Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Timbering Week 5
Timbering Week 5
Timbering Week 5
Setting out or ground tracing is the process of laying down the excavation lines and center lines etc. on the ground, before excavation is started.
'Setting out', as practiced on civil engineering and building sites, is the locating of the works to be constructed, ensuring that they are dimensionally within permissible tolerances and correctly constructed.
Setting out is essentially an aid to the labour force and must necessarily be provided in a form that is easy for them to use and understand; the information must be reliable and must be available as and when required.
Errors in setting out will in most cases result in remedial works which will be expensive. Whatever lines or levels are provided should be checked to be sure of their accuracy, and they should be provided to the foreman efficiently so that he can have the necessary confidence in them.
Establish reference points Fix wooden pegs and batten boards (poling boards) around the site to excavated. Each peg may be projected about 2550mm above ground level and may be driven at a distance of about 2m from the edges of excavation;
Excavation of foundation trenches can be done either manually with the help of conventional implements (spade, pick axe, etc) or with the help of special mechanical equipments. (Read) Working safely in excavations The most important rule is to make sure that the sides of the excavation are always supported or safe from collapsing.
The process of supporting the sides of foundation trenches by means of wooden members is called timbering of foundation trench. When the depth of foundation trench is large, or when the sub soil is loose, the side of foundation trench may irregularly form a cave like hollow (concave). The problem can be solved by timbering.
Consists of placing vertical sheets (called sheeting) or polling boards opposite each other against the two walls of the trench and holding them in position by one or two rows of struts. Generally placed at an interval of 2 to 4 meters.
(some times touching to each other) and keeping them in position by longitudinal rows (usually two) of wales. Struts are then provided across the wales.
Similar to box sheeting except Each stage is limited to 3m depth The offset may vary from 25 to 50cm per stage.
Used in extremely loose and soft ground, which needs immediate support as excavation progresses. Similar to vertical sheeting or box sheeting, except that in the place of vertical sheeting, runners, made of long thick wooden sheets or planks are provided. The runners are driven about 30cm in advance of the progress of the work, by hammering.
The soil is soft or loose The depth of excavation is large The width of the trench is large There is sub-soil water
Sheet piles are designed to resist lateral earth pressure. Are driven in the ground by mechanical means (pile driving equipment). They can be used for excavating to a very large depth.
By - Kokebe Yifru -Adama University Department of Civil Engineering & Arc- 2009/2010
Summary By Group 4
Thank You!!