbines and fuel cells, in Proc. IEEE PES Summer Meeting, vol. 2, Vancouver, Canada,2001, pp.761-766. A. Al-Hinai, K. Schoder, and A. Feliachi, Control of grid-connected split shaft microturbine distributed generator, System Theory,Proceedings of the 35th Southeastern Symposium, pp. 84 88, 2003. Penkov, , D.; Raison, B.; Andrieu, C.; Rognon, J.-P.; Enacheanu, B.; LEG, IDEA, St. Martin d'Heres, DG impact on three phase fault location. DG use for fault location purposes?, Future Power Systems, 2005 International Conference on, Amsterdam, 18-18 Nov. 2005

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A B C Discrete Virtual PLL Pref Qref3

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Xyngi, I. Ishchenko, A. Popov, M. van der Sluis, L.Delft Univ. of Technol., Delft, Protection, transient stability and fault ride-through issues in distribution networks with dispersed generation, Universities Power Engineering Conference, 2008. UPEC 2008. 43rd International , pp.1 5, Sep 2008. [9] D. N. Gaonkar, and R. N. Patel, Modeling and simulation of microturbine based distributed generation system, in Proc IEEE Power India conference, New-Delhi, India, April 2006, pp. 256-260. [10] Zhou Yunhai and Stenzel ,J, Simulation of a microturbine generation system for grid connected and islanding operation, Power and Energy Engineering Conferences ,2009. APPEEC 2009. Asia-Pacific ,27 31 march 2009, pp. 1 5. [11] H. Javadi, B. Majidi, A. Shoulaie, J. Milimonfared " Analysis of Hbridge Current Source Parallel Resonant Inverter for Induction Heating " International Review of Electrical Engineering (I.R.E.E.), December 2010, Vol. 5, n. 6, Part A, pp. 2527 2534 [8]

BIOGRAPHIES

Amir Khanjanzadeh was born in 1986 in Mazandaran, Iran. He received B.S. degree in power engineering from the Guilan University, Rasht, Iran, in 2009 and M.S. degree in power engineering from Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran, in 2011. He is currently working with Islamic Azad University, Chalous branch, Iran. His current research interests are Hybrid Electric Vehicle,Distributed Generation and Renewable Energy.

Mostafa Sedighizadeh received the B.S. degree in Electrical Engineering from the Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz, Iran and M.S. and Ph.D. degrees in Electrical Engineering from the Iran University of Science and Technology, Tehran, Iran, in 1996, 1998 and 2004, respectively. From 2000 to 2007 he was with power system studies group of Moshanir Company, Tehran, Iran. Currently, he is with the Faculty of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran and as an Assistant Professor in Faculty of Engineering and Technology, Imam Khomeini International University, Qazvin, Iran. His research interests are Power system control and modeling, FACTS devices and Distributed Generation.

Seyed Morteza Alizadeh was born in Rasht, Iran, in 1985. He received the B.Sc. degree in electronic engineering from Islamic Azad University, Lahidjan branch, Lahidjan, Iran, in 2008 and the M.Sc. degree in power engineering from Islamic Azad University, Saveh branch, Saveh, Iran, in 2010. He has several papers in the field of electronic drives and artificial intelligence controller. His principle research interests are: Modeling and simulation, electronic drives, hybrid systems, magnetic machines and artificial intelligence. Mr. Alizadeh is one of the members of Engineering Organization, Gilan, Iran.

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