Q^Lou^,

\\Jr\

GAELIC

NAMES OF PLANTS

"

>tu(l_\-

to bring forth

some acceptable work

not striving to sliew

liut

any rare invention that

recei\e matter of

jias.seth

a man's capacity,

to

utter

and
hath

some moment known and

it

talked of long ago, yet o\er

long hath been buried, and, as

seemed,

lain dead, for

any

fruit

it

shewed

in

the

memory

of

man."

CJiuir/nva/if, 1588.

l^^^ a^a^ ^^^^^^^

GAELIC NAMES OE PLANTS
(SCOTTISH
'

AND

IRISH)

COLLECTED AND ARRANGED IN SCIENTIFIC ORDER, WITH

NOTES ON THEIR ETYMOLOGY, THEIR USES, PLANT
SUPERSTITIONS, ETC.,

AMONG THE

CELTS,

WITH COPIOUS GAELIC, ENGLISH,

AND SCIENTIFIC INDICES

JOHN CAMERON
SUNDERLAND

'What's

in a name? that which we call a rose By any other name would smell as sweet."

Shakespeare.

WILLIAM BLACKWOOD AND SONS

EDINBURGH AND LONDON MDCCCLXXXIII

All Rights reserved

30

My

J.

BUCHANAN WHITE,
WHOSE
LIFE HAS

M.D., F.L.S.

BEEN DEVOTED TO

NATURAL SCIENXE,
AT WHOSE SUGGESTION THIS
COLLECTION OF GAELIC NAMES OF PLANTS

WAS UNDERTAKEN,
Ojts m.oxk
IS

RESPECTFULLY INSCRIBED BY

THE AUTHOR.

PREFACE.
The
Gaelic

Names
'

of Plants, reprinted from a series of

articles in the

Scottish Naturalist,' which have appeared

during the

many who

published at the request of wish to have them in a more convenient form.

last four years, are

There might, perhaps, be grounds for hesitation in obtruding on the public a work of this description, which can
only be of use to comparatively few
;

but the fact that no

book exists containing a complete catalogue of Gaelic names of plants is at least some excuse for their publication Moreover, it seemed to many able in this separate form. botanists that, both for scientific and philological reasons, it would be very desirable that an attempt should be made to collect such names as are still used in the spoken Gaelic of Scotland and Ireland, before it became too late by the gradual disappearance of the language. Accordingly the author undertook this task at the request of the

Dr Buchanan White, accomplishment had been foreseen, he would have hesitated to make the attempt as it is, nearly ten years of his life have been occupied in searching through vocabularies, reading Irish and Scottish Gaelic, and generally trying to bring into order the confusion to which these names have been reduced partly by the carelessness of the compilers of Dictionaries, and frequently by their botanical ignorance. To accomplish this, numerous journeys had to be undertaken among
Editor of the
*

Scottish Naturalist,'

F.L.S.

If the difficulties of its

Viii

rUEFACK.
if

the Gaelic-speaking populations, in order,

settle disputed

possible, to

names, to

fix the plant to

which the name

it

was applied, and to

collect others previously vmrecorded.

In studying the Gaelic nomenclature of plants,

soon

became evident that no collection would be of any value unless the Irish-Gaelic names were incorporated. Indeed, wdien the lists supplied by Alexander M'Donald {MacMhaigJister-Alastair), published in his vocabulary in 1741,
are examined, they are found to correspond with those
in

much

older vocabularies published in

Ireland.

The
names

same remark

applies, with a few exceptions, to the

of plants in Gaelic supplied b)^ the Rev.

Killin, given in Lightfoot's
'

Mr

Flora Scotica.'
in the

Stewart of Undoubtedly,

the older

names have been preserved

;

more copious
investiga-

Celtic literature of Ireland

it

is

certainly true that "///

vetust Hiberiic fiDidavicntiivi habct."

tions of Professor O' Curry,

The

O'Donovan, and others, have thrown much light on this as well as upon many other Celtic topics. The Irish names are therefore included, and spelt according to the various methods adopted by
the different authorities; this
gi\'es

the appearance of a

want of uniformity
stances,

to the spelling not altogether agree-

able to Gaelic scholars, but which, under the

circum-

was unavoidable. It was absolutely essential that the existing Gaelic names should be assigned correctly. The difficulty of the ordinary botanical student was here reversed he has
:

the plant but cannot

existed, but

tell

the

name

here

the

name

the

plant required

the

name

applied.

found to which Again, names had been altered from

to be
;

their original

became a matter

form by transcription and pronunciation it of difiiculty to determine the I'oot word.

However, the recent progress of philology, the knowledge

of the laws that govern the modifications of words in the

brotherhood of European languages, when applied to these names, rendered the explanation given not altogether improbable.
their uses
;

Celts

named
;

plants often from

(3),

(i),
(4),

(2),

their

appearance

their habitats

; ;

PREFACE.
their superstitious associations, &c.
this

IX

The knowledge
that opened

of
a

habit of

naming was the key

a

many

difficulty.

For the sake of comparison

is

given, selected from the oldest

number of Welsh names list of names obtainable.

1597.

those appended to Gerard's 'Herbalist,'

The author cannot
for assistance
in

sufficiently express his obligation to

in

numerous correspondents
help
it

the Highlands and in Ireland

;

gathering local names

without such

would have been impossible to make a complete collection. Notably the Rev. A. Stewart, Nether Lochaber, whose knowledge of natural histor}' is unsurpassed in his own sphere the Very Rev. Canon Bourke, Claremorris, who gave most valuable assistance in the Irish names, particularly in the etymology of many abstruse terms, his accurate scholarship, Celtic and classical, helping him over many a difficulty; Mr W. Brockie, an excellent botanist and philologist, who some years ago made a collection of Gaelic names of plants w^hich was
;

unfortunately destro}'ed, placed at the author's disposal

valuable notes and information relative to this subject

and

lastly,

the

accomplished Editor of the

its

'

Scottish
sheets

Naturalist,'

who, from

commencement, edited the

scientific

and secured the correct

order of the whole.

this work as free from errors some have escaped attention therefore, any names omitted, any mistake in the naming of the plants, or any other fact tending towards the fur-

With every

desire to

make

as possible, yet, doubtless,

ther elucidation of this subject will be thankfully received

for future addition, correction, or

amendment.

JOHN CAMERON.

THE GAELIC NAMES OF PLANTS.

Ranunculacete.
Thalictrum
Gaelic:
.
-J-

{OaXXoj, thallo, to
rii,
'

grow
/

green).
i

rus:h. .,^ '

ruis;h,

-^"^ (or plants resembling

-r,

r,

y?///iz

graveolens).

T. alpinum.

T. minus.

same
to

in
;

flow

R Alpine meadow-rue. beg Lesser meadow-rue. Rue most of the ancient languages said be Gaelic rush
ailpeach
:
:

See Gerard.
J

is

nearly the

to

from puw,
especially

ruiih,

flow,

their

roots,

T. flaviim, possessing powerful cathartic qualities like rhubarb.

Compare
Welsh
is
:

also

ru, rtin, a

secret,

mystery, love, desire, grace.

runa, hieroglyphics (Runic).

The Thalictrum

of Pliny

supposed to be the meadow-rue.

"
I'll

(See Freund's Lexicon.)

set a

bank of
rhii geal

rue, sour

herb of grace"
fair

Shakespeare.
one
!

"

Mo

og

"
!

My

young

beloz'ed

" Oir a
luibhean."

ta sibh a toirt

deachaimh 'a mionnt, agus a rfi, agiis gach For ye tithe mint and rue, and all manner of herbs.
of Shakespeare
is

uile

ghn

The Rue
graveolens

generally supposed to be

Ruia

{Rii g/iaraid/i), a plant belonging to another order,

and not indigenous.

Anemone nemorosa Wind-flower.

wind-flower (Armstrong).

Gaelic

plr na
habitats.

gaoit/ie,

Welsh
species

l/ysiau'r gwy?it, wind-flower,

because some, of
7}ead c/iail/each, old

the

prefer

windy

Irish

woman's

nest.

Ranunculus.

From
in

rana, a frog, because

frequented by that
leaves resembling

Gaelic, ran; Egyptian, ranah ; Latin, some of the species inhabit humid places animal, or because some of the plants have

shape a

frog's foot.

Ranunculus

is

also


sometimes called crowfoot.
divided leaves.
gance.
Gair-cean,
:

Gaelic
cearban,

raggy, from
;

its

from
uisge,

gair, a smile

cean, love, ele-

Welsh
to

R, aquatilis

Water
follow,

crafra?jge y /ran, crows' claws.

crowfoot.

Gaelic flean7i
:

nisge,

probably

from
Llofi

lean,

and

water, follower of
:

the water.

na h'aibhne, the river-flax. Irish ftcul nsge,neil, a star, and uisge, water. Tuir chis, Mr, a lord chis, purse (from its numerous achenes).

R. ficaria
the roots.
dissolve.

Lesser celandine.
Searraichc, a
:

Gaelic
little

grain-aigein, that

which
melt,

produces loathing.

bottle,

from the form of

;

Welsh

toddedig wen,

fire

dissolvent

toddi,

Gaelic: glas-leuu, glas, green; flammula Spearwort. swamp. Lasair-kana, iasair, a flame, and leana or ku?i, Welsh blaer y guae7v, lance-point. a swamp, a spear. probably R. auricomus Goldilocks. Gaelic follasgain

R.

leun, a

from

follais,

conspicuous.

Irish

foloscain,

a tadpole.
;

The
also

Gaelic

may be

a corruption from the Irish, or vice versa

locks.

gniag Mhuire, Mary's

R. repens
one.
habit.

Creeping
:

crowfoot.

Gaelic

buigheag,

the yellow
pilgrim's

Irish

more frequently bairg/iiii, a Fearban ,^carba, killing, destroying.

bairgi/i,

R. acris

Upright
Irish
:

meadow
the

crowfoot.

Gaelic

cearban feoir,

the grass rag.

same name.

This plant and R. flam-

mula are used

raising blisters.

in the

Highlands, applied in rags {cearban), for

fuile
thalinJiainn,
:

R. bulbosus Bulbous crowfoot. Gaelic blood of the earth (it exhausts the soil).
/ran, crows' claws.
R. sceleratus

Welsh

crafaiige

y
:

Celery-leaved
;

crowfoot.

Gaelic and

Irish

torachas biadJiaiu
ofraid.

probably means food of which one would be

Caltha palustris
plant of Beltane or
fire.

Marsh-marigold.
Lus
May,
fire

Gaelic

a chorrach shod,

the clumsy one of the marsh.

bJuiidhe bealtuinn, the yellow

teine,

Bel or Baal, the sun-god, and

The name

survives in

many

Gaelic names

e.g.,

Tiillibcliane,

the high place of the

of Baal.

" Beath

a's calltuinn latha-fc?/////';?;;."

first

M'Kay.

Birch and hazel

day of May.

Irish

plubairsin from pjuhracii,

plunging.

Lits Afairi,

Mary-

wort, Marygold.

Helleborus viridis
death

Green
food

hellebore.

Gaelic
eXciv,

elehor,

corruption of helleborus (from the Greek

;

/lelein,

to cause

and

fiopa, bofa,

poisonous food).

'Donald.

"

Mo My

shrn tha stocpt dhVZ/w-."

nose
is

stopped with hellebore.

H. fcetidus
plant.

Aquilegia

Stinking vulgaris Columbine.

Irish
:

hellebore.

Meacan
Gaelic
:

sleiblie,

the

hill-

las

eholamain,

the dove's plant.

leise,

crnba-leisin,

from cruba, crouching, and

flower.

thigh or
cholain

haunch

suggested by the form of the flower.

pigeon's

Liisan
glovien,

(O'Reilly),
foot.

Welsh

trocd

Monkshood. Gaelic fuath inhadhaidh Curaichd mhnaich (Armstrong), and a Welsh from monkshood. choke. an Gaelic Nigella damascena Chase-the-devil.
Aconitum napellus
: :

naked woman's

(Shaw), the wolf's aversion.

bleiddag,

bleidd,

wolf,

tag,

liis

f/iog-

raidh, the pursued plant.

wort.

Irish

his vihic Raonail,

in gardens.
:

MacRonald's

Not indigenous, but common

Paeonia officinalis Peony.

tion of Pcson, the physician

Gaelic

Ins

a phione.
it

A
:

corrup-

who
;

first

used

in medicine,

and

cured Plato of a wound inflicted by Hercules.

brcfiin,

Welsh

bladeitr

the king's flower.

Irish

lus phoinc.

BERBERIDACE.i.
Berberis vulgaris

Barberr>'.

Gaelic

barbrag (a corruption

from Phimician word barar), the brilliancy of a shell; alluding to their shining leaves. Greek (SepftepL, berberi, a shell. Preas Preas deilgneach, the nan gear dhearc, the sour berry-bush.
prickly bush.
Irish
:

barbrog.

Nymph.ace^,.

(From

wiK^t],

nymphe, a water-nymph, referring to their habitats.)

Gaelic
:

blin, the

Nymphaea albaWhite water-lil}\ drowned white leaf

duileag

bhaite

" Feur lochain is tachair, An cinn an ditikag bhitc.^''SVlyi'VY's.'E..

Water, grass, and
algae,

Where
"

the water-lily grows.

righ

O O

////,

nam fleuran."M 'Donald.

lilv,

king of flowers.


Rabhagach, giving caution or warning
white

a beacon.
Irish
:

Lili b/iu,

Welsh Nuphar luteum

lily.

Lili-r-dwff, water-lily.

buillite.

(Shaw.)

Yellow
drowned

water-lily.
leaf.

bhuidhe, the yellow

water-lily,

Gaelic: duileag bhaite Lili bhuidhe n'uisge, yellow

flag.

Irish

Hack laghor, the bright

Cabhan

ab/iai/i,

cabhan, a hollow plain, and abhain, of the river.

Papaverace.;.

Papaver
beilbheag,

rhcEas
little

Poppy.
le

Gaelic

jueilbhcag^

sometimes

pestle (to which the capsule has

some resem-

blance).
" Le meilbheag,
noinean,
's

le slan-lus. "

M'Leod.

With a poppy,
Fot/iros, corn-rose,

daisy,

and

rib-tjiass.

Croiidus, from ioth (Irish), corn ros, rose. Paipcan ruadh, fiiadh, red, and paipean a corrupThe tion of papaver^ from papa^ pap, or pappo, to eat of pap. juice was formerly put into children's food to make them sleep.

bent weed.

Welsh
P.

pabi.

somniferum

Common
a
:

opium poppy.
celandine
:

Gaelic

codalian,

from codal or cada/, sleep.

Chelidonium majus.
XeXtSojF,
f/itiidon,

Common

(a

corruption of

red head.

Irish

an ceaim riiadh^ the lacha cheann ruadh, the red - headed duck.
swallow).

Gaelic

Welsh
red.

llysie

wetmol, swallow-wort.
is

Aonsgoch

another Gaelic

The name for

flower

is

yellow, not

swallow-wort, mean-

ing the lonely flower,

Glaucium luteum
ruadh
red.
(?),

Yellow

aon,

one or alone, and sgoth^ a flower. horned poppy. Gaelic barrag

:

the valiant or strong head.

The

flower

is

yellow, not

FUiMARIACE^.

(From /umus, smoke. " The smoke of these plants being by the ancient exorcists to have the power of expelling spirits " (Jones). French fume terre.)
:

said
evil

Fumaria
mhaiiin
thalmhuiii

officinalis

Fumitory.
earth
-

Gaelic

lus deathach thal-

(Armstrong), the earth -smoke plant.

(O'Reilly),

Irish:
:

deatach
ddaer,

smoke.
is

Welsh

imog

earth-smoke.

Another Irish name caman, crooked, and scoradh, to

Ruadh does not mean

camaii scarraigh (O'Reilly),

scatter.

absolutely red, but reddish.

Welsh

Rhydh.

It

means

also power, virtue, strong, valiant.

Crucifer^.

(From Latin

crux,

criicis,

a cross, and fero, to bear, the petals

being arranged crosswise.)

Crambe maritima
shore
little

pot-herb,

from
cole

Seakale.
the

Gaelic

praiseag trg/ia,

the

Irish praiseach, for pot-herbs).

Gaelic praiseag, a

pot (a

common name

kale (from Greek, ^^avAos; Latin, caulis ;

Cl na vira, seaGerman, /iv/;/; Saxon,

cawl ; English,

Isatis tinctoria

Woad.
to

or kale ; Irish, cl ; Welsh, cawl.)

The

ancient Celts used to stain

this plant.
Its pale-blue

their bodies with a preparation

from

hue was supposed

fashion of the

enhance
Gaelic
:

their beauty, according

to

the
Irish

time.
his,

guirmean, the blue one.

and Gaelic

glas

pale-blue weed.

Welsh

glas

lys.

For-

merly called Glastum.

"
Is glas

mo

luibh." OSSIAN.
is

Pale-blue

the subject of

my

praise.

On

account of the brightness of

it

its

manufactured colours the

Celts called

gived {giicde in French to this day), whence the

Saxon 7uad and the English woad. Thlaspi arvense Penny-cress. Gaelic

praiseach fcidh, deer's

pot-herb.

Irish

preaseach fiadh, a deer's pot-herb.

Capsella Bursa-pastoris
fola, the
;

Shepherd's

purse.

Gaelic
:

his

mi

blood-weed an sporran, the purse. Irish sraidin, a lane, a walk, Welsh purs y bugail, shepherd's purse (bugail, from Greek (SvkoXo';, a shepherd).
:

Cochlearia officinalis
sailor;

Scurvy
for

-grass.

Gaelic:

inaraich,

carran,
^''

the thing

scurvy,

possessing

antiscorbutic
(Stuart).

properties.

Plaigh na cajra," the plague of leprosy

bheil can;'' a
:

" Duine aig

in

am

man who
:

has the scurvy (Stuart

;

Lev.)

Welsh

mor

luyau, sea-spoons
Irish

llysier bhvg, scurvy-

grass (from bhvg, scurvy).

biolair trgha,

biolair, dainty,

and Irgha, shore or seaside. Armoracia rusticana {armoracia, a name of Celtic

ar, land
;

origin,

iuor or mar, the sea

sea).

ris,

near

to,

a
:

from

plant growing

near the

English
Irish
:

horse-radish.

Gaelic

meacan-each, the

horse-plant.

king, a prince,

word rac, a and adhal, desire i.e., the king's desire. Raphanus raphanistrum Radish. Gaelic meacan ruadh, tlie
racadal, perhaps from an old

reddish plant, from the colour of the root.

wild radish.

Irish

fiadh

roidis,

Cardamine pratensis Cuckoo flower, ladies' smock. Gaelic plur na cubhaig, the cuckoo-flower. Gleoran, from gkote, handsome, pretty. The name is given to other cresses as well. Biolair-gliriagaiu, the bright sunny dainty. Cakile maritimum Sea gilly-flower rocket. Gaelic fearsaideag; meaning uncertain, but probably from Irish saide, a seat (Latin, sedes), the sitting individual from its procumbent habit. Nasturtium officinalis Water-cress. Gaelic, biolair, a dainty, or that which causes the nose to smart, hence agreeing with nasturiium (Latin riasus, the nose, and tortus, tormented). Durlus, dur, water, and lus, plant. Dobhar-Iiis, dohhar, water. Welsh benvyr dtufr, Avater-cress. The Gaelic and Irish bards used these names indefinitely for all cresses.
:

' '

Sa
Is
i

bhiolair luidneach, shlim-chluasach.

Glas, chruinn-cheannach, chaoin ghorm-neaIach|;

fas glan,

uchd-ard, gilmeineach,

Fuidh barr geal iomlan, sonraichte."

Its

M'Intyre.

drooping, smooth, green, i-ound-leaved water-cress growing so radiantly,

its

breast-high, trimly; under

^'

remarkably perfect white flower.

Dobhrach bhallach mhin."

Smooth-spotted water-cress.

M'Intyre.

Flixweed. Gaelic ftieal Mhi/ire, the Welsh pipe-weed. Erysimum Garlic mustard, sauce alone. Gaelic garhiiraithcach, rough, threatening. Cheiranthus cheiri Wallflower, Gaelic
Sisymbrium sophia
alliaria
:

Virgin Mary's fennel.

piblys,

gilly-flower.

lus leth
:

an

saui/iraid/i, half the

summer

plant.

Irish

the same.

Welsh

blodeii

gorphenaf, July flower or

is

gilly-flower.

Wedgwood

says

gilly-flower

from the French

girojle.

Brassica rapa

Common
Scotch,

turnip.

Gaelic, neup ;
/lavcw,

Irish, neip

Welsh,
B.

maipen

neep

(and

French,

navet)

corruptions from Latin napus.

campestris

Wild

navew.

Gaelic

neup fiadJiain,

wild

turnip.

B. oleracea^Seakale or cabbage.
bhaidhe,

Gaelic and Irish

{baid/ie,

praiseach

Morran,

colbhairt

mor (Welsh), the the kale with stout

flesh),

the

pot-herb of the wave

sea, its

in

Irish,

a wave.

habitat the seaside.

Cal

fleshy stalks (from colbh, a stalk

of a plant, and art,

cal or cadhal.

Welsh

cawl, kale.

Gaelic: cl-cearslach {cearslach, globular), cabbage; cal gruidhean

(with grain like flowers), cauliflower
cauliflower; garad/i
cil,
;

colag (a

little

cabbage),

a kitchen-garden.

" Dh' itheadh biolair an fhuarain " 'S air bu shuarach an cl. M'Doxald.
I

would

eat the cress of the wells.

to
it,

Compared
Sinapis arvensis
b/ijiidhe,

kale

is

contemptible.

Charlock,

wild mustard.

Gaelic
is

marag
to

the yellow sausage (to which the

Sceallan,

bear some resemblance).

(Shaw),
sgealpach, biting.
"

pod

supposed

sceall,

a shield.

Sgealag

Mustard, from the English.

Mar

ghrainne de shlol miistaird."

Stuart.

Like a grain of mustard-seed.

Gaelic

praiseach garbh, the rough pot-herb.

Resedace.:.

Keseda luteola
^Velsh

Weld, yellow weed.

Irish
:

Gaelic

/us huidhe mor,

the large yellow weed.

:

buidhe mor. the large yellow. Gaelic

:

llysie lliu,

dye-wort.

Reseda, from Latin resedo.

reidh, to calm, to appease.

CiSTACE/E.

(From Greek
capsules.

Kto-rr;, kiste,

a box or capsule, from their peculiar

Latin, cista

Gaelic, ciste ; Danish, kiste.)

Helianthemum
rose
;

vtilgare Rock-rose. Gaelic grian plr ua griiue, flower of the sun (also heliotrope).
:

7's,

sun:

Welsh

biodaior haul, sun-flower.

Violace.:.

(From Greek

lov, ion,

a violet,

the food

given to the cow To,

one of Jupiter's mistresses.)

Gaelic fail chuac/i, scented Viola odorata Sweet violet. bowl fail, scent, and cuach, a bowl hollow as a nest. Scotcli
:

qitaich, cogie (dim.),

a drinking-cup.
flieoir."

" Fail chiiachaig zx uachdar a

M'Farlaxe.

Scented violet on the top of the grass.

field).

V. canina Dog-violet. Gaelic Danish dal, a valley.

:

dail chuach, field-bowl {fail,

" Gun sobhrach gun dail

chuacli,

Gun

lus uasal air crnn."

M'lxTVRE.

Without primrose or violet, Or a gay flower on the heap.

Sail

c/iitac/i,

sail, a
is

heel (from
guirme
sail

its

spur).

" Coille

chuac/i.^Ola Song.

A
Irish
:

wood where

violets are bluest.

;

biodh a leithid, the world's paragon

also fanaisge, pro-

bably from fan, weak, faint, agreeing in meaning with the Welsh name, criiillyns, a fragile weed.
Droserace.:.

(From Greek
as
if

Spoo-epo?, droseros,

dewy, because the plants appear

covered with dew.)

Drosera rotundifolia an
red

Round-leaved
;

sundew.
(its
{eil,

Gaelic

ros

Psolais, sun-rose or flower

geald-rnidhc or dealt riiaidhe, very

plant with shields
Irish
:

dew; lus na fearnaich, the some resemblance to shields).

drnich, dew), the
:

leaves have

to rob, and one that robs the dew; druichdin mona, the dew of the hill. Welsh doddedig rudd, dod, twisted thread, and fudd, red, the plant being covered with red hairs.
cil

druich

POLYGALACE^.

(From Greek

-nokv, poly,

much, and yaXa, gala, milk.)

Gaelic
:

Polygala vulgaris
wort.
Irish
:

Milkwort.

lus a b/idine,

milk-

lusan baine, the same meaning, alluding to the

it.

reputed effects of the plants on cows that feed upon

Carvophvllace^.
Saponaria
cregach.
officinalis
:

Soapwort, bruisewort.
creugach, rocky.

Gaelic gairgean:

Irish

gairbhin creugach, the bitter one of the rocks

garb/lion, bitterness,
ter,

and

The whole
the

plant

is bit-

and was formerly used

to cure cutaneous diseases.

shiabunn, the soapwort.

{sebon, soap),

Welsh

scbonllys,

Lus an same meaning

Latin sapo, so called probably because the bruised

leaves produce lather like soap. " Prodest

et sapo.

Soap was a Celtic invention.

Gallorum hoc inventum,

Pliny.
:

Rutilandis capillis, ex sevo et cinere. "

the cuckoo flower

Lychnis flos-cuculi Ragged robin. Gaelic ////;- jia cubhaig, curachd na cubhaig, the cuckoo's hood. L. diurna Red campion. Gaelic clrean coileach, cockscomb in some places corcan coille, red woodland flower. L. githago Corn-cockle. Gaelic brogna cubhaig, the cuckoo's
;


shoe.

laoi^

i e.,

Liiibh laoibheach,

day, and beac/id, to observe

Irish
:

the plant observed for a day.

cogall^

from
:

coch (Welsh),

red

hence

cockle.

French

coqiiille.

Welsh
:

gth^

cockle or

its

seed, a corruption from githago, or vice versa.

Spergula arvensis

Spurrey.
:

Gaelic
cab, a

cluain

li/i,

cluain, fraud,

and

//;/,
:

flax

i.e.,

fraudulous
cabrois,

flax.

Scotch

yarr.

Irish

Carran, twisted or knotted.

head

rois,

polished.

"Gun
Arenaria alsine
Stellaria

deanntag, gun charran."

nettle or spurrey.

'Donald.

Without

Sandwort.

Gaelic

flige,

perhaps from fliche,

water, growing in watery or sandy places.

(Armstrong),
(Gaelic
:

Gaelic fliodJi, an excrescence Chickweed. Irish lia, wetting sometimes written fiitth. compare also flocJi, soft (Latin fiaccus). fluich, wet)
:

media

Welsh
S.

giclydd, the soft or tender plant.

Holostea

The
:

greater stitchwort.

Gaelic

/iiirseach, sad,
;

same meaning and Stellaria graminea, kirsat-ranin, the lesser stitchwort. Welsh y wennwlydd, the fair soft-stemmed plant, from givenn and giolydd, soft
dejected.
Irish

tursarrain, the

tender stem. Cherleria sedoides

Lawers.

Mossy cyphel, found Cerastium alpinum Mouse-ear chickweed.

No
LiNACE/E.

plentifully

on Ben
cluas

Gaelic name, but seorsa coinich, a kind of moss.

Gaelic

an

Inch, mouse-ear.

Linum usitatissimum
Welsh
:

llin.

Gaelic Don, gen. singular ////. " Greek \ivov and Latin //////;//, a thread, are derived
:

Flax.

from the Celtic."

Loudon.
i

" larraidh
She

olan agus lion."

Stuart

(Job).

will desire

wool and

flax.

Gaelic lion na bean slth, fairy L. catharticum Fairy flax. woman's flax ; iniosach, monthly, from a medicinal virtue it was supposed to possess viionach, bowels Ins caolach, slender weed compare also caolan, intestine (Latin colon, the large Both names probably allude to its catfiartic effects. intestine). Stuart, in Lightfoot's Flora,' gives these names in a combined ceoIrish form, an caol miosachan, the slender monthly one.
:

'

lag/i.
^

This plant

is
:

sometimes called Citrach

cucullus.

ita

Cubhaig, and Cochal

(hood

or cowl).

Latin

Malvace^.
Latin
fjiaXxr],
:

inah'CE,

mallows.

Gaelic

maloimh,

from

Greek

malache, soft, in allusion to the soft mucilaginous pro-

perties of the plants.

"A'gearradh sios maloimh laimh mar bhiadh." Stuart (Job xxx. 4).

lis

na preasailih, agus freunilinn

aiteil

"Who
Welsh
:

cut

up

viallcnvs

by the bushes, and juniper roots

for their

meat."

meddalai, what softens.

Gaelic

-mil

mheacan, honeyEnglish,

plant; gropais ox grobais (M'Donald) from

grub, to dig.

QiO\\\\c, groh,

Malva
frangac/i,

ncax rotundifolia Dwarf mallow. Gaelic and Irish ucas {vom Irish need, whence a breast (Greek,
:

The

roots were dug,

and boiled

to obtain mucilage.

i/c,

iic/id,

t^''^ mucilage being used as an emollient for breasts ox^v) i.e., the French mallow. O-nfrangach, French

M.

sylvestris

Common mallow.
;

Gaelic

ucas fJwadhair, wild

mallow.

Althaea officinalis

perhaps from
{ochas, itch).

leaiiihach, insipid
:

Marsh-mallow. Gaelic and a remedy fochas, and Welsh morhocys, mor, the
itch,

Irish

leamhad,

for the itch

sea,

hocys,

phlegm-

producer,

it

being used for various pulmonary complaints.

TlIJACE^,.

Tilia europea

craim

telle,

Lime-tree, linden.
a corruption from

Gaelic
tilia.

craobh
:

theile.

Irish

teile,

Welsh

pis

^i;7ciydden.

Hypericacete.

Hypericum
bably from ca/
yellow.

perforatum
:

The

perforated

St

John's
b/ii),

wort.

Gaelic and Irish

eaia bJitddhe (sometimes written eala

pro-

(for neul), aspect,

appearance, and bkuidhe or bhi,

noinean
fas,

"

An

eala bhitidhc s'an

ln

S'an t'sobhrach an gleann

nan

luibli

Anns am faigheadh an
Furtach
In the glen
fiach,

leighe Hath
a's len."

do chreuch
-wort,

Coi.lath.

where the St John's

a

the white daisy, and the primrose

grow, the grey doctor will find

-vound.

valuable remedy for every disease and

"The

belief

was

common among
mankind
is

the Caledonians that for

all

the

diseases to which

liable there

grows an herb some-

where, and not

prevails,

far

from the locality where the particular disease

of which

the

proper application

would cure

it."

M'Kenzie.

M'Intyrp:.

" Sobhiacli

a's eala

bhi

's

baira neoinean. "

Primrose, St John's

zoort,

and

daisies.

Alias Mhnire {Mhitire, the Virgin Mary; alias, perhaps another form of the preceding names) Mary's image, which would agree with the word hypericum. According to Linnaeus it is derived from Greek virip, iiper, over, and dKUv, eikon, an image that is

to say, the superior part of the flower represents an image.

Caod aslachan Cholum

St

chille,

from Cohim and

cill

(church,
it

cell),

Columba's
it

flower, the saint of lona,

who reverenced

and

carried

in his

arms

(T/?^, (Irish)

caodam, to come, and aslachan,

arms),

it

being dedicated to his favourite evangelist St John.^ " For-

was carried about by the people of Scotland as a charm against witchcraft and enchantment " (Don). \\'elsh y fcndigaid, the blessed plant. French la toutc-saine. English tutsan. The badge of Clan M'Kinnon.
merly
it
:

Acerace.;.
(" Acer, in Latin

meaning sharp, from

ac,

a point, in Celtic."

Du

Theis.)

Acer campestris
mhalip or malpais

Common maple.
;

Gaelic and Irish

craohh

origin of

name

uncertain, but very likely

its

from

nial,

a satchel or a husk, from the form of

samara.

think the

name
:

is

only a corruption of maple

:

Anglo-Saxon,
:

Some

from

Welsh masarnen. Gothic masloenn (from mas, fat), abundance of saccharine juice. A. pseudo-platanus Sycamore. Gaelic and Irish craohh sice, a corruption from Greek sycaiiiinos. The old botanists erroneously believed it to be identical with tlie sycamine or mulberry-fig
mapal.
its

of Palestine.

"Nam
bi air

do spionadh
had

biodh agaidh creidimh, theiradh sibh ris as do fhreumhaibh." Stuart.

faith ye

a.

chraobh shicamin so,

If ye

might say to
xvii. 6.

this sycaviore tree,

the root.

St Luke

Be thou plucked up by
Irish

crann ban, white

Craobh pleantrinn, corruption of platanus or plane-tree. tree. Fir chrann, same meaning. The badge of Clan Oliphant.
V1NIFER.E.
Vitis (from the Celtic gioyd, a tree, a shrub.

Spanish

vid.

French
^

vigne).

Similar ideas occur in other Irish names respecting this plant

Colnmcille, beachnuadh beinionn, beackniiadh firionn,

niiadh

beach, to emman.

Beach-

brace

nuadh, new

heinionu^ a

little

woman

firionn,^ a little

Vitis vinifera
fion, wine.

Vine.
:

Gaelic

Greek

foiv-ov.

Latin

craim foua, fionaii. Irish vin-um. Fiou dcarc, a grape.

:

Geraniace.:.

(From Greek
bill.

ycpavo?, geranos, a crane.

bill

Tlie long beak that ter;

minates the carpel resembles the

Gaelic
:

of a crane

English

crane-

crob priachain

(Armstrong),

the

claw

of any

rapacious bird.)

Lus-gn-ghorm.

(M'Kenzie.)
Robert.
cuil, fly,

Evergreen plant.
Gaelic and Irish
:

Geranium Robertianum
riglical cull

Herb
and

(from

rigJic,

reproof,

gnat, insect), the fly

Riaghal ciiil, also rial Earbidl righ [earbu/i, a tail).

reprover.

chiiil,

that

which rules insects

"Insects are said to avoid

it."

Don.

Riddel,

the
righ.

red-haired.
Irish
:

Lus an Eallan, the cancer weed.

its

Righeal
{righ,

righcan righ, that which reproves a king

a king),
:

on account of
redfoot.

strong disagreeable

smell.

Welsh trocdrydd, G. sanguineum

the red

Bloody

Llysie Robert, herb Robert.

cranesbill.

Gaelic

creachlach dearg,

wound

-healer {creaeh, a wound).

Geranitnn Robertiare held in

their astringent

amwi and Geranium sanguineum have been and

great repute

by the Highlanders, on account of

properties.

and vulnerary

OXALIDACE^.

(From Greek

oet'?,

oxys, acid,

from the acid taste of the leaves.)

:

Oxalis acetosella Wood-sorrel.

grows

in sheltered spots.
It

Also summer.

may

Gaelic samh, shelter. It Also the name given to its capsules. simply be the summer flower.
sorrel.

" Aig itheach sai/nh," eating

Seamrag.
little

Irish

gentle one.
' '

seamrog (shamrock) {seam, mild and gentle), Referring to its appearance.

's

'L&seamragan

le

neonainean,

'S'gach lus a dh'fheudain ainmeachadh

Cuir anbharra dhreach boidhchead air."

M'Intvre.

With wood-sorrel and with

daisies,

And

plants that
tlic jilace

could name,

Giving

a most beautiful appearance.

:

Surag, the sour one

Scotch

sourock (from the Armoric sur,

:

Teutonic

suer,

sour).

Welsh

suran

gog,

cuckoo's

sorrel.

Gaelic

hiadh nan

eoinca?i, birds' food.

Irish

billcog

nan

cun,

the leaf of the birds.

"Timcheall thulmanan dimhair Ma 'm bi'm biadh-ionain fas."

'Donald.

Around sheltered hillocks Where the wood-sorrel grows.

Feada
fcad/i,

coillc,

candle of the woods,

name

given to the flower

a candle or rush. " Mar

sin is leasachan soilleir,

Do
Of

\\^

/heada-coille na'n cos."

light

'Donald.

Like the flaming

the wood-sorrel of the caverns.

Celastrace^.

Euonymus europseus Common

Irish
:

spindle-tree.

Gaelic and

oir,feoras,oir, the east point, east.

"

tir

an

oir,"

from

the land of the East {Oirip, Europe), being rare in Scotland

Ireland, but

and

common on

the Continent.
it

Oir and feoir also

in hedges.
it

mean
very

a border, edge, limit,

being commonly planted

Oir, the

Whether the name has any reference

difficult to

to these significations

is

determine with certainty.

name

of the

It is thirteenth letter, O, of the Gaelic and Irish alphabet. worthy of notice that all the letters were called after trees or

plants

Juglans regia

The Walnut.
;

Gaelic

craobh-ghaUchno

gall,

a foreigner, a stranger

cno,

a nut.

LeguminifeR;.
Gaelic
:

li/is

feid/ileagach,

pod-bearing plants.

Bar gi/c,

papil-

ionaceous flowers (Armstrong).

^^

For-cochullach, leguminous.

Bar gnc

air

mheuraibh nosara."

M'Intvre.

Blossoms on sappy branches.

Sarothamnus scoparius
uid/i

Broom.
Baal,

Gaelic
i/id/i,

bcalaidh or healfavour), the

(probably from
it

bcal,

and

plant

that Belus favoured,

being yellow-flowered (see Caltha

paliistris).

Yellow was the favourite colour of the Druids (who were worshippers of Belus), and also of the bards. Ossian describes the sun " grian b/iidd/ie" the yellow sun ; M'Intyre, his Isabel, as
" Iseabel og

An
Irish

or fhuilt bhuidh."

Young
:

Isabel with the golden-yellow hair.

:

bniin

and Welsh
Latin
:

ysgub.

Gaelic

sgiiab,

a brush

made

from the broom.

scoparius.
;

Giolcach

slcibhe {glide, a

reed, a cane, a leafless twig

sleibhe,

of the

hill).

The badge of the Clan Forbes. Cytisus laburnum Laburnum. Gaelic: bealuidh fraiigach (in Breadalbane), in some parts sasimach, French or English broom (Ferguson). Fraiigach is very often affixed to names of

plants of foreign origin.

land

in

Ulex

1596.

This tree was introduced from SwitzerCraobh obnin, a corruption of laburnum. Name from the Celtic ec or ac, a prickle (Jones).

U. europaeus Furze, whin, gorse. Gaelic and Irish conasg, from Irish co?ias, war, because of its armed or prickly appearance.
:

Welsh

ei/iiji,

prickles.

" Lan cojiasgis phreasaibh."

Full of furze and bushes.

Old Song.

Not common
Perthshire.

in

the Highlands, but plentiful about Fortingall,

Ononis arvensis
bogha, bowstring.

Rest
: :

harrow.

Gaelic and
;

Irish

srcang

^^ elsh

tagadr, stop the plough

camiiiock,

eithin

yr

eir,

ground

prickles.

Scotch

Trigonella ornithopodioides
ioiintag-grcugach (Armstrong),

from Gaelic cam, crooked. Fenugreek, Greek hay. Gaelic

nettle
;

Greek

crubh-eoln,

Birds'

shoe.

Welsh

y grog-wryan.

Trifolium repens

White or Dutch

clover.

Gaelic and Irish:

seamar

b/in, the fair gentle

one (see
is

Oxa/i's)

written also sameir,

sio?nrag, seamrag, seamrog.

Wood-sorrel and clover are often coninvariable for white clover,

trefoil,

founded, but seamar bhn

Trifolium
clover.

procumbens, hop
" Gach
saitneir

and for samhrag bhuidhc^ yellow

neonean

's

masag."
berry.

'Donald.

Every

clover, daisy,
's

and

"An

t-seamrag mxiQ

barr-gheal gruag,

A's buidheann chuachach neoinein."

M'Lachuinn.

The green white-headed clover. The yellow-cupped daisy.

The badge
clover.
caballiis,

of Clan Sinclair.

T. pratense

Red clover.
Greek

Gaelic

seamar

chapull^ the mare's

CapiiU, from

KaySaAX-/;?,
trefoil,

a work-horse.
three -leaved.

Latin

a horse.
Gaelic

Tri-bilean,

Welsh:
clover, so

tairdaien, the

same meaning.
:

Meillonem, honey wort, from mel,

honey.
T.

sgag, Scotch sookie, the

bloom of
it,
:

called because

minus

Small

it

contains honey, and children suck

yellow clover.

Gaelic

seangau,

small,

slender.

T. arvense

strong), hare's foot.

Lotus
lean,

barra, top

Hare's-foot clover. corniculata Bird's-foot

or flower
;

Gaelic

cas maidhiche

(Armmiiis-

trefoil.

Gaelic

barra

mislean,

anything that springs or

grows.
" Glacag
w/i/i-iiwrtf/?." Macfarlane.

A
Gaelic
:

grassy dell.

Kidney vetch, or Lady's Fingers. Anthyllis vulneraria mcoir Mhuire, Mary's fingers ; cas an uai?i, lamb's foot.

Vicia^ sativa Vetch. Gaelic and Irish fiatghal, nutritious (from \x\u\fiadh, now written biadh, food) ; peasair fiadhain, wild idhys, edible Welsh pease ; peasair chapuill, mares' pease. Irish pis fcadhain, wild pease pis dubh, black peas. pease.
: :

v. cracca
pease
are
;

Tufted

vetch.
;

Gaelic

pesair nan

Inch,

mice

/d-i-iz/r

(Latin, pisiim

Welsh, /_v; French, pois, pease),

all from the Celtic root pis, a pea. V. sepium Bush vetch. Gaelic peasair

nam prcas,
Gaelic
:

the bush

peas.

LathyTus pratensis
bhuidhe, yellow peas.
1

Yellow
Irish
:

vetchling.

peasair

pis b/iindhe, yellow peas.

fiiKiov,

Vicia (from givig, Celtic,

i''/-/^.

whence Greek

Latin

7-ida,

French

vesce,

English

Loudon.


Ervum hirsutum
Latin, tilled land).

i6

Hairy vetch or
Gaelic
:

tare (from err, Celtic

an',
:

pysen

ceirch,

cehxh,

peasairan arhhar, corn peas. Welsh

Gaelic
:

oats.

gall pheasair, a

name

for

lentils or vetch.

Gall, sometimes prefixed to

names of
2 Sam.

plants

having lowland habitats, or strangers. " Lan o ghall pht-asair."

Full oflen tils.

Stuart,

nish

Faba vulgaris Bean. Gaelic ponair. Irish poneir. Corponar {from the Hebrew ^:, picl, a bean (Levi). Gaelic
:

ponair fratigach, French beans ; ponair airneach, kidney beans ponair chapiiill, buckbean {Menyanthes trifoliata).

" Gabh thugad fs cruithneachd agus eorna, 2iga% ponair, agus peasair, agus meanbh-pheasair, agus pcasair fhiadhain, agus cuir iad ann an aon soitheach, Stuart, Ezekiel iv. 9. agi.is dean duit fin aran duibh."

"Take
millet,

and fitches, and put them

thou also unto thee wheat, and barley, and beans, and lentiles, and in one vessel, and make thee bread thereof."

Orobus tuberosus
rrt'/rwm/
7>ioel,

oro, to excite, to strengthen,

Tuberous and (Armstrong), m/>, dig;

i.e.,

bitter vetch (from

ftaix;,

Greek,

opui,
:

an

ox).

Gaelic and Irish

3.\so

w?/,

enjoy;

mall; Welsh:
is

a knob, a tuber
"

the tuberous root that

dug

con-a-

vieille

(M'Leod and Dewar).

Is

clann bheag a trusa leolaicheann

Buain corr an go's

nam bruachagan."
.

M'Intvre.

Little children gathering

And

digging the bitter vetch from the holes in the bank.

ineillg,

Corra, a crane, and

:

a pod, the crane's

;

pod

or

peas. "

Welsh pys y garanod, crane's peas

Highlanders have a great esteem

garan, a crane.

The
;

for the tubercles of the roots

they dry and chew them to give a better relish to their whisky. They also affirm that they are good against most diseases of the
thorax, and that by the use of them they are enabled to repel hunger and thirst for a long time. In Breadalbane and Ross-shire they sometimes bruise and steep them in water, and make an They have agreeable fermented liquor with them, called cainn. a sweet taste, something like the roots of liquorice, and when

boiled are well flavoured

and
for

nutritive,

and

in times of scarcity

have served as a substitute

^

bread

" (Lightfoot).

Leolaicheanu,

blachan,

drink, drinking.

drinking-cup.

Scotch

probably TrolUtis eicropaits (the globe flower), from 01, Children frequently use the globe flower as a Liiggie, a small wooden dish or it higgle gcnuan,
:

may be

a corruption from trol or trollen, an old

German word

signifying

round, in allusion to the form of the flower, hence Trollius.


17

Rosacea.

(From the

Celtic.
:

Gaelic,

;w; Welsh,
sloe.

rhos

Armoric, roscn

Greek, poSov

Latin, 7vsa.)

Prunus spinosa

Blackthorn,
Irish
:

Gaelic

/tc'cjs

nan

air-

ncag, the sloe bush.

airne, a sloe.

"

Siiilean air lidh airneag."

Ross.
means weary, but
it

Eyes the colour of

sloes.

Sgitheach dilbh,

tlie

word
it is

sgith ordinarily
diibJi,

means

also (in Irish) fear;

iit

black, the fearful black one, but

probably

this case

a form of sgeach} a

haw

(the fruit of the

white thorn), the black haw.

Welsh

eiriuen ddii,

the black

plum

eiryn,

a plum.
" Grim sgitheach an aite criin righ. M'Ellar. A crown of thorns instead of a royal crown.

Droighionn
trif

dnb/i, the

black penetrator (from

////7/ //- ;
;

driiid, to penetrate,

pierce, bore).
;

Compare Gothic,
;

Sanscrit, /////; Latin,

tJioiii.

Welsh, draen

German, dorn

English,

"Croin

droigich 'on ear's o'niar."-

Old Poem.
daiiusin (corrup-

Thorn-trees on either side.

P.
tion).

damascena

Damson.
;

Gaelic and Irish

P. insititia

Bullace.
Welsh,

Gaelic and Irish

biolas, sloes.
:

biilastair.

Com-

pare Breton, bolos

P. domestica

plum
P.

Wild plum. Gaelic plmnbais fiadhainn, wild Latin Welsh Gaelic armeniaca Apricot.
pluiubais scargta^ prunes.
:

pi-uuuvi.

apricoc.

bricyllcn.

Regnier supposes from the Arabic berkoch, whence the Italian

albicocco,

and

the English

apricot ;

or,

as

Professor

Martj'n

observes, a tree

when

first

introduced might have been called

a "praecox," or early fruit, and gardeners taking the article " a" for the first syllable of the word, might easily have corrupted
it

to apricots.

P. cerasus

Cherry-tree.
"

Gaelic

craobh shiris, a corruption

of Cerasus, a town in Pontus in Asia, from

first

whence the

tree

was

brought.

Do

bheul mar

t'

sin's."

Thy mouth

like the cherry.

Welsh

cciriosen.
1

Sscach, also a busli.


i8
P. padus Bird cherry. Gaelic craobh f/iiodhag, from Jiodh, wood, timber fiodhach, a shrubbery.
:

P.

avium

Wild cherry.
Peach.

Gaelic

gea/iais, the gean.

French

g!/ig/ie,

from a German
nut.

root.

Amydalus communis Almond.

Greek
A. persica
Spiraea

Gaelic

amo/i,

ciio

ghrcugach,

ulmaria

Meadow
"A
t-siucair'

Gaelic

pcitseag,
-

from the English.

sweet,

queen of the meadow.

Gaelic

crios (or cneas)

Chu-chidainny
\v\\\\

The

plant called "

My
am
an't

lady's belt" (M'Kenzie).

in

flower mentioned by

M'Donald

his

poem 'Alt an

the English of which I

not acquainted" (Armstrong).

It is

not mentioned in the

poem

referred to, but in "

Sain/iraid/i "

The Summer Song.

"
S'ciiraiclli

Oran

faileadh

do mhuineil

A
Na

chrios-Chh-Chiilaiiin nan

cam

d'

chruinn bliabaidean riabhach,

Lineach, fhad luirgneach, sgiamhacli.

Na

d'

thuim ghiobagach, dreach mliin,

Bharr-bhiudhe, chasurlaich, ird; Timcheall thulmanan diamhair

Ma'ni

bi

'm biadh-ionain a

f.s.

"

M'Donald.

Sweetly scented thy wreath,

Meadcnv-nveet of the cairns
In round brindled chisters,
!

And

softly fringed tresses,

tall,

Beautiful,

and graceful.
;

Creamy flowered, ringleted, high Around sheltered hillocks Where the wood-sorrel grows.

Welsh

llysiii'r fonoyn,

the maiden's flower.

S. filipendula

Dropwort.
"

Gaelic and Irish

greahan

prob-

ably from greadh, to prepare food.

A g)vad na

cuilm."

OssiAN.

Preparing the

feast.

Linnaeus informs us that, " in a scarcity of corn the tubers have been eaten by men instead of food." Or from greach, a nut. Welsh crogcdyf, crogi, to suspend. The tuberous roots are suspended on filaments; hence the namQ?, Jilipcndu/a and dropivort.
:

chullin's

belt.

Ciichullin

was

tlie

most famous champion of the

Ulster

militia in the

old

Milesian times.

He

lived at the

Christian era.
the province.

He was
Many

so called from Cu, a hound,

and

Ulliii,

dawn of the the name of

stories are still extant regarding him.

Geum

rivale

viacha, a head,

Water avens.^ and

all^ all

Gaelic: machall
allhead
Uisge, water.

iiisge ;

in Irish

/>.,

the flower
It
:

being large

in proportion to the plant.

grows in moist
coillc,

places only.
G.

urbanum

Common

avens.

Gaelic

niachall

coillc,

wood, where

it

generally grows.
dryas.

Dryas octopetala White

old

Gaelic

machall moiiaidh,

the large-flowered mountain plant.

man

in Killin

(The name was given by an from a specimen from Ben Lawers in 1870.)

Potentilla anserina

Silverweed,
brisleaii)^

white tansy.

Gaelic

bris-

gean (written also briosglan,

Brisgean
milis,

from briosg or

brisg, brittle.
is

sweet bread.

"

The

brisgean, or wild skirret,

succulent root not unfrequently used by the poorer people in

some

parts of the Highlands for bread" (Armstrong).

skirret (see Siu/n siscifum)
is
is

The
Welsh
P.
:

not native.

The

plant here

alluded to

Potentilla

anserma.
tori, to

Bar
:

b/irisgea/i^

the flower.

torllwydd, from

break.

reptans

twigged,
leaf,

Cinquefoil.

Gaelic

meangach, branched
its

or

mea/ig, a

branch; because of

runners,

its
:

long

and flower-stalks. C/iig bhileac/i, five-leaved. Irish cuig mhear M/iitire, Mary's five fingers. Welsh blysiiir pump, same
:

meaning.
P.

tormentilla

Common
that
it

potentil,

or

tormentil.

Gaelic

leanartach (from leanar, passive of verb lean, to follow).

So

common on the hills Brr braonan-nan-con,

{fj-aoch,

seems

to follow

one everywhere.

the

dogs'

briar bud.

Braonan fraoch

Braonan, the bud of a briar (Armstrong). Braonan bachlag, the earth-nut (i)///////'/>'/y/tvv//i-'j7///^) (M'Donald), from braon, a drop.
heather).

" Min-fheur chaorach is brra-bhraonaii." M'iNTYRE. Soft sheep grass and the flower of the tormentil.
Irish
vioch.
:

neamhnaid, a pearl
palustre

(in

Gaelic

ncoiiaid).

A\'elsh

tresgl

Comarum
uisge, the

Marsh

cinquefoil.

Gaelic

cuig bhileacii

water five-leaved plant.

Fragaria vesca
1

Wood

strawberry.

Gaelic:

snbh (or

siith)

Many

Welsh az'on. GaeUc ahJiainn. river, from the CeUic an. e.g., names in Europe and Asia are derived from this root Garumnus, Garonne reidh-aii, the placid water. Rhenus, the Rhine
Avens, a
river
: :

garbh-mi, the rough water.

Marne ;;/>/;-,

the dead water.

Seine, a

contraction of seinth-an, the smooth water, &c.

thalihain, the earth's sap, tlie earth's

dehght (from

siibh or siigh,

sap, juice; also dehght, pleasure, joy, mirth);

earth.

t/ial/ii/iai/i,

of

tlie

" Theing subh-tkali/ihain nam bruach." M'Uonald.

The
Snl>/ia/i /aire,

wild strawberries of the bank are done.

sitb/i,

the ground sap; t/achd

pleasant
M'Ix'IVRe.

fruit.

"

Siibhaiii /i/Z/v s'faile yliroiseitlean."

Wild strawberries and

the odour of gooseberries.

SutJiag^ a strawberry or raspberr)\

"

Cnir deirge n'ant snt/iai; an rulliodh tlia'd ghruidh."'

Thy cheeks
Irish
:

are ruddier than the strawberry.

catog, the strawberry bush.

:

Cat/i,

seeds (the seedy

fruit).

Welsh
the

niefiissai.

Rubus (from ri(b, red in Celtic), in reference fruit in some species. Rubus chamsemorus Cloudberry. (iaelic

to the colour of

oircag,

variously

written,

oig/ircag, foigh/rag, feireag.

Irish

cireag{hon\ circachd,

beauty).
" P.reac XeftirMgan
is

cruin dearg ceann."

MTntvre.

Checkered with cloudberries with round red heads.

"

The cloudberry

is

the most grateful fruit gathered by the

Scotch Highlanders

" (Neill).

of Clan M'Farlane. Cruban-na saona, "the dwarf mountain bramble." (O'Reilly, Armstrong, and others). Probably this is another name for the cloudberry, but its peculiar and untranslatable name furnishes no certain clue to what plant it was formerly applied. R. saxatilis Stone bramble. Gaelic caora bad 7niann, the

The badge

berry of the desirable cluster.

Riiiteaga, redness, a slight tinge

of red.

R. idseus
tree,

Raspberry.
" File nan

Gaelic

prcas

siibJi

cJiraobh [craob/i, a

a sprout, a bud), the bush with sappy sprouts.

shth-clu-aobh

A's nan rsann."

MTntyre.
Gaelic preas
:

The odour

of rasps and roses.

Welsh

inafon,

ma/, what
:

is

clustering.

s/iid/icag,

the sappy bush.

Si/g/iag, the fruit

(from

siig/i,

juice, sap).

R. fruticosus Common bramble.

plural dris.
\\'elsh

Irish

and Gaelic:

dreas,

dyrys,

the

root rys, entangle, with prefix

dy^ force, irritation.

In Gaelic and Welsh the words dris and

drysicn are applied to the bramble

and

briar indiscriminately.

" An drcas a fas gii h-iirar." OssiAN. The bramble (or briar) freshly growing. " Am fear theid san droighioiin domh Theid
If

me

san dris da."

Proverb.
to him.

one pass through thorns to me, I'll pass through brambles (or liriars)

Griaii

miwie,

muine,
Welsh
:

i/i/uii/u',

the thorn (bush) that basks in the sun.

Dris
(Irish
:

a thorn, prickle,
;

sting.

Smear phreas

smeiir), the
fruit).

bush that smears

iniar, the

smcarag, that which smears (the

bramble.

{Miar or

ineur in Gaelic

means a

finger.)

Smearadid, fingering, greasing, smearing.

;

(Comdaub.)

pare Dutch, smeeren

German,

schmieren, to smear

or

Dris-smear, another combination of the preceding names.

This plant
R. csesius

is

the badge of the Clan M'Lean.

bramble ; dewberry bush. nan-gonn dhcarc, the blueberry bush.

Blue

Gaelic

prcas-

" Bar gach tolmain fo bhrat ,<^vn?i d/wair." M'DoNALn. Every knoll under a mantle of blueberries (dewberries).

The

blue bramble

is

the badge of the Clan

M'Nab.
dogs' rose
:

Rosa canina
amds.
Irish
:
:

Dog-rose.
^^^elsh
:

Gaelic
:

coi/i

rbs,

(av'/z,

gen. plural of c, a dog).

cii.

Greek
/:i.

x^^-wv.

Latin

ca/iis.

Sanscrit

Gaelic

coin dro/g/iio/i/i, dogs' thorn.

Earrdhrcas or

fcari-a-

dhris, earrad,

armour ; suggested by
Like hips on the

its

being armed with prickles.

" Mar mhucaig na. /Mrra-dhris.^^ M'Ellar.

briar.

Freas-nain-inucaig, the
pig,

hip bush

from

nine (Welsh

moc/i),

from the fancied resemblance of the seeds to

Irish
:

pigs,

being
:

bristly.

sgeach mhadi'a, the dogs'

:

haw

or bush.

Welsh

merddrain.

Gaelic

rs,
sid

rose

cultivated rose, rs gharaidh.

!

" Be

Do

an sealladh eibhinn bhruachan ^k-dhearg ros^

That was a joyful sight Thy banks so rosy red.

R. rubiginosa

Sweet-briar

(briar, Gaelic

a bodkin or pin).
Irish
:

Gaelic

dris chiibhraidh, the fragrant bramble.

sgeach-

chumhra, the fragrant haw or bush.

Cuirdris, the twisting briar,

cuir, gen. sing,

of car, to twist or wind.

Agrimonia eupatoria
;////;-,

Agrimony.
affliction
;

Gaelic

mnr-dhraidhcan,

sorrow,

grief,

dJu'oighionn (see

Prnnus

spinosd).

a magician, whicli

may

refer to

troubles as well as diseases.

form of Draidh, or dnnd/i, also means its supposed magical effects on noted plant in olden times for
draidhean,

another

the cure of various complaints.

Irish

marbhdhruidh, a necromancer, or magician.

gt^Kr,

marbh dhroighionn, Geur bhikach,

its

sharp, sour, rigid

bhikach, leaved

on

account of
its

leaves

being sharply serrated, or because of

inagh,

bitter

taste.
:

Mtrcan nam
dorllwyd, the

the

merry one of the

luck.

field.

Welsh
leaves

way

to

good

Sanguisorba
for burns

and inflammations [iosgadh, burning). Alchemilla vulgaris Common Lady's Mantle.

dniiihd, the

Burnet.
twcw^;

bhikach ksgain.

The

good
copan
Irish:

Gaelic

ail

falluing mhuire, Mary's mantle.

dhearna

inhuii-e,

Mary's palm.

Gaelic

crab komhainn, lion's

pawj
ment.

cota preasach nighcan

:

an

righ, the princesses' plaited gar-

kathach bhiddhe [kathach, divided). Irish Alchemilla alpina Alpine Lady's Mantle. Gaelic

trusgan,

mantle.

The

satiny under-side of the leaves of this

species has given rise to

and the other the nvim^s trnsgan, falluing, cota, and the
air cruil

English name. Lady's Mantle.

"Tha

trusgan faoilidh

an aonich."

M'Intyke.

The mantle-grass on

the ridge of the mountain.

The

hills

about Coire-cheathaich and Ben Doran (the

trusgan, mantle,

district

described by the poet) are covered with this beautiful plant.

The word

may be used
Gaelic

in this instance in its

poetic sense.

Mespilus germanica
ald), said to

Medlar.
fruit

cian nicidil

(M'Uon-

be a corruption of Mespilus.

Greek

fxeaos, half,

and

7rtA.o9,

a bullet.

The

resembles half a bullet.

Gaelic
:

Crataegus oxyacantha

Whitethorn, hawthorn.
:

sgith-

each geal, drioghionn geal (see

nan sgeachag; Gu
Cir,

sgcach,

Prunus spinosa), Welsh dracncn a haw.

!

gcal, white
7uen,

preas

white thorn.

" Mis bog nan ubhlan breac-mheallachd

peurach plumbach sgeachagach,
le

A' luisreadh sios

dearcagaibh,

mhealach, beachach, groiseideach."

M'Lachuinn.

Soft

month of

the spotted bossy apples

Producing pears, plums, and haws, Abounding in berries, wax, Honey, wasps, and gooseberries.

Uath or huath

the
;

several significations

which pervades.
scent {hiiadgu, a
is

ancient Gaelic and Irish name has but the root seems to be hu (Celtic), that Welsh huad, that which smells or has a
:

"The name hawthorn supposed to be a corruption of the Dutch hoeg, a hedge-thorn. Although the fruit is generally called a haw, that name is derived from the tree which produces it, and does not, as is frequently supposed, take its name from the fruit it bears." Jones. Hawthat scents).

hound

thorn

The
per.

only be a corruption of hiiad-draen, scented thorns. badge of the Clan Ogilvie.

: :

may

Pyrus (from peren, Celtic for pear). Latin pynini. Armoric Welsh peren. French poire. Pyrus communis Wild pear. Gaelic craohh pheumin fiad:
:

hain {pein\ the

fruit),

the wild pear-tree.

Pyrus malus " Mel or mal, Celtic for the apple, which the Greeks have rendered ixrjXov, and the Latins vialus^ Don. AVelsh afal. Anglo-Saxon cepl. Norse apal, apple. Gaelic uhhal ; craob/i ubhal fiadhaij^ the wild apple-tree.

"

Do mheasan
Nan
Thy
jtbhinii

milis cul^hraidh
's

'nam

/vc;-.

"'

M'DoXAi.n.

sweet and fragrant

fruits,

Apples and pears.

The

old form of the word was adhul or abJud.

The

culture of
in

apples must have been largely carried on in the Highlands

olden times, as appears from lines by Merlin,

A.D. 470, of

who
:

flourished in

which the following

is

a translation

fruit, growing in the lonely Celyddon (Dunkeld), all seek thee for the sake of thy produce, but in vain ; until Cadwaldr comes to the conference of the ford of Rheon, and Conan advances to oppose the Saxons in their career."

"Sweet

apple-tree loaded with the sweetest

wilds of the

woods

of

is given under the name of Afallaiiau, or Orchard, by which Merlin perhaps means Athol z>., Abhal ox Adhul which is believed by etymologists to acquire its name from its

This poem

fruitfulness in

apple

trees.

Goirteag (from goirt,

Cicairtagaii

bitter),

the

sour or bitter one

ci/airt,

(the

crab - apple).
Irish
:

(the fruit)

round, the roundies.

ateirt.

" 'San m'an Ruadh-aisrigli ah'fhas na cuairtagaii.'' M'Intyre. It was near the red path where the crab-apples grew.
Tliis plant
is

the badge of the Clan Lamont.

M
24

Pyrus aucuparia
Gaelic
:

Mountain-ash,

rowan-tree.

Old

Irish

and

litis,

drink

{luisj-eog,

a charm).

used to

distil

the fruit into a very

The Highlanders good spirit. They

formerly-

also be-

lieved " that

any part of this tree carried about with them would prove a sovereign charm against all the dire effects of enchantment or witchcraft." Lightfoot (1772). Fiiinseag coille, the wood craohh chaoran, the enchantress, or the wood-ash (see Circced)

berry -tree
crab.

{caor,

a berry).

Irish:

fair/a i/ni dcarg,

the

red

"

V>\\

dh'eirge a ghruidli

11a

caoraa.''
tlie

Ossian.
ro\\an.

His cheeks were ruddier than

"

Siiil

chorrach mar an dearcag,

dlii,

Fo

rosg a dh-iathas

Gruidhean mar na caoi-an Fo n' aodann tha leam ciiin." An cailin dileas donn.

Thine eyes are like the blaeberry, Full and fresh upon the brae, Thy cheeks shall blush like the rowans On a mellow autumn day. (Translated by Professor J.

S. Blackie.)

This plant is the badge of the Clan M'Lachlan. Pyrus cydonia Quince-tree. Gaelic craobJi

cliuiiiusc,

cor-

ruption of quince, from French coig/iassa, pear-quince.

Originally

from Cydon in Candia.

AURANTIACE/E.
Citrus aurantium

The

orange.
fruit
;

Gaelic:

or

iib/ial,

golden
aiiniiu.

apple
Irish
:

or
or.

mheas,

golden
:

oraisd}

from

Latin

Welsh
"

oyr, gold.

'S

Phoebus dth na'n tonn

Air fiamh oreitsin."

'Donald.

And

Phcebus colouiing the waves With an orange tint.

Citrus medica
Citrus
liinoii.

Citron.
liwonc.

Gaelic

craohh
;

s/iitroin.

limonum Lemon.
:

Gaelic

a-a?ifi

limoin.

French

Italian

Spelt by

correct,

'Donald properly orainis. and the same word often spelt

His spelling generally

different ways.

is far

from

He

is

also

much

given to translating a

name from

the English.

Fergusscm.


25

MVRTACE^.
Punica granatum Pomegranate. I.atin, granum), grain-apple.
" Tha do gheuga mar OF Solomon.
Yxq^

Gaelic

gru vbhal

(s^r//,

grn

iihhlan, leis

a'mheas

a's taitniche."

SoNG

Thy

plants are an orchard of pomegranates with pleasant fruits.

(Now
"An

generally y^ruXtn

pomgranat

in recent editions.)
:

Myrtus communis

Myrtle.

Gaelic

miorial.
fsaidh

Isaiah

ait

droighne fsaidh an guithas, agus an

13.
fir,

ait drise

am

jnioiial."

Iv.

Instead of the thorn shall grow the

and instead of the

briar, the myrtle.

Onagrace^.
Epilobium montanum
the resemblance of
its

IMountain
tiie

willow-herb.
:

Gaelic: on
hdyglys,

seikac/ian, diminutive of seilcach (Latin

salix^

a willow), from

leaves to

willow.

Welsh

same meaning.

E. angustifolium Gaelic: scilcachan fraiigach, Rosebay. French willow. Fcamainn (in Breadalbane), a common name for plants growing near water, especially if they have long stalks. Circaea lutetiana and alpina Enchantress's nightshade. Gaelic and Irish fiiinnseach. Not improbably from Irish ninnseac/i, playing the wanton the reference being to the fruit, which lays hold of the clothes of passengers, from being covered with hooked prickles (as Circe is fabled to have done with her enchantments) or fuinn, a veil, a covering. The genus grows in shady " Fuinn places, where shrubs fit for incantations may be found. (a word of various significations), also means the earth; and seach,

dry

i.e.,

the earth-dryer.
secolc),

Fuinnseagal (another Irish name),

i.e.,

from Seagal (Latin,

rye

ground-rye

"

(Brockie).

Li/s

na h'oidhnan, the maiden's or enchantress's weed.

Lythrace.e.

Lythrum
Gaelic
:

salicaria

Spiked

lythrum,

purple

loosestrife.

Ins

an

sith chainnt, the

peace-speaking plant.

" Chuir Dia oirnn craobh sith chainnt, Bha da'r dionadh gu leoir." Ian Lom.

God put the peace-speaking plant Which sheltered us completely.

over us,

The name

also applies to

the

common

loosestrife,

suggested

probably by the Greek

Xwo-is /xaxT/,

of which the English

name

26
" loosestrife "
is

a translation.
It

Irish

brcailaii leana.

Breal, a

knob, a gland.
diseases,

was employed as a remedy for glandular or from the appearance of the plant when in seed.

Brea/lan means also a vessel.

tube of the calyx, as
if it

The
in

capsule
a vessel.

is

enclosed in the
Lean, a swamp.

were

Generally growing in watery places.

Halorage.:.

Myriophyllum spicatum and alterniflorum. Water- milfoil. siiaithe bhatheadh (from snaith, a thread, a Gaelic and Irish filament; and bath, drown), the drowned thread.
:

Grossulariace/e.

name of an acid plant. {Rheum libes, mentioned by the Arabian physicians, a different plant). More probably from the Celtic riob, rib, or reub, to ensnare or enRibes, said to be the
tangle, to tear

many of the species being prickly.

currant,
;

Latin
spiontog,

idbes.

Gaelic

spiontag,

gooseberry.

Irish

spin.
:

Latin

spina, a thorn

also spion, pull, pluck, tear away.

Welsh

yspinem.

Ribes nigrum
currant.

Black currant.

Gaelic

j-aosar diibh, the black

;

rhyfion

Raosar (Scotch, rizzar Old English, raisin tree),

from

French, raisin
Gaelic

Welsh,

for red currant.

:

R.
gea/,

rubrum

red or white currants ; dcarc frangach, French berry. Gaelic preas ghrosaid Gooseberry-bush. R. grossularia
:

Red or white
grwysen.

currants.

raosar dearg or

(written also groscag, grosaid), the gooseberry

diminutive of grossus, an unripe

berries resemble
groscille.

fig,

" so

from

grossulus,
its
:

called because

little half-ripe ^^?,,

:

grossi" (Loudon).
:

French

Welsh
"

Scotch

grozet, graze/.

Suthan-lair's falle ghroseideaii."

M'Intyre.

Wild strawberry and

the odour of gooseberries.

CRASSULACE.E.

(From
stem.

Latin, erassi/s, thick

in reference to the fleshy leaves

and

Gaelic

crasag, corpulent.)

ius nan laoch, meaning a hero, a champion, a term of approbation for a young man. The badge of the Clan Gunn. Gaelic and Irish grafan Stonecrop, wall-pepper. S. acre nan cJach, the stone's pickaxe. Welsh flyddarlys, prick madam.

Sedum

rhodiola
;

Rose-root.
laoch,

Gaelic and Irish

Irish,

the heroes' plant

from the

Also
S.

in Gaelic
cerg.

ghis-la/i/i

and glas
Scotch

lean,

a green spot.
Gaelic

Welsh

manion y

telepMum

Orpine.
Lus nan

orpie.

orp (from the

;

French, orpin).
a
calf,

laogh, the calf or fawn's plant

laog/i,

a fawn, or young deer, a term of endearment for a young

: : :

Welsh iho. INIanx Irish laogh. Welsh fdefin (from I^atin, ickphiuin). House -leek. Sempervirum tectorum
child.
:

leig/i.

Armoric
his

lite.

Gaelic:

nan
or

cluas^ the ear-plant (the juice of the plant applied by

itself,

mixed with cream,

orpm)
;

is

used as a remedy
;

for the ear-ache); lus

g/iaraidh, the garden-wort

oirp,

tin gealach, tineas ?ia gealaich,

sometimes written norp (French, lunacy //;///, sick, and

gealach, the

moon

{geal,

white, from Greek, yaka, milk)

it

be-

ing employed as a remedy for various diseases, particularly those

of
the

women and
little

children,

round

hill; lir-pi/i, the

and head complaints. ground -pine.

Irish

sinicin,
llysie

Welsh:

pen-ty, house-top plant.

Cotyledon umbilicus

Navel -wort, wall-pennywort.

Irish
:

Gaelic:

lamhan
peltate
corn.

cat leacain, the hill-cat's glove.

corn caisiol, the

;

wall drinking-horn (from corn, a cup, a convex surface

:

from its round convex leaves). Latin corni/, a horn. Welsh French corne ; and caisiol, a wall (or any stone building),
:

where

it

frequently grows.

Saxifragace^.
Saxifraga
stone
-

Saxifrage.

Gaelic: clock -bhriseach (Armstrong),

its

breaker

on

account of
:

supposed medical virtue

Gaelic and Irish

for

that disease.

Welsh

cromil yr englyn.
:

S. granulata Meadow saxifrage. which means many, a large number

nioran,
to
its

probably referring
:

many
/its

granular roots.

Gaelic Chryosplenium oppositifolium Golden saxifrage. nan laogh (the same for Scdi/nt telepJiium). Irish clabrus, from clabar, mud, growing in muddy places gloiris, from gloire, glory, radiance, another name given by the authorities for the
;

" golden saxifrage

"

but they probably

mean Saxifraga

aizoides,

a more handsome plant, and extremely brooks and rivulets among the hills.
^

common

beside the

This

is

what

always heard

it

called; but
it

M'Donald

gives iiorn,

and

in

the Highland Society's Dictionary

given creamh-garaidh, evidently a translation by the compilers, as they give the same name to the Leek.
is

Fergusson.

Parnassia palustris

Grass

of Parnassus.

Shaw

gives the

naxne Jioiuisgoth [Jionn, white, pleasant, and sgoth, a flower), "a Finonan gcal has also flower," but he does not specify which.

been given as the name

cate
\\\2X fionnsgoth is

in certain districts,

which seems

to indi-

the true Celtic name.

Araliace^.
Hedera

" Has
eid,

been derived from hcdra, a cord,

Gaelic
cid/ieann, that
;

in

Celtic

"

(Loudon).

Hedera helix
covers (from
a web),

Ivy.

which clothes or

to clothe, to cover)

written also eigheann (age,

eidh/ic, citncann.

" Spionn an
Tear the

eillicanii

o'craobh."

Olu Foem.

ivy from the tree.

" Eitlicann nan crag." OssiAN.

The
" Briseadh

rock-ivy.
tro chreag
iir

Am fuaran
Faithleadgh, Irish
:

le

nan eidheann torraman trom."

dlu'

Miann a Bhakd Aosda.

Let the new-born gurgling fountain gush from the ivy-covered rock.

faithlah, that which takes hold or possession.

Irish
:

Welsh
its

iiddew (from eiddiaw, to appropriate).

is

aighneann

(from aighne, affection), that which

clinging habit.

symbolic of affection, from

Gort, sour, bitter

beings, though

the
);

berries being unpal-

atable to
iall,

human

eaten by birds.
to

lalluin (from

a thong, or that which surrounds

perhaps from the same

root as helix.
s/ilaf,

Greek

eiAew

{eileo,

encompass)
it

also

iadh-

the twig that surrounds,

a
ri

name

likewise given to the

honeysuckle {Loniccra periclymeiium), because

ivy

twines like the

" Mar iadh-sldat

stoc aosda."

Like an ivy to an old trunk.

An giit/i,

a spear, a dart.

The badge

of the Clan Gordon.

CoRNACE^.
Cornus (from Latin
coruc.
:

cor>iii,

a horn).
to

"

The wood being thought

Gaelic corn. French be hard and durable as

:
:

horn."

Cornus sanguinea Dogwood,

cornel-tree.

Gaelic
a

coiii-bhil,

dogwood
crann

avibhaiscne,

dog-tree {baiscne, Irish,

tree).

Irish

coirncl, cornel-tree.

Swedish cornel. Gaelic wide mouth ; " The berries have a sweet, waterish taste, gluttony, appetite). and are supposed by the Highlanders to create a great appetite, whence the Erse name of the plant" (Stuart of Killin).
C. suecica
literally,

Dwarf cornel,

and

Irish

lus-a-chraois, plant of gluttony {craos, a

Umbellifer.i.

Hydrocotyle vulgaris
peig/iiii/i,

Marsh
Irish
:

pennywort.
Ins

Gaelic

Ins 7ia

the pennywort.
its

na pinghine

(O'Reilly),

from the resemblance of

peltate leaf to a peighiiin^'x Scotch

penny, or the fourth part of a shilling sterling.

Eryngium maritimum
trgki, sea-shore
gely/i,

Sea-holly.
(See

Gaelic and Irish

cuilcann
:

holly.

Ikx

aquifolium).

Welsh

y mdr
wood-

sea-holly {celvnen, holly).

Sanicula europaea
tail,

the

Wood sanicle.
of the wood.

Gaelic
Irish

bodan
:

coil/e,

little

old

man

caogma,

caog, to

wink.

Biiine,

an ulcer,
ulcers.

a noted herb, "

This
is
:

to heal all

green wounds
to cure

speedily, or
either

any

one of Venus, her herbs,

wounds or what other mischief i1/<7ri- inflicteth upon the body of man" (Culpepper). Welsh dust yr arth, bear's-ear. Conium maculatum Hemlock. Gaelic viinmhear (Shaw), smooth or small fingered, or branched, in reference to its folimong and mui/ig, a inongach mhear, and muiniiihear, age

mane, from its smooth, glossy, pinnatifid leaves. Minbhar, softtopped or soft-foliaged. Iteod/ia, iteotha, ite, feathers, plumage. The appearance of the foliage has evidently suggested these names, and not the qualities of the plant, although it is looked

upon

still

with

much
"

antipathy.

Is coslach e

mcasg

cliaich

Ri iteodha an garadh."

M'Intyre.
in a garden.

Among
rach.

other people he
a' fas

is

like a

hemlock

" Mar so tha breilheanas

a nios,

mar an

iteoiha

ann claisibh na mach-

"

lies. x. 4.
like a hcmloik in the furrows of the fiekl.

Thus judgment springeth up

Welsh

gw7i diilad, pain-killer.

Manx

aghue.

"'

Ta'n aghue veg shuyr da'n ai^hiw vooar. "

Manx

Proveri.

The

little

hemlock
sin
is

is sister

to the big

hemlock.

(A small

akin to the great one.)

Cicuta virosa
poisoned.

Water-hemlock.
;

"

The hemlock

given

to

prisoners as poison " (Pliny)

and

that with

which Socrates was

Gaelic and Irish

fcalla bog, the soft deceiver; fca//.


3
treason, falsehood;
:^\-\

fcallair [fcall fhear), a deceiver,

to deceive).

from
Latin:

the

some

root (Latin,

/<?//;,

Welsh:

ccgid.

cicuta.

Smyrnium olusatrum
diibh, the plant

with black seeds,

Alexanders. Gaelic: on account of

'

Ins
its

nan gran

large black

seeds. It was formerly eaten as a salad or pot-herb, whence, and from its blackness, the name ohisatrnm (Latin olus^ a vege" Alexanders,' because it was supposed table, and ater, black). to have been brought from Alexandria " (Ray).
:

Apium
apiiim).

(from Celtic root, abh, a fluid or water, Latinised into

Apium
ley.
i/ii-rsc

graveolens
jneirse.

Smallage, wild
Greek:
fx.ipa,
:

celery,

Gaelic

his

na
:

snialaig, a corruption of smallage.

Pearsal mhor, the large parsto divide; or

ln\
,

Anglo-Saxon
its

a lake, sea.
:

Latin

ma)'e,

marshy ground being

:

habi-

Welsh pcrsli frciigig, French parsley. Petroselinum sativum Parsley. Gaelic pearsal (corruption from the Greek, ttct/jos, petros, a rock, and creA.tvoi/, selinon, parsley). Mu'uiean M/iitire, Mary's sprouts. Welsh persli. Heliosciadium inundatum Marshwort. Gaelic fualadar
tat.

(from/z/cr/, water).

The

plant grows in ditches,

among

water.

Scotch: can'ic ; Gaelic: carbhaidh (a corruption from the generic name), from Caria, in Asia Minor,

Carum carui Caraway.

it

because

was

originally

found there
iV?;-/'///;/;;

also written carbhinn.

M'Intyre.

" Calhair

Ihalmhaiita's

cliroc clicannach."

The yarrow and

the horny-headed caraway.

Lus Mliic

C/iiiiinein,

M'Cumin's

wort.

The name

is

derived from

the Arabic gatnoun, the seeds of the plant Cuminiini cyminian

{cumin), which are used like those of caraway.

Bunium flexuosum
the

The earth-nut.
;

shepherd's

t/ialnikainn,

cno,

drop (or nut)

a
:

nut,

Gaehc: braonan bhiiadiail, braonan bachlaig (Shaw) cno ihaimhahm, earth, ploughed land,
;

ground.

(Hebrew

D'^r,

tilini,

ridges,

as into ridges
tel).

or furrows,

heap

heaps

D^P, ialam, break,

telius.

up.

Latin
;

Arabic
mule,

Irish

caor thalmkainn, earth-berry

coirearan

pig-

berries, or pig-nuts.

Ciitharlan, a plant with a bulbous root. Foeniculum vulgare Fennel. Gaelic lus an fsaiod/i, the hayweed. Fincal, from Latin, /a'/////;/, hay, the smell of the

plant resembling that of hay.

sweet, fragrant).

Irish

fineal chunihihra {cumhra,

Welsh

ffcnigl.
is

Ligusticum, from Liguria, where one species

common.


31

Ligusticum scoticum Lovage. Gaelic siinias, from sioii, growing in exposed situations. In the Western Isles, where it is frequent on the rocks at the sea-side, it is sometimes eaten raw as a salad, or boiled as greens. Levisticum officinale ^ Common lovage. Gaelic liiib/i an liugair, the cajoler's weed. It was supposed to soothe patients subject to hysterics and other complaints. Irish liis an liagaire, the physician's plant, from which the Gaelic name is a corruption. Welsh dulys, the dusky plant. Meum athamanticum Men, spignel, baldmoney. Gaelic: viiiilccuiiii. Scotch niickcn, miiilceann,^ possibly from ;//////, a scent; mulcidcachd, a bad smell (Shaw) <rm//;/, a head or top. The whole plant is highly aromatic, with a hot flavour like lovage. Highlanders are very fond of chewing its roots. Angelica (So named from the supposed angelic virtues of
:

blast, a storm,

some of

the species).

A. sylvestris
bucket.
its is

Wood angelica.
;

Gaelic

his Jiam b//ad/ia, the

plant having virtues or powers.

Ciiinneog m/iig/ic, the

:

whey
it

GaUuran, perhaps from gall (Greek

for
this reason,
cattle.

gala), milk, from

power of curdling milk

considered unsuitable for

hay containing

Irish: contran.

Aiiigcalag:

angelica.

ruption of the French

Trrpa,

Crithmum maritimum Samphire. name St Pierre

a rock or crag.
:

Gaelic

saimldiir, a cor-

(St Peter),

from Greek,

(The samphire grows on cliffs on the shore). Gaelic lus nan cnatn/i, the digesting weed cnmh (from Greek yyaia Welsh cnoi Irish cnaoi), chew, digest. The herb makes a good salad, and is used medicinally. Irish
;
:

grioloigin,

griol, to slap, to strike,

Peucedanum ostruthium
weed.
P. officinale

Great

masterwort.

Gaelic

inor

fhliodh (Armstrong), the large excrescence, or the large chick-

Hog-fennel or sow-fennel.
was cultivated
in

Gaelic

fincal sraide
is

(Shaw),

sraide, a lane, a walk, a street.

This plant

not found

in Scotland, but

olden times for the stimulating

qualities attributed to the root.

Levisticum, from Latin,

vol.

h~i'o,

assuage.
hri, juice
;

In Invernesshire, hricin or bricin dubh, perhaps from

i.

or,

as

grows on the banks of the Breick Water in West Lothian, may not some native of the banks of the Breick have given it this local name in remembrance of seeing it growing on the banks of his native Breick ?Fergusson.
mentioned in Lightfoot,
p. 158, as

Sibbald says

it

32

Anethum
Gaelic and

graveolens
Irish:
dile

Strong- scented
(M'Donald) (Latin:
is

or

common

diligo),

dill.

dile,

word
plant

in
is

Gaelic meaning love, affection, friendship.

The whole
from

very aromatic, and

sin,

used for medicinal preparations.

Celtic," I.oudon), perhaps

Sium (from
S.

" water

in

sjo (Gothic), water, lake, sea.

sisarum

Skirrets.

Gaelic

cnimagaii (Shaw), from crom,

its

bent, crooked, from the form of

tubers.

The

tubers were

boiled and served up with butter, and were declared by Worlridge, in 1682, to

be "the sweetest, whitest, and most pleasant

of roots

"

formerly cultivated in Scotland under the

a corruption of the Gaelic

name

of

"crummock,"
S.

name.
:

angustifolium Water-parsnip.

G^qWc
;

fohic/ida?i

(ArmIrish
:

strong), from folac/id,

luxuriant vegetation

a/i,

water.
{cos,

cosadh diibhadh, the great water-parsnip (O'Reilly),

stalk, shaft,

a foot,
the

and

diihh, great, prodigious).

Pastinaca
white).
Irish

sativa

Parsnip.

Gaelic:

incacaii-an-righ,
ciir,

king's root, royal

:

root.

Ciirran gcal (from

to sow, gcal,

cuiridin ban, the

same meaning
carrot.

{ciiirim, I

plant

or sow).

Welsh:
///s

j//orft/i g7C'}>Hio/i, field-

.ffigopodium

podagraria
casbiiig,

Gaelic

an

Goat-,
English

gout-,

or

bishop

weed.

easbnig,

a bishop.

name

also given to

ChrysantJiciiim ienca/it/iemum, but with a different signification.

Heracleum sphondylium
from odhar (Greek
ish, in
:

Cow-parsnip.
:

Gaelic

od/iaran,

wxpos

ochre),

pale, dun, yellow-

reference to the colour of the flower.

Meacan-a-chnddh,
for

the cow's plant.

cattle.

The

plant

is

wholesome and nourishing

Children's
its

Giiiinachan spiitacha7i, squirt -guns.

name
hollow
soiv),

for

the plant, because they

make
Gaelic
:

squirt-guns from

stems.

Daucus carota
which
is

Carrot.

cm-ran (from cur, to

a root like that of the carrot.

Carrait, corruption from carota,

said to be derived from the Celtic root car, red, from

the colour of the root.

Muran (Welsh
's

moron), a plant with

tapering roots.

Irish

ciirran bhuidhe, the yellow root.

" JMiiran biiogliar

The sappy
Irish
:

carrot

an grunnasg lionmhar." M'Intyre. and the plentiful groundsel.

viugoman,

mugan,
(

a mug, from the hollow bird's-nest-

like flower.

cerifolium,

Anthriscus

'vulgaris,
(

Chervil.
|

Gaelic:

cosfag,

temulentum

common name
Greek
:

for the chervils (from cost,

an aromatic plant

kOo-to?, kostos,

same meaning).

Costag a bhaile gheaftih-

" A. vulgaris was formerly cultivated as a potherb" (Dr Hooker). Myrrhis (from Greek /tvpoi/, myrori., perfume Gaelic viirr,

raidh {bhaile gkeam/iraidh, cultivated ground).

tiis

agiis inirr,

frankincense and myrrh).

cicely or great chervil.

M, odorata

Sweet
among

Gaelic

cos nisgc

(Sliaw), the scented water-plant.^

" Sweet chervil, gathered while

sallet,

young, and put

lous

other herbs in a

addeth a marvelKopts, coris,

good relish to all the rest" (Parkinson). Coriandrum (a name used by Pliny, derived from
sativum

a bug, from the fetid smell of the leaves).

C.

Coriander.

Gaelic
It is
still

coireiiiian,

li/s

cJwire, cor-

ruptions from the Greek.

used by druggists
spirits.

for various

purposes, and by distillers for flavouring

LORANTHACE.^.

Viscum
{ie,

album Welsh: hall or

all
\

Mistletoe.
ice,

Gaelic
;

and

Irish:
aller

iiilc-icc
;

all; Goth.: alls

German:

A.

S.:

eal ; English:

Welsh:
iiile

iarc,

a cure or remedy), a nos-

trum,

a
:

panacea
oll-iach.

(M'Donald),
Irish
:

all-heal.

Armoric
is

all-yiach.

Welsh
ical

iccach.

This

the ancient Druid-

for this plant. Pliny tells us, "The Druids (so they Magi) hold nothing in such sacred respect as the mistletoe, and the tree upon which it grows, provided it be an oak. Omnia sanantem appellantes suo vocabulo.' (They call it by a word signifying in their own language All-heal.) And having prepared sacrifices, and feast under the tree, they bring up two white bulls, whose horns are then first bound the priest, in a white robe, ascends the tree, and cuts it off with a golden knife it is received in a white sheet. Then, and not till then, they sacrifice the victims, praying that God would render His gift prosperous to those on whom He had bestowed it.

name
their

call

'

When
all

mistletoe

is

given as a potion, they are of opinion that

it

it

can remove animal barrenness, and that

poisons."
is

is

remedy against
"

Druidh-lus,

the Druid's

weed.
di-i/,

The proper

etymology
Spus
is

the ancient Celtic vocable

"

an oak, from which

taken

(Armstrong).
it

Sgh dharaich, the sap or subderives

its

stance of the oak, b'ecause

it

substance from the oak,

(S/igh, juice, sub-

being a parasite on that and other

^

trees.

In

Braemar

it is

commonly

called w/rr.

En.

'Scottish Naturalist.'

34
gitis, viscous, Latin si/rci/s). Irish sap French account of the sticky nature of the berries.

stance,

sticky,
giii.

on

Caprifomace^.

Sambucus nigra
meaning "wood."
vulgar
Irish
:

Common
"The
from
;

elder.

Gaelic and Irish

;-///>,

ancient
"

name

of the tree, which in the

;

is

called

(O'Reilly)

dniman
Welsh

or drovian
:

(Sanscrit
elder.
S.

dni, wood, tree

dm mas,
"

wood).

ysga7vc!i,

ebulus

Dwarf

elder.

Gaelic and Irish

fliodh a bhalla,

the wall excrescence.

Midart

seems

to

be the same as the

Welsh word vnoyllartaith {inwyll, emollient, and artaith, torment ") (Brockie). It was esteemed a powerful remedy for the innumerable ills that flesh is heir to. Mulabhar [imd, a multitude, and bar, top) may only be a corruption of mulart. The specific name is from evfSoXr], eiibolc, an eruption. Welsh ysga7ven Mair, Mary's elder. Viburnum opulus Guelder-rose, Water -elder. Gaelic: <-7/--/Wt77;/, heal- wax (Latin: ccra Greek: XVP'"'^ Welsh: ncyr, wax), the healing, wax like plant, from the waxy appearance of
:

>

the flowers.

V. lantana

Wayfaring

tree.

Gaelic

craohh fiadJiaiii (Arm-

strong), the wild or uncultivated tree.

Lonicera periclymenum
nil/fan

Woodbine,

honeysuckle.

Gaelic:

(elbows, arms, joints) elbow-like plant; fcith, feithlean.

\\: featJdog,fethIen, iromfcit/i, a sinew, tendon, suggested by twisting, sinewy stems. Lus ua meala, the honey-plant, from mil (Greek /xeXi )>icl), honey. Latin Dcolag, or deoghalag, from deothail, to suck. Irish cas fa chraiui^ that which twists
its
:

round the tree. Bame gamhuach (O'Reilly), the yearling's milk. A somewhat satirical name, implying that the sucking will produce scanty results. In Gaelic, iadh s/ilat is frequently applied both to this plant and to the ivy (see Hcdera helix). Welsh
:

gwyddfid, tree-climber or hedge-climber.

RURIACE/E.

Rubia tinctorum Madder. Gaelic madar (Armstrong). Galium aparine Goose-grass; cleavers. Gaelic: garbh lus,
:

In Stratharille and
a tree) alluding to

many
its

other districts, lciim-a-chraiin {hitvi, jump,

tree to tree. High. darkening whatever

crattii,

jumping or spreading from

its

Soc. Diet, gives diiillmr-fiithlean, probal)ly from

grew under

it.

Fergusson.


35
the rough weed.
Irish
:

ain/u-irg,

from

ain/i,

arms, weapons,

stem being so profusely armed with retrograde prickles. Heath bedstraw. Madar fraoc/i, G. saxatile (Armstrong) O'Reilly heath madder. It grows abundantly among heather. gives this name also to G. verum. Gr. verum Yellow bedstraw. Ruin, niain/i, from niaJh, red.
from
its

"

The Highlanders

use the roots to dye red colour.

is

Tlieir

manner of doing so
in

this

The bark

is

stripped off the roots,

which bark the virtue principally

lies.

They then
little

boil the

roots thus stripped in water, to extract

in

what

virtue remains

them out, they last of all put the bark and boil that and the yarn they intend to dye together, adding alum to fix the colour " (Lightfoot). Lus an leasaich (in Glen Lyon) the rennet-weed. " The rennet
them
;

and

after taking

into the liquor,

is made as already mentioned, with the decoction of this herb. The Highlanders commonly added the leaves of the Uriica

dioica or stinging-nettle, with a little salt " (Lightfoot).

Irish

baladh chnis (O'Reilly), the scented form {baladh, odour, scent,

cneas, form).

Asperula odorata
bably the Irish
ruff,

Woodruff.

Gaelic

lusa-caitheainh}
is

Pro-

name baladh
latter.

chnis, the
;

scented form,
is

the woodto the

and not the

lady's bedstraw

it

more appropriate

former than to the

VaLERIANACEE.
an triGaelic Valeriana of&cinalis Great wild valerian. tlie lus na tri bhilcan (Armstrong), (M'Kenzie) bhileach three-leaved plant, from tlie pinnate leaves and an odd terminal one, forming three prominent leaflets. Irish lus na ttri ballan, the plant with three teats {ballan, a teat) perhaps from its three
:

prominent stamens (Brockie) ; carthan curaigh {carthan, useful, Welsh: i.e., the useful tall plant. curaigh, a hero, a giant)

llysiewyn, the beautiful plant

;

dri-aglog {dri, three,

aglog,

burning

from

its

hot bitter

taste).

Irish: carthan arraigh, V. dioica Marsh or dwarf valerian. from arrach, dwarf; caoirin leana, that which gleams in the marsh {caoir, gleams, sparks, flames, flashes; leana, a swamp, a marsh). Although this plant is not recorded from Ireland, yet the names only occur in the Irish Gaelic.
Lusa-caithcamh, the consumption

Iierb,

as

it

was much used

fur that

disease. Fergusson.

36

Dipsace.;.

Icadan,

Dipsacus sylvestris fullonum ,,

liodaii ; liodaii
\vx\r,

Teasel, Teasel,
or
fuller's

teasel.

Gaelic

an fhncadair

{lea dan

or lioda/i, a head

of

fiicadair, a fuller of cloth);

cloth,

upon woollen

used for raising the nap by means of the hooked scales upon the

heads of the fuller's teasel. Irish: /aga. Welsh: llysic y cribef, carding plant, from crib^ a comb, card. Scabiosa succisa Devil's bit scabious. Gaelic and Irish:

lira bJiallach [ur, fresh,

new

ba/lach,

from

ball,

a globular body,

from

its

globular-shaped flower-heads, or ballach, spotted.

This

found in many languages. Greek ftaXXw. German ball.) Urach mhtdlaich, bottle-topped (tirach, a bottle, from the form of the flower-head Odharach viidlach, top).
old Celtic
:

word

is

inhiiUaich, a corruption of tirach.

lowish, but the flower

devil's bit,

is

blue).

{Od/iar means dun or yelG?eim an diabhail (O'Reilly),

if

from

its

praemorse root, the roots appearing as

According to the old superstition, the devil, envying the benefits this plant might confer on mankind, bit away a part of the root, hence the name. Welsh y glafrllys, from clafr, clazcr, scab, mange, itch translation of scabiosa, from scabies, the itch, which disorder it is said to cure. Knautia arvensis ^Corn-field knautia (so named in honour of C. Knaut, a German botanist) or field scabious. Gaelic gille
bitten
off.
:

guirniein,

the blue lad.

Irisli

caba deasain, the elegant cap

])retty,

hood and gonn, the blue old man.

caba, a cap or

dcas, neat,

elegant.

Bodach

CoMPusrn-E.

Helminthia echioides
strong), a corruption

Ox-tongue.
;

Gaelic

bogltis

(Armbolg,

from the Irish

bolglns,

ox-weed, from

a cow, an ox.
liiib/i,

name

also given to Lycopsis arvensis.

Bog

same meaning. Lactuca sativa Lettuce.

Gaelic and Irish

:

liains, lettuce,

a corruption from lactuca (Latin

lac,

milk),

on account of the
;

milky sap which flows coi)iously when the i)lant is cut inite, the eatable plant. Irish billeog math, the good
:

liiibh
leaf.

\Velsh

g%oylath, g7vyjluid,

Sonchus
a thistle

oleraceus
:

Common
sow's milk.

lact/i,

milk.

sow

thistle,

milk
Irish
:

thistle.

Gaelic and Irish

bog g/iioglian, the soft

thistle.

g/ogan,

Baine

niiiic,

37

S.

arvensis
\

Gaelic

bliocii

fochain, the corn milk-plant; blioch,

milky focha/i, yotmg corn.

{ysgal/en, a thistle).

^Velsh

Had/i ysgailai, milk-thistle

Hieracium pilosella
hull, motise-ear
\

Mouse-ear
hawkweed.

hawkweed.
Irish

Gaelic

dims
the

ditas Hath, the grey ear.

:

H.
pig's

murorum
snout

Wall

sntblian

iia

iiiiu;

{sriihh,

a snout).

Taraxacum dens-leonis

Dandelion.
the penny-royal.

Gaelic: hcaniaii
iM'lNTVRE.

bride.

"Am

bcarnan bride

s'a

pheighinn rioghil."

The dandelion and

juice, with

its notched leaf; bide^ ixom brigh, sap, which the plant abounds bior nam bride {bior, sharp, Welsh dant y Ucw, tooth-like) ; Jiacal leomhain, lion's teeth. the same meaning as dandelion {dent de lion) and leontodon (Xewv, a lion and oSov;, a tooth), from the tooth like formation of the leaf. Castearbhan nam nine (Shaw) The pig's sour-stemmed

Beam,

a notch, from

plant.

Irish

caisearbhan,
significations,
;

cais-f searbhain,

castearbhan
cas,

{cais,

word of many

but here from

or Chicory.

a foot

caiseag,

the stem of a plant

searbh, bitter, sour).

Cichorium intybus
suicair, a corruption

Succory

Gaelic

ins

an

t-

from dchoriiim, which was so named from Pliny remarks that the Egypthe Egyptian word chikoryeh. tians made their chicory of much consequence, as it or a similar
plant constituted half the food of the
also called in Gaelic castea?-bhan, the
C.

common

people.

It

is

endiva Endive.

Gaelic

sour-stemmed plant. enach ghraidh {enach, corrup-

"from the Arabic name /lendibeh" (Du This), Welsh ysgali y meirch, horse-thistle. grad/i, a garden). Gaelic duilleag mhaith, Lapsana communis Nipple-wort. duilleog Irish the good leaf; duilleag m/iin, the smooth leaf
tion of endiva,
: :
:

bhrighid, the efficacious leaf,

saint who, according to

or perhaps St Bridget's

leaf,

the

Celtic superstition,

revealing to girls their future husbands.

had the power of French herbe aiix

:

mamelles, having been formerly applied to the breasts of women Duilleog bhragliad, or to allay irritation caused by nursing.
braighe, the breast-leaf.

" Most certainly

/;/7i/c'

comes from

its

being in flower plentifully on latha

fheill-bnde.

" Ferg U sso X

Latha Fhcill-Brr^hdc,

Bride is also a corruption of Bbrighit, St Bridget. Candlemas, St Bridget's Day.

3
" Tlia do phg mar bhlan garaidh, 'S tha do hhraighe mar an neoinean." M'Intyre, Oian Gaoil.

Thy kiss is like And thy bosom

" If
it

the apples of the garden,

like the daisy.
tlie

was used by

French
that
it

for

rubbing the breasts, nothing

would be also so used by the Celts of Ireland and Scotland, which would at once give it the name oi diiHeog bragkad" (Fergusson). Arctium art, a bear. apKTo<;, from tlie Celtic Greek
likely than

seems more

rough

A. lappa Burdock.
:

bristly hair of the

frtiit.
:

Gaelic and Irish

siiirichcan suirich, the

foolish
sia'ric/i,

wooer

{siiirichc,

a fool

suiric/i,

a lover or wooer); sei/rean

Mac-a)i-dogha,^
;

affectionate

wooer

{seirc,

affection).

the mischievous plant {mac-an for meacan, a plant)

doghadh,
or large).
:

mischievous (Shaw).
{tobhach,

Meacaii-tobhach-dubh, the plant that seizes

seizing,

wrestling,

inducing;
;

diibh,

black,

Leadan
tuaithil,

liosda {kadan, a

head of hair Hosda, stiff). Irish the ungainly docken ceosa/i, the bur, or fruit.
;

copag

"Mar

c/hvsan air sgiathan fhirein."

OssiAN.
bleidd,

Like bur clinging to the eagle's wing.

\\'elsh
:

cyughau, closely packed.

C^-ibe

wolfs comb.

Caca mud, puck's dung. Lappa, from Gaelic (for hand) Idmh. Welsh llamh. Carduus heterophyllus Melancholy
:

Celtic,

ilap

(Loudon).

thistle.

Gaelic

duas

ail fiicidh,

the deer's ear.

C. palustris

Marsh-thistle.
swamp)

Gaelic

diiaran leana {diiaran,

a thistle

ican, a

" Lubadh dual an

mu

Lora nan sion."

OssiAN.
:

Bending the
C/i/aran, a general
C. lanceolatus

thistle

round Lora of the storms.

name

for all the thistles.

Spear-thistle.

Gaelic

Welsh ys galh'/i. an diiaran deilgncadi,

the prickly thistle {ddlgne, prickle-thorn).

C.

arvensis

one (from aighe, stout, valiant). Mary's thistle. C. marianus

Irish
:

Corn-thistle.

Gaelic

aighcannadi, the valiant

Gaelic
:

fof/ian/ian beannuidite.

benedidus), the blessed fothannan beanduighte (Latin thistle (so called from the superstition that its leaves are stained with the Virgin Mary's mlk) fothaimai, fogh/ian, foundan, a thistle. Danish /on, thistle down.
;
:

Dogha
its

also

means burnt

or singed.
as

It

was formerly burned

as the best potash.

to procure

from

ashes a white

all<.aliue salt,

good

39
"Leannail)h

am

foglinan."

OssiAN.

Pursue the thistle-down.

" 'Feadh nan raointean lorn ud, Far nach cinn r\a.foth'nain."

Among
Where

these bare hillsides,

the thistles will not grow.

M'Donald has another name,

cliiarau oir, the gold thistle.

" Gaoir bheachainn hhi 's ruadha " Ri deoghladh chliiaran oir.

The buzzing

of yellow and red wasps

thistle.

Sucking the golden

It is

tmcertain to which
it

thistle,

if

any, the reference

thistle.
scgtiu/ii,

is

made,
its

be to Carlina vulgaris, the carline occasionally means a daisy, CJirysanthcmum

unless

Cluaran,

one of

names being

liatJian.

" Lialh chliiaran nam magh." OssiAN.

The hoary

thistle (or daisy) of the field.

Here the reference is evidently to the corn-marigold probability M'Donald refers to the same flower, and not
thistle (see

in

all

to

any

Chrysanthetnum

segetiim).

The

thistle,

the badge of the Clan Stewart.

Cynara scolymus

Artichoke.

Gaelic

farusgag, horn far iisg,

the inner rind, the part used being the lower part of the receptacle of the flower, freed

from the

bristles

and seed-down, and

Bliosan, not un-

the lower part of the leaves of the involucre.

likely to

be a contraction from bli-liosan, Mi {bligh), milk (with its florets milk was formerly coagulated) ; and iios, a garden. These names apply also to Heliantiuis tiibtrosus, Jerusalem artichoke, especially to the tubers Kw plur tia g?-eifie, to the flower,
;

from the popular error that the flower turns with the sun. Centaurea nigra Knapweed. Gaelic: cnapan dub/t, the black knob (from cnap, a knob Welsh, Armoric, and Irish aiap ; Mullach diib/i, the black top. Saxon: cncep ; Danish map.) Irish: niansgotJi, the daughter's flower [fiian, a daughter; sgof/i,

a flower).
C.

cyanus

Blue-bottle.
,

Gaelic

gonnaii, the blue one.

Ciirac/id
c/ii/b/iaig,

In
the

some

places, gille-guirinean the blue lad.

:

Irish airac na citig, the same meaning. Welsh pen/as wen, blue headed beauty. Hath lus, the grey Artemisia vulgaris Mugwort. Gaelic

cuckoo's cap or hood.

:

weed.

Mor

viauta (Shaw), the large demure-looking plant {mor.


4
large
in
;

jna/ifa,

demure,

basliful).

Mi/^i^hard,
Irisii
:

Mugwort

{i/ii/gan,

Irisli,

mug, or viugart, a hog).

Latin
a toad)

bofulan ban,
;

or

biiafannan ban, the white toad, or seriDent {buaf, a toad

biiafa,

a serpent

biifo,
:

buafannan Hath, the grey toad

Gaelic
biiramaide.

or serpent.

A
imiide,

Welsh absinthium wood)

i.e.,

llwydlys, grey weed.

Common
mhisg m3

wormwood.

Irish: borra motor, also bnrbtin (burra is, a

worm

or caterpillar;

wormwood.
Ic

Searbh luibh, bitter plant.

searbh-hiihhcan.^'

" Chuir

e air

Sti'ART.

He

liath

made me drunk with wormwood.

" Mar a
bhiiriiiaid.'"

Like the wormwood.

It

was formerly used instead of hops

Gothic, grub,
dig).^

to

increase

the

intoxi-

cating quality of malt liquor.

Roide, gall, bitterness.

Graban
bitter

(from

Welsh

bcrinod chwe7-7i'Iys,

weed.

A.
is

abrotanum

Southernwood.
faint,

Gaelic

meath

chaltuiuji.

{Meath, Latin mitis,

weary, effeminate.

Its strong smell

said to prevent faintness

and weariness.

Calhiinn, from cl,

Latin: cald ; Italian: cala ; French: cale, a bay, sea-shore, a Irish It grows in similar situations to A. mariiiina. harbour.)

The sour one {siir, surabhan, suramoiit, and Welsh, siwdrmwt. Welsh sour), and " southernwood," also from the same root.
l/ysier
cyrff,

ale-wort {cyrff,

Latin,
to

ccrvisia,

ale),

it

being
to

fre-

quently used instead

liquors.

of hops

give a

bitter

taste

malt

sylvaticum Cudweed. Gaelic Gnbh, or cnmh his, the weed that wastes slowly (from yvacf>XLov), a word with which Dioscorides describes a plant with white soft leaves, which served the purpose This well describes these plants. They have all of cotton. and, on account of the permanence beautifully soft woolly leaves of the form and colour of their dry flowers, are called " Ever-

Gnaphalium dioicum,

Gr.

cat luibh, the cat's

weed.

lasting."

Filago germanica
/iat// /us roid,

Common

cotton rose.

Gaelic and Irish

the gall (or

wormwood) grey weed.

1 The occasional occurrence of Gothic roots in plants' names in tlie Western Highlands and Isles, is accounted for by the conquest of these parts by the Norwegians in tlie ninth century, and iha fact of their rule existing tliere for at least two centuries under the sway of the Norwegian kings of Man and

the Isles.


41

Petasites vulgaris
Irish
leaf.
:

Butter-bur,

pestilence-wort.

Gaelic and
its

gallon

?7ibr,
:

the big branch, possibly referring to

:

large

yaXaj/09, mast. Danish gala/i, Greek a stripling. Fobal, more correctly ///(^rt'/. Welsh: pabel, a tent, a covering.

" Shidhich

iad

am ptha'//.'" Ossian.
their tents.

They pitched

The Greek name,

large leaves,
plant,

Trerao-os,

a broad covering, in allusion to

its

which are larger than that of any other and form an excellent shelter for small animals.

British

Tussilago farfara

Colt's foot.
"

Gaelic

cluas Hath, grey ear

gorm

Hath, greyish green; duilliur spuing, the tinder-leaf.

Cho tioram
As dry

ri

spuing.''^

as tinder.

The
ing

leaf,

dipped
It

in saltpetre

and then
:

dried,

made

e.xcellent

tinder or touchwood.
fire.

Gaelic and Irish

for lighting
fire.

fathan or athan, meanleaves w'ere

was used
the

The
still

smoked

before the introduction of tobacco,

ingredient
in

and

form the principal

Gallan-greannchair

British
;

herb

tobacco.

{gallan, see " Petasites

" greann, hair

standing on end, a beard),

:

probably referring to
"

its

pappus.

Irish

cassachdaighe (O'Reilly),
;

a remedy for a cough {casachd, a cough

aighe or

ice,

a remedy).

The

leaves smoked, or a syrup or decoction of

them and the

ebol {earn,

flowers, stand

recommended

in

coughs and other disorders of

the breast and lungs " (Lightfoot).

hoof,

Welsh

cam y

and

ebol, foal

or colt), colt's-foot.

Senecio vulgaris
a remedy.

Groundsel.

Gaelic

atn bualan, from bual,

Lus Phra

liath^ grey Peter's-weed, a

name suggested
:

by its aged appearance, even in the spring-time. Latin senecio. Welsh beti-felaji, sly woman. Sail bhiiinn {sail, a heel buinn, an ulcer). " The Highlanders use it externally in cataplasms as Gninnasg a cooler, and to bring on suppurations " (Lightfoot). German grund). Welsh grunsel. (from gruniid, ground
:

" Muran brioghar

s'an ^;-;/7j-^ lionmhor."-

M'Intvre.

The sappy
Irish
^
:

carrot

and the

plentiful groundsel.

crann

lus,

the

plough-weed.

Buafanan na

/i

easgaran
called

In Breadalbane, Glenlyon, and other places, the plant

is

Lus

Phara Hath

" Liis Phara Hath cuiridh e ghoimh as a chraimh."'

The groundsel
it

will extinguish acute pain in the

for

bone

being frequently applied as a cure

rheumatic pains.

{Iniaf,

a toad, a serpent, but in this

buadii,

name
to

evidently a corruption
;

from bualan, a remedy, or

plague), a

overcome

easgaraii, the

remedy

for the plague.

A name

given also to the

biead/ilan

ragwort.
S.

Jacobaea

Ragwort.
;

Gaelic and Irish

buidhe, yellow)
\ ;

hiiidhe

(from biiadh, to overcome

stripling or

biiadlighallan,

the

branch that overcomes

-

guiseag b/midhe, or cuiseag,

the

yellow

stalked

plant

cuiseag,
;

a stalk.

Welsh

Uysiii'r

ysgyfarnog, the hare's plant

ilysiiir nedir, the serpent's

agreeing
Little
:

with

one of

its

Irish

names, buafauan,
said
to

weed
a

biiaf,

serpent or toad.

Inula Helenium
ula.

Elecampane,

be from the

offici-

nal name, inula campana, but probably a corruption of Heln-

Greek evos, the elecampane. (Jones). from ilie, beautiful, handsome. Irish Ellea (Gaelic, Eilidh), Helen. The famous Helen of Troy, who is said to have availed herself of the cosmetic properties of the plant. Cream/i, sometimes, but more generally applied to Allium
:

Helen

Gaelic

ail/can,

ursiiuun (which see).

Bellis perennis

Daisy.
iiohi,

the noon-flower (from the afternoon, was the

Gaelic and Irish ncoinan, or noinean, Latin: noiia, noon; Welsh 7iawn
: :

the ninth hour, from novem, ninth.

The

ninth hour, or three in

noon

of the ancients).
air

" 'San nioincan beag's

mo lamh

cluin." Mian a
hillock.

Bhard Aosda.

And
Buidheag

the

little

daisy surrounding

my

(in Perthshire), the little

yellow one.
Ion."

" Geibh sinn a bhiiidheag

%^\\

Old Song.

We

shall find the daisy in the

meadow.

Gugan (Armstrong), a daisy, a bud, a flower. Chrysanthemum segetum Corn - marigold.

Gaelic

bile

buidhe^ the yellow blossom.

foreigner.
Aetos
;

Bilcach cJioigreach, the stranger or

lia,

Liathaii, Irish,
:

the hoary grey one (from Greek

Welsh
bir,

llwyd), on account of the light-grey appearance

of the plant, expressed botanically by the term glaucous.

dithean
ai'^09,

An
gold;

the golden flower, or

chrysanthemum
dhitheaii beag."
little

{^pva-os,

a flower).

" Mar mhin-chioch nan or "

Like the tender breast of the

marigold.

Do

dhithcan lurach luaineach .Mar thuarneagan de'n 'or."

lovely marigolds like

M'DONALD.

Thy

waving cups of gold.

"

43
Dt/iean
is

frequently used in a general sense for " flower," also " Tlr nan
'*

for " darnel."

ifithcan

miadar daite."

Land of flowers, meadow dyed.

Dtheii

nan gleann.

The
\\^elsh
:

flowers of the valley.

gold

iiiair,

marigold.

Irish

buafanan

biiidht\ the

yellow

toad.
C.

leucanthemum

Ox-eye.
^

Gaelic
{brijie,

an tieonan mr, the big

;

daisy.

Am

breinean-brothach

stench

brothach, scabby).

Easbiiigban, from Irish easbudh,

King's-evil).

silly, idle

{easbudh brothach, the

This plant was esteemed an excellent remedy for

Irish
:

that complaint.

easbuig speaiii {Speam ox Easbain. Spain).

Anthemis
the Greek

nobilis

Common
its

xa/^-ai

yw-v/Aos,

chamomile. Camo/nhil, from which Pliny informs us was applied to

smelling hke apples. (Spanish
:

the plant on account of

viancinilla, a little

apple.)

Lus-7ian-cam-bhil (M'Kenzie), the

plant with drooping flowers.

its

The

plant

is

well distinguished
;

by
but

flowers,

which droop, or are bent do^cn, before expansion

is

though the name

the Greek.

thus applicable,

it

is

only a corruption from

" Bi'dh mionntain, f<7Wiiw//?7 s'sobhraichean Geur bhileach, lonach, luasganach." M'Intyre.
There
will

be mints, chamomile, and primroses,

'

Sliarp-leaved, prattling, restless.

Luibh-leighis, the healing plant.

This plant

is

held in consider-

able repute, both in the popular and scientific Materia Medica.

A. pyrethruin

Pellitory of Spain.

Gaelic

his

na Spne,

the Spanish weed.

A. arvensis

Field chamomile.

Irish:

avnan

viionla {comaii, a

common
ail

mionla, fine-foliaged.

Gaelic

rnin lach).

Matricaria inodora
arbhair,
:

Scentless

May-weed.

Gaelic

buidheag

tlie

corn daisy.

Camo7nhit feadhain, wild chamomile.

Welsh llygad yr ych, ox-eye. Tanacetuin vulgare Tansy. Gaelic: Ins na Frahig, the French weed. (French, tanaisie.) Irish: tamhsae, corruptions {rom A thanasta. (Greek: a, privative, and OavaTos, death, i.e., a plant which does not perish a name far from apphcable to
this species).

Eupatorium
1

cannabinum Hemp

agrimony.

Gaelic

and
which

Breinean-brothach was probably also applied to A. cotula, for

is

there

no Gaelic name recorded.

Irish

iiiaib iiisge
;

or

caineab

uisgL\
;

water-hemp (from Greek

Irish

Kai'mySts

Latin, cannabis,

Bidens

cernua

Bur

hemp

the root can, white).

:

marigold.

sceachog

Mhiiire,

Mary's haw.

Achillea ptarmica
weed.
stiff plant.

Sneezewort.
Gaelic
:

(Latin: cnuius, hard, inflexible).

Roibhe, moppy.

Gaehc cniaidJi his, hard Mcacan ragaim, the

:

A. millefolium

Yarrow.

his chosgadh

na

fola, the

plant that stops bleeding.

Lus na

fohi, the

blood weed.

Earr

thahnhainn, that which clothes the earth

{eat-r,

clothe, array).

Athair ihalmhainn, the ground father. Cathah- thahnhamn, the ground seat or chair. Probably alterations of earr (for thahnhainn see Biiniiwi flexiiositin).
" Cathair
thaliiihainii''s

carbhin chioc-cheannach."

'In tyre.

The yarrow and

the horny-headed caraway.

Solidago virgaurea

Golden

rod.

Gaelic

fuinseag
*'

coille

name given by Shaw

to the herb called

Virgo pastoris."
aiiciiparia,

Also one of the names of the mountain-ash {Pynis which see).

Jasione montana
(O'Reilly).

Sheep - bit. Gaelic dubhan nan caora Dubhan, a kidney caora, sheep.
:

Campanulace^.
Campanula-

Gaelic

barr-cinigeajinach, bell-flowered.

" Barr-cluigeannach-sinnteach gorm-bhileach."

Bell-flowered extended, blue-petalled.
C.

rotundifolia

Round-leaved
Am
:

bell-flower.

Gaelic

brog na
bell:

ciibhaig,

the cuckoo's shoe.

phtran chiigeannach, the

imp's
fingers.

like

flower.

^Velsh

byscdd

cllyilon,

Scotch

witch's thimbles.

Lobelia dortmanna
flower.

Water-lobelia.
Ericace^.

Flr an

lochain, the lake-

Gaelic fraochfrangach, Fraoch an ruinnse, rinsing heath a bunch of its stems tied together makes an excellent scouring brush, the other Welsh: kinds being too coarse. {Fraoch, anciently /r?r//.) grf/g. Greek ipeiKu), ereiko, to break, from the supposed quality of some of the species in breaking the stone (medicinally). The primary meaning seems to be to burst, to break, and appears
:

Erica tetralix

Cross-leaved heath.

French heath.

to

be cognate with the Latin, fractuni.

F7-aoch

also

means


45
wrath, fury, hunger.
''

Laoc/i
''

l>ii

g/iarg fraoth" (Ull.), a hero

!'"

of the

fiercest

wrath.

Fraoch

fury,

the war-cry of the

M'Donalds. E. vagans
E.

the bee's resort.

Cornish heath. cinerea Smooth-leaved

The

Celtic

goonclcg (Dr

Hooker),

heath.

Gaelic

fraoch hhadaiii,

the tufted heath. " Barr a.nj7iraoch bhadanaich."

top of the tufted heath.

Old SoNr,.

" Gur badanach caoineil niileanta Cruinn mopach, mln cruth, inongoineach Fraoch groganach, dii dhonn gris dearg. "
Literally

M'Intvre.

That heatl) so tufty, mellow, sweet-lipped, Round, moppy, delicate, ruddy. Stumpy, brown, and purple.

Fraoch an dearrasain, the heath that makes a rustling or buzzing

sound.

The badge
heather
is

of Clan M'Donald. Calluna vulgaris Ling heather.

Gaelic

fraoch.

Heath

or

still

applied to

many

important domestic purposes,

thatching houses, &c., and " the hardy Highlanders frequently

make

their

beds with
its

it

the roots down

bearberry.

and

formerly tanned leather,

kind of ale from

small, grain-like.

tender tops."

Arbutus uva - ursi

It

Red

and the tops upwards dyed yarn, and even made a Langa (M'Kenzie), ling.
Gaelic
:

graitinseag,

has small red

bearberry.

berries,

which are a favourite

berr}'.

food for moorfowl.

Braoileag nan con, the dogs'

A. alpina A. unedo
Caithiin,
I

The black
eat or

Gaelic

grainnseag dhnhh,

the black grain-like berry.

Strawberry-tree. consume. Vaccinium myrtillus Whortleberry.

among
jellies,

Irish:

caithne (O'Uonovan).

Gaelic: Ins nan dearc,

the berry plant {dearc,^ a berry).

Gearr-dhearc, sour berry.

the heather.

Fraochan, that which grows

The
it

berries

are used medicinally by the Highlanders,

and made
to give

into tarts

and

which

last is

mixed with whisky

red

a relish for

strangers.

Dearcati-fithich, the raven's berries.

V. vitis
^

idaea

Cowberry
;

whortleberry

cranberry.
fruit

Originally from dearc, the eye

Sansk., dare, to see.

The dark

resembling the pupil of the eye

{shil) to this fruit (dearcng) in

hence

the frequent comparisons of the eye

Gaelic poetry.

46
Gaelic
:

liis /lain uroig/ilecig.

Irish

hraig/ilcog (from braig/i, top,

;

summit, a mountain), the mountain-plant ordinary signification, a berry. B-d/iearc, cowberry. {''''Bo, a cow, from which the Greeks derived /soos, an ox" Armstrong.) Latin: vacca and

vacciniuin.

"Do
Thy

leacan chaoimhneil gu dearcach brioghlcagach.''

gentle slopes abounding with whortleberries and cowberries.

Badge of Clan M'Leod. V. oxycoccos Cranberry.

Gaelic and Irish

viuUeag, a

meaning a
situations.

little

frog

the frogberry.

It flourishes best in

word boggy

Fraoc/iag, because it grows among the heather. Monog, bog or peat berry. Mio/iag, the small berry. V. uliginosum The bogberry. Gaelic dearc roidc, the gall

or bitter berry.

The
eaten,

fruit
it

the ripe fruit

is

abounds with an acid juice when occasions headache and giddiness.

;

Ileace.:.

Ilex aquifolium Holly.

cclyn.

Gaelic and Irish

guard, defence
gen. of

ciiilcaitu.

Welsh
h
in

A.-S,

holegii.

(C
also

in Gaelic corresponds with

;

the

Germanic languages.)
prohibits.

Ciil,

ctiil,

that

which

Compare

cicilg,

colg,

a prickle, or any
tree are very

sharp pointed thing.

prickly,

The lower

leaves of this

and thus guard against

celyii, tree,

cattle eating the

;

young shoots.

Welsh
cover.

shelterer or protector

eel,

conceal, shelter,

"

Ma

theid thu liiisgte tioimh thorn dioighinn

'S coiseachd cas-lom air/r<;'<?j cuilcann

Cadal gun

lein' air

an eanntaig,

'S racadal itheadh

gunn draing

ort,"

(\;c.

Blar

Shunadail.

you go naked through a thorn thicket, And walk barefooted on the Jiolly,
If

Sleep without a shirt on the nettle,

And

eat horse-radish without a grin,

cc.

OLEACEyE.

Olea europsea
oladh or ola

European
:

olive.

Gaelic

and

Irish

eraiiii

(Greek

Aata, a
3

word, according to
:

Du

Theis,

derived from the Celtic

Welsh
and

oleu),

the oil-tree.

" Sgaoilidh

e gheugan, agus bithidh a mhaise

mar an

cranti-oladh.'''

"He
IIosEA

will spread his branches,

xiv. 6.

his beauty shall

be as the

olive

tree.''''

Syringa vulgaris Lilac

the lilac-tree.

tree.

Gaelic Gaelic

eraobh

Hath ghonn,

Ligustrum vulgare Privet.

ras chrann sir nine, the

47
evergreen shrubbery-tree,
vatiis
\

/'/v''/w//

(M- Donald).

(Latin

//7is

Irish

priobhaid, secrecy, privacy).

for shelter,

Its chief

use

to

form hedges that are required Fraxinus excelsior Ash.

ornament, and privacy.

:

Gael and Irish

craobh

uinn-

seann. fuinseog.

Irish: i/hiscanu, uimhscann, alter ed into /ninse, /if I'/iseafi,

" Gabhaidh an

t'

niiniscaun as an

llt

'S a chlltuinn as a phreas."

Proveri!.

The

ash will kindle out of the burn,

tlie

And

hazel out of the bush.

Welsh

to another Irish name, nion. and also oinsean. The names refer principally to the wood, and the primary idea seems to be lasting, longcontinuing, on (in Welsh), that which is in continuity. Uhn/i,
:

oncti,

corresponding

Gaelic

nuiu.,

number

seann,

ancient,

old

lime, time,

season.

Ntci?i,

also

the letter N.

Fuinnseann (see Cinoza), though from the same root, may have been suggested by its frequent use in the charms and enchantments so common in olden times, espeHeb., nun.
cially against

the bites of serpents,

and the influence

mentions
:

of the
parts

" Old Serpent."

Pennant,

in 1772,

" In

many
is

of the Highlands, at the birth of a child, the nurse puts the end

of a green stick of ash into the

fire,

and while

it

burning,

receives into a spoon the sap or juice which oozes out at the

other end, and administers this to the new-born babe."

Serpents

were supposed to have a special horror of

its

leaves.

" Theid an nathair troimh an teine dhearg Mu'n teid troimh dhuilleach an iiinnsinn."
i

The

serpent will go through

fire,

rather than through the leaves of the ash.

The same superstition was and the name " ash," which
cesc,

equally
is

common

in other countries,

said to be from the Celtic

frorn the

word

a pike,

is

more
:

likely to

be

word

asc,

a snake, an

adder. 1

German die esche. The badge of Clan Menzies.

Gentianace.e.

Gentiana campestris

Field gentian.
good
is

Gaelic

his a chridmin,

the crouching plant, or the plant crnbain, " which attacks cows, and
1

for the disease

called

supposed to be produced

In Scandinavian mythology the first man was called Ask, and the first woman Ambla ash and elm. The court of the gods is represented in the Edda as held under an ash Yggdrasil. Connected with these circumstances

probably arose the superstitions. Chambers's Encvclop.:dia.

 M
48

:;

by hard grass, scanty pasture, or other causes. The cows become lean and weak, with their hind-legs contracted towards the forefeet, as if pulled by a rope" (Armstrong). This plant, in common with others of this genus, acts as an excellent tonic its qualities were well known in olden times. Welsh crwynl/ys, bent-weed
;
:

cryfi,

bend, curve.

Gaelic

creamh,

is

given also as a

name

for

gentian.

" 'N cieamh na chaiaichean, Am bac nan staidhvachean."

M'Intvre.

Which Dr Armstrong translates, "gentian in beds or plots." The name creamh also applies to the leek. Creainh, hart's-tongue fern,
garlic,

and elecampane.

Welsh

craf, garlic.

Erythrsea, from
E.

epvOpo-;, erythros,

red flowers.
Irish: ceadharlach

centaurium

Centuary;
It
is

red gentian.
the arrows

(O'Reilly), the centaui-.

said that with this plant Chiron

cured the

wound caused by

of Hercules
:

in

the

Centaur's foot.

Gaelic, according to

Armstrong

ceud

bhileac/i,

meaning hundred-leaved, a corruption of the

Irish
:

Irish

name

{Ceud,

ceadh ; Latin

centum, a hundred),

the origin of the name

:

being probably misunderstood.

E. littoralis

Dwarf tufted centuary.

viare
;

ire muire, the sea-side scrambler.

Gaelic and Irish dreimDreim, climb, clamber, scramble

ineer,

muire

Latin

Chlora perfoliata
in Ireland,

Yellow-wort.
Not

German

the sea.

Gaelic and Irish

in the Higlilands,

dreimire

buidhe, the yellow scrambler.

but found

whence the name. Menyanthes trifoliata Bog-bean, buck-bean, marsh

:

trefoil.

Gaelic and Irish

ponair chapull, the mare's bean.

(See Faba.)

Pacharaii chapull, the mare's packs or wallets, from pac, a pack,

a wallet, a bundle.

Tribhileach, the three-leaved plant.

hill.

Mill-

sean inoiiaidh, the sweet plant of the

'

'Millseincach, biolaireach sobhrach. "

'Lachuinn.

Abounding

in bog-beans, cresses, primroses.

"

The Highlanders esteem an

to strengthen a

infusion or tea of the leaves as

(Stuart).

good

weak stomach"

CONVOLVULACE/E.
Convolvulus arvensis
the plant that surrounds.
0.

Field

bindweed.

Gaelic

iadh

his,

(See Hedera helix.)

Gaelic and Irish: dull vihial

sepium Great bindweed.

(Shaw), from did, catch with a loop

signifying the plant that creeps

and viial, a louse, and holds by twining.

;

really

49

Cuscuta epilinum Flax dodder. Irish damhainin lin, the It is parasitical on flax, to the crops of which it is sometimes very destructive. Cunach or (Gaelic) cojiac/i, that which covers, as a shirt, a disease. A general name applicable to all the species. Welsh /Puidag, the flax choker.
:

flax kites.

SOLANACE^.

Solanum dulcamara Bitter-sweet woody nightshade. Gaelic and Irish seaii>/iag vihilis, bitter-sweet (Highland Society's Dic;
:

tionary).

Ftiath gorm, the blue

Irish:

demon

[fiiaih, hate, aversion,

demon). Miotag b/uudhe.

pincher, or biter.
S.

tuberosum

Potato.
Sir
/iis ?ia

miat/wg bind/ie,\Q ytWow m^^ex, Slat ghorm [slat, a wand, a switch ; gonn, blue).
Gaelic
:

bi/n-tata,

adaptation of the

Spanish batata.

John M'Gregor has ingeniously rendered

the word btin-taghta, a choice root

Atropa belladona
Gaelic and Irish
its
:

Deadly
its

nightshade

h'oid/iche,

the nightweed,

dwale banewort. on account of

somniferous qualities. Buchanan army of Sweno, the Dane, when he invaded Scotland, by the berries of this plant, which were mixed with the drink with which, by their truce, they were to supply the Danes, which so intoxicated them that the Scots killed the greater part of the Danish army while they were asleep. Welsh
large black berries

and

relates the destruction of the

y gysiadiir,

the putter to sleep.

Hyoscyamus niger
{gabhaii), the

that

which

is

Henbane. Gaelic and Irish: gafann dangerous one. Dethcogha, deodha, deo, breath, destructive to life. Caoc/i-naii-cearc, that which

Its seeds are exceedingly obnoxious to poultry, hence the English name henbane. The whole plant is a dangerous narcotic. Welsh slewyg yr ir, preventing or curing

blinds the hens.

faintness.

SCROPHULARIACE^.

Verbascum thapsus
Gaelic and Irish
:

Mullein
use,

hag's taper

cow's lungwort.

aiineal Mkiiire, or cuhigeal Mhuireiixoxa cuing,

asthma, or shortness of breath.

it is

found

ciiinge,

In pulmonary diseases of cattle hence the name, cow's lungwort, or narrowness, straightness, from its high, tapering stem
to

be of great

Mhiiire, Mary's).

Veronica beccabunga
Lothal
7)ii,

Erooklime.
:

Gaelic

lochal,

from

loch,

a lake, a pool, the pool-weed or lake-weed, being a water-plant.

(Jo,

water).

Irish
:

biolar vihidn, the contemptible cress

urine.

Welsh

UycJilys

divfr, squatter in the water.

Common speedwell. Gaelic and Seamar chre (see Oxalis). V. anagallis Water-speedwell. the one that grows the water. Euphrasia Eyebright. Gaelic
V. officinale
the dust-weed.
Irish
:

Irish

Ins

cr'e,

fualac/itar, fual, water,

in

officinalis
leac,

/us

nan

ieac,

the

hillside plant

a declivity.

Soillseachd

nan

sil, soillse

na

snl (M'Donald), that which brightens the eye.

(Stuart),

Rein an ruisg

water for the eye. Glati mis, the eye-cleaner. Lightfoot mentions that the Highlanders of Scotland make an infusion of it in milk, and anoint the patient's eyes with a feather dipped in
it,

as a cure for sore eyes.

[lin,

Irish

radharcain {rad/iairc), sense

of sight. Lin radharc

the eye, wet), the eye wetter or washer,

Jiaei7niji-rad/iairc {reini,

power, authority), that which has power

the eye, eyesight.

over the
clean.

sight.

Rois?iifi, rosg,
:

Caoimifi [caoimh),

Welsh

gloywlys, the bright plant.

'Llysieuyn eiifras, the

herb Euphrasia (from evc^paivw, euphraino, to delight, from the

supposition of the plant curing blindness).
saith,

" It has restored sight to

;

them

that

Arnoldus de Villa have been blind a long

it is

time before
it

and

if it

were but as much used as

neglected,

would half
P.

spoil the spectacle trade " (Culpepper).

Pedicularis sylvatica
palustris

Louse-wort

Dwarf red
;

rattle.

Irish: lusan grolla.

red

rattle.

Gaelic

lus riahhach,

the brindled plant, possibly a contraction q riabhdheargach (Irish),

name which well describes the appearance of the Modhalan dearg, the red modest one. Lus na viial, louse-wort, from the supposition that sheep that feed upon it become covered with vermin. Bainne ghab/iar, goat's milk, from the idea that when goats feed on it they yield more milk.
red-streaked, a
plant.
Its beautiful

pink flowers were used as a cosmetic.

" Sail-chuach
's
t'

bainne ghabhar,

Suadh

li

agliaidh,

'S clia n' neil

mac

ligh air an domhaln,

xNachbi airdodlieidh."

Rub And

thy face with violet and t^oat's milk,

there
is

no prince

in the

world

Who
alan

will not follow thee.

Rhinanthus crista-galli The yellow rattle. Gaelic modhb/iuid/ie, the yellow modest one. Bodach na claiginn. Irish bodan na doigin, the old man with the skulls. C/aigeann
:

or (Irish) doigoin, a skull, from the skull like appearance of

inflated calyces.

its

Scrophularia nodosa

Figwort.

Gaelic

ins

nan cnapan, the

51

knobbed
wort.

plant,

from

its

knobbed
Irish),

roots.

JDonn-lus, brown-wort, from the

Old Englisli brown tinge of the

:

kernelleaves.

Farach dubh {farac/ia,

a beetle or mallet
its

diib/i,

dark.

Wasps and
Irish
its
:

beetles resort greatly to

small mallet-like flowers.

fairtun {fot,fofhac/i), glandered

from the

resemblance of

roots to tumours.

In consequence of this resemblance

for all scrofulous diseases;

esteemed a remedy

it was hence the generic

name
fairy

Scrophidaria.

Digitalis purpurea

Foxglove.
:

Gaelic

his-ain-ban-sth, the

women's plant. Mcuran stth (Stuart), the fairy thimble. Irish mi siothan {sioth, Gaelic stJ) means peace. Sithich, a fairy, the most active sprite in Highland and Irish mythology. Meiiraii ^ nan daoine inarbh, dead men's thimbles. Aleuran- nan caillich mharbha, dead women's thimbles. In Skye it is called ciochan nan cailleachan marblia (Nicolson), the dead old women's paps. Irish sian sleibhc. {Staji, a charm or spell, a wise one, a fox sleib/ie, a hill). Welsh nienyg ellyllon, fairy's glove.
: :

O'Reilly gives another Irish name, bolgan beic (diminutive of

bolg,

a sack, a bag.

Greek, BoAyo?,

beic,

bobbing, curtseying).
is

And

frequently in the Highlands the plant

known by

the familiar

name, an

lus mor, the big plant.

Liis a bhalgah- (Aberfeldy),

the fox-weed.

Orobanxhace.-e.

(From Greek,

opo^o9, orobos, a vetch,

and

ayx'^'^^'^

to strangle, in

allusion to the effect of these parasites in smothering

and de-

stroying the plants on which they grow.)

vicli

The name
Irish

miichog (from
the species.
:

smother, extinguish, suffocate)

is

applied to

all

0.
lac/i,

major and minor

(Shaw)

Broom-rape.
Verbenace.'E.

and Gaelic

siorra-

sior,

vetches, being frequently parasitical on legu-

minous plants

or siorrac/id, rape.

Verbena
ironi, a

officinalis

Vervain,
boid, a

Gaelic and Irish

tronddiod,

corruption oi di-iini, from Sanscrit

dm, wood; hence

:

Latin,

drus, an oak,
literally,

and bod or

vow.

Welsh

dderiven fendigaid,

blessed oak,

the " herba sacra

" of the ancients.

Ver-

vain was employed in the religious ceremonies of the Druids. Vows were made and treaties were ratified by its means. "After-

wards
1

all

sacred evergreens, and aromatic herbs, such as holly,

digitalis (iligitabidum) , a thimble, in allusion to the

Meuran and

form of

the flower.


52
<S:c., used to adorn the altars, were included under the term verbena" (Brockie). This will account for the name trombhod being given by O'Reilly as "vervain mallow;" M'Kenzie, " ladies' mantle " and Armstrong, " vervain."

rosemary,

Labiat/E.

(From

Latin, labium^ a

lij),

plants with lipped corollas.)

Gaelic

iusan h'peach, or bileach.

Mentha (From Greek Mtv^??, inhithe. A nymph of that name who was changed into mint by Prosperine, in a fit of jealousy, from whom the Gaelic name iniomit has been derived.) Welsh
:

iyiifys.

Mentha
mint;

sylvestris

Horse-mint.
wild mint;

Gaelic

iiiioiiiit cac/i,

horse-

iiiouit fiadhaiii.,

and

if

growing

in

woods,

mionnt
mint.

choille^

wood-mint.
Gaelic
:

M. arvensis Corn-mint.
M. aquatica
viloi/i,

i/iionut

an arbhair, cornIrish:
carial,

Water -mint.
and
loin,

Gaelic:
-

cairtcal.

probably meaning the water

purifier,
/cv/,

from the verb

cartavi, to cleanse,

a rivulet, or

a marsh or

ground.

Misiniean dearg (Armstrong), the rough red mint.

swampy The

whole plant has a reddish appearance when young.

M.
raidh,

viridis
the

Garden-mint,
;

spear-mint.

Gaelic: mionnt g/i-

same meaning

and mcanntas, another form of the

same name, but not commonly used.

" Oir a
ta sibli a
toirl.

an deacliaimh as a mhionnt."

Stu.\rt.

For ye take

tithe of mint.

M. pulegium same meaning.

"

Pennyroyal.
bride
's

Gaelic

/iV^V//////

riog/tai/,

the

Am bearnan

a//ei^/nnn-n'og/ia7.'''M'lsTYRE.

The dandelion and

\\\&

pennyroyal.
for the bowels.

Welsh
leaf

aditddlys, herb

good

Bail y
:

gzvaed, blood

Calamintha

Basil-thyme,

calamint.
ixlvOyj,

Gaelic

calanicilt

(from

Greek, KaXos, beautiful; and

:

niinthc, mint), beautiful mint.

Welsh Llysie y gaf/i, cat-wort. Common rosemary. Rosmarinus oflB.cinalis

Mhuirc.
Latin
Irish
:

rbs-mar

Gaelic

ros

mar-j-os, sea-dew, corruptions

{ros,

dew, and mmdniis), the sea-dew.

lovers.

from the Ros Mhairi, Mary's

Celtic tribes roseIt

rose, or rosemary.

Welsh ros Mair. mary was the symbol of fidelity with

Among

was frequently


worn
at

it is still

weddings.

In Wales

distributed

among

friends

at funerals,

who throw

Lavendula spica Common lavender. Gaelic: ius-na-iise, on account of its fragrant odour. Aji lus liaf/i, the grey weed. Lothail, " uisge an /oihail" lavender-water. Satureia hortensis Garden savory. Gaelic: garbkag g/irthe incense plant,

the sprigs into the grave over the coffin.

aidi,

the coarse or rough garden plant, from garb/i, rough, &c.

Salvia verbenacea

Clary.

The Gaelic and Irish name,

tormafi,

applies to the genus as well as to this plant ; it simply means " the shrubby one " {tor, a bush or shrub). The genus consists

of herbs or undershrubs, which have generally a rugose appearance.

mucilage was produced from the seeds of

this plant,
it

which, applied to the- eye, had the reputation of clearing

dust; hence the English name, " clear-eye," clary (Gaelic
bright).
S. officinalis
:

of

chare,

Garden-sage (of which there are many

:

varieties).

Gaelic

aihair Hath, the grey father.

Sisde (from sage). Sliin lus,

salvere, to

the healing plant, corresponding with salvia (Latin

save).
It
:

remarks
so,

was formerly of great repute in medicine. Armstrong " Bha barail ro mhr aig na sean Eadalltich do 'n lus
o'n rann a leanas,
cui salvia crescL in horto

mar a chithear

" Cur moriatur homo

?"

C arson a gheibheadh duine bs,

Aig am
bheil sisde fas

na gharaidh

?
?

Why
wood-sage.
ebeirsluaigh,

should the

man

die

who

has sage growing in his garden

-

Teucrium scorodonia

Wood
obai',
it

sage.

Gaelic

sdisde

coille,

Sisde fiadhahi, wild sage.

O'Reilly gives the

name
attri-

perhaps from

shall

be refused, and sluagh,

it.
:

people, multitude, because

did not possess the virtues

cattle refuse to eat

buted

to the other species,

Thymus serpyllum
Britain's son.

Thyme, wild

and even

thyme.

Gaelic and Irish

lus mhic righ Bhreatahin,

the plant belonging to the king of

Lus an

righ,\X\t king's plant.

This plant had the

its

reputation of giving courage and strength through

:

smell

hence the English thyme (from Greek ^vyu-os, thymos, courage, strength, virtues which were essential to kings and princes in olden times). Highlanders take an infusion of it to prevent dis-

agreeable dreams,

^^'elsh

teini.

Origanum
^'i?//,

yuig^re^^
a.nd GveGk,

^^'iijoiam.

Gaelic and Irish: oraopos, oros.

the delight of the mountain.

;

Greek:

Gaelic

ard,

mountain

yai'o<i,

ganos, joy. Gaelic:

^^'-z//;,

clapping

"

54
of hands.

Lus

iiiharsalaidh, the merchant's

weed,

may

only be

a corrupted form of marjoram, from an Arabic word {inaryaiiiych).

Seathbhog, the skin or hide softener {seathad/i, a skin, a

bog, soft).
oil is

hide,

and

the essential

so acrid that

"Tlie dried leaves are used in fomentations, it may be considered as a caustic,

as such

and was formerly used

bcnn/dd, ruddy-headed.
0.

by

farriers "

(Don).

Welsh
name,
is

_>

dictamnus

phiobaire

given

Dittany.

The Gaelic and Irish in the dictionaries for " dittany "
Lepidium as well as
to

lus

simply a
all

corruption of his aphei/bah', the pepperwort, and was in

ability applied to varieties of

probdic-

Origanum

whose fabulous qualities are described in Virgil's 12th yEneid,' and in Cicero's De Natura Deorum.' Hyssopus officinalis Common hyssop. Gaelic: /><?/. French: hysope. German isop. Italian isopo (from the Hebrew name,
tainui
'

crefi,

'

31TX5

t'Si?/^,

or Arabian, azzoj). " Glan mi

Purge
le
Ji

isop, .igus

bithidh
I

me

glan.

me

with hyssop, and

shall be clean.

Bugle. Gaelic vieacan dubh Jiadhain (Armdusky wild plant. Welsh glesyn y coed, wood-blue. Nepeta glechoma Ground- ivy. Gaelic: iadh shlat thabn/laiun, the ground-ivy. (See Hedera helix, and Bunium flexuosuin). Nathair lus, the serpent-weed, it being supposed to be efficacious against the bites of serpents; hence the generic name, Nepeta, from iiepa, a scorpion. Irish aignean thahnhuin {aigne, affection, thahnhuin, the ground); eidJmean thahnhuin (see Hedera
:

Ajuga reptans

strong), the

helix).

Ballota niger

Stinking

horehound.

Irish

and Gaelic

gr-

fan oxgrbhan dubh, the dark opposer {grab,

It

to hinder or obstruct).
:

was a favourite medicine

refer to grab, a notch,

for obstructions of the viscera

or

it

may

from

its

indented leaves.
Irish
:

Lycopus europseus

Water-horehound.

feoran curraidh,

the green marsh-plant {ctirrach, a marsh).

Marrubium vulgare White horehound.

nigcr).

Gaelic and Irish

grfan or grbhan ban, the white indented, &c.

(See Ballota

Lamium album

White
nettle.

dead-nettle; archangel.

Gaelic:
nettle.

tcanga mhin, the smooth tongue.

lonntag bhn, white

lountag mhrbh, dead

L.

purpureum

The

(For lonntag see Uriica.) Gaelic red dead - nettle.

:

ionntag

dhearg, red nettle.

; :

55

Galeopsis tetrahit Common hemp-nettle.

black

Gaelic: an gath
It

dubh, the dark bristly plant {gath, a sting, a dart).

becomes
:

when

dry,

and has black

inor,

seeds.

G. versicolor
buidhe,
plant.

an

Large-flowered
in the

hemp-nettle.

Gaelic

an gath

gath

the yellow bristly plant

the

large bristly

Very abundant

Highlands, and troublesome to

its

the reapers at
called yellow

harvest-time,

from

bristly

character.

It

is

on account of
lip.

its

large yellow flower, with a purple

spot on the lower

Stachys betonica Wood-betony.

life-plant,

Latin

Gaelic lits bheathag, the nourishing plant (from Irish: beatha ; Greek: ^uara; " Betonic, a Celtic word ben, head, vita,\\Q, food).
:

and
in

ton,

good, or tonic " (Sir W.

''

J.

Hooker).

Biatas (from biadh,

the

feed, nourish, maintain).

precious herb, comfortable both

meat and medicine

"

(Culpepper).

Ghisair

coille,
:

wood

green one.

The

green leaves' were used as a salad

Gaelic
his

any kind of

salad was called glasag.

S.

sylvatica
{scon-,
:

Wound-wort.
made by

nan

scorr, the

wound-

wort
Irish

a cut

a knife or any sharp instrument).

caubsadan.

Gaelic and Irish dubhan ceann These names had probably reference " It removes all obstructions of to its effects as a healing plant. the liver, spleen, and kidneys " {dubhan, a kidney, darkness ceann, head, and cosach, spongy or porous). Shin his, healing plant. Lus a chridh, the heart-weed. Irish ceanabha?t-beg, the little fond dame; cean, fond, elegant, and ban, woman, wife,

Prunella vulgaris

Self-heal.

chosach, also diibhanuith.

dame.
BORAGINACE/E.

Borago
raist,

officinalis
all

Borage.
these

Gaelic and Irish: borrach, bor-

evidently derived from from the Latin, cor, the heart, and ago, to act or effect. The plant was supposed to give courage, and to strengthen the action of the heart ; " it was one of the four Borr in Gaelic means to bully or swagger ; and great cordials." borrach, a haughty man, a man of courage. Welsh llaivenllys
borra/gh,
borago, altered
:

forms are

{llawen, merry, joyful), the joyful or glad plant.

Lycopsis arvensis
ox-tongue.
tafod yr ych, the

Bugloss.

Gaelic

his-teang'
his,

Boghis, corruption of bolg, an ox;

a plant.

an davnh, Welsh
fiov^, boiis,

same meaning.

Biigloss,

from Greek

an ox, and ywo-o-a, glossa, a tongue, and shape of the leaves.

in reference to the

roughness

56

Myosotis palustris Marsh scorpion -grass or forget-me-not. Gaelic and Irish cotharach, the protector {cotkadh, protection); perhaps the form of the racemes of flowers, which, when young, bend over the plant as if protecting it. Ltis ?mm mini, the louseplant, probably a corruption from jniagh, esteem. Lus midhe (O'Reilly), a sentimental plant that has always been held in
:

high esteem.

Symphytum

officinale Com frey.

Irish
:

Gaelic: vieacayi dub/i, the

na ccnamh briste, the plant for broken bones. The root of comfrey abounds in mucilage, and was considered an excellent remedy for uniting broken bones.
large or dark plant.

lus

"Yea,
pot,
it

it

is

said to be so powerful to consolidate

if

and knit

to-

gether, that

they be boiled with dissevered pieces of flesh in a

will join

them together again

"

(Culpepper).

Echium vulgare
us na iiaf/irath,

Cynoglossum hound's - tongue. Gaelic Teanga c/i, dog's - tongue. and Irish: teanga con (O'Reilly). Welsh tafod y ci, same meaning. Greek cy7ioglossum {kvwv, kyon, a dog, and yAwo-cra, glossa, a tongue), name suggested from
: :

Viper's bugloss. the viper's plant. officinale Common

Boglus (see Lycopsis) and

the form of the leaves.

PiNGUICULACEvE.
Pinguicula vulgaris
the
butter
;

Bog-violet.
its

Gaelic

bj-og

na

cub/iaig,

the cuckoo's shoe, from

violet like flower.

Badan
ineasgan,

measga?i,

mixer

badan,

little

tuft,

and

little
it

butter-dish

or measg, to mix, to stir about.

On

cows' milk
It is

acts like rennet.

it

Lus a

bhainne, the milk-wort.

believed

gives consistence to milk

by straining

Uac/idar, surface, top,

cream,

it

through the leaves.

it

name given because

was

supposed

to thicken tlie cream.

PRniULACE^.
Primula vulgaris

Primrose.

Gaelic

sob/irac/i,

sobhrag.

"A

sJtohhrach, geal-bhiii

nam bruachag,
!

Gur

fan-gheal, snughar, do ghniiis Chinneas badanach, cluasach, Maoth-mhin, baganta luaineach.

Bi'dh tu t-eideadh sa'n earrach

'S 'each
ri

falach an

sill."

M'DONALD.
!

Pale yellow primrose of the bank, So pure and beautiful thine appearance Growing in chmips, round-leaved,


57
Tender,
soft, clustered,

waving

Thou

wilt

be dressed

in the spring

When

the rest are hiding in the bud.

The

Irish

acceptable.

name soghradhach (Shaw), means amiable, The Gaelic names have the same meaning.
Irish
:

lovely,

Sohh
;

or subh, pleasure, delight, joy.

also

Soradh, soirigh, are contractions

samhanan.

saiuharcain {sam/ias, delight, pleasure).

s"

"Am bi
"

na samln-aicheaii

neoinean fann."
t'

Old Song.

Gu

trie

anns' na bhuinn sinn a

sracli."

MuNRO.
"

Often

we

gathered there the pyimrcse.

Welsh

briollu,

briol, dignified

alhvedd, key.

The queenly
rascal,

flower that opens the lock to let in

P. veris
devil.

Cowslip.
it,

summer "

(Brockie).

Gaelic:

miiisean^

the

low

the

"^

choire mhuiseaiiaich,^^ a dell full of cowslips.

Cattle

refuse to eat

therefore farmers dislike

Irish
:

it.

Brog na cnbhaig
seicheirghin

(M'Kenzie), the cuckoo's shoe.

seicheirghlan,

scickeariaji,

from seiche, hide or skin. It was formerly boiled, and " an ointment or distilled water was made from it, which
addeth much to beauty, and taketh away spots and wrinkles of the skin, sun-burnings and freckles, and adds beauty exceedingly."

The name means

the "skin-purifier."
bleachf, the
:

Baine bo

bhuie,

the yellow cow's milk.

P. auricula
flower.
P.

Baine bo
Gaelic

milk-cow's milk.

Auricula.

lits

na bann-righ, the queen's

raidh.

Winter primrose. Gaelic Sobhrach ghcainhCyclamen hedersefolia Sow-bread. Gaelic culurin (perhaps
Polyanthus
:

from

and aran, bread), the boar's bread. Lysimachia (from Greek Atio-w and iLayoixai, I fight). Gaelic and Irish Ins na sithchaine, Loose-strife. L. vulgaris
ciil

or citUacJi, a boar,

the herb of peace

aire,

{siih,

peace,

rest,

ease

cin, state of).

^'-

Con-

the keeper of friendship.

;

The

termination

aire''

denotes

an agent
L.

and

conall, friendship, love.

An

seileachan buidlie, the

yellow willow herb.

nemorum Wood
;

loose-strife; yellow pimpernel.

Gaelic

and

Irish: scainhair Alhnire {seamhair, seam/i, gentle, sweet,

and

feur, grass

seamhrog (shamrock), generally applied to the treMhuire of Mary Maire, foils and wood-sorrel. (See Oxalis.) Mary. This form is especially applied to the Blessed Virgin In the Mid-Highlands more frequently called Sammaii Mary. (Stewart). Lus Cholum-cille, the wort of St Columba, the apostle
;


58
of Scotland.
cille, of the church. ; This Highlands to Hypericum, which see. Rosor Ros is sometimes used for lits. Ros-or, yellow or " From the Sanskrit, ruksha or nisha, meaning tree,

Columb, a dove

name

is

given

in the

(O'Reilly).

golden rose.

becomes

in

Gaelic

ros,

a tree or treelet, just as daksha, the

right hand,

becomes dexter in Latin and deas in Gaelic. Ros, therefore, means a tree or small tree, or a place where such trees grow hence the names of places that are marshy or enclosed by rivers, as Roslin, Ross-shire, Roscommon," &c. Canon BOURKE.

Anagallis arvensis
Gaelic
:

Pimpernel,
:

poor man's weather-glass.

{fal-

falcair.

Irish

fakaire fiodhain, the wild cleanser

cadh, to cleanse).

The name
its

expressing the medicinal qualities

of the plant, which, by

purgative and cleansing power, removes

Falcaire fiiair,
;

obstructions of the liver, kidneys, &c.

caire also

fal-

fuaradh, to cool, a The reaper's weather-gauge, because it points weather-gauge. out the decrease of temperature by its hygrometrical properties
reaper,
fiiair, cold

means a

and

when

there

is

moisture the flower does not open.

loisg, to

Loisgean
its fiery

(M'Donald), from
appearance.

put in flame, on account of

Rui?ui means sex, and by Ruitin ruise (O'Reilly). pre-eminence the " male ; " ruise is the genitive case of ros. It is
called the male pimpernel in

still

some

places.

The

distilled

water or juice of this plant was

cleansing the skin.

much esteemed

formerly for

Plumbaginace.:.
tonn a chladaich (Armon the sea-shore, banks of Br-dearg, red-top, from rivers, and even on the Grampian tops. N'coiiiean chladaich, the beach daisy, from its pink flower. chxdach, shore, beach, sandy plain.
Thrift.

Armeria maritima

Gaelic

strong), the " beach-wave," frequent

Plantaginace^.
Plantago major Greater plaintain. Gaelic and Irish a/ach in some places criiach PhdPhdraig, Patrick's bowl or cup, Welsh Uydaiii y fford, spread on raig, Patrick's heap or hill.
:

the way.
P. lanceolata

Rib -wort.
le

Gaelic and Irish: sln

his,

the

healing plant.

" Le meilbheig,

neinean

's

le sln-liis."

M'Leod.

Wiih poppy,

daisy,

and rib-wort.

M
59
Lis ail
'

slaiiuchaidh {/hs, a wort, a plant-lierb, cliiefly used for

signifies also

plant

it

power, force, efficacy

slaniichaidh, a par-

ticipial

noun from slan ;

Irish
:

Latin, santis), the herb of the healing,

or

healing

Deideag.
tions
;

deid^

power; a famous healing plant in olden times. deideog {ag and og, young, diminutive terminaliterally deud or deid, a tooth), applied to the row of
titty)^

teeth,

and

also to the nipple (Gaelic, diddi ; English,

be-

cause like a tooth, hence to a plaything,

a

play, geiogaw, bo-peep,

common word

with nurses.

" B'iad

sid an geiltre gle ghiinn. Cinn deideagan measg feoir," licc.

'Donald.

Scenes of startling beauty, Plantain-heads among the grass, &c.

Armstrong
editor of
'

translates

it

"gewgaws" amongst
Bard" Gaelach
'

the grass; but the

his vocabulary

Sar-obair

nam

see

which renders the line intelligible. Bodaich dhubha, the black men, children's name in Perthshire. Welsh IhvynJiidydl-penaiir.
gives deideagan, rib -grass,

PARONYCHIACEyE.
Herniaria glabra
Irish
is
:

Rupture-wort;
''

burst -wort.
sic,

Gaelic and
the inner skin
naturally in

Iiis

an f

sic/iich

(M'Kenzie), from

the inner skin that

next the viscera in animals.

Bhrist an

t sie,"

broke.

" Mam-sic," rupture, hernia.

Not growing

Scotland, but was formerly cultivated by herbalists as a cure for

hernia.

Chenopodiace^. Amaranthus caudatus Love-lies-bleeding.

Gaelic

/lis

g/irid//,

the love plant.

Spinacia oleracea Blonag,

goglys.
fat

Spinage.

Grd/i, love.

Gaelic

bloinigean graidh.
;

(Welsh, bloneg ; Irish, blanag)

;

grad/i,

a garden.
:

Slap chil (M'Alpin)

slap, to flap

cal,

cabbage.

Welsh

yspi-

Gaelic: betis, biotas. Beta maritima Beet, mangel-wurzel. Welsh beattos (evidently on account of its feedbiatas. Greek jiio'i. Latin vita, life, ing or life-giving qualities). food and the Gaelic biadh, feed, nourish, fatten. Gornish
Irish
:

bod.

Suseda maritima
the sea pot-herb. see

Salicornia herbacea

Sea-side goose grass. Glass-wort.

Gaelic

and

Irish

praiseach na mora,

Name

applied to both plants.

Y ox praiseach,

Crambe maritima.


6o
Atriplex hastata and patula
Irish
:

Common

oiache.
fine,

Gaelic and
small.
Still

praiseach

mJiiii.

Mm,

meal, ground

used by poor people as a pot-herb.

(O'Reilly), loin-quarters.

Ceathrainha-luain-grioUog

CeatJiramadii caorach (Bourke), sheep's

is

quarters.

The name

A. portulacoides
piirpaidh, ])urple.

Purslane-like

grioUog

applied also to the samphire.

orache.
to
Claelic

and
it

Irish

A name

also given

the poppy.

Name
being

given on account of the purple appearance of the plant,

streaked with red in the autumn.

Chenopodium vulvaria
Irish
:

(or

olidum)
;

Stinking
and

goosefoot.
It

deflcog.

El or

da, a swan

and

fle or flcadh, a feast.

was said
C.

to

be the favourite food of swans.

Scotch
Irish

olour

(Latin, olor, a swan).

album

White

goosefoot.

Gaelic

praiseach

fiadhaiii, wild pot-herb.

The people
still

of the Western Highlands,

it

and poor people

{fidfoliniii).

in Ireland,

eat

as greens.

Praiseadi

gls, green pot-herb, a

name

given to the fig-leaved goosefoot

wild spinage, English
friar's

C.

Bonus-Henricus Good King Henry,

Gaelic and Irish
:

Mercury.
herb.

praiseadi brthair, the

pot-

{Brthair means brother, also friar frere). are still used as spinage or spinach, in defect of better.
Laurace.:.

Its leaves

Laurus (from Sanskrit labhasa, abundance of foliage root labh, to. take, to desire, to possess akin to Greek, Xaiiftavn}, lambauo). Gaelic lamh, a hand (Canon Bourke). L. nobilis The laurel, the bay-tree (which must not be confounded with our common garden laurel, Prunus lauro-cerasiis and P. hisitajiicus). Gaelic and Irish labhras. Crann laoibhreil, the tree possessing richness of foliage. With its leaves poets and victorious generals were decorated. The symbol of triumph and victory. It became also the symbol of massacre and slaughter, hence another Gaelic name, casgair, to slaughter, to hit right and left. Ur iiaine, the green bay-tree.
;

" Agus

e'

ga sgaoileadh

fein a

mach mar

ilr ciraoibi iiaiiic."

And

spreading himself like a green bay-trcc.

Psalm

.\xx\ii. 35.

Ur = bay or palm tree, from the Sanskrit, Palm Sunday is styled Donihiiach an /7//-,"
'^

/////,

to

grow

up.

the Lord's day of

the palm.
L.

cinnamomum

Cinnamon.

Gaelic and Irish

caineal.


' 'Se

Beix.v-Doraix.

's

mllse na 'a cairwal."

It is

sweeter than ciiniaiiion.

Canal (Welsh
" Rinn mi
vii.

cancl).

mo

leabadli ciibhraitlli le mirr, aloe, agus canal."

Proverbs

17.

have perfumed

my

bed with myrrh,

:

aloes,

and cinnamon.

From

the

Hebrew

ioj'r,

qinnamon.

Greek

Ktva/xw^ov, kina-

mnoi.

POLYGONACE/E.

Polygonum (from ttoAi;?, many, and 701^1;, knee, many knees or joints). Gaehc litsan glni/ieac/i, kneed or jointed plants. Polygonum bistorta Bistort, snakeweed. Gaelic and Irish bihir (O'Reilly). Seems to mean the same as Inolair, a watercress. The young shoots were formerly eaten. Welsh lysiaiir

neidr, adder's plant.

P.

amphibium

Amphibious

persicaria.

Gaelic and

Irish

gluineach an nlsge, the water -kneed plant.

in water.

It is often floating Its spikes of

this

Gluineach dhea/'g, the red-kneed plant.

flowers are rose-coloured

and handsome.
is

Armstrong gives
Irish

name

to P. convolvulus.,

which

evidently wrong.
:

P. aviculare

(O'Reilly), the small-jointed plant. P.

Knot-grass. Gaelic and convolvulus Climbing persicaria

Gaelic and Irish
spotted
:

gluineach bheag

black

bindweed

climbing buckwheat.
dark-jointed plant.
P.

gluineach

dhubh, the
Irish:

persicaria

The

persicaria.

Gaelic and
boinne-fola

gluineach jnhor, the large-jointed plant.

gusson), the blood-spot.

Am

(Fer-

the tree (of) crucifixion.

at the foot of the Cross,

Lus chrann ceusaidh (M'Lellan), herb of The legend being that this plant grew
fell

and so they
P.

are to this

hydropiper

and drops of blood day spotted. Gaelic Water - pepper.

on the leaves,

lus

(AI'Kenzie), the plant that drives, expels, or banishes.

the reputation of driving

ful
it

away

pain,

flies,

&c.

" If

an fliogair It had a good hand-

of the hot biting arssmart be put under the horse's saddle,

will
"

make him

travel the better

before

Culpepper.
obtusifolius

Gluineach
\

fiih,

though he were half tired the hot-kneed plant.

Gaelic and Irish
iv/i?^'-

Rumex
,,

crispus

Dock.

,,

conglomeratus

copagach, copach, bossy.

W'elsh

copa, tuft, a top.

62
R.

sanguineus

Bloody-veined
rhubarb.

dock.

Gaelic:

chopagach

d/icarg, the

red dock.

The stem and

veins of leaves are blood-

red.

R. alpinus

Monk's
A
is

Gaelic

lus

na

pi/rgaid, the

purgative weed.

naturalised plant.

The

roots were formerly

used medicinally, and the leaves as a pot-herb.

Ilys.

Welsh
sorrel.

ariau-

The same name

bo,

given for rue.

Gaelic
sanih
:

R. acetosa Common sorrel.

saiiihadh

sajnh,

Irish

cow
Irish

sorrel
:

(for

see

Oxalis).

Fitmneag
its

(M'Donald).

puineoga.

Name

given possibly for

efficacy in healing sores

and bruises

(a pugilist, piimneanach).

Sealhhag, not from sealbh, possession,

sour, bitter,

more

likely

from searbh,

from
"

its

acid taste.
s/iealb/iag g\\\h.n
's

Do

brcadh suas

ma

d'

do luachair choir." M'DoNALL).

Thy

pure sorrel and thy rushes

Springing up beside ihee.

Scdlgag (Irish,

sca/ga/i),

are

other forms of the same

name.

Copog shraiik, the roadside or lane dock.

sorrel.

Sobh (Shaw), the herb

nianaidh,
Pliiirin

R. acetosella

Sheep's
slender).

sorrel.

Gaelic and Irish

the reddish-coloured.

It is often bright

red in autumn.

seangan
flower
sorrel.
;

(O'Reilly),
seangan.,

the small -flowered plant {pluran, a small

Samhadh
-

caora (O'Reilly), sheep's

Oxyria

reniformis

Mountain

sorrel.

Gaelic and

Irish

sealbhaig nan fiadh, the deer's sorrel.

Aristolochiace.e.
Aristolochia clematitis
Cyclamen). Birth-wort. Culurin Common asarum. Gaelic asair
(see
:

Asarum
Greek

europseum
privative,

(M'Donald), from the generic name, said

to

be derived from
leaves are emetic,

a,

and

o-etpa,

bandage.

The

cathartic,

and

diuretic.

The

plant was formerly employed to

correct the effects

cabaret.

of excessive drinking,

hence the French,

Empetrace^.

Empetrum nigrum
{dearc
Jit/iic/i,

Crow-berry.

fionnag {fionnag, a crow).

Gaelic and Irish: his na Sometimes written Jiannag, fiadhag

raven's berry; caor Jio/tnaig, crow-berry), the ber-


63
ries

which the Highland children are very fond of eating, though

rather bitter.

Taken

in large quantities, they cause headache.

Grouse are fond of them. Boiled with alum they are used to produce a dark-purple dye. Lus ua stalog (O'Reilly), the starling's plant.

EUPHORBIACE.E.

Euphorbia exigua o "Sp^rge. heUoscopia / = spurge. Foinneamh lus, wart-wort.

]

^ r^ j t Gaelic and Irish

spmrse

E. peplus

Petty

spurge.

Gaelic and Irish

ins

ki/saidh,

healing plant.
artic

The
is

plants of this genus possess powerful cath-

and emetic

properties.

E. helioscopia has a particularly

it

acrid juice, which

is

often applied for destroying warts, hence

Irish
:

called foifwea??ih lus.

gear neimh {gear or geu?; severe,

(O'Reilly),

and neimh, poison, the milky juice being poisonous.) E. paralias Sea-spurge. Irisli buidhe na fmigean

the yellow plant of the v/aves

(;//>/,

a wave),

its

habitat being

maritime sands.

'ot

found

in Scotland, but in Ireland,

on the

This and the preceding species are extensively used by the peasantry of Kerry for poisoning, or
coast as far north as Dublin.
rather stupefying,
fish.

Buxus sempervirens
alteration of
/3i'o?,

Box.

Gaelic

and

Irish

bocsa,

an

the Greek name.

gall ghithas, agus

ocsa le cheile. "

"Suidhichidh mi anns an fhsach an giuthas, an Isaiah.

I will set in the desert the fir-tree

am

and the pine and the box together.

The badge
bhracadail.

of Clan jM'Pherson

and Clan MTntosh.

mercury.
Gaelic
;
:

Mercurialis perennis

Wood

lus ghliiuie-

Lus

ghlinne, the cleansing wort

bracad/i,

suppuracure

tion, corruption,

&c.

It

was formerly much used

for the

of wounds.

Cucurbitace.:.

Cucumis sativus

Cucumber.
t-iasg a

Gaelic

and

Irish

cularan,

perhaps from culair, the palate, or culear, a bag.

"Is cuimhne leinne an

ain agus na inealbhucain.'"

Numbers
we
ri

dh

'ith

sinn san Ephit gu saor

5.

na-r;///;--

xi.

We

remember the

fish that

did eat in Egypt freely, and the cucumber

and the melons.

" 'Sa thorc nimhe

sgath a chularav.''

IM 'Donald.

The wild boar destroying

his Ciicitmbers.


64
Irish
:

ciicumhar (O'Reilly), cucumber, said to be derived from

the Celtic

species the rind

word aic (Gaelic, ciiach), becomes hard when

a hollow thing.
dried,

In some

and

is

Latin

n/curbita, a derivative
:

from the

Celtic.

used as a cup. (See Loudon.)

Welsh chwerw ddwfr = water-sour. Cucumis melo Melon. Gaelic and Irish vieal-bhiic, from vicl or dl (Greek, /AeXcv, an apple), and hue, size, bulk. According to Brockie, " mealbhiicain (plural), round fruit covered

with warts or pimples."

Mileog, a small melon.

UrTICACE/'E.

Urtica
,.

A word formed from Latin

.

in-o,

to burn.

Nettle

(Anglo-Saxon,

;/rt'rt'/,

a needle).
ii/iifag

Gaelic
(from

and
its

Irish

feaunfag,

iicandog,^

dcaiiiifag,

ionfag,

feannfa, flayed, pierced, pinched^^rir;///, to flay, on account of

blistering effects
:

on the skin

aug, a sting

iongna, nails).

Latin

7/?igiics.

"Sealbhaichidh an

t'

ionntagach."

HoSEA.
Till tea

The

nettles shall possess them.

To

this

day

it

is

boiled in the Highlands and in Ireland by

the country people in the spring-time.

fashion,
Caol-fil

became the
capital food.

nettles
caol,

were boiled

in

meal, and

made

slender; fl, spite, malice.

In the

Hebrides

often called sradag (a spark), from the sensation (like that from a fiery spark) consequent

upon touching.

(Stuart.)
:

Cannabis sativa Hemp. Gaelic and Irish -caineab, the same as cannabis, and said to be originally derived from Celtic, but the plant has been known to the Arabs from can, white time immemorial under the name oi guaneb. Corcacii, hemp.
;

"Buill do' n chaol chrcaidh."

'Donald.

Tackling of hempen ropes.

Welsh
Ills

cynarch.
officinalis

Parietaria
wall.

Wall

pellitory.

Gaelic and
;

Irish:

a bhallaidh, from balladh (Latin, valluin

Irish, balla),

weed which

is

frequently found on or beside old walls

or rubbish heaps, hence the generic

1

name

"parietaria," from
In feminine nouns, the

''

Neandog, the

common name

for

it

in Ireland.
is

first

consonant

feanntag'

'f when

(letter) after

the article an (the)

its

softened in sound.

'An

affected loses

soimd, and

'N'

is

sounded instead:

'N

(fkantog.'"

Canon Bourke.


65
paries, a wall.
Irish
:

viiotintas chisil {cisiol,

ing), the wall-mint.

For

iuionnias, see

Humulus lupulus
liivm
/iiil>/i,

Hop.
:

any stone buildMentha. Gaelic and Irish his an leanna

:

the ale or beer plant.

Lionn, leann (Welsh, Ihyn)

beer, ale.

Ulmus

Elm.

Celtic

ailni.
all

The same
and elm.
:

in

Anglo-Saxon,

Teutonic, Gothic, and nearly

n'px, elali.

the Celtic dialects.

Hebrew

translated oak, terebinth,

liobhan.
'

Gaelic and Irish leamhan, slani/ian (Shaw), Welsh According to Pictet, in his work, Ihuyfen. Les Origines Indo-Europeennes ou les Aryas Primitifs,' p. 221,
U. campestris

"

To

the Latin

'

Ulmus

'

the following bear an affinity

(re-

spond)
ilemu.
^

Sax.ii"//;;;.
:

Scand.: almr.
Irish
'^
:

Polish
^

ihna.

leamh^ or

leamhan.''

He

Old German: elm. Rus.: ailm, uilm, and by inversion, says the root is ?//, meaning to
finality

burn.

The
is

tree is called

from the
is
is
;

of

it,

" to be burned."

That

his opinion,
is

and he
it

probably
liobh
is

right.

The common
from
slippery.

idea of leainhan
the taste of
its

that

from leamh,

tasteless, insipid,

inner bark

and

means smooth,
Cicely

And

the tree in Gaelic poetry

associated with or symbolic

of slipperiness of character, indecision.

M 'Donald,

who

lived in the reign of Charles II., describing her husband, wrote

as follows

" Bu

til'

n t-iubhair as a choille,

Bu tu' n darach daingean lidir, Bu tu' n ciiileann, bu tu 'n droighionn, Bu tu' n t' abhall molach, blth-mhor, Cha robh meur annad do' n chritheann, Cha robh do dhlighe ri fearna,
Cha robh do
chir-dcas ri leamhaii,

Bu

tu leannan

nam ban

luinn."

Thou wast the yew from the wood, Thou wast the firm strong oak, Thou wast the holly and the thorn, Thou wast the rough, pleasant apple, Thou had'st not a twig of the aspen. Under no obligation to the alder, And hadst no friendship with the dm. Thou wast the beloved of the fair.
Ficus

Nearly the
(jvyy].

same
:

in

most of the European languages.

Celtic
:

Greek
fighis.

Latin

ficus.

F. carica

Common

fige.
:

fig-tree.

Gaelic and Irish

crann fige or


66

" Ach fghlumaibh cosamhlach do'n chrann fJge." Learn a parable from the fig-tree.

Moms Greek
Loudon,
in his

/xopos,

moras.

Latin

morus,

a mulberry.

Celtic nior,

'Encyclopedia of Plants,' says it is from the dark-coloured. There is no such Celtic root ; it may

be from the Sanskrit, murch, Scotch, viii-k, darkness, obscurity; and the Greek name has also this meaning. The fruit being of Old Ger. and Danish mur-bcr. a darkish red colour. Common mulberry. Gaelic and Irish crnnM. nigra
:

7naol-dhearc, tree of the

mild aspect, or

if

dearc here be a berry,

the

tions.

Maol (Latin, mollis) has many significamonks without hair, as Maol C/ioliim, A proSt Columba Maol losa, Maol BrigJdd, St Bridget, &c. montory, cape, or knoll, as Maol Chinntire, Mull of Cantyre. To soften, by making it less Malvern, maol, and bearna, a gap. Hence mulberry, mildbitter, as " dean maol e," make it mild.
mild-berry
tree.

Bald, applied to
;

berry (Canon Bourke).

Amentifer^ and Cupulifer^.

Catkin-bearers Gaelic
" 'Nis
'S caitean
:

caitcati,

the blossom of osiers.

treigidh coileach

ghucag

brucach nan craobh."

'Donald.

Now
And

the cock will forsake the buds

the spotted catkins of the trees.

Quercus Said in botanical works to be from the Celtic, quer, There is no such word in any Celtic dialect, and even fine. Pictet has failed, after expending two pages on it, to explain it. ("Robur comes from the Celtic, ro, excelling, and Q. robur Canon Bourke). The oak. Gaelic and bur, development" dair, genitive drach, sometimes written drag, dr, dr. Irish Sanskrit dj-u, druma, druta, a tree, the tree daru, a wood.

'

Smhach' us mr a bha

'n triath,

Mar

dharaig

's

liath air Liibar,

chaill a

dlu-dheug o shean

Le dealan glan nan speur, Tha 'h-aomadh thar srth o shliabh, A cinneach mar chiabh a fuaim."
Silent

OssiAN.

and great was the prince Like an oak-tree hoary on Lubar, Stripped of its thick and aged boughs By the keen lightning of the sky, It bends across the stream from the hill, Its moss sounds in the wind like hair.


67

Om,

oi/uia,

the oak (O'Reilly).

" Cormac, King of Cashel, Ireit

land, A.D.

903, says of omjia that

equals fuatn/ia, sounds, or

noises, because the

oak and

resist its
inen,

winds resound when the branches of the passage. According to Varro, it is from os, mouth,

mind, thinking

that

is,

telling out
this,
'

what one thinks

is

likely to

come.

Cicero agrees with

Osmen

voces homa progof the

inum

'

"

nostication,

Canon Bourke. Compare Latin omen, a sign, it being much used in the ceremonies
:

Druids.

Omna, a

lance,

or a spear, these implements being

:

made from the wood of the oak. Greek hopv, a spear, because made of wood or oak. Eit/ieach, oak, from eithtm, to eat, an
old form of
it/i.

Latin:
to

ed-ere,

as

"

oak"

is

derived from ak
called

(Old German)
Qut'/riiS esculus

eat
tlie

(the

acorn).

The "oak" was

by

Latins.

Rail, railaidh, oak.

j-alaidk."

" Ni bhiodh achd, aon dhearc ar an

There used
to be only one acorn
it

on the oak.
jv,
is,

Canon Eourke thinks

growth
plants.
;

is

derived from

or

ri,

a king, and al or ail

that

exceeding, and ail, king of the growing

wood.
robiir.

The Highlanders still call it righ na coille, king of the The Spanish name roble seems to be cognate with

Q. ilex

Holm-tree.
a knoll,

Gaelic

and

Irish

craobh ihuilm, gen-

itive of tohn,

may

here be only an alteration of "holm."

Gaelic

Darach
Q.

sior-uine, ever-green oak.

suber The

cork-tree.

cfun

irceai/i.

Irish

craini aire.

Aire, a cork.

Fagus sylvatica
'Welsh
:

Beech.

Gaelic and Irish

craobh fhaibhile.

ffawydd.

Fai, from ^ayw, to eat.

first

(f>rjys,

the beech-tree.

This name was

to the oak.

applied to the oak, and as

is

we have no

Qtiercus esculus, the

name Fagus

applied to the beech and not

Thuja articulata. Beith na Meas, a fruit, as of oak or beech like "mess," "munch." French manger, to eat. F. sylvatica var. atrorubens Black beech. Gaelic faibhile
Oruiii (O'Reilly), see

measa, the fruiting birch.

dubh (Fergusson), black beech, from the sombre appearance of The "mast" of the beech was used as food, and its branches. was called bachar, from Latin, bacehar ; Greek, ^.Kyapi<i, a plant having a fragrant root. A name also given to Valeriana
celtica

(Sprengel), Celtic nard.

:

Carpinus Celtic car, wood and been used to make the yokes of oxen.
;

////,

a head.

It

having

68
C.

betulus

Hornbeam.

(Gaelic

kai/i/ian bog, the soft elm.

(See Ulimis cainpestris).

Corylus avellana
widen.
colli,

Hazel.

Gaelic and Irish

^^'elsh
: :

ca/Ituiiiii,

cll:

dai/in, calldiiinn, cailtin,

coUumii.

calleu.
:

Cornish

col-

Perhaps from Armoric call. Gaelic colli. Irish a wood, a grove. New Year's time is called in Gaelic,
''

colli

oidhche collie" the

first

night of January, then the hazel

is

in

bloom.

The

first

night in the

new

year,

when

the

wind blows

from the west, they

tion the hazel

call

dlr na

collie,

the night of the fecunda-

tion of trees ("Statistics," par. Kirkmichael).

In Celtic supersti-

was considered unlucky, and associated with loss or damage. The words call, col, collen, have also this signification but if two nuts were found together {cno chomhlaich), good luck was certain. The Bards, however, did not coincide with these ideas. By it they were inspired Avith poetic fancies. " They believed that there were fountains in which the principal rivers had their sources over each fountain grew nine hazel trees, caill crintnoJi {crina, wise), which produced beautiful red nuts, which fell into the fountain, and floated on its surface, that the salmon of the river came up and swallowed the nuts. It was believed that the eating of the nuts caused the red spots on the salmon's belly, and whoever took and ate one of these salmon was inspired with the sublimest poetical ideas. Hence the ex" pressions, the nuts of science,' the salmon of knowledge.' O'Curry's Manners and Customs of the Ancient Irish.' The badge of Clan Colquhoun. Alnus Name derived from Celtic. Al, a growth and Ian, full. According to Pictet, it is from alka, Sanskrit for a tree. A. glutinosa Common alder. Gaelic and Irish /earn /earn, same origin as varna (Sanskrit), a tree. Welsh gwernen givern, a swamp. It grows best in swampy places, and beside streams and rivers. Many places have derived their names from this tree, Gleami Feaniaite. Fearnan, near Loch Tay Fearn,
;
;

'

'

'

Ross-shire, &c.

Ruaim

(O'Reilly)

{ruad/i,

red),

it

dyes red.

When peeled it is white, but it turns red in a short time. The bark boiled with copperas makes a beautiful black colour. The wood has the peculiarity of splitting best from the root, hence
the saying
" Gach
fiodh o'n bhn-,
's

am/tw;v/i? o'n bliun."

root.

Every wood

splits best

from the top, but the alder from the

Betula alba

Birch.

Gaelic

and

Irish

bcatha.

Welsh

69
bedi^

seemingly from

beai/i.

Greek

fSnoTi].

Latin
Be/a.

c'ihr,

life.

Also the
ing to written

name Hebrew
e///i.

of the letter
Bef/i

in Celtic languages, correspond:

(meaning a house). Greek

chubhraidh." OSSIAN.
bircli.

Generally

" Sa

/u'i//i

In the fragrant

The Highlanders
tree.

formerly

made many economical

light,

uses of this

Its

bark

{//leillcag),

they burned for

and the smooth

inner bark was used, before the invention of paper, for writing

upon, and the

wood

for various purposes.

The badge

of the Clan Buchanan.

B. verrucosa Knotty birch. Gaelic: beat/ia carraigcac/i, ih'it rugged birch ; beatha dubh-chasach, the dark-stemmed birch. B. pendula Gaelic beatha dubhach, the sorrowful birch In {di/b/iac/i, dark, gloomy, sorrowful, mourning, frowning).

Rannoch and Breadalbane

ing) ear birch.
(Stuart.)

Beatha
Gaelic

cliiasach, the

many

(droop-

B. nana.

Dwarf

birch.

beatha beag (Fergusson), the

small birch.

Castanea vesca
obh geantn-chno.

Common chestnut.
cosmhuil
r'a

Gaelic and Irish

ehra-

"No

na

cxz.oh\\z gL'd;iiH-i lino

gheugaibh. "

EzEKlEi. xxxi.

8.

Nor

the chestnut-tree like his brandies.

Geaiun or gea/m, natural love, pure love, such as exists between

relatives,

the

tree of chaste love,

evidently credited this tree with the

tree,

Vitex

aguus

castas

and cno, a nut. The Celts same virtues as the chaste and Latin, castas, (Greek, yv?
;

chaste).

Hence

the Athenian matrons, in the sacred rites of

its

Ceres, used to strew their couches with

said to be derived from Castana, a

leaves.

Castanea

is

town in Pontus, and that But the the tree is so called because of its abundance there. town Castana (Greek, Kao-ravov) was probably so called on If so, the Engaccount of the virtues of its female population. lish name chestnut would mean chaste-nut, as it is in the Gaelic. The Welsh castan (from Latin, caste), chastely, modestly.
:

chestnut-tree of Scripture
talis,

is

now supposed

to

be Phxtaiuis

oricii-

the Chenar plane-tree.

[.SIsculus

hippocastanum

The

gea/n/i eh no feadhaich (Fergusson).

acece.

Gaelic horse - chestnut. Belongs to the order Acer:

Was

introduced to Scotland in 1709.]

Populus alba
:

Poplar.

Gaelic

pobhiiill.
:

Irish

poibleag.
:

German pappel. Welsh and Armoric pobl. This name has an Asiatic origin, and became
to all

Latin
a

populus.

common name

explains

Europe through the Aryan family from the East.^ Pictet " Ce nom est sans doute une reduplication de it thus
:

la racine Sanskrit pul,

big, big, as in the in Gaelic inor

magnum, altum." Pul pul, great, great, or Hebrew construction, very big. We still say mor, big, big, for very big. Pul pul is the Persian
for salix.
it

for poplar,

and pullah

Persia and Asia Minor, hence

This tree is quite common was as well known there as

in in

Europe.

The name has become

associated with populus., the

people, by the fact that the streets of ancient

rated with rows of this tree,

Rome

were deco-

Again,

it is

asserted that

whence it was called Arbor populi. the name is derived from the constant

movement of
populace
P.

"

the leaves, which are in perpetual motion, like the

fickle, like

the multitude, that are accursed."

tremula

Aspen.
" Mar

Gaelic and Irish

chritheacJi sail
t'

critheann, trembling.

sine."

Ul.L.

Like an aspen

in the l)last.

With the

slightest breeze the leaves tremble, the poetic belief

being that the wood of the Cross was made from this tree, and that ever since the leaves cannot cease from trembling. Eadhadh. Welsh aethnen [aethiad^ smarting). The mulberry tree of Scripture is supposed to be the aspen (Balfour), and in Gaelic is rendered craobh nan sineur. (See Morus and Rubus
:

frutkosus. )

" Agus an
an

uair a chluineas tu fuim siiibhail an mullach

r//r?)^//

mm snicur,

sin gluaisidli tu thu fein."

2 Samuel

v. 24.

And when
trees, that

thou hearest a sound of marching on the tops of the mulberry

then thou shalt bestir thyself.

The badge
Salix

of Clan Fergusson.
to Pictet,

According
"
II
.

from Sanskrit,

sla^ a tree.

a passe au stiale dans plusieurs langues

. .

Ces noms derivent de sala."

Gaelic and Irish

salix.
^

scileac/i, saileog, sal, suil.

Fin.:

sahnua.

Anglo-Saxon
'

salig,

Cognate with Latin sal/i, from which

of the Gaelic

.See

and Language.'

Canon Bourke's work on The Aryan Origin London Longman.

:

Race


71
sallotv (white willow)
S. viminalis.)
S.
is

derived.

Welsh

helyg, willow.

(See

viminalis
:

Osier

willow

cooper's willow.

Gaelic and

Jineamhain (from Jin, vine ; and ;/////;/, a neck), a long Vimen in Latin means twig a name also applied to the vine.^ One of the seven hills of also a phant twig, a switch osier. Rome (Viminalis Collis) was so named from a willow copse
Irish

; and Jupiter, who was worshipped among these was called "Viminius;" and his priests, and those of Mars, were called Salii for the same reason. The worship was frequently of a sensual character, and thus the willow has become associated with lust, filthiness. Priapus was sarcasticallycalled " Salacissimus Jupiter," hence salax, lustful, salacious and in Gaelic, salach (from sal) German, sal, polluted, defiled.

that stood there

willows,

The

osier

is

also

called

biaisag,

bun,

stump,

stock.

Maothan, from maoth, smooth, tender.

foreign willow.
S.

Gall
sallow.

sheilcach,

the

caprea,
:

and

S.

aquatica

Common

Gaelic and

Irish

sileag,

probably the same as

Siiil

Irish, saileog
(in

(Anglo-Saxon,
sii

salig, sallow).

the old Irish name

The

Turkish

means

water) in Irish and Gaelic, the eye, look, aspect, and sometimes
tackle (Armstrong).

various species of willow were exten-

used for tackle of every sort. Ropes, bridles, &c., were made from twisted willows. " In the Hebrides, where there is
sively

so great a scarcity of the tree kind, there of the meanest willow, but what
to
is

is not a twig, even turned by the inhabitants

'

some

useful purpose."
this

Walker's

Hebrides.'

And

in Ire-

land to

day " gads," or willow ropes, are made.

GealIrish
:

sheileach (Armstrong), the white willow or sallow tree.

crann sailigh fhrancaigh, the French willow.

S.

"babylonica

The

Babylonian willow.

Gaelic

seilcach

an

f srutha
brook.

{sruth, a brook, stream, or rivulet), the willow of the

agus seileach

" Agus gabhaidh sibh dhuibh fein air a' cheud " ati f srutha. Lev. xxiii. 40.

la

meas chraobh

luinn,

And

take unto yourselves on the

first

day

fruit of

lovely trees, and willows

of the brook.

MVRICACE.E.

Myrica gale
rideag.
'

Bog myrtle, sweet myrtle, sweet

rideog,
fa

gale.

Gaelic

Irish

rileog

(changing sound oi
" (in Genesis)

\o I being

^'

Finemhain

m' chomhair

a vine opposite to me.


easier).

72 void
is

Rod or

the

common name
rot/ie/n,

in the Highlands,
It is

perhaps from the Hebrew,

on"',

a fragrant shrub.

used

numerous purposes by the Highlanders, e.g., as a substifor tanning and from its supposed efficacy in tute for hops destroying insects, beds were strewed with it, and even made of " And to this the twigs of gale, which is there called nodha. day it is employed by the Irish for the same purpose by those who know its efficacy. The rideog is boiled and the tea or juice drank by children to kill 'the worms.' I think children edufor
; ;

cated in our national schools should be taught to

plants

know

these

and their value." Canon Bourke. Badge of the Clan Campbell.

CONIFER/R.

Pinus

French:
el

le

pin.

German pyn-aum.
:

Italian: il phio.

Spanish:

pino.
:

Irish: pi/i?i

chrann.

Gaelic: pin-chrann.

Anglo-Saxon

//;///.

All these forms of the

same name are

comes
Latin,

derived, according to Pictet, from the Sanskrit verb pVna, the

past participle oi pita, to be

fat,

juicy.

From
fir.

pina,

pinus, and the Gaelic,

P.

sylvestris

Scotch

//;/.

pine,

Scots

Gaelic

giiiihas,

giiihJias.

"

is\2LX

giiibhas a liib an doinionn."

l)y

OssiAN.
Sans-

Like a pine bent

the storm.

Giidhas, probably from the

krit
:

same root
:

a.%

picea, pitch pine.

pish, soft, juicy.

Gaelic

giiibhas, a juicy tree,

;

from the

abundance of pitch or resin its wood contains Con or cona (O'Reilly), from Greek Hence x'^^^'^i ^^onos, a cone, a pine. conadh, fire-wood. Fir in English, from Greek, Trip, fire, because good for fire. Badge of the Macgregors Clan Alpin.
:

P. picea
pine.

Silver pine.

Gaelic :^;^///MZj'^7/(Fergusson), white

First planted at Inveraray Castle in 1682.

Abies communis
Scandinavian pine.

Spruce-fir.

Gaelic: guithas LocJilannach,

" Nuair theirgeadh ^twMaj'

Loc/dain7ieaiii."

M'CoDRUM.

When

the spruce

fir is

done.

Lochlannach, from

loch, lake,

and lann, a Germano-Celtic word

meaning land

i.e.,

the lake-lander, a Scandinavian.


'

"

Giubhas gln na Lchlainn,

Fuaight'
le
fir

copar ruadli."

Polished

of Norway, Bound with reddish copper.

:

P. larix

Larch.

Gaelic and Irish

/r,
:

Idircag.

Scotch

larick.

from the abundance of Welsh larswyddefi, fat wood. resin the wood contains. P. strobus {Strohis, a name employed by Pliny for an eastWeymouth pine. Gaelic giiithas ern tree used in perfumery )
Latin
:

larix,

from the Celtic,

fat,

Sasimtiach (Fergusson), the English pine.

;

It is

not English,

however it is a North American tree, but was introduced from England to Dunkeld in 1725. Cupressus Cypress. Irish and Gaelic: cuphair, an alteration of Cyprus, where the tree is abundant. C. sempervirens Common cypress. Gaelic craobh b/iroin, Craobh tiaine the tree of sorrow. Bron, grief, sorrow, weeping.

githais, the green fir-tree.

"

Is
I

cosmhuil mi
lil<e

ri

crann naine giuthais^

fir-tree.

IIOSEA

xiv. 8.

am

a green

The

fir-trees)

of Scripture (Hebrew berosh and berotJi are translated most commentators agree is the cypress. Thuja articulata Thyine wood. Gaelic fiodh-thine.
fir-tree

" Agus gach

uile ^\r\hf/iiodha thine."

Rev.

xviii.

12.

And
Alteration of

all

kinds of thyine wood.

pine,

tliya, from Qvia, to sacrifice. Another kind of Hebrew, oren (Irish and Gaelic, orin/i), is translated ash in Isaiah xliv. 14, and beech by O'Reilly. Cedar Hebrew: px? <^f'^^(So called from its firmness.) crann Cednis Libani, cedar of Lebanon. Gaelic and Irish

s/ieudar, cedar-tree.

" Agus

air uile sheiidaraihh Lcbajioiii^

all

ISAIAH

ii.

13.

And upon

the cedars of Lebanon.

The

oxyccdriis,

in Lev. xiv. 4, was T^xo\y2h\y Jimiperus which was a very fragrant wood, and furnished an oil that protects from decay cedar oil (KeSptor). " Carmina linenda cedro " i.e., worthy of immortality.

cedar

wood \i\^xv\\ont.

" Agus pod/i

sheiidar, agus scrlaid,

agus hiosop.

And

cedar wood, scarlet, and hyssop.

74

Juniperus
nifies

Said to be "from the Ct\c joiepriis, which

7iot

sig-

rough or rude" (Loudon), a word Celtic vocabularies that I have consulted.

occurring in any-

It

seems to be the

Latinised form of the Celtic root

iu, iubh, iur,

yw

(see Taxi/s).
:

Irish iitbharsame root comes ye7v in English. beiime (O'Reilly), the hill yew iubhar-talamh, the ground yew all given as names for the juniper. ubhar-chraige, the rock yew Both the Juniperus is mentioned by both Virgil and Pliny. Greeks and Romans reluctantly admitted that they were indebted to the Celts for many of their useful sciences, and even

From

the

their

for their plant

J.
aitiol.

philosophy (see Diogenes Laertius), as they certainly were and geographical names.

communis

Juniper.

Gaelic

and

Irish

aiieil,

aiiiii7i,

" Ach chaidh e

fiii

astar ltha do'n fhasach agiis thinaig e agus shuidh

e fuidh craolih aiteil."

Kings

xix. 4.

And
tree.

he went a day's journey into the desert, and he

sat

under a juniper

The

juniper of Scripture, Genista monosperma, was a kind of

Aiteil,

broom.

from

ait.

Welsh

aeth, a

point, furze.

Irish

aitcanu, furze,

from

its

pointed leaves.
Staoin (in

the pointed hill-side plant.

Bior leacain (in Arran), the North Highlands),

drinking-cup).

caoran staoin, juniper berries {staoin, a

little

The badge
Highlanders.
J.

of Clans Murray, Ross, M'Leod, and the Athole

Gaelic
sainhaii (Armstrong), alteration of

sabina

Savin.

"sabina" the "sabina herba" of Pliny. Common in Southern Europe, and frequently cultivated in gardens, and used medicinally as a stimulant, and in ointments, lotions, Sec. Taxus According to Benfey is derived from the Sanskrit,

taksh, to spread out, to cut a figure, to fashion.

Persian tak. a

Greek

to^os,

an arrow.

Irish'

and Gaelic

tuag/i,

bow made
in

of the taxos or yew,

the old bow.
T.

now

applied to the hatchet used

yew.

place of

baccata

Common
from
ii.

Gaelic and
:

Irish

iut/iar,

an arrow, or anything Arrows were poisoned with its juice; hence in old pointed. Gaelic it was called iogh, a severe pain, and ioghar (Greek, The yew was the wood from which t^wp, ichor) pus, matter. ancient bows and arrows were made, and that it might be ready
iubhar,

iughar,

Greek

lo's,

at

hand,

it

was planted

in

every burial-ground.


75

" 'N

so fein, a Clnichullin, tha' n ir,

^

'S caoin iuthar 'tha 'fs o'n uaigh."

Ossian.

In this same spot Chuchullin,

is

their dust,
their grave.

And

fresh tlie

yew

tree

grows upon
eo,

Hence another form

markable

of the

name

a grave.

Sinsior, siniisior

(O'Reilly), long standing, antiquity, ancestry.

for its long
life.

The yew

is re-

The famous yew

of Fortingall in

Perthshire, which once had a circumference of 56^4 feet, is supposed to be 3500 years old. Sineadhfeadha (O'Reilly), protracting, extending.

The badge

of Clan Fraser.

ENUOGENS.
Orchidace^.
Orchis
testicles.

Greek:

opyi'i,

a plant

with

roots in the shape of

sive

" Mirabilis

est

orchis herba,

serapias,

gemina
iirach

radice testiculis simili"

0.

Pliny.
Gaelic and Irish
;
:

maculata
from

The
//;-,

spotted orchis.
;

b/iallach,

fresh

iirac/i,

a bottle

uradh, apparel, and

hallach, spotted.

0.

mascula

Early

orchis.

Gaelic

moth urach, from moth,

the male of any animal.

" Lointeann

far

an cinn

I'na viotK' raichcan.''''

M'Intyre in
the

'

Ben Doran.'

Meadows where
Irish
:

the early orchis grow.

inagairl7i

meireach,

{magairle,

testicles

nieireach

(Greek, meiro), joyful, glad).

clach,
is

a stone).

applied to

The many of

Clachan gadhair {gadhar a hound, name, cuigeal an losgain, the frog's spindle,
the orchis

names
0.

are given to both maculata

conopsea

Fragrant
:

and frequently the various and mascula.

;

orchis.

Gaelic

lus

taghta,

the

chosen or select weed. Ophrys Greek o^pvs (Gaelic, abhra), the eyelash, to which the delicate fringe of the inner sepals may be well compared. " A plant with two leaves " Freund.

Laing

is

not correct when, in attacking the genuineness of the

tlie

poems of

yew, so often mentioned in these poems, is not indigenous. There are various places, such as Gleniur, Duniur, &c., that have been so named from time immemorial, which prove that the yew was abundant in these places at least many centuries ago.
Ossian, he asserts that

76
0.

or Listera
;

ovata

Tway

blade.

Gaelic

da-d/iuiUcac/i,

two-leaved

same meaning. Epipactis latifolia White helleborine. Gaelic 'elcbor-gral.^ A plant used formerly for making snuff. " The root of hellebor cut in small pieces, the ponder drawne vp into the nose causeth " sneezing, and purgeth the brain from grosse and slimie humors Gerard, 1597. This is probably the plant referred to in
d-b/iileach,

" Morag,"
for

when M'Donald

describes the buzzing in his head,

hellebore, since

nose he had to stop with from her endearments.

even
his

he parted

"

Mo clieann tha Ian do sheilleanaibh O dheilich mi ri d'bhriodal Mo shrn tha stoipt' dh-elebor.
Na
deil, le teine

dimbis."

iRIDACEit:.
Iris

Signifying,

according to Plutarch, the " eye."

Canon

Bourke maintains " it is derived from e'tpw, to settle. And as a name it was by the pagan priests applied to the imaginary messenger, sent by gods and goddesses to others of their class, to announce tidings of goodwill. At times they imagined her sent to mortals, as in Homer, to settle matters, or to say they were Such was the duty of Iris. Now destined to be settled. amongst Jews and Christians, the rainbow was the harbinger of Iris and the circle of peace to man, hence it was called blue, grey, or variegated tints around the pupil of the eye is not therefore this circlet was so called by optic unlike the rainbow scientists, simply because they had no other word; and botanists
;
'

'

have, by comparison, applied

it

to \\\q fleur-de-lis, because

it is

varied in hue, like the

iris

of the eye, or the rainbow.

Iris

does not and did not convey the idea of eye." hog, The yellow flag. Gaelic: bog-uisgc I. pseudacorus Gaelic soft, but here a corruption of bogha-nisge, the rainbow.

and

Irish

seilisdear,

often seilcasdear,

and

siolastar.

The

ter-

mination, tar, dear, or astar, in these names, means one of a

kind, having a settled form or position.

One
(the
I.e.,

finds this

ending
like

common
sol,

in

names of
;

plants

as, oleaster, cotoneaster, &c.,

.Si"//

"ttjp" in Greek, "fear" in Gaelic.

the sun
{r]

first syllable),

from
:

soli/s,

light

sol
sell, e

''HXios

or

long),

hence
^

and and

leus,
/

lux, light.

Greek

to give a

lengthened sound,

See Hdlehorus

viridis.


77

means the plant of HghtOther forms of the word occur. SioL instead 0 sell, as siolsirach ; siol ox sil, to distil, to drop an alteration probably suggested by the medicinal use made of the roots of the plant, which were dried, and made into powder or snuff, to produce salivation by its action on the mucous membrane.
as in Greek.
Seileastar,

therefore,

Fleiir de luce.

'^

Feileasirom, felcastrom, feleastar.

Here /is the

affected or di-

gammated
the
'j,'

form.

When

eleastar (another form of the

it

word)

lost

then, for sound's sake,

took the digammated form

is

{f)eleastar.
tion.
"

Stroin (the last syllable)

a diminutive termina-

Seilistear,

seilisfrom

Bourke.
:

diminutive form seilistrm, and corrupted into

KpOKo?.

Crocus
C.

Greek

Much employed amongst

and
for

the an-

cients for seasonings, essences,

dyeing purposes.
T

SatiVUS
:

ColcMcum autumnale
Gaelic and Irish

cn>, crodh, croch

ion-^^^'^'^ crocus, meadow crodh c/iorcar}

f

saffron.

a-

" 'Se labhair Fionn nan chr-shnuaidh." Thus spake Fingal the safifron-hued.

Conn Mac
iv.

Dearg.
14.

" Spiocnard agus

Spikenard and

croch."
saffron.

Dana Sholhim,

Saffron was

much

above

all for

dyeing.

cultivated anciently for various purposes, but " The first habit worn by persons of disla'n croich,

tinction in the

Hebrides was the

or saffron

shirt,

so

called from

its

being dyed with saffron."

Walker. The Romans

had

their crocdta,

court dress.

and the Greeks 6 kpoktOs, a saffron-coloured Welsh saffrivm, saffron, from the Arabic name,
:

z'a/anin, which indicates that the

origin.

name

of the plant

is

of Asiatic

Amarvllidace.:.

Narcissus pseudo-narcissus ) t-> n- ji rr -Daffodil. Gaelic } jonquiUa

chiiin, the

lus a chrom-

plant having a bent or drooping head.

Galanthus
lair,

nivalis

Snowdrop.

Gaelic and Irish

the

gealag

gt'alng,

white as milk;

i>',

ground.
Irish

Galanthus.

Greek yaAa, milk, and avQo^, a flower. Aloe Hebrew, nnx, ahaloth. Gaelic and

aloe.

" Leis na

h-uile

chraobhaibh

tuise,
;

mirr agus

aloe.'''

With
i^-

all

trees of frankincense

myrrh, and aloes.

Song

of Solomon,

U^

For

cofcur, see Lecaiiora tartai-ea.

78

The

aloe of Scripture^ must not be confounded with the bitter

herb well

known

in

medicine.
LlLTACE.t.

Lilium Greek
Welsh
:

Xdpiov.
:

From
is

the Celtic:

//.

colour, hue.

///;/.

Gaelic

//.

"

mhaise-mhna

ailidh

/i !

" Fixgalian

Poems.

Thou

fair-faced beauty.

"Lily seems to signify a flower

Gaelic and
Lili
Irish
:

in general."

Wedgewood.
Gaelic:
////

lilidh or

////.

Convallaria majalis
Ion.

Lily
mar
////

of the valley.

>ian

nan gleann.
" Air
"
ghilead,

nan

lintean.''

M'Uonald.
Stv art.

White
Is rs
I

as the lily of the valley.

Sharon mise

lili

nait gleann."

am

the rose of Sharon, the lily of the glen.

"

The

lily

of Scripture was probably Lilium c/uilccdoniciitn."

Balfour. Allium

The

derivation of this

(Celtic), hot, burning.

that resembles it in burned, scalded; hence, perhaps, " scallion," the English for a

word is said to be from all There is no such word. The only word sound, and with that signification, is sgallta,
:

young onion.
A, cepa
uin?ieafi.

Latin

calor.

{cep,
:

Gaelic: ccap, a head)

oinninn.

The

onion.

Gaelic:
:

Irish
:

Welsh

wyyiwyn.
:

French

oignon.

German
sibol.

onjon.
:

Latin
sybo.

unio.

Gaelic
:

siobaid, siobann.

Scotch

German

ziuiebel,

scallions

Welsh or young

onions.

Ciitharlan, a bulbous plant.

In Lome, and elsewhere

along the

W. Highlands,

frequently called

Sronamh (probably
:

from Sron and anih, raw in the nose, ox pungent in the nose). A. porrum- Garden leek. Gaelic and Irish Icigis, leiceas,

leicis.

German
*'

lauc/i, leek.
leicis

Agus na

agus na h^ninneiiiean.''

NtJMBERS,
'

xi.

5.

And
Irish
:

the leeks and the onions.

fear.

bugha (Shaw), leeks,

O'Clery, in his

Vocabulary,'

published a.d. 1643, describes it thus: '' Biigh, i.e., luibh gorm no gls ris a samhailtean suile bhios gorm no glas." That is, a

blue or grey plant, to which the eye

^

is

compared

if it

be blue or

Aquilaria agallochum.

"Porrum" from

the Celtic, pari, to eat, to graze, to browse.


79
grey.

"

The resemblance between

a leek and the eye

:

apparent, as the following quotation shows

is

not very

" Dhearca mar dlilaoi don bhugha. Is a dha bhraoi cearta caol-dhiibha."
His eyes
like a

O'Brien.

And

his

bunch of leeks, two eyebrows straight, dark, narrow.

leek,

Although Shaw gives the name to

referred to
is

probably the plant

the

harebell

(see
:

Scilla

non

scripta).

Irisii

comdid, coiime, caiiuicn.

Welsh

ceniii {ce/i,

a skin, peel, scales,

given to onions, garlic, leeks).

"Do
Thy
Coi/idid,

roidh,

no do

coindiJ,

no do ablaibh.

gale, nor thy onions, nor thy apples.

though applied
Latin

to leeks, onions, &c.,

means seasoning,
Gaelic

condiments,
Irish

A. ursinum
:

Wild

condo.
garlic.
:

From

the Celtic.

gar/ca^.

bitter.

Welsh garlleg, from Creamh (Welsh, Gairgean.

garlic.

gar^ gaircc, bitter,

craf),

cream,

to

and most gnaw,

chew.

Lurachan, the flower of

"I.e
d'

lurachain chrcaiiihach fhson

orr'

'Sam buicein bhn

shuas."

'Donald.

The

feast of garlic, " Fisd chreamh,"

was an important occasion

for gatherings

and

social

enjoyment

to the ancient Celts.

uile fliorreas, re a

" Ann's bidh creamh agus sealgan, agus luibhe iomdha

n-itheadh rghlas feadh na bleadhna
n-daoine, do
'n

ma

roibhe ar teitheadh chaidreath na

gleann da loch."

Irish.

Where

garlic

and

sorrel,
I

throughout the year before

and many other kinds, of which I ate fresh fled from the company of men to the glen of the

Two

Lochs. ^

7ian crag

Rocambole. Gaelic and Irish creaviJi A. scorodoprasum (M'Kenzie), the rock garlic. A. ascalonicum Shallot. Gaelic sgalaid (Armstrong). (See
:

Allium).

A. schoenoprasum
the
grass -like
garlic.

Chives.
Saidse.
garlic.

Gaelic

fcuraii.

Irish

fcaran,

plant.
:

Creamh

g/iradh,

the garden

Welsh

ce)ii?i

Fedr, Peter's leek.

A. vineale

Crow

Gaelic: gar/eag MJuiire (Arm-

strong), Mary's garlic.

1

most gloomy and romantic spot

!

in the

County of Wicklow.

"Glen da lough thy gloomy wave, Soon was gentle Kathleen's grave." Moore.

8o

Narthecium ossifragum
hlioch, bliochan,

Bog

asphodel.

Gaelic and Irish

from

blioch, milk.

Welsh

giuactiu- ire?iin, king's

lance.

" Nuair thigheadh am buaichaill a mach, 'Sa gabhadh e mu chill a chruidh Mu'n cuairt do Bhad-nan-clach-glas, A bhuail 'air m bu trie am bliochd.'^ M'Leod.

When
And

the cowherd comes forth,

follows his cows

Around Bhad-nan-clach-glas,
Often he
is

struck with the asphodel.

Scilla non-scripta Bluebell; wild hyacinth.

mhiiic, the pig's fear or aversion, the

Gaelic

///i?//;

bulbs being very obnoxious

Irish
:

to swine.

Brog na
is

cubhaig, cuckoo's shoe.

buih a

itiuc.

Probably buth
the pig's
fear.

same as bugha (see Allium pornini), M'Lauchainn called it lili gucagach.

the
" Lili gucagach nan cluigean."

fear,

The
S.

bell-flowered

lily.

verna

Squill
:

(and the Latin,

scilla,

from the Arabic,

Lear, the sea, the

asgyl).

Gaelic

lear uineaufi, the sea-onion.

surface of the sea.

" Clos na

min-/'7r

uaine." Ossian.

The

repose of the smooth green sea.

Welsh

wiiiwyn y vwr, sea-onion.

Tulipa sylvestris
in almost all

Tulip.

Gaelic

tuiliop.

The same name

Persian
:

European and even

ofl5.cinalis
:

Asiatic countries.

tholybn (De Souza).

Asparagus
viac-Jiadh.

Common

asparagus.

Gaelic

creamh

Irish

creamh-iniiic fiadli, wild boar's leek or garlic.

The same name is given to hart's tongue fern. Asparag, from the generic name cnrapaa-o-w, to tear, on account of the strong
prickles with which

some of
:

the species are armed.

ri/s,

Kuscus
from
E.

Latinised form
Welsh
bms,

of Celtic root

wood, husk;
Also

rus-

gac/i, holly.

rhysgiad, an over-growing.

bnisciis,

Celtic,

aculeatus

Butcher's
;

bruis, small branches,

brushwood.
Gaelic
:

broom.
briiih,

(Armstrong).

Irish:

calg-bhnidhaii

(Shaw)
bruid,

calg-b/in/d/iai/i?i
calg,

prickle,

from

its
;

prickly leaves

and

a thorn, anything

pointed

bnidhan, generally spelled brughan, a faggot.

Or

it

may

only be a corruption from brum, broom.

Calg bhealaidh,

the prickly broom.

their blocks,

It was formerly used by butchers to clean hence the English name "butchers' broom."

Naiadace.:.

Potamogeton. Greek Trora/xo's, a river, and jtov, near. P. natans Broad-leaved pondweed. Gaelic di/i/iasg na //'aib/ifie, the river leaf. Most of the species grow immersed in ponds and rivers, but flower above its surface. Liobhag, from liobh, smooth, polish, from the smooth pellucid texture of the leaves, their surface being destitute of dowri or hair of any kind.
:

Irish

liachroda,

/iach, a

spoon, rod,

a.

water-weed,

sea- weed

iiach-Brighide, Bridget's spoon.

Probably these names were also

given to the other species of pondweeds (such as P. polygonifolius)

as well as to P. natans.

Zostera marina

The

sweet sea -grass.

Gaelic and Irish:

a blade of grass.

bilearach (in Argyle, bileanach),

from

bilcag,

The

sea-grass

was much used

for thatching purposes,

and

it

was

supposed to

last

longer than straw.

Alismace^.
Alisma,

Greek
hell.

Xia-fxa,

an aquatic plant

a Celtic root, a/is, water.

If ever this
:

has ceased to have this signification

lowest point,

said to be from was a Celtic vocable it in Welsh a//s means the

;

A. Plantago
a plant).
It

Water-plantain.
dam, and
in

Gaelic and Irish

cor-chopaig

{cor or cor a, a weir, a

copag, a dock, or

any

large leaf of

grows

watery places.

Welsh
Gaelic
:

Uyren, a duct, a

brink or shore.

Triglochin palustre
"
biT, top,

Arrow-grass.
is

barr

a'

nihilltich,^

l!un na cipe

barr

a' inhilltich."

jNI'Intyre.
and milucach, a
Generic

and

milltich (Irish),

"good

grass,"

thorn or bodkin

hence the English name arrow-grass.

name from

and yAwxi's, a point, in allusion to the three Sheep and cattle are fond of this hardy angles of the capsule. species, which afibrd an early bite on the sides of the Highland
rpeis, three,

mountains.

Milltich is commonly used in the sense of "grassy;" viaghanan milltcach, verdant or grassy meadows.

Lemnace/e.

Lemna minor
without a father.

Duckweed.
Irish: his

motherless wort.
^

Gaelic ^ mac gun athair, son gan athair gan tnhathair, fatherless curious name, perhaps suggested by the
:

Alac-gun-athair
gen.

may have

originally been

meacan

air,

Dteacan,

a plant,

air,

of r, slow (hence

the

meaning the slow-flowing river, Senfxa), the plant that grows in slow or sluggish water. L

name of the river "Arar" in '^ Arar dubitans qui suos cursos

France, agat "

82

and not and The roundish leaves, and the fact that ducks are lack, a duck. voraciously fond of feeding on them, have suggested this and the Ros lachain, the ducks' rose or flower. Irish following names abhran donog {0''i^t\\\y),abhran is the plural of abhra, an eyelid, The fish's eyelids and donog, a kind of fish, a young ling.
root being suspended from
affixed to
its

small egg-shaped

the ground.

Grafi-lac/ia?i,

leaf,

gra?i,

seed,

grain,

more
It

bread or meat. was used by our Celtic ancestors as a cure for headaches
likely a corruption of a7-an timnaig, duck's

and inflammations.

Arace^.

Arum, formerly
ar, land, earth
;

aron, probably from the ancient Celtic root

bread, sustenance.

hence Latin, aro, to plough, and Gaelic, aran, The roots of many of the species are used

both for food and medicine. A. maculatum Wake-robin, lords and ladies. Gaelic cluas chaoin, the soft ear {caoin, soft, smooth, gentle, &c., and duas, The ear-shaped spathe would probably suggest the name. ear).

hence ciit/iarlan, any bulbGachar Cuthaidh means also wild, savage. and gaoicin cuthigh are given in O'Reilly's Dictionary as names Old English cuckoo's pint. for the Arum, from cai, a cuckoo.
Cuthaidh, from cuth, a head, a bulb
ous-rooted plant,
:

Orontiace/e.

Acorus calamus

Sweet-flag.
"
Cicilc

Gaelic

cni/c-mhiJis, sweet-rush

mhilis agus canal."

Calamus and cinnamon.

cuilc,

a reed, a cane.
canes,
e.g.,

rush
cuilc,

Greek KaXa/xo's, applied to reeds, bulCobhan na Lig, the reeds of Lego. mi/is (Greek Ctiilc-chrann, cane an ark of bulrushes.
:

ciiilc

fjiekicra-a,

Before the days of carpets, this plant is said to have supplied the " rushes " with which it was customary to strew the floors of houses, churches, and monasteries.
a bee), sweet.

Typhace^.
Typha, from Greek, tw^o?, a marsh
naturally grow.
T. latifolia
in

which

all

the species

bodan

dub/i,

Great reed-mace or cat's-tail. Gaelic and Irish from bod, a tail, and dub/i, large, or dark. Cuigeal
:

nam

bn-sth, the fairy-woman's spindle.

It is often,

but incorrectly,

called bog bhuine or bulrush (see Scirpiis lacustris).

The downy

seeds were used for stuffing pillows, and the leaves for making

S3

" )

mats,

chair -bottoms,

thatch,

and

sometimes
cat's-tail.

straw

hats

or

bonnets.
T. angustifolia

Lesser reed-mace or
tail.

Irish

bodan

(O'Reilly), dim. of bod, a

Sparganium.
S.

ribbon-like leaves.

Name Greek denoting a ramosum Branched bur-reed. Gaelic

in

little

band, from the

righ
scisg,

the

king's sedge,
leaves.
S.

from

its

being a large plant with sword-shaped

meirg, rust, a standard or banner.

Se/sg viheirg (Stewart),

simplex

Upright
this

bur - reed.
to
6".

Gaelic

seisg

madraidh.

Armstrong gives less means this

mastiff.

name

ereciuju,

by which he doubt-

plant.

Seisg,

sedge,

and inadradh, a dog, a

Name

fection in

probably suggested by the plant being in perthe dog-days, the month of July, mios Mhadrail.
JUN'CACE.-E.

Juncus, from the Latin Jungo, to join. The first ropes were made from rushes, and also floor covering. Ancient Gaelic aoin, from aoji, one. Latin imus. Greek v. Ger. ein.
:
: :

' '

dth amar dhth an

aeil,

Coilcigh eturra agus aein.

Si'da eturra is brat

gorm,

Derg

or eturra

is

glan cliorn.

(From the description of the Lady Crehe's house by Caeilt MacRonain, from the Books of Ballymote, a rare ancient poem.

The

colour [of her

it it
it

diii'] is

like the colour of lime

Within Within Within

J.

and grecii rushes ; are silks and blue mantles are red gold and crj-stal cups.
are couches
;

conglomeratus

Common rush.
:

a general
the root,

name

for all the rushes,

Gaelic and Irish luachar, meaning splendour, brightness;

:

hence luachar, a lamp.

laiich, light.

Latin bicerna.

Sanscrit laitchanmi, from

:

commonly used

to

The pith of this and the next species was make rush-lights. The rushes were stripped
all

of their outer green skin,

"

except one narrow

stripe,

and then

they were drawn through melted grease and laid across a stool
to set.

magician, considered by the pagan Irish as a deity,

Luachra was given to the chief Druid and who opposed St Patrick at Tara in the presence of the king and the nobility, who composed the convention" 'Life of St Patrick.' Brog
title

The

braidhe (O'Reilly),
straw
;

brog, a

shoe

braidhe, a mountain, the

but here it should be brodh, mountain straw or stem.


84
J. etfusus

Soft rush.
It

Gaelic

luachar bog, soft rush.

Irish

feaih, a bog.

grows best in boggy places. Fead, which seems Fead, a to be the same name, is given also to the bulrush.
whistle, a bustle.

"

'S Vionm\\oi: fcaduii caol,

Air an

eiiicli gaotli."

M'Intyre.

Doubtless suggested by the whistling of the wind among the The common rush and the soft rush were rushes and reeds.

much used
J.

in

ancient times as bed -stuffs;

they served for

strewing floor?, making rough couches, &c.

articulatus
is

Jointed

rush.

Gaelic
'

lochan

nan damii.
it

This name

given by Lightfoot in his

Flora Scotica,' but

should have been lachan nan damh.

or the hart's reed.
J.

Lachan, a reed, the ox

Gaelic
bni-corcur

squarrosus
corcach,

Heath-rush,

stool- bent.

(M'Alpine),

bni-chorachd, the deers' moor-grass;

/vv/,

a deer, a

hind

a moor or marsh.

See

Scirpiis.
,

" Brnchoraclidk% ciob,^ Lusan am bi brlgh," &c.

M'Intyre

in

Ben Doran.'

Heath-rush and "deer's hair,"

Plants nutritious they are, &c.

Specimens of

this plant

have also been supplied with the Gaelic

name

vioran labelled thereon, and in another instance muran.

;

These names mean the plants with tapering roots the same signification in the Welsh, moron, a carrot. (See Muirneach
Avunophila aj-enan'a.) J. maritimus and acutus
ly).

Sea-rush.

Irish

meitJum (O'Reilis

Meith,

fat,

corpulent.

J. acutiis (the great sea-rush)

the

largest British species.

Luzula.
lucciola,

Name

a glow-worm.

supposed to have been altered from Italian, It was called by the ancient botanists
Gaelic

gramen

IuxuIcb (Latin, hix, light).

L. sylvatica

Wood-rush.

luachar

coille,

the bright

grass or rush of the wood.

The

Italian

name

lucciola is said to

be

given from the sparkling appearance of the heads of flowers when wet with dew or rain. Leannan (Stewart), possibly from lear or
leir, clear,

discernible

a very conspicuous plant, more of the

a terminal cluster of brownish

habit of a grass than a rush, the stalk rising to the height of

more

that two feet,

and bearing
^

flowers, with large light-yellow anthers.

See Scirpus

azspitosiis.


85
Cvperace.:.

Schoenus (from
S.

x""'tJS

^^

o-xoii'os,

a cord in Greek).

From
being

plants of this kind cords or ropes were made.

nigricans

Bog
;

rush.

Gaehc

seimhean

(Armstrong).

Irish:

seunhin {seimh,

smooth, shining

the

spikelets

smooth and shining or which is more likely, from siobh or hence sio?nan, a rope made of straw or rushes siob/iag, straw, the Greek name crxoii/os for the same reason). Scirpus, sometimes written sirpus (Freund), seems to be

cognate with the Celtic cirs, corsfruyn, a bulrush (Gaelic,

cors,

a bog-plant

hence. Welsh,
plants

curcais).

Many

of this

(Cords, genus were likewise formerly used for making ropes. Latin, chorda ; Welsh, cord ; Gaelic and Irish, corda ; Spanish, ciierda, all derived from cors.) Name b?-b/i. S. maritimus Sea-scirpus. Gaelic and Irish

from
large

bro. bra,

or brd/i, a quern, a hand-mill.

The

roots are

and very nutritious for cattle, and in times of scarcity were ground down in the ftiidleann brdh (French, vioulin bracan, broth, hence bracha, malt, bebras), to make meal Latin, cause prepared by manual labour (Greek, ^pa-x^v
;

brachium
S.

Gaelic, braic ; French, bras, the arm).

caespitosus
:

Tufted
and head
]

scirpus, deer's hair, heath club-rush.

Gaelic
cib/is,

ciob,
;

ape,

ciob

cheann

diibh

{ctob

= x')8os

Latin,

food

ceanu,

dubh, black).

" Le'n cridheacha' meara Le bainne na doba. ' M'Intvre.

This
in

is

the principal food of cattle

till

and sheep
rush.

in the

March, and
pile,

the end of May.

Cruach luachair,

cruach, a

Highlands

heap, a

hill,

and luachair, a

The badge
S. lacustris

of the Clan M'Kenzie.

Bulrush, lake-scirpus.
When
a cane, and

Gaelic

gobhal luachair,

the forked rush {gobhal, a fork), from the forked or branched appearance of the cymes appearing from the top of tall, terete
(or nearly so), leafless stems.

goes by the
Irish
Irish,
:

name

gibiim,

gib or

of

cuilc,^

giob,

bog mhuine,

boigeati,

stem is cut, it used to bottom chairs. rough, and aoin, a rush. Gaelic and bog luachair, bog,^ a marsh, a fen,
this tall
is

swampy ground,
^

to bob, to wag,
cuilc a tha

names indicating
Tighmora.
:

its

habitat,

"Mu lochan nan

Bog and
;

ruadh."

bdlg are frequently interchanged

bolg luachair, prominent or

massy rush

from

bolg, gen. builg,

comes bid

in bulrush.


also

86

it to have a bobbing or wagging motion. Curcais {curac/i, a marsh, a fen) is more a generic term, and equals scirpiis. (See Min-fheiir, a bulrush.

its

top-heavy appearance, causing

Festiica ovina.)

Badge of Clan M'Kay. Eriophorum (from eptov, wool, and

are covered with a woolly substance
grass.

(^pm, to bear).
it is

hence

Its seeds

called cotton-

vaginatum and E. polystachyon Cotton-sedge. Scotch Gaelic and Irish canach. Irish cona (from ca7i, white), from its hypogynous bristles forming dense tufts of white cottony down, making the plant very conspicuous in peaty bogs. The canach in its purity and whiteness formed the object of
E.
:

cafs-tail.

comparison

in

Gaelic poetry for purity,

:

fair

complexion, &c.,

especially in love-songs
"

Do
Co

chneas mar an canach cheanalta thl. " M'Intyre.

skin white as the cotton-grass
gentle.

Thy

So tender and

" Bu ghile na'n canach a criith." OssiAN.

Her form was

In Ossian the plant
soft heads, fair heads.
is

fairer

than the

down

of Cana.

also called caoiti chcann {caoin, soft), the

" Ghlac mi'n caoin ciieanna sa' blieinn 'Siad ag aomadh mu shrulhaibh thai!

Fo

charnaibh, bu diomhaire gaoth." Tigumora.

I seized cotton-grasses

on the

hill,

As they waved by

their secret streams,

In places sheltered from the wind.

This

is

only the plural form of the

'^

name

canach

caincichcan.

Na
and

caincichcan luinn an t-shleibh."

M'Leod.

O'Reilly gives the

sgath, a
tail,
i?^

name

sgathog fiadhain to E. polystachyon,

little tail,

(dim. termination), the

is

to distin-

guish

it

from vaginatum, which

(likely

larger.

Scotch

cafs-tail.

Badge of Clan Sutherland.

Carex
ly in

from Welsh,

or fenny ground).

This

cors ; Gaelic,i"<z;7-, a bog, a

marsh,

numerous family of plants grows mostsedge

Iris'),

such situations.
(for
:

Seisg,

ainh

Seilisdear,

see

amh,

gallsheilisdear, also seilisdear

Welsh

hesg.

Seasg, barren, unfruitful.

raw the raw sedge. Except C. rigida, they


8?
are scarcely touched by cattle.
is

According to Dr Hooker, carex

derived from
is

Greek, cipw, from the cutting foliage.

large species

The

Sanscrit root
C.

kar^ to cut, shear, divide.

vulgaris,

and many of the other

:

sedge.

Gaelic
;

gaitinisg (Stewart),
seasg.

gainne,

Common

a sedge, reed,

cane, arrow

and

Gramine.:.

Agrostis alba Fiorin-grass.

ine,

Gaelic and Irish

:

fioran, feor-

or fioi'-thati

derived from Gaelic

I

feiu; feoi?; grass, herbver, s-pring

;

age, fodder.

Latin: vireo,

grow green,

/cerium,

fodder

r and n being interchangeable.

This

name

is

applied
it,

in the dictionaries to the

it

common

couch-grass, because, like

itself

retains a long time

its

its vital

power, and propagates

Gaelic

by

extending

roots.

Alopecurus
ment.
Latin

Foxtail-grass.
:

fiteag,fit, food, refresh-

vita.

A. geniculatus.

Gaelic

fitcag c/im,

M'Intyre.
stalk.

"A

chuiseag dheireach's ^nfhiteagckam.'"

cam, bent, from the knee-like bend in the

grass for hay

valuable

and pasture. Arundo Phragmites Reed-grass.

Gaelic: seasgan; seasg,

:

a.

reed.

Lachan, the
;

common
its

reed.

Irish

cruisgiornach, C7'uisighy

music, song

from

stem

reeds for pipes

were manufactured.
Gaelic

Welsh

cazi'ti wellt,

cane-grass

Anthoxanthum odoratum
mislean, from milis, sweet.

Sweet
's

qwellt, grass.

meadow-grass.

"'San canach min geal

misUan ann."

M'Intyre.

The

soft

white cotton-grass and the sweet grass are there.

Borrach {boiradh, scent,

given to the Nardus

smell).

In some places
see.

this

name

is

stricta,

which

This

is

the grass that

in

gives the peculiar smell to

meadow

hay.

Though common

meadows, it grows nearly to the top of the Grampians (3400 feet) hence the names are given as " a species of mountain grass " in some dictionaries. Gaelic: f/iiieid. Milium effasum Millet -grass. Welsh:
;

miled.
let is

The name

derived from the true

j?iiliet

misapplied.

Mil-

translated in the Gaelic Bible Jiieatibh pheasair, small peas

vidgaris).

(see

Faba

Ezekiel

iv.

9.

Phleum pratense
bodan, a
little tail
;

Timothy

grass, cat's-tail grass.

for

Gaelic

the

same name

Typha

a/igustifolia.

" This


grass was introduced from

Timothy Hanson."

and Carolina in 1780 by seems to have been unknown for Dr in the Hebrides and the Highlands before that date Walker ('Rural Econ. Hebrides,' ii. 27) says, "that it maybe introduced into the Highlands with good effect." Yet Lightfoot (1777) mentions it as "by the waysides, and in pastures, but not common." Bodan is also applied to P. are}iarium and P. alpinum. Lepturus filiformis. Gaelic diirfheurfairge, sea hard grass.

New York
It

Loudon.

P>i/r,

hard (Latin,
It

dttrtis)

feiir,

grass ;/airg, the sea, ocean,

in

wave.

grows

all

round Ireland, as well as

England and

Irish South Scotland. durfher fairge (O'Reilly). Calamagrostis. Etym. KaAa/i-os, and aypoVris, reed-grass. C. Epigejos Wood small reed. Cnilc f/ieiir, cane -grass;

ga/////c^ cane.

Lachnn coiHe, wood-rush. Anunophiia arenaria (or Psamma arenaria) matweed. Gaelic and Irish i/iuirineach, from
:

Sea-maram
jniiir

sea-

(Latin mare,

the sea), the ocean.

It is

extensively propagated to bind the sand

on the sea shore

generally called nniran on west coast.

The

same name

applied to the carrot, an alteration of moron MTntyre alludes to " miiran plant with large tapering roots.
is

a matter of controversy.

brghar" but whether he refers to the carrot or to this grass is Not being a seaside Highlander, he

was more
(a plant

likely to

know

the carrot, wild and cultivated, far

and associating it with groundsel which usually grows rather too abundantly, wherever carrots are sown), makes it a certainty that he had not the " seamaram" in his mind. (See Dauciis carota.) Welsh Gaelic and Irish coirc. Avena sativa Oats. Armoric querch. Probably from the Sanskrit ka?-^, to ceirch.
better than this seaside grass,

crush.

"

Is fhearr slol caol coircc

fhaotuinn a

clrocli

fliearann

11a'

bhi falamh."

Better small oats than nothing out of bad land.

The

small variety, A. nuda, the naked or

;

hill

oat,

when

ripe,

drops the grain from the husk

cultivated two centuries ago.

it

was therefore more generally It was made into meal by dryit

ing
''

it

mtiUeaiin brdh"

still

hand-mill or be seen about Highland and A. fatua and pratensis Wild

;

on the hearth, and bruising

in

a stone -mortar, the

quern.

Many

of them

may

Irish cottages.
oats.

Gaelic: coirc Jiadhain,

wild oats
grasses.

coirc duldi,

black oats.

Also applied to the Brome

 M
89
" Do'n
t-siol

Cha

b' e'

chruithncachd, chuireadh gu tiugh n fhiteag, no' n coirc dnhh.'" 'Donald.

;

When

oats

become black with

blight, the

name
is

coiix diihh is

applied, but especially to the variety called

Hordeum distichon
cultivation.

Barley

Avena
bar,

strigosa.

the kind which

Celtic

in

(" Barley "

comes from

bread,

obsolete

and by
onia.

tlie

Gaelic, but still retained in Welsh hence bavji, change of the vowel, beer.) Gaelic and Irish eoi-Jia, earn (perhaps from Latin, /lorreo, to bristle Irish
in
:
:

common now

Gaelic, or, a beard)

ley
;

O'Reilly.
and

"

The bearded

or bristly bar-

" " oi'og" a

sheaf of corn.
is

ordcui

(Freund),

Hordeum, sometimes written from the same root. " It was cultivated
also for the

by the Romans
tors in training
It is still

for horses,

army

and

gladia-

were fed with it, and hence called hordiarii." used largely in the Highlands for bread, but was for-

merly made into " crowdie," properly corrody, from

corrodiuvi, a worry.

Low

Latin,

" Fuarag orn ann'

Biadh a
Barley-crowdie in

sail

mo

bhroge,

b' fhearr a fhuir

mi riamh."

my
I

shoe,

The
Irish
:

sweetest food

ever knew.
;

cesis),

and barley from cain (Greek, kJvo-os Latin, Rents were frequently paid in " kind," instead of in money. Secale cereale Common rye. Gaelic and Irish seagall. Greek o-exaXy/. Armoric segal. French seigle. " An cruithneach agus an seagall." Exodus.
caineog, oats
rent, tribute.

The wheat and

the rye.

Welsh rhyg, rye. Molinia caerulea

:

Purple
{Bun, a

melic -grass.
root, a stack
;

Gaelic:

bungls

(M 'Donald),

pnugls.

gls, blue.)

The

fishermen round the west coast and in Skye

nets of this grass, which they find

make

ropes for their

will

by experience
pith
is

bear the

water well without rotting.

Irish

mealoigfer corciiir (O'Reilly),

like

7)iealoig= 7nelic {irom

fciir,

mel,

honey), the

honey;
In some
to

fcr or

grass

corcuir,

crimson
is

or purplish.

parts of the

Glyceria.
foliage.

From

Highlands the plant

Greek,

called braban (Stewart.)

yXvKV'i,

sweet,

in

allusion

the

G. fluitans

Floating
from

sweet grass.

Milsean
in

iiisgc,

millieach

;//jXi', perhaps

millse,

sweetness.

Horses,

cattle,

and

swine are fond of this grass, which only grows

watery places.

Trout {Saliiw fario) eat the seeds greedily.

is

The name

viillteach

frequently applied to grass generally as well as to TrigiocJiin

paliistre

(which

see).

Feur

nisge, water-grass.

Quaking-grass. Gaelic and hound, a hero, a may possibly be named

Briza.
Irish
:

coiiati,

couan,

rabbit,

after the cele-

brated " Coiian Maol,"

who was known among

the Feine for his

thoughtless impetuosity.

He
"

is

called " Aiiulisg na

is

Feinne" the
of sudden
or in
"

mischief of the Fenians.

This grass

also called feur goriach,

hungry, starving grass.

hunger, said to
particular places, in

weakness,

the

result

come on persons during a long journey

consequence of treading on the fairy grass (Irish Superstitions). Feur stihein sithe, literally, a blast of wind a phantom, a fairy. The oldest authority in which this word sithe occurs is Tirechan's Annotations on the Life of St Patrick,' in the Book of Armagh, and is translated " Dei terreni^' or gods of the earth. Crith fhur, quaking-grass. Grigleann (in Breadalbane), that which is in a cluster, a festoon the

'

Gaelic

name given

to the constellation Pleiades.

Cynosurus.
C.
f/ieur,

Etym.

kvwv, a dog,

and

ovp, a
:

tail.

cristatus

Crested
:

dog's-tail.

Gaelic

goinear,

or goin
grass).

Irish

and sometimes conan (from fhir c/ioinein, dog's grass.

coin, dogs,

and feur,
:

Festuca.
festus.

Gaelic
:

fisd.

Irish

fiste.
:

Latin

fastiis

and

grass,

French feste, now fete. English good pasture, or food for cattle.

feast, as

applied to
Irish:

F. ovina
cJiaorach.

Sheep's
'^

fescue

grass.

Gaelic

and

feur

Minfheur

chaorach."

M'Intyre.

Soft sheep grass.

This grass has

fine

sweet foliage, well adapted for feeding sheep

and for producing good mutton hence the name. But Sir H. Davy has proved it to be less nutritious than was formerly supposed. Minfheur (Armstrong), is applied to any soft grass to a flag, a bulrush; as ^^ minfheur gun as Holcus mollis

a bulrush without water (in Job). Triticum, according to Varro, was so named from the grain being originally ground down. Latin tritus, occurring only in
uisge,"
:

the ablative

{tero).

Greek

rei/jw, to

rub, bruise, grind.

T. aestivum (and other varieties)

cruithneachd

cruineachd.

Wheat.

Gaelic and Irish

to

This

name seems

be associated

with the Cruithne, a tribe or tribes who, according to tradition,

came from Lochlan

to Erin,

and from thence

to Alban,

where


91

they founded a kingdom which lasted

century.

down

till

the seventh

brcothan, may simiAnother old name for wheat larly be connected with another ancient tribe, " Clanna Breogan. They occupied the territory where Ptolemy in the second cenSkene. Were tury places an offshoot of British Brigantes." these tribes so called in consequence of cultivating and using wheat ? or was it so called from those tribal names ? are questions that are difficult to answer. It seems at least probable that they were among the first cultivators of wheat in Britain and Ireland. Breothan^ that which is bruised the same in meaning as tritiaim. Other forms occur, as brachtan} being bruised or ground by hand in the " vmileann brdh" the quern ; sometimes spelled breachtan. Mann, wheat, food. Fion?ian?i, fior, genuine, and maim, a name given to a variety called French wheat. Tuireatm, perhaps from tnire, good, excellent. The flour of wheat is universally allowed to make the best bread in the world. Romhan, Roman or French wheat " branks." T. repens Couch, twitch. Scotch dog-grass, quickens, &c.
;

Gaelic

feiir a'-phuint

(M'Kenzie),

the

grass with

points or

articulations.

Every
life

joint of the root,

however

small, having the

principle of

in

it,

ground, causing great annoyance to farmers.

ptinc or piing ; Latin,

and throwing out shoots when left in the (From the root

pundum, a

point.)

Goin-fhenr, dogs-

grass

or goin,

a.

wound,

hurt, twitch.

According to Rev.

Mr

Stewart, Nether Lochaber, this

name
is

is

also given to Cyjiosunis.

Fioihran, the detestable.

It

arable lands on account of the propagating

Bruivi fhcur, flatulent

tempt.
T.

grass.

one of the worst weeds in power of the roots. Probably only a term of conGaelic: gls fheur, the pale
helps, with other species, to

junceum Sea-wheat
;

grass.
It

green grass

a seaside grass.

bind the sand. Lolium perenne

Gaelic
:

and
Irish
:

temulentum

Darnell,
its

rye

grass.

breoillean.

breallan {breall or brcallach, knotty),

from the knotty appearances of the spikes, or from

virtues in

medicinal

curing glandular diseases.

it

"And

being used with

quick brimstone and vinegar

^

dissolveth knots and kernels,

Latin

brace or brcc.

Gallic,

of a particularly white kind of corn.

var.

According to Hardouin, blcbhxnc Dauphinc, Triticitm Hibcriiiim, Linn., Granis albis. Lat., sandala.

"

Galliae

quoque suum genus

farris

dedere

quod
7.

illie

brance vocant apud

nos sandalum nitidissimi grani." Pliny, i8,


92

"

and breaketh those

Dit/iean, darnel
;

that are hard to

be dissolved

Culpepper.
It

perhaps from

dith, want, poverty.

may be

growing on poor sterile soil, which it is said " They have lately sown ray-grass to improve cold, to improve. clayey soil" Dr Platt, 1677. Roillc. Irish: raid/ileadh, ixom raidhe, a ray hence the old English name i-ay-grass. French ivraie, darnel. Welsh efr perhaps alterations of the French
so
its

named from

ivre,

The seeds of darnel, when mixed with meal, cause and are believed to produce vertigo in sheep the disease that maketh them reel and for this reason the grass is hence Scotch sturdy grass. often called sturdan, from stiird, " It is a malicious Siob/iach, from siobhas, rage, fury, madness. plant of sullen Saturn as it is not without some vices, so it Culpepper. Cuiseach (M'Alpine), hath also many virtues "
drunk.
intoxication,

rye-grass.

Ruijitealas (O'Reilly), the loosening,

aperient,

or

purgative grass

from
beithe),

riiinnec, grass,
-

and

tealach, loosening.

Nardus
remains in
early frosts.
to

stricta

Mat

grass,

moor - grass.
tufts,
till it

Gaelic

beitean
it.

(perhaps from

was refused. consequence in dense

In
this condition
it

Cattle refuse to eat

is

It

scorched by

is

frequently burned, in order

places),

destroy

it.

Borrach

(in

some

parching.

Carnin

(Stewart), a
grass

name

given also

to Spcrgula arvetisis.

and other rough

is

species, as rushes, sedges, &c.,

To this the name

riasg

given.

" Cuiseagan-a's
Chinneas
air

riasg

an t'sliabh."

M'Lntyre.
Gaelic
:

Aira flexuosa
grass.
It

Waved

hair-grass.

moin-fhcur, peat-

grows generally

in peaty soil.

CRYPTOGAMIA.
FiLICES.
Filices
raii/ine,

Ferns.

Gaelic

raineach, roineach.

Irish

raith^

raithneach ; also, reathnach.

Welsh: rhedyn.

Perhaps

formed from reath^ a revolution or turning about, or 7'at, motion, from the circinate evolution of the young fronds an essential

characteristic of ferns.

Polypodium
stone-fern
;

vulgare
trees.

Clock
It is

rcathncach

(Armstrong),

the

clock,

a stone.

common on

stone-walls, stones,
:

and old stems of

cis,

Ceis-ckrun.

Irish

ceis

ckrainn,

a tax, tribute, and crnn, a tree, because it draws the substance from the trees ; or from the crosier-like development of Sgcamk na clock. the fronds, like a shepherd's crook, " cis-cean.'"

93
Sgeainh means reproach, and sgiainh or sgt'iinh, beauty, ornament ; " na clock" of the stones. The second idea seems, at
least in

modern

times, to

be more appropriate than the

first,

especially as the term was applied to the really beautifid oakfern.

"

Mu chinneas luibhean 'us an sgciiiih.^'' How the flowers and the ferns grow.

Reidh raineach, rcidh, smooth, plain. Raiiieach nan crag, the rock-fern. Mearlag (in Lochaber), perhaps from mer or meicr, a finger, from a fancied resemblance of the pinnules to
lingers.

P. Dryopteris

Oak-fern.
No

Gaelic and Irish

sgcanih d/iaraich

(O'Reilly), the oak-fern.

Gaelic

name

is

recorded for the

beech-fern {P. Phegopteris).

Blechnum spicant
plied for this fern
is

Hard

The only Gaelic name supfern. " an raineach chruaidh" hard fern. It is
is

impossible to say whether this

a translation or not.
it

Being a

conspicuous and well-defined

fern,

must have had a Gaelic

Gaelic
:

name.
Cystopteris fragilis
or frioth fhraineacJi,

Bladder-fern.
;

friodli raineach,

''frioth," small, slender.

The

tufts

are

usually under a foot long

stalks very slender.

zbhig (Rev.

Gaelic Polystichum aculeatum, lobatum, and angulare A. Stewart), the name by which the shield-ferns This name may have refare known in the West Highlands. erence to the medicinal drinks formerly made from the pow:

dered roots being taken in water as a specific for worms (see Z. filix-vias), from ibh, a drink. French ivre. Latin ebrius. P. Lonchitis Holly fern. Gaelic raineach-chuilitin (Stewart),
: :

holly fern,
in

known by

that

name

in

Lome

also colg raineach,

colg,

Breadalbane and elsewhere.

Lastrea Oreopteris

For cnileann and

see Ilex

aqnifoliuni.

Sweet

mountain

fern.

Gaelic

crini-

Most likely from creini, a scar, the stalks being covered with brown scarious scales. In some places the name /?//<? raineach is given, from /ihZf, a scent, a smell. This
raincach (Stewart).
species

may be

easily distinguished

by the minute glandular

bruised.

dots on the under side of the fronds, from which a fragrant

smell
is

imparted when the plant

is

L. filix-mas
horse-fern.

Male

fern.
:

Gaelic and Irish

Marc.

Welsh

march.

marc raineach, Old High German marah.

:


94
a horse.

This fern has been celebrated from time immemorial

worms ; the powdered roots, taken in water, were considered an excellent remedy. Irish raineach-madra,
as a specitic for
:

tlog-fern.

L. spinulosa,

and the

allied species dilatata

and

Fa-nisccii, are

known by
Sanscrit
:

the

name

raincach nan rodainn, from Latin, rodo.

rad, to break up, split, gnaw,

the
is

rat's fern, in

Mor-

ven, Mull,

and Lewis.
it

"
is

range of
fern,

this fern, as

mistaken as to the extremely abundant here, at least in

Dr Hooker

the form oi dilatata"

(Lewis Correspondent).^
in holes,

The name

rat's

and the haunts of rats. Athyrium filix-foemina Lady-fern. Gaelic and Irish: raitieach M/iiiirc, Mary's fern, Miiire, the Virgin Mary, Our Lady; frefrom
its

commonness

quently occurring in plant-names in

Asplenium.
spleen.

From

all

Christian countries.

Greek

a,

privative,

and

<nr\-qv,

the

A. Trichomanes
c/isach,

Black spleenwort.
Lus na
sei/g,

Gaelic and Irish

dbh

dark-stemmed.

from

sealg,

the spleen.

This plant was formerly held to be a sovereign remedy for all diseases of this organ, and to be so powerful as even to destroy
it if

employed

in excess.

Lus a

chorrain.
earth.

Urthhnhan
diibh chsach
iir

(O'Reilly),
is

?/r,

green,

and talamh, the

for

As
see

the

common name
to

Trichojnanes

probably
:

thalmhan
capilliis-

was applied
Veneris.

A.

viride.

Failfean fionn,

A.

A. Ruta-muraria Rue fern. Gaelic rue b/ialIaid/i,\v2i\\-vnQ. A. Adiantum-nigrum Gaelic an rameach uine, the green

fern.

Irish cmobh viae fiadh (O'Reilly), craob/i, a tree, a plant, and muc fiadh, wild pig or boar. Scolopendrium vulgare Hart's-tonguefern. Gaelic: crcamh Wild boar's wort, niacfiad/i, or in Irish, iirani/i nam. inuc fiadh.
:

name

also given to Asparagus.

Pteris aquilina
the large fern.

Common brake.

Gaelic

Raith (see Polypodium).

The brake

an raincach inhor, is used for

;

various purposes by the Gaels, such as for thatching cottages

^

My

well-informed correspondent also remarks:

"I may mention one

information
is

or two other plants, regarding which

out.

Dr Hooker's

slightly

His Salix

repens'xi,

very

common
;

here and in Caithness, though absent

Utricidaria minor can easily be found

in at least

some

parts further south.

Lewis and Scutellaria minor, which he allows no further than Dumbarton, grows equally far north, although all I am aware of could be covered by a table-cloth. Another interesting plant, Eryngium maritiiniint, grows in a single sandy bay on our west coast."
in quantities near the Butt of


95

and beds were

also

made
and

of

it.

It is

for rickets in children,

for curing

esteemed a good remedy worms.

fern.
fair,

Adiantum capillus-Veneris
teanfiii

IMaiden-hair

Gaelic

fail-

(Armstrong), ixom fa/t, hair, axvafionn,

is

resplendent.

This fern

only

known

in the

Highlands by cultivation.

This

name
perly.

is

frequently given to Trichomanes {ditbh chsach) impro-

Ophioglossum
tongue.
grass
0.

From

Greek

o^t?, a serpent,

and

yX)(rar],

Tlie

little

fertile

stalk

springing

straight out of the

may

not inaptly be compared to a snake's tongue.

vulgatum
:

Adder's tongue.
Teanga
a'
7ieidr,

Li/s

na fiaf/iraif/i (^VKenze),
In the Western High-

the serpent's weed.

nathrach, the adder's tongue.

Welsh

tafad

adder's tongue.

lands, beasan or feasan (Stewart).

Osmunda

Osmunder,
:

in

Northern mythology, was one of the

sons of Thor (Gaelic

Tordan, the thunderer, the Jove of the Celts ; OS in Celtic, over, above, upon, and mi/tiata, a champion, said to have received the name on account of its poin Irish),

tential qualities in medicine.

0.

regalis
;

Royal

fern.

Gaelic:

raiiieach
it

riog/iail,
is

kingly

fern

rigk faiueach, royal fern.

In Ireland

called bog-

onion.

wort.

Botrychium lunaria ]\Ioonwort. Gaelic /uan liis, moon" Zuan, the moon, lleuadiys, Welsh //ei/ad, moon.
:

_;r

seems a contraction of luathan, the swift planet" Armstrong. But rather from Sanscrit luach, light. Latin liina. French lune. Deur his and dealt Ins (Stewart), '^//r, a tear, a drop of any fluid, and dealt, dew. This plant was held in superstitious reverence among Celtic and other nations. Horses " On Sliabh Riabwere said to lose their shoes where it grew. hach Mountain no horse can keep its shoes and to this day it is said that on Lord Dunsany's Irish property there is a field where it is supposed all live stock lose their nails if pastured there." "A Limerick story refers to a man in Clonmel jail who could open all the locks by means of this plant." The same old superstition still lingers in the Highlands
: : :

There
It in

is

an herb, some say whose

steed.

virtue's such

the pasture, only with a touch,

Unshoes the new-shod

"On
found

White-Down,

in

Devonshire, near Tiverton, there was

thirty horse-shoes pulled off

from the

feet of the Earl of

Essex, his horses being there drawn up into a body,

many

of

96

them being but newly shod, and no reason known, which caused much admiration and the herb described usually grows upon heaths." Culpepper. Ferns frequently formed components in charms.
;

" Faigh naoi gasan rainaich Air an gearradh, le tuaigh, A's tri chnaimhean seann-duine Air an tarruinn iiaigh," &c.

M'Intyre.

Get nine branches of ferns Cut with an axe, And three old man's bones Pulled from the grave.

" Fern seeds were looked upon as magical, and must

be

gathered on

Midsummer

eve."

Scottish and
tto''?,

Irish Superstition.

T.YCOPODIACEyE.

Lycopodium, from Avkos, a wolf, and cied resemblance to a wolf's foot.

L.

a foot, from a fan-

Selago

Fir

rough one of the

take an infusion of

club-moss. Gaelic garbhag an slcihhc, the " The Highlanders make use of this hill.
:

plant instead of alum to

it

fix

the colours in dying.

;

They
it

also

as

an emetic and cathartic

but

operates

violently, and, unless taken in a small dose, brings

and convulsions."
lago "
(bt).
:

on giddiness Lightfoot. According to De Theis, " Seis derived from the Celtic, sel {sealladh), sight, and/ar/; Greek tao-is, a remedy, being useful for complaints in

the eyes.

L.

Badge of Clan M'Rae. clavatum, annotinum, and the

rest of this family are called

his bhalgaire, the fox-weed.

Equisetace^.
EcLuisetum, from
eqinis,

a horse, and

sefa, hair, in

allusion to

Those plants of this order growing in watery places are called in Gaelic and Irish, clois, douisge, the names given \.o flitviatile^ palustre^ ramosuvi and those flourishing in drier places, earbui/l-each, horse-tail.
the fine hair-like branches of the species.
Clois

seems a contraction of do-uisge (O'Reilly),

do, a nail-pen

or peg, perhaps suggested by the appearance

of the

fruiting

stems, and nisge, water.

E. hyemale
b)or,

Dutch

rushes, shave-grass.

Gaelic

a bhiorag,

Or a pointed small stick, anything sharp or prickly. This species was at one time extensively water [see Appendix).

"

97

used

for polishing

wood and

metal, a quality arising from the

cuticle

abounding

in siliceous cells

hence the use made of the

:

plant for scouring pewter

A
the

large

name

quantity used to " Dutch rushes."

and wooden things in the kitchen. be imported from Holland, hence

Irish

gadhar, from gad^ a withe,

It

a twig. ing on

Liohhag, from liobh, smooth, polish.

grows

in

marshy

places and standing water.

Cuiridin (O'Reilly), because grow-

marshy ground.
Brvace.e.

Gaelic and Irish

coi/incac/i, cnohieach,

from

caoiii, soft,

lowly,

&c.

The
in
Ti'i

principal

economic use of moss

to the ancient Gaels

it

was
"

making

bed-stuffs, just as the

Laplanders use

to this day.
iir

coilceadha na Feinne, brr gheal chrann, coiitneach, 'us

three Fenian bed-stuffs

luachair.

The

fresh tree-tops,
and decayed
It

i?ioss,

and

fresh rushes.

Welsh

nrwswg, moss.

Sphagnum
Hath, grey).

Bog-moss.
From
it is

Gaelic: i/iointeach lia/h {!i!oiii,\)eaX,^wdi

stalks peat
is

its

roots

formed.

Fionnlach, ixom. fionn, white.

covers wide patches of bog, and

;

when

full

grown
in his
'

sometimes almost white

: '

occasionally the

plant has a reddish hue {coinneach d/iearg, red moss).

fers to
it

Martin

re-

Western Islands

"

When
fail

they are in any

way

fatigued by travel or otherways, they

in

not to bathe their feet

warm water wherein

it

red moss has been boiled, and rub

them

with

on going to bed."

having a specific
term
cluiiiicacJi.

name

in

This seems to be the only moss Gaelic, the rest going by the generic

" Cinich uine mu "n iomall, A's imadach sersa." M'Intvre.

Green moss around the edges,

Many

are the kinds.

]\Iarchantiace.:

and Lichenes.
Gaelic: Ins aninean,
:

Marchantia polymorpha
the liverwort.
the liver.
Irish
:

Liverwort.
aibheach.
its

Irish

citislc

(Names derived from

Criih^

Ilysiar afu medicinal effects on the

Welsh

afti,

liver.)

didUeog na crinthneachta, the leaf of (many) shapes or

form,

forms.

shape,

synonymous with Greek

Gaelic:

''poly-

morpha."
Peltidea canina
(from goin,

The
;

dog -lichen.

lus ghonaich
for-

wound

gbineach, agonising).

This plant was

merly used for curing distemper and hydrophobia in dogs. The name '' gearan, the herb dog's-ear," is given in the dictionaries.


applied to this plant, meaning a comWelsh gerain, to squeak, to cry. Lecanora. Etymology of this word uncertain (in Celtic, hr/i Greek t'^os. or leac, means a stone, a flag). L. tartarea Cudbear. Gaelic and Irish conar or corcitr, meaning purple, crimson. This lichen was extensively used to dye purple and crimson. It is first dried in the sun, then pulverised and steeped, commonly in urine, and the vessel made

Probably

this

name was

plaint, a groan.

air-tight.

In this state
to

it is

suffered to remain for three weeks,

when

it is fit

be boiled
districts

in the yarn

which

it is

to colour.

In
to

many Highland

many

of the peasants get their living

it

by scraping off" this lichen with an iron hoop, and sending the Glasgow market. M'Codrum alludes to the value of and the next lichen in his line
"
.'^prigli air

this

mointicb,

Or

air

chlachan."

Cattle on the hills, Gold on the stones.

Parmelia saxatilis and omphalodes Stone and heath parGaelic and Irish crotal. These lichens are much used in the Highlands for dyeing a reddish brown colour, prepared like tartarea. And so much did the Highlanders believe in the virtues oi crotal that, when they were to start on a journey, they sprinkled it on their hose, as they thought it saved their feet Welsh cc7i di), black from getting inflamed during the journey.
melia.
: :

head, applied to the species Omphalodes.

Sticta pulmonacea
lichen.

[Fiilmonaria

of Lightfoot)

Lungwort
crotal collie
in

Scotch
of the
It

Jiazelraw.

Gaelic

and

Irish

{^Uoille"

wood), upon the trunks

of trees

shady

was used among Celtic tribes as a cure for lung diseases, and is still used by Highland old women in their ointments and potions. According to Shaw, the term grim was applied as a general Martin, in his description term for lichens growing on stones.
woods.
of his journey to Skye, refers to the superstition " that the natives

observe the decrease of the

the stones."
"

moon

for scraping the scurf

from
rise

The two

useful lichens, corcur

and

crotal,

gave

to the suggestive proverb

Is fhearr a'

chlach gharbh air

idir."

am

faighear rud-eigin, na 'chlach

mhin

air

iiach faighear

dad

Better the rough stone that yields sometliing, than the smooth stone that
yields nothing.

99

Fungi.

The mushroom. Irish and give agairg for mushroom. Welsh A. campestris Balg bhuachail {balg
Agaricus
:

GaeHc

dictionaries

cnllod.

is

an ancient Celtic

word, and in most languages has the same signification

viz.,

a bag, wallet, pock,

a frog,
sugach.

&:c.

(Greek,

(3oXyv<i

Latin,

bulga

Sax.

beige ; Ger. balg), buachail, a shepherd).

and

in

some places blgbhnackair,

Balg

losgainn {losgann

bi/ac/iar,

dung), Leirin

In Aberfeldy A. cavipcstris

is

called bo/iaid bhuidhli

smachain (Dr M'Millan). Boletus bovinus Brown boletus. Gaelic and Irish bonaid an losgainn, the toad's bonnet ; and also applied to other

species of this genus.

Tuber cibarium Truffle.

from
ball,

Ballan losgainn, Dr jM'Millan,

ball-like

ball,

a tuber.

in Glen and probably applied to other species as well. Lycoperdon giganteum The large fuz-ball or devil's snuffGaelic and Irish bati, beacan, from beach, a bee. box. This mushroom or puff-ball was used formerly (and is yet) for smothering bees it grows to a large size, sometimes even two

bodies, something like

These are subterraneous potatoes, found in beech-woods

Lyon

or three feet in circumference.

L.

Trwman

(O'Reilly).

gemmatum

The

puff-ball,

fuz-ball.

Gaelic and Irish:

It

caochag, from caoch

is

(Latin, ccbcus), blind, empty, blasting.

its

common

idea that

dusty spores cause blindness.

Balg

smid, the smoke-bag; balg sididh, the puff-bag.

bocan, or bochdan-bearrach
bearr, brief, short),

{bochdan, a hobgoblin, a sprite,

Balg peiteach and

to all the

and bonaid an losgainn, are frequently applied mushrooms, puff-balls, and the whole family of the

larger fungi.

Polyporus.

The

various forms of cork -like fungi growing

on

trees are called caise (Irish),

meaning cheese, and

in Gaelic

spiling

or

(Irish)

spiiinc,

sponge,

from their porous spongy

character.
P. fomentarius spuinge, the

and betulinus Soft tinder. Gaelic: cailleach spongy old woman, a corruption of the Irish
It
is

caisleach spnine, soft, cheese-like sponge.

much used
and

still

by Highland shepherds
sharpening razors.

for

making amadou
:

or tinder,

for

Mucedo
inikhco.

Moulds.

Gaelic

cloinih Hath, grey

down.

Mildew,

Muslirooms bear a conspicuous

their connection with the fairies, their

^Dart in

Celtic mythology from

they

formed the tables

for

merry

feasts.

Fairy rings {Afarasmius orcades, other species

of Agarici) were unaccountable to our Celtic ancestors save

by the agency of supernatural beings.

Alg^.

The

generic

names assigned
tail)
;

to

sea-weeds

in

Gaelic are

feamaiiin {/earn, a
shore, sands)
;

trail/each

(M'Alpine),
roc.

(from trigh,

barra-rochd {bar/; a crop),

French
varec,

roche,

a rock.

Welsh

gwymoti, sea-weed.

Greek pwf. French

:

from Sanscrit,

b/iarc,

through the Danish vrag.

All the

olive

coloured sea -weeds go by the general

:

name

fcamaiiin

bnidhe ; the dark-green, fcaiiiainn duhh

dcfg.

and the

red, fea/nainn

Fuous vesiculosus
wrack.

Sea-ware,
and

kelp-ware, black tang, lady;

Gaelic

propach, sovneumts prab/ach, tangled

in

some

places grobac/i, grab, to dig, to grub.

This fucus forms a considerable part of the winter supply of

food
for cattle, sheep,
salt,

deer.

In the Hebrides cheeses are

dried without

but are covered with the ashes of this plant,

salt.

which abounds in
charm.
stitch,

It

was also used as a medicinal

ill

"If, after a fever, one chanced to be taken

of a

they (the inhabitants of Jura) take a quantity of ladyluraik and red fog and boil them in water; the patients sit

upon
find

the vessel
effectual

against

and receive the fume, which by experience they the distemper." Martin's AVestern

'

Isles.'

biii/gac/i,

G?it\\c: fca in a vm b/iolgai/in, a sack, a bag, from the vesicles that serve to buoy up the plant amidst the waves. Feamuvin buidhe, the yellow wrack. It is of an olive-green colour; the receptacles are

F.

nodosus

Knobbed sea-weed.

bolg, builg,

yellow.
F. serratus

Serrated sea-weed.
c/iasach,

wrack.

Aon

i^'x^Xxc: feamaimi did)/i, black one-stemmed, applies to this plant when

single in growth.
F. canaliculatus

Channelled fucus.
This plant
is

Gaelic

feainainn

c/iir-

ean {r, a comb).

a favourite food for cattle,

and farmers give

it

to counteract the injurious effects of sapless

food, such as old straw

and hay.
tangle.

Laminaria digitata

Sea-girdles,

Gaelic and Irish

stamh, slt-/n/ira, sea-wand.

Diiidhcaii, the stem,

and liaghag


or /eai/iagan, brr
leaves on the top.
staiii/i,

and bragan; names given

(in Skye), tangle.
it

to the

broad

Doire

Though not

so

much

used for food as formerly,

is

still

when tobacco becomes scarce. It remedy against scorbutic and glandular diseases, even long before " A rod about four, six, or eight it was known to contain iodine.
having at the end a blade slit into seven or eight and about a foot and a half long. I had an account of a young man who lost his appetite and had taken pills to no purpose, and being advised to boil the blade of the Alga, and drink the infusion boiled with butter, was restored to his former Martin's Western Isles.' By far the most state of health " important use to which this plant and the other fuci have been much employment and profit put was the formation of kelp
feet long,

chewed by the Highlanders was thought to be an effectual

pieces,

'

were derived from its manufacture e.g., in i8i2,in the island of North Uist, the clear profits from the proceeds of kelp amounted to ;!^i4,ooo; but the alteration of the law regarding the duty on barilla reduced the value to almost a profitless remuneration
:

of only
L.

^3500.

saccharina

Sweet

tangle,

sea-belt.

Gaelic

sineartan
to

{smear, greasy).

The Rev. Mr M'Phail

gives this

name
it

"one

of the red sea-weeds."

plant.

Other correspondents give

to this

L.

bulbosa

Sea

furbelows, bulbous-rooted tangle.

Gaelic

sgrothach.

This name is doubtful {sgroth, pimples, postules). Alaria esculenta Badderlocks, hen-ware (which may be a contraction of honey-ware, the name by which it is known in

the
this

Orkney

Islands).

Gaelic

mircean (one correspondent gives

name to "a red sea-weed"), seemingly the same as the Norse name Maria kjerne, Mri, Mary, and kjerne is our word

kernel,
aries,

and has a

imiirb-eaii

meaning. In Gaelic and Irish diction(Armstrong), muiririn (O'Reilly), "a species

like

of edible alga, with long stalks

and long narrow leaves

says,
it is

"

In some parts of Ireland,

lins

Dr Drummond

called

Shaw. mur-

probably

a corruption of muiririn, muirichlitm, vmirlinn

It is

(M'Alpine), (from muir, mara, the sea).

parts of Ireland

known

in

some

by the name sparain or

(in Skye).

sporain, purses, because

the pinnated leaflets are thought to resemble the Highlander's

sporati.

Gruaigean
a
leaf,

Rhodymenia palmata
from
diiille,

Dulse.
water

Gaelic and Irish

diiiliasg,

and
still

iiisge,

the

water-leaf.
it

The Highwholesome

landers and Irish

use

diiiliasg,

and consider

Before tobacco became common, they used by first washing it in fresh water, then drying it in the sun it was then rolled up fit for chewing. It was also used medicinally to promote perspiration. Fithreach, dulse. Duiliasg stdimhe {stawih, Laminaria digitata). It grows frequently on the stems of that fucus. Duiliasg chlaiche i.e., on the stones, the stone dulse. Dtdleasg is also given to Laiiraitia pinnatifida, formerly eaten under the name of pepper
eaten fresh.
to prepare dulse
:

when

dulse.

slochdan,

Porphyra laciniata Laver, sloke. Gaelic and Irish sloucan, from sloe, a pool or slake. Slbhcean (in Lewis), slbhagan (Shaw). Lightfoot mentions that " the inhabitants of the Western Islands gather it in the month of March, and after pounding and stewing it with a little water, eat it with pepper, vinegar, and butter others stew it with leeks and
:

onions.

Ulva latissima

Green

ulva.

Gaelic

glasag, also applied to

other edible sea-weeds.

In some places in the Western High-

lands the names given to laver are also given to this plant.
Glasag, from gls, blue, or green,

Palmella montana (Ag.) Lightfoot describes, in his Flora which he calls Ulva 7?ionia?ia, and gives it the Gaelic name duilcasg nam beann i.e., the mountain dulse. This
'

Scotica,' a plant

plant

is

Gloeocapsa inagina (Kutzing).

Protococcus

magma

(Bre-

montana (Yi^i%%2^\). Lightfoot was doubtless indebted to Martin (whose 'Western Isles' furnished him with many of his useful notes on the uses of plants among the Highlanders) for the information respecting such a plant. Martin " There is seen about the houses of Bernera, for describes it thus
bisson, Alg. Fallals). So7-ospora
:

the space of a mile, a soft substance resembling the sea-plant

called slake [meaning here Ulva latissima\

and grows very thick

among
soil
;

the grass

the natives say

it

is

the product of a dry hot

it

Harris."

grows likewise on the tops of several hills in the island of " It abounds in all mountainous regions as a spread-

ing crustaceous thing on

damp

rocks, usually blackish-looking

but where
it

it is

thin the purplish nucleus shines through, giving

a brighter aspect."

Chondrus crispus
lands by the Irish
repute, for from

Rov. moss, known

Irish
aii carraceen, as

in the

Western High-

name

the chief supply used to

come from Carrageen

it

food for invalids,

in Ireland. At one time it was in much was manufactured a gelatinous easily digested which used to sell for 2s. Cd. per lb. Mathair

an dia'Icasi^^ the mother of the dulse, as from it.

Corallina
officinalis.

if

the dulse had sprung

Gaelic
It

coireall

(M'Alpine).

Latin

was used as a vermifuge. Polysiphonia fastigiata. A tuft of this sea-weed was sent to me with the (iaelic name Fraoch tnra, sea -heather, written
coralliuiii, coral.

Liuean.

thereon.

Hemanthalia
navel),
navel.

lorea.
is

The

cup-shaped frond from which the

long thongs spring

called aiomlach, or iomleach {ioni/eag, the

from the resemblance of the cup-shaped disc to the Dr Neill mentions that in the north of Scotland a kind of sauce for fish or fowl, resembling ketchup, is made from the

cup-like or fungus-like fronds of this sea-weed.

Halydris siliquosa.
(In the Isle of Skye.)

Gaelic:

roineach j/ihanx, the sea -fern.

Chorda filum
Don),

Sea-laces.

In Shetland, Lucky Minny's lines

Gaelic
:

Ayrshire, dead men's ropes.

gtlle mii

leann (or

mu

gille,

young man, a servant

lion,

a net.

Lightfoot

mentions that the stalks acquire such toughness as to be used for fishing lines, and they were probably also used in the manufacture of nets.

At
it

all

events

it is

a great obstacle

when
is

trawl-

ing with nets, as

forms extensive sea-meadows of long cords

In some parts langadair
given to

floating in every direction.

a "sea-weed, by far the longest one."

This one

is

frequently

from twenty to forty feet in length. Sargassum vulgare (or bacciferum) Sea-grapes. Gaelic iuriisgar (sometimes written tn/sgar, from fnis, gather), from turns,
:

a journey.

This weed

is

frequently washed by the Gulf Stream

and cast upon the Avestern shores. These are carefully gathered, preserved, and often worn as charms. They are called nibhcan sithein, fairy eggs, and it is believed that they will ward off evil-disposed fairies. The nuts are called cnofhan-spninge, and most frequently
across the great Atlantic, with beans, nuts, and seeds,
are Dolichas nrens

and Mimosa scandens.

To CalUthamnion

Plocaniium, &c., and various small red sea- weeds, such as adorn
ladies'

albums, the Gaelic

name

stnhcan

is

applied.

Confervse, such as Enteromorpha and

Cladophora.

Gaelic

and

Irish

lianach or linnearach {linne, a pool).

scribes a plant under the name of linarich "a very thin, small, green plant, about eight, ten, or twelve inches in length ; it grows

Martin de-

on

stones, shells,

and on the bare sands.

This plant

is

applied

plasterwise to

the forehead and temples to procure sleep for

I04

Martin's
goic/i,

such as have a fever, and they say

'

it is

effectual for the purpose."

Hebrides.'

Barraig
water.

uaine,

the green
LflcJiaii.

scum on
Griobhars-

stagnant water.
the green

Feiirieisge, water-grass.

scum on

" Tha

uisge sriith na dlge

Na shruthladh diibh gun sioladh Le barraig uaine, ligh ghlas, Gu mi bhlasda grannd,
Fiir lochan
is

tachair

An

clnn an duileag bhite."

in its

M'Ixtyre.

The water

A
And

channel flows, dirty stagnant stream,

algie green, like filthy cream,

Its surface

only shows.

With water-grass, a choking mass. The water-lily grows.

APPENDIX
ADDITIONAL GAELIC
x\AMES.

These names were either unintentionally omitted, or did not come under my observation until too late for insertion in their
l)roper botanical order.

Airgiod luachra
the silvery rush.

{S/>irea iihnaria)

Meadow-sweet,

meaning

Airgiod.

Latin

arge/itinn.

Amharag {Sinapis arvensis) Cherlock. From the root amh, raw or pungent, and probably corrupted into '' Marag" bhuidhe (page 7); also in Cochlearia officinalis. A' maraich (page 5), for amharaich, from the same root, on account of the pungent taste of both plants. Barr a-bhrigean {Potentilla anserina) Silverweed.
Bath ros {^Rosmarinus officinalis) Rosemary. From Imth, the sea and ros., a rose. Bearnan bearnach {Taraxacum dens-Ieonis) Dandelion. Bearnan bealtine {Caltha palustris) Marsh-marigold. Billeog an spuinc {Tussilago farfara) Coltsfoot (page 41). Biodh an 't sionaidh {Sedum anglicwn). [Sionaidh, a prince,
;

a lord, chief;

Inodli,

food.)

From

the

name

it

is

evident that

the plant was formerly eaten,

and considered a delicacy.

Bior, or
its

Bior ros {Nymphcsa)

this root

Water-lily.

aspirated form
beer.

bhir or bhior, meaning water; in Arabic, bir; Hebrew,

From

comes the name bhiorag, a water-plant {Equisetum hyemale, page 96), and such place and river names as %'er in Inver, her in Hereford, and the river Wear in Durham. Blath nam bodaigh (Papaver) Poppy, meaning the rustic's

flower.

Bo coinneal

(^;^'i//;///;// ir/Z/Vr/Vi?)

Sauce alone.

Bo, a cow;

coinneal, a candle.

Buidhechan-bo-bleacht {Primula w/j-) Cowslip.

cow's daisies (page 57). Cal Phadruigb {Saxifraga umbrosa)
kale.

The

milk-

London pride;
(This

Peter's

Cannach {Myrica

gale)

Bog-myrtle.

name must

not be

io6

confounded with

canac/i,

the bog-cotton.)
soft.

It

means any

fra-

grant shrub, pretty, beautiful, mild,

spark
dog.

Caorag leana {Lychiiis fios-ciictili) Ragged robin. Caorag. a and leana, a marsh. Caor con ( Viburnum opulus) Dogberry. Caoi\ a berry con,
;

Cerrucan {Dauciis carota and Siuni sisarum) Skirrets. Name appHed io the roots of these and the next plant. wild Curran earraich {Potentilla anscrina) Silver weed

skirret (page

19).

' Mil

fo

thalamh, currain Earrnicli.'"

L'ndcrground lioney, spring carrots.

"Exceptional luxuries.
silver-weed."

The

spring carrot

is

the root of the

Sheriff

Nicolsox.

Coirean coilleach {LycJinis diurna) (page 8). Collaidin ban [Fapaver) White poppy (page Corran lin {Spergu/a arvensis) Spurrey.

4).

Cuirinin {Nymphcea)

"Water-lily.

Daileag {PJmnix daciylifera)~i:\\^ date-tree.

Dearag thalmhainn
dearg, red
;

i^Funiaria officinalis)

Fumitory.

From

tkala/n/i, earth,

ground.

Dearcan dubh
page 45-

{^Ribes

nigrum)

Black currants.

For dcarc see

Deochdan dearg {Trifolium prataise) Red clover. Driuch na muine {Drosera rotundifolia) Sun-dew. dew and na muine of the hill.

Driuc/i,

Dun, lus {Scrop/iularia nodosa) Figwort, the high plant. According to Bede dun means a height in the ancient British language hence the terminations of names of towns, don and ton.
;

Eabh {Populus tremula) Aspen. Eanach {Nardns strida).

Easdradh Eidheann
{Filices)

The

Gaelic for Eve.

Ferns.
//t7/.v) The ivy (])age 28).
's a"

mu

chrann {Hcdera

" Gach fiodh

clioille

Ach

eidheann inn chrann

a's fiodhagacli."

Every tree in the wood Except 7'y and bird -cherry

tree.

Feathlog fa chrann {Lonicera periclymenum) (page Fib ( Vac:.iuium vitis idxa) Whortleberry. Fineal ghreugach {Trigonella)~Gxt^\ fennel. Fiodh almug [Sautalum album) Sandal-wood.

34).

" Agus mar an ceiulna loingncas Hiram a

i-<>

mhvr'Mt do

/V/ioi/// a////i//o\"

(SiuART)

gli'iulain
x.

i'

ICings

ii.

Lus an lonaidh {Angf/iai

aidh
is

syh'fslris)

Wood

angelica.

Lon-

the piston or handle of the churn.

The

umbelliferous

flower has

much
in

mon name

Lus an t' some places to " southernwood," Artemisia abrofa/iinn. Lus na seabhag Hawkueed. Meacan easa beanine {Pceo/iia) Female paeony. Meacan easa fiorine {Fieo/iii)~sld.\e paeony. Old botanists used to distinguish between two varieties of this plant, and named them male and female. This was a mere fanciful distinction, and had no reference to the real functions of the stamens and

the appearance of that implement. The comBreadalbane (see page 31). seann duine The old man's plant. Name given in

pistils of plants but yet there existed a vague idea, from time immemorial, that fecundation was in some degree analogous to
;

sexual

relationship,

as

in

animals

hence
page

such

allusions as

" Tai-b/i, coille" "

Dair na

coille" (see

68).

Meilise {Sisymbriu^n

officinale)

Neandog chaoch {Lamiiim) Onn. Some authorities give

as to Eiioiiyiiiiis.

Hedge mustard. Dead nettle blind

;

nettle.

this

name

to

Ulex europcea, as well

Welsh, chwyn hence Scotch and English u<hiii. Pea^air tuilbh {Orobiis tuberosns) Bitter vetch. Ponair churraigh {Mcuyauthes) Marsh trefoil, meaning the

=^

marsh-bean, bog-bean.
Pis phreachain ( Vicia sativa)
bird.

Pis

peas. FrcacJian, a ravenous

Raibhe

Raphaniis)

Ramasg

Applied
,

Radish.
to various

species of Fiici, from ram,

branch, an oar = oar-weed.

Reagha maighe, . Reagaim and raema

.

}
j

a \ {oaiuciiia t'liropcei/s)
/

Reilige, reilteag {Gei-anium

w- ood-samcle. Robaiiauum) From or

/

\\

reil

rciil,

star.

Rian roighe {Geranium Robertianum) Crane's-bill. Ros mall {Ait/um rosea) Hollyhock. Rotheach tragha {Crambe marititna) Seakale. Searbhan muic {Cic/iorium endiva) Endive. Seircean mor (Arctium lappa) Bmaock. Send {Hypericum).

Sibhin {Scirpus lacnstris)V>v\x\\%\\.

Siode, lus {Lychnis flos-ciiculi)
silk- weed,

Ragged

Robin

meaning the
Son,

from
leaf.

its

silken petals.

Son duileag (Lapsana communis)

duiieaL!',

Nij>ple-wort.

good


I09

Spog na cubhaig

I'iola

tricolor) Pansy, heart's-ease

mean-

ing the cuckoo's claw.

Spriunan {Kibes nignini and nibniiii) Currants. Straif {Prunus spiiiosa) Sloe. Sreang thrian {Ononis arvciisis) Rest- harrow. Staoin {Ncpeta glechovia) Also applied to ground -ivy

in

some places, as well as to juniper. Subh nam ban sithe {Rtibus saxatilis) fairy- woman's strawberry.
Toir-pin {Sempennvimi icdoniiii)

Stone-bramble

the

House-leek;
cress.

probably the

same

as iir-piti (see

page

27).

Traithnin {Geui/t
a village.

///A?////;//) Geum.

Treabhach {Barbarca

vulgaris)

Winter
Elder,

Trcab/i, a tribe,

Truim crann
(see

{SanibiiLi/s /liger)

corruption from

(Iriiin

page

34).

Tuile thalmhainn (/?<?// //;/-//'/// bulbosus)

Tuile, a water-course.

Tuimpe

Turnip.
NOTE
Page
6.

S.

Nasturtium

officinalis

Water-cress.

curious old super-

stition respecting the

power of

this plant as a

charm

to facilitate

milk-stealing was
ago, an old

common in Scotland and Ireland. woman was found, on a May morning,

"

Not long

at a spring-

well cutting the tops of water-cresses with a pair of scissors, muttering strange words, and the names of certain persons who had cows, also the words, " S' liomsa leath do choud sa " (half thine

mine). She repeated these words as often as she cut a sprig, which personated the individual she intended to rob of his milk and cream." " Some women make use of the root of groundsel as an amulet against such charms, by putting it amongst the
is

cream."

Martin.

Among

the

poorer classes,

water- cress

formed a most important auxiliary to their ordinary food. " If they found a plot of water-cresses or Shamrock, there they Spencer. flocked as to a feast for the time."

Page
Drosera rotundifolia
iiih
'

8.

Sun-dew.
to a

Lus na

fcaniaic/i.
cattle,

'^

Ear-

was the name given

distemper

among

caused.


it

is

supposetl,

by eating

poisonous herb.

Some

say the sun-

dew

others, again, aver the sun-dew

Page
8.

was an

effectual

remedy.

This pUmt was

the hair.

much employed among

Celtic tribes for dyeing

Saponaria.
lated
:

The quotation from

is

Pliny

may be

thus trans-

'"Soap

good

that

invention of the Ciauls

for

red-

dening the

hair,

out of grease and ash."

Page

9.

Linum usitatissimum

{Lio/i).

"Miile salainn 's mirle frois, Meirl' o nach fhaigh anam clos Gub an teid an t-iasg air tir, Cha "n fliaigh niirleach an lin clos."
;

'This illustrates the great value attached to

cially
salt

salt

and

lint,

espe-

among

a fishing population, at a time

lint

when

the duty on

Sheriff

was excessive, and Nicolson.

was cultivated

in the

Hebrides."

Page
Hypericum.
it
''

10.

Martin evidently refers to

this

])lant,

and

calls

Fiiga

diciiioninit.'''

"John Morrison, who

lives in

Bernera
his coat

(Harris), wears the plant called ".Sv//" in the

to prevent
his

neck of

seeing of visions, and says he never saw any

carried that plant about with him."
this plant

since he

first

have a saying whea they meet

"Luibh Cholum
Cliille,

.Children

gun siieadh gun

iarraidh,

'Sa dhein Dia, cha bhasaich mi noclid."

St Coluinl^as-wort, unsought, una.sked, and, please God,
I

won't

tlic

to-night.

Page

12.

is

and white clover. The shamrock Irish upon the anniversary of St When the Saint preached the Patrick for the following reason Gospel to the pagan Irish, he illustrated the doctrine of the Trinity by showing them a trefoil, which was ever afterwards worn " Between May-day and harvest, ujjon the Saint's anniversary. butter, new cheese, and curds and shamrock, are the food of Piers's 'West INIeath.' the meaner sort all this season."

Shamrock

AVoodsorrel

said to be

worn by the

Page
Gaelic Alphabet.

13.

Antecedent

to

the use of the

present

'alphalet, the ancient Celts wrote

on the barks of

trees.

The

writing on the bark of trees they called og/niim,

trees, /m^///(Z,
'

and souietimes

and the present alphabet

Connac
Leir
Casil cona cliuru,

Iifri

or letters.

Mumn,

cor me)a

Tragaid im righ Ratlia Bicli, Na Litri is na Feadiia. "'

Connac of Cashel with

Munster
is his,

his

companions
;

may he

long enjoy

Around

King of Raith Bicli The Letters and the Treks.

tlie

are cultivated

The

" letters

"

here

signify,

of

course,

our

yjresent

Gaelic

alphabet and writings; but the '"trees" can only signify the
oghuim,
letters,

country."

Prof.

which were named O'Curry.

after trees

indigenous to the

Page
Orobus
Armstrong)
tuberosus {Corra
vetch

6.

Bitter liquorice" seems to

made from
it,

and

mcille,

^PAlpin,

and cainneal,
called

sometimes

" wild

be the same naine as the French " airamel," burnt sugar; and according to Webster, Latin, ' caiiiia inellis," or sugar-cane. The fermented liquor that was formerly
called cair/n or aiirm, seems to be the

same

as

the ^'av/niii" which Dioscorides says the old

Britons drank.

The

either

pounded and infused, and yeast added. It was itself, or mixed with their ale a liquor held in high estimation before the days of whisky; hence, the word " ciiirm " signifies a feast. That their drinking gatherings cannot
root was

drunk by

have had the demoralising tendencies which might be expected, evident, as they were taken as typical of spiritual communion. In the Litany of ' Aengus Ceile' De'," dating about the year 798, we have a poem ascribed to St Brigid, now preserved in tlie Burgundian Library, Brussels.
is

" Ropadh maith lem corm-lina mor, Do righ na righ, R.opadh maith lem muinnter nimhe Acca hoi tre bithe shir."
I

should like a great lake of ale

;

For the King of kings

I

To be

should like the family of heaven drinking it through lime eternal.

ale,
'' '

To
to

prevent the inebriating effects of

the natives of Mull

root, finding
it

are very careful to

chew a piece of

charmeV
to

be aromatic especially wlien they intend

have a drinking-


bout

some measure prevents drunkenness." Western Isles.' Trees, Thorns. A superstition was common among the Cehic races, that for every tree cut down in any district, one of the Many ancient inhabitants in that district would die that year. forts, and the thorns which surrounded them, were preserved by the veneration, or rather dread, with which the thorns were

Martin's

for tliey say this in

'

held

hence, perhaps, the

name
Page

sgitheach, sgii/i (anciently), fear

hence

also, droighionn {dniidh),

enchantment, witchcraft.
20.
It was and is, Highlands that each Another popular belief

Eubus
I

irViticoQus, ~{S//iearaga!i) Blackberries.

still

believe,

common

belief in

the

blackberry contains a poisonous worm. kept up probably to prevent children eating them is

when

unripe that the

loween.

fairies defiled

them

at

Michaelmas and Hal-

Page 24. The aucuparia [Craobh chaoraii') Mountain-ash. Highlanders have long believed that good or bad luck is

Pyrus

connected with various

(the

trees.

The

caoran or fuinnseach

coillc

wood

enchantress) was considered by them as the most

;

propitious of trees

hence,

it

was planted near every dwelling-

house, and even far up in the mountain-glens, still marking the " And in fishing-boats as are rigged spot of the old shielings.
with
sails,

a piece of the tree was fastened to the haul-yard, and

held as an indispensable necessity."

"Cattle diseases were

supposed to have been induced by fairies, or by witchcraft. It is a common belief to bind unto a cow's tail a small piece of
mountain-ash, as a charm against witchcraft." when malt did not yield its due proportion of
sovereign remedy.

Martin.
spirits, this

And

supposed

to cause longevity.

In addition to its other virtues, its In the Dean of Lismore's Book

was a fruit was

there occurs a very old poem, ascribed to Caoch O'Cluain (Blind O'Cloan); he described the rowan-tree thus " Caoithainn do bhi air Loch Maoibli do chimid an tiaigh do dlieas, Gach a re 'us gach a mios toradh abuich do bhi air. Seasamh bha an caora sin, fa millise no mil a bhllh, Do chumadh a caoran dearg fear gun bhiadh gu ceann naoi lith, Bleadhna air shaoghal gach fir do chuir sin is sgeul dearbh."

A rowan-tree stood on Loch Mai, We see its shore tliere to the south
Ever)' quarter, every month.
It

bore

its fair,

well-ripened fruit;

There stood
Its fruit

tlie

tree alone, erect.

far,

than honey sweeter

Tliat precious fruit so riclily red

Did

suffice for a
it

year

man's nine meals added to man's life."

Translated by Dr

M 'I^ai^CHLAX.

Page

26.

Ribes grossularia. The prickles of the gooseberry-bush were used as cliarms for the cure of warts and the stye. A weddingring laid over the wart, and pricked through the ring with a
gooseberry thorn,
affected,
will

remove the

wart.

Ten gooseberry
left

thorns

are plucked to cure the stye

nine
31.

are pointed at the part shoulder.

and

tlie

tenth thrown over the

Page

Meum

athamanticum
^'-

MuHceatiu.
is

name for this plant, who flourished about

ment

Bi-icin"

The Inverness local probably named after Si Brian,

the year 637.

at Tuaiiii Drecavi.

or doctor, extended far

He had a great establishHis reputation as a saint and "ollam/i" and wide; to him Cetwfaeladh, the learned,
after the battle of

was carried

to

be cured

Magh
law.

Rath.
It

three schools for philosophy, classics,

strange, however, that this local

and

He had seems very

name should be
Ireland,

confined to

Inverness,
residing.

and be unknown

in

where St Bricin was

Page
Pastinaca sativa
parsnip.
(0/;-;-7?/

32.

geal)

The
it

natives of Harris

The make use

white

wild

carrot,

of the seeds of the

wild white carrot, instead of hops, for brewing their beer, and

they say

answers the purpose sufficiently well, and gives the

is

drink a good relish besides.

"There
island

a large root growing amongst the rocks of this

it

of a whitish colour, and upwards

the

natives call

the

Curra?!. petris^ the rock- carrot

of two feet in length, where

Martin.
men

the ground

is

deep, and in shape and size like a large carrot."

Daucus carota Curran buidhe. "The women present the (on St Michaelmas Day) with a pair of fine garters, of divers colours, and they give them likewise a quantity of wild carrots." Martin.
Page
34.

Sambucus niger

{Dri(maii) The elder.

keep as a great secret
p

"The common people

in curing

[of the Highlands]

wounds

the

"

leaves of the elder, which they have gathered the

April, for the

first

day of

They
at the

affix

purpose of disappointing the charms of witches. them to their doors and windows." C. de Irvngin,

of Athole, June 30, 165 1. Misletoe and ivy were credited with similar powers.

Camp

"The
of

inhabitants cut withies of misletoe

and

ivy,

make

circles

them, keep them

all

the year, and pretend to cure hectic and

other troubles by them."

See

Appendix

to Pennant's 'Tour.'

"The

misletoe," says Valancey, in his

'Grammar

of the Irish

Language,' "was sacred to the Druids, because not only its berries, but its leaves also, grew in clusters of three united to

one stock."
beaiinuichte, though applied probably " Cetitmirea benedictus" and was so called from the many medicinal virtues it was thought to possess. It is a native of Spain and the Levant.

Carduus benedictus
is

Fothannan

Page

38.

to " Mariatms^''

Was said to be the C. heterophyllus Melancholy thistle. A most appropriate badge badge of James I. of Scotland. but yet it had no connection with the unfortunate and melancholy history of the Stuarts, but was derived from the belief that a decoction of this plant was a sovereign remedy for madness, which, in older times, was called "melancholy."
;

The
to say,

plant generally selected to represent the Scotch heraldic

thistle is
it

Onopordon acanihiiun, the cotton thistle, and, strange Achaius, king of does not grow wild in Scotland.
(in

Scotland

the latter part of the eighth century),

is

said to

have been the first to have adopted the thistle for his device. Favine says Achaius assumed the thistle in combination with the rue the thistle, because it wnll not endure handling and the rue, because it would drive away serpents by its smell, and cure their poisonous bites. The thistle was not received
:

into the national

arms before the fifteenth century. The age of the oak-tree was Quercus robur Darach.

matter of

much

curiosity to the old (iaels

;

" Tri aois coin, aois eich

Tri aois eich, aois duine

Tri aois duine, aois fidh

Tri aois

fidli,

aois firein

Tri aois firein, aois craoil)h-dliaraicli.

Thvice dog's age, age of liorse. Thrice horse's age, age of man

Thrice man's age, age of deer; Thrice deer's age, age of eagle
Thrice eagle's age, age of oak.


"The
natives of Tiiee preserve
it,

tlieir

yeast by an oaken wyth,

for

which they twist and put into

barley straw."

and

future use

keep

it

in

Martin.
Page
43.

Chrysanthemum leucanthemum
Gaelic " Breifieati brothach."
a king
;

Ox eye
is

daisy,

called

in

Breinean or brainean also means

Welsh,

breiihiii.

The word
remedy
44.

now

obsolete in the

Highlands.

The

plant was a

for the king's-evil.

Page

Achillea millefolium iiarr ihalmhaiim.

The

yarrow,

cut

by moonlight by a young woman, with a black-handled knife, and certain mystic words, similar to the following, pronounced
" Good-morrow, good-morrow,
fair

yarrow,
;

And
Come,

thrice
tell

good-morrow

to thee

me

before to-morrow,

Who my
The yarrow
if
is is

true love shall be."

brought home, put into the right stocking, and

is

placed under the pillow, and the mystic dream

broken.
Allusion
'

expected

but

she opens her lips after she has pulled the yarrow, the charm
is

made

to this superstition in a pretty

p.

song

([uoted in the
"

Beauties of Highland Poetry,'

dh'eirich

38

1,

beginning

Clii'ii

mi moch,

air

'S ghearr mi'n earr-thalmhainn,

madainn an de, do bhri mo

;

sgeil

gu'm faicinn-sa riiin mo chlilih Ochin gu'm facas, 's a ciil rium fin."

An
I

diiil

rose yesterday
cut the

And

morning early, yarrow according to

my

skill,

Expecting to see the beloved of my heart. Alas 1 saw him but his back was towards me.
!

The
were

superstitious customs

described

common among

the Celtic races,

in Burns's " Halloween and are more common on

"'

the western side of Scotland, from Galloway to Argyle, in con-

sequence of that

district

having been occupied

for centuries

by

the Dalriade Gaels.

Page

47.

Fraxinus excelsior Craobh i/innsea/i/i {(ho. ash-tree) was a most potent charm for cures of diseases of men and animals e.g., murrain in cattle, caused, it was supposed, by being stung in the mouth, or by being bitten by the larva of some moth. " Bore a hole in an ash-tree, and plug up the caterpillar in
it,

the leaves of that ash are a sure specific

foi

that disease."


ii6

Martin adds, "the chief remedies were

their diseases."

'

cliarms

'

for the cure of

Page

51.

Verbena

officinalis

Trombhod.
;

Borlase, in his

'

Antiquities
exces-

of Cornwall,' speaking of the Druids, says:

sively fond of the vervain
foretelling events.
star."
It

"They were

they used
at

it

in casting lots

and

was gathered

the rising of the dog-

Page
Corylus avellana
loss, also

68.

Clltuiin.

Co/, c/, in Welsh, signifies

a custom of presenting a forsaken lover with a stick of hazel, probably in allusion to the

hazel-wood.

The Welsh have

double meaning of the word.

Page

78.

Allium porrum " Biigha.''' The explanation given by Shaw that this was a name for leek seemed improbable, especially as it was a favourite comparison to the eye " when it is blue or dark." Turning to a passage describing Cormac Mac Airt, I found
" Cosmail
ri

bugha a

shiiili,"

which Professor O' Curry renders

"
liis eyes

like s/iu's,"

were

Lus a ciiromchinn

a far

more appropriate comparison.

"

Narcissus,

(the bent head), suggests the beautiful lines of Herrick

When

a daftbdill
its

I
t'

see

Hanging

wards me, Guesse I may what I must be First, I shall decline my head Secondly, I shall be dead
;

head

Lastly, safely burried."

A. ursinum

Creanih.
"
'Is

Page

79.

leigheas air gacli tinn

'us

Creamh

im

a'

Mhaigh."
every
illness.

Garlic and

May

butter

Are remedies

for

" Its medicinal virtues were well

known

but like

many

other

and used by our ancestors, it is now quite superseded by pills and doses prepared by licensed practiplants once valued
tioners."

Sheriff Nicoi.son.

117

Page 8 1.
Duiliasg na h'aibhne. The broad-leaved connection with a curious superstition in some parts of Scotland, notably in the West Highlands. ' It is gathered in small bundles in summer and autumn, where it is

Potamogeton natans
is

])ond\veed

used

in

found to be plentiful, and kept until New Year's Day (old style) ; it is then put for a time into a tub or other dish of hot
water,

and the infusion

is

mixed with the

first

drink given to
is

supposed to keep the cows from witchcraft and the evil eye for the remainder It is also supposed to increase the yield of milk." of the year Rev. A. .Stewart, Nether Lothaber.
milch cows on New-Year's

Day morning.

This

Page

87.
[cniisig/i, in Irish,

Arundo phragmites
song).

Cruisgioniach

music,

Reeds were said by the Greeks to have tended to subjugate nations by furnishing arrows for war, to soften their manners by means of music, and to lighten their understanding by supplying implements for writing. These modes of employment mark three different stages of civilisation. The great reed mace {Typha latifolid) cnigcal nam ban sithe, is usually represented by
painters in the

with which

hand of our Lord, as supposed to be the reed smitten by the Roman soldiers, and on which the sponge filled with vinegar was reached to Him. Martin mentions an ancient custom observed Oats Coirc. The mistress and servant of each on the 2d of February. family take a sheaf of oats and dress it in woman's apparel, put it in a large basket, with a wooden club by it, and this they call Briid's bed. They cry three times Briid is come, and welcome. This they do before going to bed, and when they rise in the morning they look at the ashes for the impress of Briid's club

He was

there

if

Algse

Feamainn.

seen, a prosperous year will follow.

The

inhabitants of the Isle of Lewis had

" Shony came to the

an ancient custom of
at

sacrificing to a sea-god called "

Hallowtide.

The

inhabitants round the island

church of St Mulvay, each person having provisions with him.

One of tlieir number was selected to wade into the sea up to the middle, and carrying a cup of ale in his hand, standing still in that position, crying out with a loud voice, " Shony, I give
this cup of ale, hoping you will be so kind as to send us plenty of sea-ware for enriching our ground the ensuing year.'"'

you

And

he then threw the cup into the

sea.

This was performed

ii8

nighttime they afterwards returned to spend the night dancing and singing. Shony (Sjoni), the Scandinavian Neptune. This offering was a reUc of pagan worship introduced into the Western Isles by the Norwegians when they conquered and ruled over these
in the in
;

islands centuries

ago K'Eogh's Works.

(see

The Rev. John

' '

footnote, p. 40).

K'Eogh wrote

work on

Botanalogica Universalis Hibernia,' and another on the animals, Zoologica Medicinalis Hibernia,' about
the plants of Ireland,
the year 1739, giving the Irish names as pronounced by the peasantry at that period. They are now rare works, and are of

no value save
given in them.

for the

names,

for they contain

no information

except the supposed medicinal virtues of the plants and animals

All creatures, from the biggest

mammal

to the

meanest worm,

and

all

plants,

were supposed

virtue to cure disease.

have some potent charm or large number of K'Eogh's prescripto

compounds of the most disgusting ingredients. We can only now smile at the credulity that would lead any one to imagine that by merely looking at the yellow-hammer {Emberiza citrinella) " by any one who has the jaundice, the person is cured, but the bird will die." Or that "the eyes drawn entire
tions are

out of the head of a hare taken in March, and dried with pepper,

and worn by women,

will facilitate childbirth."

:

He
laid

gives this singular cure for the jaundice

"A

live
!

moth,

on the navel till it dies, is an excellent remedy Nine grains of wheat taken up by a flea, are esteemed good to cure a chincough that insect is banished and destroyed by elder leaves, flowers of pennyroyal, rue, mint, and fleabane, celandine, arsmart, mustard, brambles, lupin, and fern-root." For worms " Take purslane seeds, coralina, and St John's-wort, of each an equal part boil them in spring water. Or take of the powders of hiera picra {Ficris /lieracioidt's), of the seeds of the bitter apple, of each one dram, mixed with tlie oil of rue and savin, spread on leather, and apply it to the navel this is an approved remedy." Epilepsy " The flesh of the moor hen, with rosemary, lemons, lavender, and juniper berries, will cure it." And for children " Take a whelp {cullane), a black sucking puppy (but a bitch whelp for a girl), strangle it, open it, and take out the gall, and give it to the child, and it will cure the falling-sickness." One more example will sufliciently illustrate the value of K'Eogh's books'. "'Usnea ca])itis humani, or the


TI9

"

moss growing on a skull that is exposed to the air. good astringent, and stops bleeding if applied to the
ereu held in the

is

a very

parts, or

handr

Ollamh.

This was the highest degree, in the ancient Gaelii;

system of learning, and before universities were established, included the study of law, medicine, poetry, classics, &c. A succession of such an order of literati, the Beatons, existed in Mull from time immemorial, until after the middle of last century. Their writings were all in Gaelic, to the amount of a large chestful. Dr Smith says that the remains of this treasure were bought as a literary curiosity for the library of the Duke of Chandos, and perished in the wreck of that nobleman's fortune. If this lost treasure could be recovered, we would have valuable material for a more complete collection of Gaelic names of plants, and information as to the uses to which they were applied, than we

now

possess.

Medicinal Plants.

The common belief that

a plant grew

not far from the locality where the disease prevailed, that would cure that disease, led to
resulted in finding out the

many experiments which ultimately undoubted virtues of many plants

but wholesale methods were frequently adopted by gathering

the herbs, or as

all

many

as possible, in that particular district

and

making them into a bath. At the battle of ' Magli Tuireadh." we are informed

" that the

chief physician prepared a healing bath or fountain with the

essences of the principal herbs and plants of Erinn, gathered

chiefly in

Liis-Magh, or the Plain of Herbs

as

and on

this

bath

they continued to pronounce incantations during the battle.

Such of the men

happened

to

be wounded in the

fight

were

immediately plunged into the bath, and they were instantly refreshed and made whole, so that they were able to return and.
fight against the

enemy again and again." Prof. O'Curry. Inxantatioxs waxH Plants. Cures by incantations were most common. A large number of plants w^ere thus employed. When John Roy Stewart sprained his ankle, when hiding after the battle of CuUoden, he said

" Ni mi'n ubhaiJh rinn Peadar do Phl, 'S a liiighean air fas leum bruaich, Seachd paidir n' ainm .Sagairt a's P.p Cia chuir ri^ iia plilsd mu'n cuairt.


make the incantation tliat Peter made for Paul, With the herbs that grew on the ground Seven paternosters in the name of priest and pope,
I'll
:

Applied Hke a plaster around.

"And
to

if

the dislocated joints did not at once

jump

into their

proper places during the recitation, the practitioner never failed

augur favourably of the comfort to the patient.

for
all

There were
heir to
:

similar incantations

the

ills

that flesh

is

the
;

toothache could not withstand the potency of Highland magic

dysentery, gout, &c., had
never-failing incantations."
all

their appropriate

remedies

in

the

M'Kenzie.

See 'Beauties of High-

land Poetry,'

p.

268, where several of the "orations" repeated

as incantations are given.

plant

Plants and Fairy Superstitions. -names in Gaelic have reference

A
it

large

number

of

to fairy influence.

At

births

many ceremonies were used

to baffle the fairy influence

over the child (see page 57), otherwise

to fairyland.
is

The

belief in

fairies

as well as

would be carried off" most of these

superstitions,

traceable to the early ages of the British Druids,

on whose practices they are founded. The foxglove {Meuran sithe), odhran, the cow-parsnip, and copagach, the docken, were credited with great power in breaking the fairy spell; on the other hand, some plants were supposed to facilitate the fairy spell, and would cause the individual to be fairy " struck " or '^ bui/life." The water-lily was supposed to possess this power, hence its names, Bui/lite, and Rab/iagach, meaning beware, Rushes found a place in fairy mythology Sc/i(^?iiis warning. nigricans {Seimhean) furnished the shaft of the elf arrows, which were tipped with white flint, and bathed in the dew that lies on the hemlock. Nettles " They also used the roots of nettles and the roots
:

of reeds as cures for coughs."

is

In

some

parts of Ireland there

a custom on

May

eve and

May day amongst

the children,

amuck with branches of nettles, They had also a belief that steel stinging every one they meet. Camden made hot and dipped in nettle-juice made it flexible. says " that the Romans cultivated nettles when in Britain in order to rub their benumbed limbs with them, on account of the A remedy worse intense cold they suffered when in Britain."
especially the girls, of running

than the disease.

INDEX.
GAELIC NAMES.
Abbal, adhul,
Agairg, 99.

Abhran donog,

23. 82.

Beaman beamach (Appendix).

54.

Bofulan ban, 40

Aiglmeann thalmhainn, Aigheannach, 38.

Aillean, 42.

Ailm, 65.
Aingealag, 31.

Bealuidh, bealaidh, 14. Bealaidh frangach, 14. Bealaidh sasunach, 14. Bealaidh (calg), 80. Beatha, or beithe, 68. Beathag, Ins, 55.

Bog lus, 36, 56. Bog bhuine, 82. Bog luachair, 85. Bng ghioghan, 36. Bog uisge, 76.

Bomne

I'ala,

61.

Ainean, lus an, 97.

Aire, aircean, 67.

Beathe beag, 69. Beathe carraigeach, G9. Beathe clusach, 69.

Beathe, dubh casach, Q9.

Bolg lus, 36, 55. Boigan beic, 51. Bonaid an losgain, 99

Borrach, 87, 92.
Bnrraist, 55.

Airmeirg, 35. Airneag, 17.

Aiteil, aitiol, 74.

Beathe dubhach, 69. Beathe nam measa, 67.

Beilbheag, 4. Beitean, 92. Bhracadail, lus, 63. Biodh nan eoiuean, 13. Biodh an sionaich (Appendix) Biatas, hiatus, 55, 59. Bile buidhe, 42. Bile cuige (Appendix).

Borramotor,

40.

Alias Mhuire, 11. Aloe, 77.

Amon,

IS.

Braonan fraoch, 19. Braonan bachlag, 19, 30. Braonan buachail, 30.
Braban,
89.

Aon

Aoin, 83. chasach, 100.

4.

Aonsgoth,
Asair, 62.

Breallan leana, 26. Breoillean, 91.

Apricoc, 17.

Asparag, 80. Athair liath, 53. Athair thalmhainn, 44. Athan, 41.

Breinean brothach, 43, 115. Breothan, 91. Bricin dubh, 31, 113.
Brisgean, 19, 106. Brisglan, 19

Bileach choigreach, 42. Bileach losgain, 22. Bileanach, bilearach, 104.

Billeog math, 36. Billeog son (Appendix). Bilur, 61. Biodh a leithid, 8.
Biolair, 6,
1' 9.

Brbh,

85.

Biighleag, 46.

Badan measgan,
Binne Bainne Bainne Bainne Bainne

56.

Brighleag nan con, 45

bo bhuie,

57.

(lus a bhaine), 56.

ganahnauh, 34. ghabhair, 50. muic, 36. Bairghin, 2.

Balarih chnis, 35. Blg bliuachail, 99. Blg losgain, 99.

Brium fheur, 91. Brog na cubhaig, Brg braidhe, S3.

S, 56, 57,

80

Biolair trgha, 5. Biolair mhiiine, 49. Biolair ghriaghain, 6. Bior leacain, 74. Biorag, 96

Bi U (craobh bhrin), 73.

Brum,

14.

Bru-ch orach, 84. Buadha, lus nam,

31.

Buadhlan bwidhe,

42.

Bior nabilde, 37.

Biotas, betis, 59 Blioch, bliochan, 80. Blioch fochain, 37. Bliosan, 39. Bloinigean graidh, 59. Bo eoinneal (Appendix). B )chdan bearraeh, 99.

Buadh

ghallan, 42.

Balg bhuachair, 99. Big smuid, 99.

Bualan, am, 41. Buafannan, 40. Buafannan buidhe, 43. Buafannan ban, 4i).

Ban, crann, 11. Barbrag, 3. Bar-guc, 14. Bar-dearg, 58. Brr braonan-nan-coti, 19 Barr cluigeannach, 44.

Bocsa,

63.

Bo

dhearc, 46.
82, 87. 82. 29.

Buafannan liath, 40. Buafannan na h' easgaran, 41. Bugha, 78, 116 Buidhe mr, 7. Buidhe bealtainn (Appendix).
Buidheag,
2,

Bodan,

42

Barr a mhilltich, 81. Baira mhislean, 15.

Bodau dubh, Bodan coille,

Buidheag an arbhair, 43 Buidhe na ningean, 63.

Buillite, 4, 12". Bulastair, 17.

Banag ruadh, 4. Barr-stamh, 100. Barrag uaioe, 104

B'ldan measgan, 56.

Beaman
Beacan,

bride, 37.
90.

Bodan na cloigin, 50. Bodach gorm, 36 Bodach na claiginn, 50. Bodach dubh, 59.

Buine, 29. Bngls, 89. Buutata, 49.

nuiisag, 71.

Buiamaide, Burban, 40.

40.

Buth a muc,

80.

Caba deasain, 36. Cabhan abhain, 4.

Cabros,
9.

Choluni-cille lus, 11, 67. Cliraois, lus a, 29 Chrom chinn, lus a, 77. Chridh, lus a, 55 Chuimein, lus Mhic, 30. Ciob cheann diibh, 85.

Cta

preasaoh

nighean

righ, 22.

Cotharach, 56.

Crann lus, 41. Craohh mac fiadli,

Creamh,

95.

Ciocban nan marbha, 51.

cailleachean

Cr, lus, 50. Creachladi dearg, 12.

42, 48, 79, 116.

Caiueal, 60.

Cdineab, 64.

Caineab uisge, 44
Cairmeal, 16, 111. Oaisleach spuinc, Cairteal, 52
(Jaitean, 66.
99.

Cirean coileaeli, 8 Cirean, feamainn, 100. Clabrus, 27. Clachan ghadhair, 75. Clarahaiuin lin, 49.

Creamh Creamh Creamh Creamh

93.

gharaidh, 79.

nan

mac

nam Muic

crag, 79. fiadh, 80. tiadh,

Cloch bhriseacli, 27. Clooh reathncacli, 92.

Clo-uisgc, 96.

Caitheamh,

lus, 35.

Caithne, 45. Oal na inra, 5

Cal eolbhairt,

6.

Cal cearsleach, 6. Cal gruidhean, 6. Cal Phadruig (Appendix). Calltuinn, 68, 116. Calg bhealaidh, 80.

Cloimli liath, 99. Cluas, lus nan, '/7 Cluas an fhidh, 38. CI las ohaoin, 82.

Crios chu-chulainn, 18. Critheann, 70. Cr, crodh, crch, 77. Crob priachain, 12
Crotal, 98.

Crotal

coille, 98. 58.

Clnas Inch, 9, 37. Cluas liatli, 37, 41. Clnain lin, 9 Cluaran, 3S
Cluaraii deilgneach, 38. Cluaran leana, 38.

Cromlus, 4. Cruach Phadruigh, Cruaidh lus, 44.

Calg bhrudhan,
Calaraeilt, 52
.

80.
4.

Crbh eoin, 14. Crbh leomhainn, 22. Cruach luachair, 85.

Cruba-leisin,
3.

Caman

scarraigh,

Cam-bhil, 43.
Caraorahil, 43. Caraoinhil fiahhain, 43. Canach, 86

Cluaran Cluaran

ir, 39.

liath, 42.

Canal, 60.

Cnajian, lus nan, 50. Cuapan dubli, 39 Cniiih lus, 40. Cnaib ui.sge, 44.

Cruban, lus, 47. Cruban na saona, 20. Cruithneach, 90.

Crumagan, 31. Cruach Phadruigh, 58. Cuach Phadruigh, 58.

Cnii.sgiornach, 87, 117.

Cannach (Appendix). Caoch nan cearc, 49 Caod aslaehan Cholum

11.

ehille,

Cno thalmhainn, 30. Cno ghreugach, 18. Cnothan spuing, 103.

Codalian,
Cogall, 9.
4.

Cucumhar,

64.

Caogma,
Caolmin,

29. 50.

Coindid, coinne, cainnen, 79.

Caoirin leana, 35. Caolach, his, 9. Gaol fail, 64. Caol miosachan, 9. Caoran, 24, 112.

Caoran staoin, 74. Caor bad miann, 20. Caor thalmhainn, 30. Caor fionnag, 62. Caorag leana (Appendix). Carbhainn, 30.
Carbhaidh, 30.
Carraceen, 102. Oarran, 5, 9, 92.
Carrait, 32. Cartal, 52. Carthan curaigh, 35. Carthan arraigh, 35. Cas fa clirann, 34. Cas an uain, 15

Coinrns, 21. Coin droighionn, 21. Coin flieur, 90. Coin bhil, 28. Coin bhaiscne, 28. Coinneach, 97. Coinneach dhearg, 97. Coirearan muic, 30. Coireiman, 33.
Coirnel, 28. Coir, lus a, 33. Coirc, 88, 117. Coirc dbli, 89 Coireall, 102. Colag, 6.

Cuig bhileach, 19. Cuig mhear Mhuire, 19. Cuig bhileach uisge, 19. Cuige, Bile (Appendix) Ciiigeal an losgain, 75. Cuigeal nam ban sith, 82.
Ciiilc fheur, 88.

Cuilc,

8.5.

Cuilc mhilis, 82. Cuilc chrann, 82. Cuileann, 46. Cuilean trgha, 29. Cuinnse, 24.

Cuineag mhighe,

31.

Cuirteagan, 23. Ouir dris, 21. Cuiseach, 92. Cuiseag bhuidhe, 42. Cularau, 57, 62, 63.

Colluinn, 68.
Coluracille, lus, 11, 57.

Cunach, 49. Cunieal Mhuire, 49.

Cuphair, 73.

Colg bhealaidh, 80. Coman mionla, 43. Con, cona, SO.

37.

Curach na cubhaig, S, Curach uihanaich, 3.

Curran, 32.

39.

Castearban nam muc, Cas niaidhiche, 15.

Conaire,

Casgair, 63. Cassacbdaiglie, 41. Cat luibh, 40. Catog, 20 Cathair thalmliainn, 44

Conan, 90. Conasg, 14. Contran, .'il.

Coi)air, 61. Cnpag sliraide, 62.

Curran earraich, 108. Curran geal, 32, 113. Curran buidhe, 32, 113.
Cuiridin ban, 32. Cuiseag, 42.
Ciireais, 85, 86.

Caubsadan,

Ccnamh

53. briste, lus nan, 56. Cearban, 2 Cearban feoir, 2 Ceanabhan beag, 55.

Cop:ig tuaitliil, 38. Copan an driuchd, 22.

Corcach, 64. Corcar, 98.

Cuthaigh, 82. Cutharian, 30,

7S, 82.

Ceann ruadh, 4. Ceathramadh - lualn - caorach,

60.

Corcan coille, 8 Corn caisiol, 27. Corrach shod, 2

Corra raeille, Cor-chopaig.
16, 111.

Da-bhileach, 76. Dail ohuacli, 7. Daimisin, 17. Darach, 66

Darach
32.

sior-uaine, 07.

Ceadharlach, 48.

Ceud

bliileaoh, 48.

Ceir-iocan, 34. Ceis ehrainn, 92. Cfiosan, 38. Censaidli, lus chraun, 01.

Cosadh dubhach, Cos uisge, 33. Cosga na fola, 44.

Dealt ruadh, 8. Dealt lus, 95.

Deandag,

ii4.

Costag, 32. Costag a bhaile gheamhraidh,

Deaic, lus nan, 45. Dearc frangach, 26.

Dearc roide,

46.

23
Dearcan fithich, 45. Dearcan dubh, 106. Dearna Mhuire, 2-2. Deathach thalnihaiim,
Deideag, 59. Deilgneach, preas, Deolag, 34 Deoghlag, 34.
3.
,

Eoina,

89.

Folachdan, FoUasgain,

31.
2.

'

4.

Faibhile, 67. Fail chuach, 7. Filtean finn, 95.

Fanai.-^ge, 8. Falcaire, 58.

Fonndau, 38. Fothannan beannuichte,

114.

38.

Fothrs,

4.

Fotrum,
Fraoch,

51.
44, 45.

Falluing Mhuire, 22.

Fraing, lus, 43.

Deodha, 49. Detheogha,

Parach dubh, 51.

Farusgiig, 39.
'

Deur
Dile,

49. lus, 95.

Fathan,

41.

3-2.

Dithean, 42, 92. Dithean, ir, 42.

Faithleadgh, 28. Faithlah, 28. Fead, 83.

Dobhar,

lus, 6.

Feada

coille, 13.

Fraoch ruinn.se, 44. Fraoch frangaeh, 44. Fraoch bhadain, 45. Fraoch dearrasain, 45. Fraoch mara, 103. Fraochan, 45.
Fualactar, 30. Fualachdtar, 50.

Doire, 100. Donn, lus 51. Dreas, dris, 21. Dreas miiine, 21.

Feleastar, 77. Feallabi.g, 29.

j

Feallair, 9.

Feamainn,

25, 100, 117.

Dreas smear, 21. Dreas cubhraidh, 21. Dreimire buidhe, 4S.

Dreiniire muire, 48

Droighionn, dubh, 17.

Droisliionni geal, 22.

Feamainn bholgainn, 100. Feamainn buidhe, 100. Feamainn dubh, 100. Feamainn dearg, 100. Feamainn cirean, 100.
Feandag, 64. Fearan, 79. Fearban, 2.

Fuath muic, 80. Fuath germ, 49. Fuath mhadhaidh,

Fuile thalmhainn,

3. 2.

Fuinseag coille, Fuinnseann, 47. Fuinnseach, 25.

Fuinnseagal, 25.

24, 44.

Droman, 34. Drumain, 34. Druiehdin mona, 8. Druidh lus, 33. Dublian nan caora, 44.
Dublian ceann chosach, Dubhanuidh, 55.
55.

Gabhan, gafan,
Gachar,
8, 1( 9.

49.

Feam,
I

68.

82.

Fearnaieh Ins na,

Dubh

casach, 94.
I

Duileag bhaite, 3 Duileag bhaite bhuidhe, 3. Duileag ban, 4. Duileag son, nihith, 37. Duileag Bhrighid. 37. Duileag bhraghad, 37. Duileag na cruithneachta, 97 Duileag na h'aibhne, 81, 117. Duileasg 101. Duileasg staimh, 102. Duileasg elaiehe, 102. Duileasg nam beann, 102.
Duilliur-fieithlean, 34. Duilliur spuing, 41. mhial, 48. Dur, dt, 66. Dur lus, 6 Dur-fheur-fairge, 88. Dun lus, 106.

Fearra-dhris, 21. Fearsaideag, 6. Feith, feithlog, fethlen, 34. Feireag, foireag, eireag, 20. Fearan curraidh, 54. Feoras, 13.

Feur uisge, 90, 104. Feur gortach, 90. Feur sithein, 90. Feur choinein, 90. Feur chaorach, 90. Feur phuint, 91.
Fhogair, lus an, 61. Fhograidh, lus an, 3.

Fiadh roideas,

5.

Fiadhain, eraobh, 34. Fiaeal leomhaiun, 37. Fiatghal, 15

Fige, flghis, 65.

Gainnisg, 86. Gair cean, 9. Gairleaeh collaid (Appendix). Gairbhin creugach, 8. Gairgean creugach, B, 110. Gairgean, 79. Gairleag, 79. Gairleag callaid (Appendix) Gairleag Mhuire, 79 Gallm-an. 31. Gall pheasair, 16, 107. Gall chno. 14. Gall sheileach, 71. Gall seileasdar, 86. Gall uinseann, 107. Gallan mr, 41. Gallan greannchair, 41. Gaoicin cuthigh. 82.

DuU

Garbhag an t' sleibhe, Garbhag garaidh, 53.

Garbh, lus, 34. Garbhraitheach, Gth, 28. Gth dubh, 55.
6.

95.

Eadhadh,

70.

Fineal-chumhthra, 30. Fineal sraide, 31. Fineal Mhuire, 6. Finemhain, 71. Fiod theine, 73. Fiod sheudar, 73.
TFiodhag, IS Fiona, crann, 12.

Gth buidhe, 55. Gth mor, 55.

Geald niidhe, 8. Geal sheileach, 71. Gealag lair, 77.

Eala bhi, 10. Eala bhuidhe, 10.

Eallan, lus an, 12.

Eanarh, 1 6. Earbull righ. 12.

Earbiill each, 96.

Fionnach, 107. Fionnsgoth, 28

Fionnan

geal, 28.

Geamn chno, 69 Geamn chno fladliain,

Geanais, 17. Genr-bhileach, 22. Geur dhearc, 45.

69.

Earr dhreas, 21. Earr thalmhainn, 44, 115. Eisbuig, lus an, 32 Easbuig ban, 43. Easbnig Speain, 43.
Ebersluigh, 53.

Fionnag, lus na, 62. Fionnlaeh, 97.

Fioran, 87. Fiorihan, 87.

Geur neimh,

63.

Fiormann,

91.

Eidheann,

28.

Eidheann mu chrann, 106. Eidheann thalmhainn, 54.

Eigheann, 28. Eitheann, 28.
Eil druichd, 8.

Fir chrann, 11. Fiteag eliam, S7. Fithreach, li 2 Fiuran, 107.

Gille guirmein, 3ii. Gille mu lion, 103. Gioleeach sleibhe, 14. Giubhas, 72. Giubhas geal, 72,

Fleann uisge,
Flige, 9

2.

Fliodh,

9.

Giubhas sasunach, 73. Giubhas Lochlanneach, Giubhas uaine, 73.

Giuran, 107. Ghlinne, lus, 63.

72.

Eitheach, 67. Elebor, 3.

Elebor

geal, 76. Elefleog, 60.

EUea, 42

Fliodh buidhe, 9. Fliodh mr, 31. Fliodh bhalla, 34. Fochas, 10. Foghnan, fothannan, .38. Foghnan beannuichte, 38, 114
37.

Glan

ruis,

."iO.

Enach ghraidh,
Eo, 75.

Foinneamh

lus, 63.

Glas, lus, 5. Glas fheur, 91. Glasag, 102. Glas leun, 2.

Fola, lus na 44.

Glas lann,

27.

24
Glasair coille, 55. Gleoran, 6.
Gloiris, 27.

Leac, lus an, 50. Leadan, liodan an fhucadair,

36.

Gluineaeh Ins an, 61. Gluineach uisge, 61. Gluineaeh dearg, 61. Gluineach bag, 61. Gluineach duhh, 61. Gluineach mr, 61. Gluineach tth, 61.

Leadan liosda, 38. Leamhad, 10. Leamhneach (Appendix). Leamhan, 65.

Leamhan

bog, 68.

Leanartach, i9, 107. Leanna, lus an, 65.

Gna-ghorm, lus, 12. Goabh, luibh, 40 Gobhal luachair, 85. Goin fheur, 90, 91.
Goirteag, 23.

Learmann, 84. Lear uinnean,

80. 22.

Leasaich, lus an, 35.

Leathach bhuidhe,
Leicis, 78. Leigis, 78.

Gorman,

39.

Gorman

searraigh (Appendix). Gorin dhearc, 21. Gonii liath, 41. Gooneleg {Cornish), 45. Graban, 40. Grabhan dubh, 54.

Leolaicheann, 16 Leum a chrann, 34. Leusaidh, lus an, 35,

Lia, 42.

63.

Liathan, 42.
Liatus, 36. Liach laghor, 4. Liach roda, 81. Liarli Biighide, 81. Liath, lus,3!i, 53.

Grabhan ban, 54. Grabhan nan clach,

Grainnseag, 45.

26.

Grainnseag dubh, 45. Grain ait;eii), 2. Gran dubh, lus na, 30.

Liath

gc'irni, craobli, 46. Liath-lus-roiii, 40.

Gran lachan, 82. Gran ubhal, 25.

Greaban, 18. Greim an Diabhail, Grian rs, 7
36.

Lili, lilidh, 78.

Lili
Lili

bhuidhe an uisge, na gleann, 78.

4.

Grigleann, 90 Griobharsgaich, 104.

Grioloigin, 81. Grobais, 10 Grolla, lusan, 50.

an Ion, 78. Limoin, erann, 24. Linnearauh, 103. Lin radharc, 50. Liobhag, 81, 97. Liobhan, 65.
Lili

Lion,

9, 110.

Groseag,

26.
2.

Grug Mhuire,
Grunnasg, 41. Gugan, 42.
Guis, 34.

Lion a bhean sith, 9. Lion na li'aibhne, 2.

Lionn, luibh, i5. Liugair, luibh an, 31. Liagaire, luilili an. Ml.
32.

Gunnachan sputachain,
Guirmean,
5.

Lochal,

49.

Lochan, plur an,

Lothal, 49, 53.

44, 104.

Lus na fearnnioh, 8, 109 Lus a ghraid, i7. Lus a ghlinne, 63. Lus a ghiidh, 59. Lus an t' seann duine, 108. Lus na nonnag, 62. Lus na tola, 5. Lus na Fiaing, 43. Lus gna-ghorm, 12. Lus ghonaich, 97. Lus na h'oidhche, 49. Lus na h'oidhnan, 25. Lus nan laoch, 26. Lus nan laogh, 27. Lus nan leac, 50. Lus an leasaich, 35. Lus nan mial, 50, 56. Lus midhe, 56. Lus mor, 51. Lus Mhic Chuimein, 30. Lus Mhic righ Bhreatainn, 53 Lus Mhic Raonail, 3. Lus mharsahlidh, 54. Lus na meala, 34. Lus na nathraich, 56. Lus na meall mor (Appendix) Lus na cnamh, 31. Lus Pharliath, 41. Lus na purgaid, 62. Lus a phiobair, 54. Lus a pheubair, 54. Lus na peighinn, 29. Lus phione, 3. Lus an f igh, 53. Lus riabhach, 50. Lus leth an samhraidh, 6. Lus an t'saoidh, 30. Lus nan scorr, 55. Lus siode (Appendix). Lus an t'siabuinn, 8. Lus an t'sicnich, 59. Lus an sith chainnt, 25, 27. Lus tghta, 75. Lus an tise, 55. Lus na Spaine, 43. Lus a cholamain, 3.

Huath,

23.

Luachar, 83.

ladh lus, 48. ladh shlat, 23, 34. ladh shlat thalmhainn,
Ibliig, 93.

Luachar bog, 83. Luachar coille, 84.

54.

Mac gun athair gun

81.
9.

mhathair,

Luan lus, 95. Luibh laoibheach,

Luis, 24.

lallain, 28. Inite, luibh, 36.

Lurachainn, 79. Lus nam ban sith,

lonntag, 64 lonntag bhn, 54. lonntag raharbha, 54. lonntag dhe^rg, 54. lonntag ghreugach, 14.
Isop, 54.

Iteodha, 29.
lubliar, iuthar, 74.

lubhar thalmhainn, 74 lubhar nan craig, 74. lubhar beinne, 74.

Labhras,
60.

Laoibhrail, 60.

Lach cheann
Lachan,
87.

ruadli, 4
84.

Lachan nan damh,

L&nga,

Laireag, 73 Lamhan cat leacaln, 27.

45.

Ijangadair, 103. Laoch, lus nan, 26. Laogh, lus nan, 27 Lioibheach, luibh, 9. La.sair leana, 2.

Lus Lus Lus bhainne, 8. Lus bheathag, 55. Lus a bhallaidh, 64. Lus bhalgaire, 51, 96. Lus buidhe mr, 7. Lus buidhe bealtuinn, 2. Lus c.aitheamh, 35. Lus a cholamain, 3. Lus na cam-bhil, 43. Lus caolach, 9. Lus nan ccnamh briste, 56. Lus nan cluas, 27. Lus a choire, 33. Lus a ehraois, 29 Lus chrann ceusaidh, 61. Lus a chrom-chinn, 77. Lus ere, 50. Lus chosgadh na fla, 44 Lus a chridhe, 55. Lus a clirubain, 47. Lns nan cna}>an, 50.
Lus a chorrain, 94. Lus an eallan, 12.

51. na ban righ, 57. nam buadha, 30.

Mac-an-dogha, 38. Machall ui.sge, 19. Machall coille, 19. Machall monaidh, Madar, 34.

19.

Madar

fraoeh, 35.

Magairlinn meireach, 75. Malip, 11.

Maloimh 10. Mann. 91. Maol dhearoj

66.
7.

Maothan, 71. Mrag bhuidhe, Maraich, am, 5.

Marbh droighionn, 22. Marbh dhruidh, 22.

Mathair an duileasg,
102.

Meacan Meacan Meacan Meacan Meacan Meacan Meacan Meacan Meacan Meacan

dubh
each,

fiadhainn, 54.
5.

a chruidh, 32. easa fiorine, 108. ragaim, 44. dubh, 56. an righ, 32.
sleibhe, 3.

tobhach dubh,

38.

ruadh, 5, Meal-bhuic, 64. Meala, lus na, 34. Meloigfer corcuir, 89.

125
Meangach,
Meantas, Mearlag,
19. 87.

Meanbh pheasair
52. 95.

Nion, 47. Noinean, 42

Rabhagach, 4, 120. Ragaim, meacan, 44.

58.

Meath chaltuinn,
Midil, crann, 22.

40.

Koinean mr, 43. Noinean chladaich, Norn, 27. Norp, 27.

Racadal, 5. Radharcain, 50.

Ra^imin radhairc,
Raidhleadh, 92.
Rail, railaidh, 67.

50.

Meilbheag,
Meirse, 30.

4.

Xuin

47.

Raineach,

92.

Meithan, S4. Meoir Mhuire, 15.

Meurau sith, 51. Meuran nan daoine mrbha,

51

Obrun, craobh, 14. Odharach mhuillach, Odharan, 32

36.

Meuran na
51.

caillich

mhrbha,

Oidliche, lus an, 49. Oidhnan, lus na h', 25. Oighreag, Oireag, 20

Raineach nan crag, 93. Raineach cruaidh, 93. Raineach, frioth, 93. Raineach chuilinn, 93.
Raineach, file, 93. Raineach, mare, 93. Raineach madra, 94. Raineach Mhuire, 94. Raineach nan rodainn, 94.

Oinsean, 47.
Oir, 13. Ola, oladh, 46.

Mharsalaidh, lus, 54.

Mial, lus na, 56.

Midhe, lus, 56. Mil niheacan, 10.

Mileid, 87. Millsean monaidh, 48. Millteach, milneach, 81. Millteach, uisge, 89.

Om, omna,
Onen,
47.

67.

Or mheas, ubhal.
Oragan, 53. Orna, 89. Orp, 27 Oruin, 73.

24.

Raineach mhr, 94. Raineach rioghail, 95. Raineach uaine, 94.

Raith, 94. Ramasg (Appendix).

Oraisd, oraiuis, 24.

Minbhar,

29. 29.

Ramhdroighionii, Raonal, lus Mhic,

13.
3.

Minmhear,

Min

fheur, 90.
4tj.

Mionag,

Mionnt gliaraidh, 52. Mionnt arbhair, 52. Mionnt each, 62 Mionnt fladhain, 52. Mionnt coille, 52 Mionntas ebaisiol, 65.
Miosach,
9.

Pacharan chapuill, Paipean ruadb, 4.

Partainn dearg,
Pearsail, 30.
24.

48.

Raosardubh, 26. Raosar dearg, 26. Rs chrann sior uaine, 46. Reagha maighe (Appendix Reama^ reagam (Appendix
Raeimin-radhairc, 50. Rein an ruisg, 50.

Pearsail mhr, 30.

Peighinn lus na, 29. PeighJnn rioghail, 52.

Peitseag, 18. Pesair, 15. Pesair an arbliair, 16. Pesair chapuill, 15. Pesair dubh, 15.

Riahhach, lus, 50. Riaghal cuil, 12.

Rial chuil, 12.

Miortal, 25.

Rideog, rileog, 71.

Miothag bhuidhe,
Mircean, 101.

49.
22.

Righ na

coille, 67.

Mirean

nam magh,
89.

Mirr, 33

Mislean, 87.

Mislean uisge,

Misimean dearg, 52. Modhalan dearg, 50. Modhalan buidhe, 50. Moin flieur, 92. Mointeach liath, 97.

Mongach mhear,
Mnog, 46

29.

Pesair buidhe, 15. Pesair nan luch, 15. Pesair nam preas, 15. Peur, 23 Pharliath, lus, 41. Phiobaire, his, 54. Phione, lus a, 3. Pin chrann, 72. Pis fladhain, 15. Pleanntrin, 11.
Plubairsin,
2.

Righeal euil, 12. Righean righ, 12. Rod, roide, 40, 72. Roibhe, 44.
Roille, 92.

Roisnin, 50.

Romhan,
RS,
17.

91.

Mr

fhliodh, 31.

Mr, lus, 51. Mran, 27, 84.

Plumbas,

17.

RS lachan, 82. RS mar, 52. RS Mhuire, 52. RS Mhairie. 52. RS ant'solais, 8. Roineach mara, 103.
Rosr, 58.

Mormanta,

39.

Plumbas seargta, 17. PKir na gaoithe, 1.

Pliir
21.

Ruamh,

ruain, 35.
1.

Morran, 6. Moth-uraich, 75. Mucaig, preas nam,

na grine,

7,

39

Rue, rugh, ruibh,

Mchog, 51. Mughard, 40.

Plr na cubhaig, 6, 8. Plr an lochain, 44. Plran cluigeannach,

Pobhuill, 70. Pobul, 41. Ponair, 16. Ponair airneach, 16.

44.

Rue ailpeach, 1 Rue beg, 1. Rue gbaraidh, 1.

Ruidel, 12.

Mugoman,

32.

Ruinn

ruise, 58.

Muilceann, 31, 113. Mulleog, 46. Muinnihear, 29.

Muirlinii, 101.

Ruintealas, 92. Ruis, 34.

Muisean, 57. Mulabhar, 34. Mulart, 34. Mullach dubh,

Ponair chapuill, 16, 48. Ponair churraigh, 1(j8. Ponair frangach, 16.
Por-cochullach, 14. Praiseach bhaidhe, 6. Praiseach bhrathair, 60. Praiseach fidh, 5. Praiseach hadhain, 60. Praiseach glas, 60. Praiseach garbh, 7.
Prai.-ieach nihin, 60.

Ruiteagan,
Saidse, 53.

20.

Saidse

coille, 53.

39.

Muran, 32, 84, 88. Murdroighionn, 22

Saidse fladhain, 53. Saileog, 70. Sail bhuiune, 41. Sail ehuach, 8.
Sailigh fhrancaigh, 71. Saileog, 17.

Mur

dhraidhean, Mustard, 7.

22.

Saimbbir, 31.

Nathair his, 54. Natbraich, lus na, 56,

95.

Nead

chailleach,
19. 64, 107.

1.

Praiseach nam mra, 59. Praiseach trgha, 5. Preas deilgneach, 3.

Priobaid, 47.

Samh,

12, 62.

Samh

bo, 12, 62

Neanihnaid,

Samhan, 74. Samharran. 57.

Samnian, 57. Saoidh Ins an f 30
Sceallan,

Neandog,

Pro bach, 100

6.

Neip, neup fladhain,

Neul

uisge,

2.

Niansgoth,

39.

Puinneag, 62. Purgaid, lus na, Purpaidh, 60.

62.

7.

Sealbhag, 62.

120
Sealbhag

nam

fia>lli, t>2.

Seagall, 89.

Siothan, an, 51. Siorralacb, 51.

Siris, 17.

Surabhan, Suramont,

40.

40.

Sealgag, sealgan, 62. Seaniar, 15.

Suthag, 20.
Taga, 36. Tghta, lus, 75. Tamsh.ae, 43.
[ ;

Seamar ere, 50. Seamar chapuill, 15. Seamhair Mliuire, 57.

Seamrag,
12.

Sitron, 24. Sith, lus nam ban, 51. Si til cainnt, 25.

Seainrag bhuidhe, 15. Seangan, 15.

Sith cainue, 57. Siunas, 31. Slabhcean, slabhagan, 102. Slan his, 55, 58.

Teanga mhin, 54. Teanga a nathraicb, 95. Teanga ch, con, 66.
Telle, crann, 10. Tin gealaoh, 27. Tir pin, 27. Tiaehd subh, 20.

Searbh his, 40. Searbhag inhilis,

Searraiche, 2. Seasg, 86. Seasgan, 87.

49.

Slap chil, 59. Slat mhra, 100. Slat grm, 49.

Sleamhan,

65.
;

Sealhbhog,

54.

Seichearlan, 57. Seileach, 70. Seileach geal, 71. Seileach an t' srutlia, 71. Seileachan, 25 Seileachan buidhe, 57. Seileachaa fraiigacli, 25.
Seileastar, 76. Siilea star gall, 86. Seileastar arah, 8(5.

Slochdau, 102. Slouean, 102. Smalaig, his na, 30.

Sniearag, 21.

Toiiu a chladaich, 58

Torachas biadhain,
I

2.

Torman,

53.

Traileach, 100.

Smeartan,

Smcan,

101. 103.
!

Treabhach, 109.
Tri bhilean, 15. Tri bhileach. 3-^, 48. Tri ballan, 35

Snaithe bhatheadh, 26. Sjbh, 62. Sobhrach, soghrach. 56 Sobhrach geamhraidh, 57.
Soillse nan sil, 50. Soirigh, soradh, 57. Spaine, lus na, 43. Sparain, 101. Spinach, 60.

Trioman, 99. Trom, 34. Trombhoid, 51, Uo. Trusgan, 22.

Trusgar, 103.
Tllilinp, 80. Tiiilm, 67.
'

Seimhan,
Seircean

85.
siiirlch, 38.
rigli, S3.

Seisg, mheirg,

Seisg madraidh, 83. Seoniar bhan, 14.

Spiontag, 26.

Siiorran, an, 5, 101.

Tuir chis, 2. Tnireinaun, 91.

Tiiirseacli, 9.

Send, 110.
Sgatliou r,:,H,:.in, S5. SieaclK,- ).iv;,. :,n,22.
Sge.acha.ii Mliniiv, 44.

Spuirse, 63.

Sradag, 64.
Sraidin,
5.

Tnise, 34, 53.

Tiii-.sarrain, 9.

Sreang bogha,
Sronainh, 78.

14.
j

Sgeach etmbliraidh, Sgeach mhadra, 21.

Sgealag,
7.

21.

Tursarranin, 9. Turusgar, 103.

I

Srubhan na

Sgeamh na

clooh, 92.

m'', 37. Stalog, lus na, 63. Stamh, 100.

Sgeanih dharaich. 93. Sgitheaoh dOibh, 17. Sgitheacb geal, 22. Sheudar, 7.3. Sheudar, fiodb, 73.
Siabuin, lus an, 8, 110. Sian sleibhe, 57. Sice, crann, 11. Sicnich lus an t', 59.

Sturdan, 92.

SAbhag 8bh cranbh,

20.
I

Uachdar, 56. Uath, 23 Ubhal, 23. Ucus, 10. Ucus fransaeh,

10.

tebh thalmhainn, 20.

Siibhan laire, 20. Si'ibh, or sgh dharaich. 33.

U'-us fheadhair, 10. Uile ioc, 33. Uillean, 34.

Subh nam ban

Sugag, Suidheag, 20.
Saileog, 71.

sithe, 109.

15, 2'i. S\iicair, lus an f, 37.

Uinnean, 78. Uinnsean, 47, 115.

Sineamfheadha,
Sinicin, 27. Sinnsior, 75. Siobaid, 78.

75.

Ur i\aine, 60 Ur thalmhainn, 94. Ura bhallach, 36.

Urachbhallacli, 75. Uraeh mhuUaicli, 36.

Suirichean suirich,
Siirag, 12.

3.s.

Siobhas 92

ENGLISH AND SCIENTIFIC.

Acer, 11. Aceracene, 11. Achillea, 44. Aconituni, 3.
Alisnia, 81. All-heal, 33. Alliaria (Appendix). Allium, 78.

Angelica, 31, 107.

Anthemis, 43. Anthoxanthura,

Anthriscus, 32.
Anthyllis, 15.

87.

Acorus, 82. Adders' tongue, 95.

-Almond,
AInus,

18. 68.

Apium,

30.

Adiantum,
Agrimony,

95.

Aloe, 77.

Apple, 23.
22.

jijgopodium, 32. Agaricus, 99.

22.

Alopecurus, 87. Alpine Ladies' Mantle,

AUh*a,

10.
59. 66.
18.

Agrostis, 87. Aira, 92.

Amaranthus,
Amentifene,

_Apricot, 17. Aquilegia, 3. Araliacese, 28 Arbutus, 45, 107.

AtnaryllidaceiE, 77.

Ajuga, 54.
Alaria, 101.

Archangel, 54. Arctium, 38.

Areiiaria,
9.

Aininophila, 88.

Alchemilla, 22. -Alder, 68. Alexanders, 80.

Alga?., 100.

Amygdalus,
..anemone,
1.

Anagallis, 58.

Aristolochia, 62 Aristolochia fam., 62. Armoracia rusticana, 5.

Anethum,

32.

Armaria,

58.

127
Arrow-grass. SI

128
Dock, 61. Dodder, 49.
Galanthus,
77.

Borse-chestnut, 69.
Horse-radish,
Horse-tail,
5.

Dog

lichen, 97.
-

Gale, 71. Galeopsis, 55.

5.

Dog's

mercury (wood

Galium,

34.
6.

Hounds-tongue,
House-leek,
27.

56.
80.

cury). 63. Dog-tail, 90.

Garlic, 79.

Garlic mustard,

Dog-rose, 21. Dog-violet, 7.

Dog-wood, 28. Dropwort, IS

Drosera, 8, 106. Dryas, 19.

Gentian, 47. Gentiana, 47. Gentianacepe, 47.

Gerauiacepf, 12.

-Hyacinth (wild), Hydrocotyle, 29.

Hyoscyamus, 49. Hypericum, 10. Hyssop, 54.

Ilex, 46. Inula, 42.

Geranium,
Geuin, 19.
Gilliflower,

12.
6.

Ducliweed, Dulse, 101. Dwale, 40.

81.

Glasswort,

59.
4.

Iridaceie, 76.
Iris, 76.

Glaucium,

Dwarf beech, 69. Dwarf elder, 34. Dwarf mallow, 10.

Earth-nut, 30.

Globeflower, 6.
Glyceria, 89.

Isatis, 5. Ivy, 28, 106.

Gnaphaliura,

Golden Golden saxifrage,

Goldilocks, 2

40. rod, 44.

27.

Echium,
Elder, 34.

56.

Good King Henry,

60.

Elecampane, 42. Elm, 65. Einpetrum, 62. Enchantress nightshade,

Eodive,
87.

Gooseberry, 26. Goosefoot, 60. Goosegrass (seaside), 59. Gorse, 14

Jasione, 44. Juglans, 14. Juncaceai, 83 Juncus. 83 Juniper, 74

Juniperus, 74.
Kale,
5, 6.

Goutweed, 32
GramineiE,
87.

Epilobiura, 25. Epipactis, 76. Equisetacese, 96.

Kidney vetch, 15. Knapweed, 39.

Knautia, 36. Knot-grass, 61.
Labiatce, 52.

Grape vine,

12.

Equisetum,

96.

Grass family, 87. Grass-of-Parnassus, 28.

Erica, 44. Ericaceai, 44.

Grassrack (sea-grass),

81.

Ground
85.

ivy, 54.

-^Laburnum,
-Lady
Ladies' Ladies' Ladies' Ladies'

14.

Eriophorum,
Ervuni, 16. Eryngiuni,

Groundsel, 41 Guelder rose, 34.

Harebell, 44. Hare's-foot clover, 15. Hart's-tongue fern, 94. Halydris, 103.

.Lactuca, 36.
fern, 94.

29, 94.
6,

bedstraw, 35.
fingers, 15.

Erysimum,

107.

Erythrjca, 48.

mantle,

22.

Euonyinus, 13. Eupatorium, 43. Euphorbiacea, 63.

Eupliorbia, 63.

smock, 6. Lammaria. 101.

Hawkweed,

37, 108.

Lamium,
Lapsana,

Hawkweed
Hawthorn,

(mouse-ear), 37.
22.

54. 37.

Euphrasia,

50.

Everlasting, 40.

Eyebright, 5D.

Faba, 16. Fairy flax, 9. Fagus, 67. Fennel, 30. Fenugreek, 14.

Hazel, 68 Heartsease (Appendix) Heath, 44 Heath bedstraw, 35. Heath, Cornish, 45. Hedera, 28, 106 Hedge mustard, 108

-Larch, 73 Lastrea, 93. Lathyrus, 15. Laurel, 60.

H

Lavender, 53. Lecanora, 98.

Leek

78. 24. 81.

Leguminosse, 14
I

Helianthemum,

7.

'

Fern family, 92. Fescue grass, 90.

Festuca, 90. Ficus, 65. Field madder, 34.
Fig, 65.

Hellebore (green), 3. Hellebore, 3. Helleborine (white), 76 Helleborus, .3.

Lemon, Lemna,

Lemnacea?, 81.
Lentiles, 16.

Leontodon,
Lepturus,

Figwort, 50.
Filago, 40. Filices, 92, 106. Florin grass, 87. Fir, 72. Flag (yellow), 76.

Helmintha, 36. Helosciadium, 30. Hemanthalia, IDS.

37. 88.

Hemlock,

29. 43.

Lepidiura, 54. Lettuce, 36. Lichens, 97.

Hemp 64. Hemp agrimony, Hemp nettle, 55.

Henbane, 49 Heracleum, 32,

Ligusticum, 31.
Lilac, 46 Liliacese, 78.

Lily-of-the-valley, 78.

Flax,

9.

Flixweed, 6. Foeniculum, 30. Forget-me-not, 56. Foxglove, 51. Foxtail grass, 87.
Fragaria, 19

Herb

107. Robert, 12.

Lime,

10.

Linacese, 9.

Herniaria, 59. Hieraciura, 37.

Linden, 10. Ling, 45.

Holcus,

9J.

Linum,

9.

H<aiy, 46.

Listera, 76.

Fraxinus, 47.

French bean, 16 French willow, 71. Fucus, 1' 0. Fumaria, 4, 106, 107.
Fumariacese,
4.

Holly fern, 93. Hollyhock (Appendix), 108. Holm-tree, 67.

Holostea, 9

Liverwort, 97.
Lobelia, 44.

Lolium, 91

London
34.

Pride, 105.

Honeysuckle,

Hop,

Hop

Fumitory,
Fungi, Furze,
99. 14.

4.

64. trefoil, 15. Hordeum, 89. Horehound, 54. Hornbeam, OS.

Lonicera, 34. Loosestrife (purple), 25. Loosestrife (yellow), 57. Loranthacese,

Lords and ladies,

Lotus,
15.

82.

129
Louse-wort, Lovage, 31.
50.
31.

i.JIyrtle,

'25.

Lovage (common),
Luznla, 84.
Lychni.s,
8,

Xaiad family,
Narcissus, 77.

81.

Plantaginaceee, Plantago, 58. Platanus, 11.

17.

8.

Lunaria (moonwort), Lungwort, 98.

106.
96. 96.

95.

-^Plum,

Nard

(Celtic), 67.

Lycoperdoii, 99

LycopodiaceK,

Lycopodium,
Lycopos, 55. Lysimachia,

Nardus, 92, 106, 107. Narthecium, 80 Nasturtium, 6, 109. Navelwort, 27, 107. Nepeta, 54.
Nettle, 64. Nigella, 3

Plumbagineie, 58. Porphyra, 102. Polyanthus, 57,

Pulygalaceie,
8.

Polygonacese, 61.

57.

Polygonum, 61. Pol} podium, 9-'. Polypody, 92.

Polyporus, 99.
Polysiphonia, 102.

Lythracea', 25.

Ly thrum,

20.

Nightshade, 49. Nipplewort, 37.

Nuphar, 4
Madder, 34 Maiden-hair fern. Male fern, 93 Mallow, If. Malva, 10.
Malvacea', 10.
,

Nymphieacese,

3.

95.

Polystichum, 93. Pomegranate, 25. Pond-weed, 81.

,

Oak,
^

Oak

66, 114. fern, 93.

Poplar,

70.
4.

_l

Poppy,

Mangel-wurzel, Maple, 11

59.

Oats, 88. Olea, 46. Olive, 46. _-Onion, 78.

,

Poppy (horned\
Potamogeton,
Potato, 49.

4.

Poj)py (siimniferuni), Populus, 70.

SI.

4.

Maram,

88.

Ononis,
42.
114.

14, 1C9.

Marchautiacea?, 97.

Onopord (Appendix),
Ophioglossum, Ophrys, 75. Orache, 60. Orange, 24.
Orchidace;e, 75
29.
95.

PotentU,

19, 1(5.
fain., 56.

Marigold (corn), Marjoram, 53.

- Primrose, 56.

Primrose
Primula,

Marrubium, 54. Marsh cinquefoil, 19. Marsh-mallow, 10.

Marsh-uiarigold,
Mar.sh-thistle, 38
2.

56.

Primulace;e, 6. Privet, 46.

Prunella, 55.

Marsh-pennywort,
Mary's thistle, Marshwort, 30.
Masterwoit,
Mat-grass, 92. Matricaria, 43.
33.

Orchid fam., 75 Origanum, 53. Orobanche, 51. Orobus, 16, lOr, 114
Ori.ine, 27. Osier, 71.

Prunus, 17, 107. Psamina, SS.

Pteris, 94. Puff-ball, 99.

31.

Pulraonavia, 98. Punica, 25.

Osmunda,
Oxalis,
1-2.

95.

Purple loosestrife,
Pyrus,
2.3.

25.

May,

2-2.

Pui-slane-like orache, 60.

Mayweed, 43. Meadow-rue, 1.

Ox-eve daisy, 43
Ox-toLgLie, 5d.

Meadow

saffrmi, 77.
IS.

Quick beam,

1'''7.

Meadow-sweet,

Meadow

saxifrage, 27.
3S.

Pteonia,

3.
1'

Queen of the meadow,

8
-_

Pifiony, 3,

105.

Medlar. 22

Pansy (.Appendix). 107

Papaver, 4. Papaverace*, 4
Papilionacese, 14. Parietaria,

Melancholy thistle, Melon, 64. Mentha, 52. Menyanthes, 48.

MercuTialis, 63.

Quaking-grass, 90. Quercus, 66, 114. Quince, 24.

Radish,
5,

-^

108.
8.

Parmelia. 98.
ParnaS'Sia, 28. Parsley, 30. ; Parsnip, 32, 113.

Ragged robin,
Ragwort,
42.

Mercury,
Mespilus,

63. 22.

Ranunculbceie,

1.

Men,

31.

MeuMi, 31, 118. Mildews, 99.

Milfoil iwater), 26. Milkwort, 8 Millet, 87.

Pastinaca, 2, 113. Pea, 15. Peach, 18. Pear, 23. Pediculaiis,

Pellitorv. 64. Pellitory of Spai Peltidea, 97.
43.

Ranunculus family, Raphanus, 5.

Raspberrv.
20.

1.

Rattle (yellow). 50, 107.

Red campion, 8. Red lattle, 50.

Reed, 87. Reed-grass, Reed-mace, Reseda, 7.
Resedaceie,
r.3.

Mint, 52.
Mistletoe, 33, 114. Molinia, 89

S8, 82,
7.

Monkshood, 3 Monk's rhuliHrb, Moonwort, 95.

Morus,
i>6.

Pennyroyal,
fi.

Pennywort,
Pennyeress,

52. 29.
5.

Rest-hariow,

14.

Mosses, 97. Moulds, J-9. Mountain-ash,

Peplis (Euphorbia), Pepiierwort, 54.

24, 112. 62.

Rbanmus,

l:i.

Rliinaiitlius,50, 1(7.

Mountain sorrel, Mucedo, 99. Mugwort, 39

Mulberry, 66.
Mullein, 49.

Persicaria, 61. Petasites, 41. Petrostliniim, 30.

Rhodiola, 26. Rhodvuieuia, 101.

Rhubiub

(.Monk's), '2
26.

Phleum,

87.

Mushrooms, 99 Mustard (wild),

7.

Myosotis, 56. Myrica, 71, 105. Myrinjihyllum, 26. Myrrhis, 33.

Phcenix, 106. Pignut, 30. Pimpernel, 58 Pinguicula, 56. Pine, 72. Pine family, 72. Pinus, 72.

Ribes family, Ribwdit, 5s. Rocket, 6.

Rocambole,

79.

Rock-rose, 7. Rosacete, 17.

Rosebay, 25. Rosemary, 52.

Roseroot, 26.

Pisum,
Plane,

15.
11.

Rowan-tree,

24, 112.

ISO
Royal fern, Rubia, Si.
95.

Snowdrop,
Soapwort,

77.
8,

Typha,

82.

110.

Typhaceie, 82 Ulex, 14.

Rubiaceae, 34.

Rubus, Rue, 1.

20.

Soft tinder, 99. Solanacete, 49.

Solanum,
Sonchus,
9.

49.
36.

Ulmus,

65.

Rue

fern, 94.

Solidago, 44.
Sorrel, 62

Runiex. 61. Rapture-wort, Ruscus, 80.

Ulva, 102. Umbellifera", 29.

Urtica, 64. UrticaceiB, 64.

Rush family, S3, S4. Ruta (gi-aveolens), 1.

Rye,
sy.

Southernwood, 40. 8ow-bread (cyclamen), 57

Sow-fennel, 31. Sow-thistle, 36.
!

Vaeeinium, 45, 106.

j

Rye-gras-!, 91.
Saffron, 77.

Sphagnum,
Spearwort, Speedwell,
1

97. Sparganium, 83.

2.

Valerian, 35. Valerian dwarf, 35. Valeriana, 35

Verbascum,

49.

Sage, 53 St John's wort,

Salicaria, Salicornia, 59. Salix, 70.
2'->.

50.

j
i

Verbena, 51, 116.

Verbenacese, 51. Vernal-grass, 87. Veronica, 50, 107. Vervain, 51, 116.
A^etfih, 15.

\ 110.

.Spergula, 9, 106. Si-ignel, 31.

Spinage, 59.
Spindle-tree, 13.
Spirpea, 18.
34, 113.

'

Sallow, 71. Salt-wort, 59.

Sainbucus nigra,
Sampliire, 31.

Spleenwort, 94. Spurge, 63. Spurry, 9, 106.

100.

Viburnum opulus,
Vicia, 15, 108. Viola family, 7. Violacea, 7

34, 106.

Sandalwood (Appendix), Sandwort, 9.

Sanguisorba, 22. Sauicle (wood), 29.
Sanlalutn, 106. Saponaria, 8, 110. Sargassuni, 103

Squill, 8". Stachys, 55. Stellaria, 9. Sticta, 98.

Viper's bugloss, 56.

Viscum album,
Vitis, 11.
9.

33.

Stitchwort,

-Vine, 12.
20.

Stonebramble,

Sarothamnus,

14.

Sauce-alone, fi, 105. Savin, 74. Savory, 53. Saxifraga, 27. Saxifrage, 27. Scabiosa, 36 Scabious, 36 Scluenus, 85, 120.
Scilla, 80. Scirpus, 85.

Stonecrop, 26. Strawberry, 20. Strawberry-tree, 45.

Suifda, 59. Succisa scabiosa), 36. Succory, 37

Wake-robin, 82. Wall hawkweed,

37.

Wallflower,

6.

Sundew,

8,

106.

Wall pejiper, 26. Wall pennvwort, Wall rue, 94. Walnut, 14.

27.

Sunflower, 39

Water crowfoot,
I

2.

Scolopendriun, 94.

Scouring rush, 97
Scrophularia, 49, 106. Scrophulariaeeiv, 49. Scurvy-grass, 5, 105. Sea gilly-flower rocket, 6. Sea holly, 29, 94 Sea-kale or cabbage, 5, 108.
-

Sweet briar, 21. Sweet flag, 82. Sweet mountain Sweet violet, 7. Sweet woodruff, Sycamore, 11.

Warteress,

6.

fern, 93.
35.
I

Water elder, 34. Water hemlock,

29.

* Water-lily, 3.

Water-milfoil, 26.

Symphytum,
Syringa, 45.

5tJ.

Tanacetura, 43. Tansey, 43.

Water parsnip, 32. Water pepper, 61. Water plantain, 81. Water avens. 19. Wayfaring tree, .34.
Weld,
7.

Taraxacum,
Taxus,
74.

37, 105.

'

Sea matweed, 88. Sea rocket, 6. Sea spurge, 63. Seaweeds, 100. Sea wheat-grass, 91. Seaware, 100.
Secale, 89.

Teasel, 36

Telcphium, 27. Teucrium, 53. Thalictrum, 1.

Tliistle, 38.

Wheat, 90. Whin, 14. White tansy, White thorn,

19. 22.

Whortleberry, 45.

Wild navew, 6
Willow, 70.
'

Thlaspi,

5.

Willow herb,

25.
1.

Sedge, 87.

Thrifc, 58.

Winbeny
Winter

(bilberry).

Sedum,

26.

Thuga,

73.

Wind-flower,

Selago, 96.
Self-heal. 55

Thyme, .53. Thymus, 53.

27, 109.
Tilia, 10. Tiliaceai, 10.

Woad,

cress, 109. 5
:',.

Sempen'ivnni,

Wolfsbane,

Senecio, 41. Serrated seaweed, lOO.

Shallot, 79.

Woodbine,

34.

TImothv

grass, 87. Tormeutilla, 19, 197.

Trefoil, 14.

Woodruff, 35.

Shamrock,

12. Slieep's-bit, 44. Sheep, sorrel, 62

Trichomanes.
Trigonella, 14. Trifolium, 14 Triglochin, 81.

94.

Wood sage, 53. Wood sorrel, 12. Wood strawberry,

Wormwood,
Woundwort,
40.
.'.4.

19.

Shepherd'spurse, 5 Shepherd's weathergla.<s,

Shieldfern, 93.

5S.

Silverweed, 19, 106.

.Siuapis, 7, 105.

Triticum, 90. TroUius, 16. Truffle, 99.

Sisymbrium, Sium, 32.

6.

Tufted vetch, Tuber, 99.

Tulip, 80.

15.

Skirrets, 3?, 106 Sloe, 17, 109, 115.

Turnip,

6.

Smallage, 30

Tussilago, 41.
61.
41.

Yarrow, 44, 115. Yellow flag, 76. Yellow bedstraw, 35. Yellow-weed, 7. Yellow rattle, 50, 107. Yellow vetchling, 15. Yellow-wort, 48. ,_Yew, 74.
Zostera, 81.

Snakeweed,
Sneezewort,

Tutsan, 11

Twayblade,

76.

CATALOGUE

MESSRS BLACKWOOD & SONS'

PUBLICATIONS.

PHILOSOPHICAL

CLASSICS

FOR

ENGLISH
LL.D.,

READERS.

Edited by

WILLIAM KNIGHT,

Professor of Moral Philosophy in the University of St Andrews.

In crown 8vo Volumes, with Portraits, price

3s.

6d.

Xow ready
I.

Descartes. By Professor Mahaffy, Dublin.

Butler.

II.

By Rev. W. Lucas

CoLLns.s,

M.A.

III.

Berkeley. By
Fichte.

Professor Fraser, Edinburgh. Professor

Professor

IV.
V.

By
By By

Adamson, Owens

College, Manchester.

Kant.

Wallace, Oxford.

VI.
VII.

Hamilton. By

Professor Veitch, Glasgow.

Professor

HegeL
By
Professor

Edward
'

Caird, Glasgow.

Vico.

The Volumes in preparation are Flint, Edinburgh. Hobbes. By Professor Croom Robertson,
Principal
,

Spinoza.

By

the Very Rev.

London.

Caird, Glasgow.

Hume.
Bacon.

By the Editor. By Professor Nichol, Glasgow.

Is COURSE OF Publication.

FOREIGN

CLASSICS
In

FOR

Edited by Mrs
Crowu

ENGLISH READERS. OLIPHANT.

8vo, 2s. 6d.

The Volumes published are Dante. By the Editor. Saint Simon. By Clifton W. Collins, M.A. Voltaire. By Major-General Sir E. B. Cervantes. By the Editor. Hamley, K.C.il.G. Corneille and Racine. By Henry M. Pascal. By Principal TuUoch TroUope. Petrarch. By Hemy Reeve, C. B. Madame de Sevign-e. By Miss Thackeray. Goethe. By A. Hayward, Q C. La Fontaine, and other French FabuM0LIRE. By the Editor and F. Tar\er, lists. By Rev. W. Lucas Collins, M.A. M.A. Schiller. By James Sime, M.A., Author Montaigne. By Rev. W. L. Collins, M.A. of Lessing his Life and Writings.' Rabelais. By Walter Besant, M.A. Tasso. By E. J. Hasell. Calderon. By E. J. HaselL Rousseau. By Henry Grey Graham.
'
:

In preparation Leopairbi, by the Editor.

Alfred de Musset, by

C. F. Oliphant.

Now

Complete.

ANCIENT

CLASSICS

FOR

ENGLISH
6d. each.

READERS.
M.A.
also be

Edited by the Rev. W.

LUCAS COLLINS,
And may

Complete in 28 Vols, crown 8vo, cloth, price 2s. 14 Volumes, strongly and neatly bound, with
Saturday
Revievj.

had

in

"It

calf or vellum back, /i^^ los.

is difficult

to estimate too highly the value of such a series

as this in giving 'English readers'

an

insight, exact as far as it goes, into those

olden times which are so remote and yet to

many

of us so close."

CATALOGUE
OF

MESSRS BLACKWOOD & SONS'

PUBLICATIONS.
ALISON".
D.C.L.
1.

History of Europe.
the

By

Sir

Archibald Alison,

Bart.,

From

Commencement

of the French Eevolution to the

.^{^lo,

Battle of Waterloo.
dition, 14 vols., with Portraits. Demy 8vo, Another Edition, in 20 vols, crown 8vo, 6. People's Edition, 13 vols, crown 8vo, 2, iis.

Library

los.

2.

Continuation to the Accession of Louis Napoleon.

Library Edition,
People's Edition,
8 vols. 8vo, /6, 7s. 6d. 8 vols, erowu 8vo, 34s.

3.

Epitome of Alison's History

Thousand,
7s. 6d.

of

Europe.

Twenty -ninth

4.

Atlas to Alison's History of Europe. Library Edition, demy 4to, ^3, 3s.
People's Edition,
31s. 6d.

By

A. Keith Johnston.

Some Account
Steel.

of

my Life

and Writings: an Autobiography

[/'i the

of the late Sir Archibnld Alison, Bart., D.C.L. Edited by his Daughter-inlaw, Lady Alison. New and Cheaper Edition, with Portrait engraved on
Press.

Life of

John Duke

of Marlborough.

"With some Account

Third Edition,

of his Contemporaries, and of tlie War of the Succession. Portraits and Maps, 30s. 2 vols. 8vo.
:

Essays Historical, Political, and Miscellaneous. demy 8vo, 45s.

Lives
the Family.

3 vols.

of Lord

Caatlereagh

and Sir
From

Charles

Stewart,

Second and Third Marquesses of Londonderry.

3 vols. 8vo, 2, 2s.

the Original Papers of

ALIRABI
OF

or,

The Banks and Bankers

8vo, 7s. 6d.

of the Nile.

By

Hadji

Hyde Park. Crown

ADAMS.

Great Campaigns.

Military

Succinct Account of the Principal Operations which have taken ]ilace in Europe from 1796 to 1870. By

Major C. Adams, Professor of Military History at the Staff College. Edited by Captain C. Cooper Kino, R.M. Artillery, Instructor of Tactics, Royal Military College. 8vo, with Maps. i6s.

AIRD.

Poetical Works of Thomas Aird. Fifth Edition, with Memoir of the Author by the Rev. Jardine Wallace, and Portrait. Crown 8vo, 7s. 6d.

ALFORD.

The Romance of Coombehurst. By E. M. Alfokd. Author of 'Honor,' 'Netherton-on-Sea,' 'The Fair Maid of Taunton," &c In
2 vols.,

post 8vo.

[In the Press.

ALLARDYCE. The
DYCE. Three
vols,

City of Sunshine.
post Svo, 1,
5s. 6d.

By Alexander Allar-

LIST OF BOOKS PUBLISHED BY

ALLARDYCE.

]Memoir of the Honourable George Keitli ElphinRed.

stone, K.B., Viscount Keith of Stoneliaven Mariscbal, Admiral of the One vol. 8vo, with Portrait, Illustrations, and Maps. 21s.

ANCIENT CLASSICS FOR ENGLISH READERS.

Rev. W. Lucas Collins, M.A.
Contents of the Series.

Edited by

Complete in 28 vols., cloth, 2s. 6d. each; or in 14 vols., tastefully bound, with calf or vellum back, ! los.
Iliad.

Homer The
:
:

By

the Editor.

Homer The Odyssey. By the Editor. Herodotus. By George C. Swayne, M.A. Xenophon. By Sir Alexander Grant, Bai-t, LL.D. Euripides. By W. B. Donne
Aristophanes. Bv the Editor. Plato. Bv Clifton W. Collins, M.A. LucLAN. By the Editor. JSschylus. By the Right Rev. the Bishop of Colombo. Sophocles. By Clifton W. Collins, M. A. Hesiod and Theognis. By the Rev. J. Davies, M.A. Greek Anthology. By Lord Neaves.
Virgil.

Plautus and Terence. By the The Co-Mmentaries of C^sar.

thony Trollope.

Editor.

By An-

Tacitus. By W. B. Donne. Cicero. By the Editor. By the Rev. Alfred Pliny's Letters. Church, M.A., and the Rev. W. J. Brodribb,

M.A.

Ln-Y. Ovid.

Bv By

Catullus,

the Editor. the Rev. A. Church, M.A. Tibullus, and Propertius.

the Rev. Jas. Davies, M.A. Dejiosthenes. By the Rev. W. J. Brodribb,

By

M.A.
Sir

Aristotle. By Bart., LL.D.

Alexander

Grant,

Bv the Editor.' Horace. By Sir Theodore Martin. K.C.B. Juvenal. By Edward Walford, M.A.

Thucydides. Bv the Editor. Lucretius. Bv'W. H. Mallock. M.A. Pindar. By the Rev. F. D. Morice, M. A.

AYLWARD.
sports,
Edition.

The Transvaal
in
;

of

To

day

War,

Witchcraft,
Second

and Spoils

South

Africa.

By Alfred Aylward, Commandant,

Transvaal Republic

Captain (late) Ly'denberg Volunteer Corps. Crown 8vo, with a Map, 6s.

AYTOUN.

Lays of the Scottish Cavaliers, and other Poems. By W. Edmondstoune Aytoon, D.C.L. Professor of Rhetoric and Belles-Lettres
.

in the University of Edinburgh.

Twenty-eighth Edition.

Peap. 8vo,

7s. 6d.

Illustrated Edition of the Lays of the Scottish Cavaliers. From designs by Sir Noel Paton. Small 4to, 21s., in gilt cloth.

An

Bothwell
Firmilian
Tragedy.

a Poem.
or,
5s.

Third Edition.

Fcap.,

7s. 6d.

The Student

of Badajoz,

Sj^asmodic

Fcap.,

Poems and Balhxds

Aytoun and
Sir

of Goethe. Theodore Martin, K.C.B.

Translated by Professor
Third Edition.

Fcap,

6s.

Bon

Gaultier's

Book

Edition. With Illustrations edges, 8s. 6d.

of Ballads. By the Same. by Doyle, Leech, and CrowquilL

Thirteenth
Post 8vo,
gilt

The Ballads
Fourth Edition.

of Scotland.

Edited by Professor Aytoun.

2 vols. fcap. 8vo, 12s.

Memoir of Martin. K.C.B.

William E. Aytoun, D.C.L.

With
Portrait.

By

Sir

Theodore

Post 8vo,

12s.

BACH.

On

Musical Education and Vocal Culture.

Third Edition, Revised and greatly Enlarged.

By Alberto
7s. 6d.

B. Bach.

8vo,

BAGOT.

The Art

of Poetry of Horace.

Free and Explanatory

Translations in Prose and Verse. By the Very Rev. Daniel Bagot, D.D. Third Edition, Revised, printed on papier vercjc, square 8vo, 5s.

BATTLE OF DORKING.
'Blackwood's Magazine."

Reminiscences of a Volunteer. Second Hundredth Thousand. 6d.

Edition.

From

By the Same Author.

The Dilemma.

Cheap

Crown

8vo, 6s.

WILLIAM BLACKWOOD AND SONS.

BEDFORD. The
Regulations of the Old Hospital of the Knights
of St John at Valetta. From a Copy Printed at Rome, and preserved in the Archives of Malta; with a Translation, Introduction, and Notes Explanatory of the Hospital Work of the Order. By the Rev. W. K. R. Bedford, one of the Chaplains of the Order of St John in England. Royal 8vo, with Frontispiece, Plans, &c., 7S. 6d.

BESANT.

The Revolt
Crown

of

Man.

By Walter Besant, M.A.

In one volume, post 8vo.
[/?!.

Sixth Edition.

8vo, 3s. 6d.

Readings from Rabelais.

the Press.

BLACKIE.
burgh.

Lays and Legends of Ancient Greece.

Second Edition.
Fcap. 8vo.
5s.

By John
gilt, 6s.

Stuart Blackie, Emeritus Professor of Greek

in the University of Edin-

The Wisdom
December

of Goethe.

Crown

8vo.

Cloth, extra

BLACKWOOD'S MAGAZINE,
1882.

from Commencement in 18 17
Vols,
i

to

Nos.

to 806, forming 132 Volumes.

Index

to

Blackwood's Magazine.

to 50.

8vo, 15s.
of

Tales from

Blackwood.

Forming Twelve Volumes

One

Interesting and Amusing Railway Reading. Price Cover. Sold separately at all Railway Bookstalls.

Shilling each in Paper

They may

also be

or 12 volumes in

had bound in cloth, i8s., and in half calf, richly gilt, 6, Roxburghe, 21s., and half red morocco, 28s.

30s.

Tales from Blackwood. New Series. Complete in Twentyfour Shilling Parts. Handsomely bound in 12 vols., cloth, 30s. In leather
back, RoxbiU'ghe style, 37s. 6d.
53s.

In half

calf, gilt, 52s. 6d.

In half morocco,

Standard Novels.
Each Novel complete
in

Uniform

in size

and legibly Printed.

one volume.

Florin Series, Illustrated Boards.

Tom Cringle's Loo. By Michael Scott. The Cruise of the Midge. By the Same. Cyril Thornton. By Captain Hamilton. Annals of the Parish. By John Gait. The Provost, &c. By John Gait. Sir Andrew Wylie. By John Gait. The Entail. By John Gait. Miss Molly. By Beatrice May Butt. Reginald Dalton. By J. G. Lockhart.
Or

Pen Owen.

By Dean Hook.

Adam
Lady

Blair. By J. G. Lockhart. Lee's Widowhood. By General

Sir E. B. Hamley. Salem Chapel. By Mrs Oliphant. The Perpetual Curate. By Mrs

Oli-

phant Miss Marjoribanks.

John

A Love

Story.

By Mrs Oliphant. By Mrs Oliphant.

in Cloth Boards, 2s. 6d.

Shilling Series, Illustrated Cover.

The Rector, and The Doctor's Family, By Mrs Oliphant. The Life of Mansie Wauch. By D. M.
Moir.

Sir Frizzle Pumpkin, Nights at Mes.s,

&c.
F. Ruxt.on. By J. G.

The Subaltern. Life in the Far West. By G. Peninsular Scenes and Sketches. By Valerius A Roman Story. F. Hardman. Lockhart. Or in Cloth Boards, is. 6d.
:

BLACKMORE. The
of
'

Maid

Lorna Doone,' &c.

of Sker. Ninth Edition.

By R. D. Crown 8vo,

Blackmore, Author
7s. 6d.

BOSCOBEL TRACTS.
the
'

Relating to the Escape of Charles the Second after the Battle of Worcester, and liis subsequent Adventures. Edited by J. Hughes, Esq., A.M. A New Edition, with additional Notes and Illustrations, including Communications from the Rev. R. H. Barham, Author of
Ingoldsby Legends.'
8vo, with Engravings, i6s.

LIST OF BOOKS PUBLISHED

BY
Prepared

BRACKENBURY. A
from the

Narrative of the Ashanti War.

official documents, by permission of Major-General Sir Garnet Wolseley, K.C.B., K.C.M.G. By Major H. Bkackenbury, R A., Assistant Military Secretary to Sir Garnet Wolseley. "With Maps from the latest Surveys made by the Staff of the Expedition. 2 vols. Svo, 25s.

BROADLEY.
BROOKE,

Tunis, Past and Present.

With

French Conquest of the Resency. By A. M. Broadley. Illustrations and Maps. 25s. 2 vols, post 8vo.

a Narrative of the With numerous

From his Personal Life of Sir James, Rajah of Sarawak. Papers and Correspondence. By Spenser St John, H.M.'s Minister-Resident and Consul-General Peruvian Republic formerly Secretary to the Rajah. With Portrait and a Map. Post 8vo, 12s. 6d.
;

BROUGHAM.
Brougham.

Memoirs of the Life and Times of Henry Lord

Written by Himself.
3 vols. 8vo,

2,

8s.

Tlie

Volumes are sold

separately, price i6s. each.

BROWN.
36s.

Practical Treatise on the Planting, Forester Rearing, and General Management of Forest-trees. By James Brown, LL.D., Inspector of and Reporter on Woods and Forests, Benmore House, Port Elgin,
:

The

Ontario.

Fiftli Edition,

revised and enlarged.

Royal 8vo, with Engravings.

BROWN. The
Brown.

Ethics of George Eliot's Works. Third Edition. Crown Svo, 2s. 6d.

By John Crombie

BROWN. A
BUCHAN.

of Botany, Anatomical and Physiological. For the Use of Students. By Robert Brown, M.A., Ph.D. Crown Svo, with numerous Illustrations, 12s. 6d.

Manual

Introductory Text-Book of Meteorology. By Alexander BrcHAN, M.A., P.R.S.E., Secretary of the Scottish Meteorological Society, &c. Crown 8vo, with 8 Coloured Charts and other Engravings,
pp. 218.
4S. 6d.

BURBIDGE.

Domestic

Floriculture,

Window

Gardening, and

Floral Decorations. Beins practical directions for the Propagation, Culture, and Arrangement of Plants and Flowers as Domestic Ornaments. By F. W. BuRBiDGE. Second Edition. Crown 8vo, with numerous Illustrations, 7s. 6d.

Cultivated Plants

Their Propagation and Improvement.

Including Natural and Artificial Hybridisation, Raising from Seed, Cuttings, and Layers, Grafting and Budding, as applied to the Families and Genera in Cultivation. Crown Svo, with numerous Illustrations, 12s. 6d.

BURN.

Handbook

of the Mechanical Arts Concerned in the Con-

struction and Arrangement of Dwelling-Houses and other Buildings ; with Practical Hints on Road-making and the Enclosing of Land. By Robert Scott Burn, Engineer. Second Edition. Crown Svo, 6s. 6d.

BURTON. The

History of Scotland

From

Agricola's Invasion to

the Extinction of the last Jacobite Insurrection. By John Hill Burton, D.C.L., Historiographer- Royal for Scotland. New and Enlarged Edition, 8 vols., and Index. Crown 8vo, ,-i 3s.

History of the British Empire during the Reign of Queen

Anne.
ume.
In
3 vols. Svo.

36s.

The Scot Abroad.

Crown
Svo, los. 6d.

Second Edition.

Complete in One

vol-

Clioice Edition. With a Memoir of the Author, a Portrait etched by Mr Hole, A.R.S.A., and other Illustrations. In small 4to, on hand-made paper.

The Book-Hunter.

A New and
:

BUTE.

The Roman Breviary

;

Reformed by Order of the Holy

;

CEcumenical Council of Trent Published by Order of Pope St Pius V. and Revised by Clement VIII. and Urban VIII.; together with the Offices since granted. Translated out of Latin into English by John, Marquess of Bute, K.T. In 2 vols, crown Svo, cloth boards, edges uncut. ,2, 2s.

WILLIAM BLACKWOOD AND SONS.

BUTE.
The Altus
of St

Columba.
2s. 6d.

With

a Prose Paraphrase

and
2s.

Notes.

In paper cover,

BUTT.

Miss Molly.
Delicia.

By Beatrice Mat

Butt.

Cheap Edition,

By

the Author of 'Miss Molly.'

Fourth Ediof
'

tion.

Crown

8vo, 7s. 6d.

:

Molly.'

Geraldine Hawthorne Crown 8vo. 7s. 6d.

A Sketch. By the
Fcap. 8vo,

Author

Miss

CAIRD.

Sermons.
Religion in

By John Caird,

D.D., Principal of the Uni5s.

versity of Glasgow.

Fourteenth Thousand.

Common
Names

Life.

Sermon preached

in Crathie

Church, October 14, 1855, before Her Majesty the Queen and Prince Albert. Published by Her Majesty's Command. Cheap Edition, 3d.

CAMERON.
CAMPBELL,
CAMPBELL.
By
of

Gaelic

of Plants (Scottish

and

Irish).

Col-

lected and Arranged in Scientific Order, with Notes on their Etymologj', their Uses, Plant Superstitions, &c., among the Celts, with copious Gaelic, English, and Scientific Indices. By John Caieron, Sunderland. 8vo, 7s. 6d.

Life of Colin,

Lord Clyde.

See General

Shadwell,
at Balmoral.

at page 20.

Sermons Preached before the Queen

Crown
8vo, 4s. 6d.

the Rev. A. A. Campbell, Minister of Crathie.

Published by

Command

Her Majesty.

CARLYLE.
CARRICK.

Autobiography of the Rev. Dr Alexander Carlyle,

Minister of Inveresk. Contaiuintr Memorials of the Men and Events of his Time. Edited by John Hill Burton. 8vo. Third Edition, with Portrait, 14s.
or. Fermented Mare's Milk ; and its Uses in the Treatment and Cure of Pulmonary Consumption, and other Wasting Diseases. With an Appendix on the best Methods of Fermenting Cow's Milk. By George L. Carrick, M.D., L.R.C.S.E. and L.R.C.P.E., Physician to the British Embassy, St Petersburg, &c. Crown 8vo, los. 6d.
:

Koumiss

CAUVIN.

Treasury of the English and German Languages. Compiled from the best Authors and Lexicographers in both Languages. Adajited to the Use of Schools, Students, Travellers, and Men of Business; and forming a Companion to all German-English Dictionaries. Bv Joseph Cauvin, LL.D. & Ph.D., of the University of Gottingen, &c. Crown 8vo
7S. 6d.

CAVE-BROWN.

Lambetli Palace and its Associations. By J. Cave-Brown, M. A., Vicar of Detling, Kent, and for many years Curate of Lambeth Parish Church. With an Introduction by the Archbishop of Canterbury. Second Edition, containing an additional Chapter on Medieval Life in the Old Palaces. 8vo, with Illustrations. \In the Press.
Canonicity
;

CHARTERIS.

or,

Early Testimonies to the Existence

'

and Use of the Books

of' the New Testament. Based on Kirchhofifer's Quellensanimlnng. ' Edited by A. H. Charteris, D.D., Professor of Biblical Criticism in the University of Edinburgh. 8vo, 18s.

CHEVELEY NOVELS, THE.

I.

A Modern
17s.

Minister.
2 vols,

2 vols,

bound

in cloth,

-ivith

Twenty-six Illustrations.
Illustrations

II.

Saul Weir.
nard.
i6s.

bound

in cloth.

With Twelve

by

F. Bar-

III.

Dora Dore.

[in Preparation.

CHIROL.

'Twixt Greek and Turk.

With
Frontisjiiece

By M. Valentine Chirol.
los. 6d.

Post 8vo.

and Map,

LIST OF BOOKS PUBLISHED BY

CHUKCH SERVICE
tion, 5S.

SOCIETY.

Book

of

Common

Order

Being Forms of Worship issued by the Church Service Society.

Fourth Edi-

COLQUHOUN.
Instructions in

The Moor and the Loch.

all

Containing Minute
Edition, greatly
enlarged.

Highland Sports, with Wanderings over Crag and Corrie,

Flood and

Fell.

By John Colquhoun.
2 vols,

Fifth

With

Illustrations.

post 8vo, 26s.

COTTEMLL. The
Henry

Genesis of the Church.

By
Demy

the Right. Rev.

8vo, i6s.

Cotterill, D.D., Bishop of Edinburgh.

CRANSTOUN. The
The

Elegies of Albius Tibullus.

'

Transhxted into

English Verse, with Life of the Poet, and Illustrative Notes. By James CranSTOUN, LL.D., Author of a Translation of CatuUus.' Crown 8vo, 6s. 6d.

Elegies of Sextus Propertius.

Translated into English

Crown
8vo, 7s. 6d.

Verse, with Life of the Poet, and Illustrative Notes.

CRAWFORD.
Atonement.

The Doctrine
By
the late

of
J.

Thomas

Holy Scripture respecting the Crawford, D.D., Professor of Divinity in

8vo, 12s.

the University of Edinburgh.

Third Edition.

The Fatherhood
Special

of God, Considered in its

General and

Aspects, and particularly in relation to the Atonement, with a Third Edition, Revised and Review of Recent Speculations on the Subject.
Enlarged.
8vo, 9s.

The Preaching
7S. 6d.

of the Cross,

and other Sermons.

8vo,
for

The Mysteries
1S74.

of Christianity.

Being the Baiid Lecture

It.

Crown

8vo, 7s. 6d.

DE AINSLIE.
Post 8vo,

Life as I have

Found

By General De Ainslie.

12S. 6d.

DESCARTES.
New

The Method,

Meditations, and Principles of Philo-

Translated from the Original French and Latin. With a Introductory Essay, Historical and Critical, on the Cartesian Philosophy. By John Veitch, LL.D., Professor of Logic and Rhetoric in the University of Glasgow. A New Edition, being the Eighth. Price 6s. 6d.

sophy of Descartes.

DU CANE.
DL^DGEON.
Light
Scots.

The Odyssey
By
Sir

English Verse.

of Homer, Books I.-XII. Translated into Charles Du Cane, K.C.M.G. 8vo, los. 6d.

History of the Edinburgh or Queen's Regiment Infantry Militia, now 3rd Battalion The Royal Scots; with an
Post 8vo, with Illustrations,
los. 6d.

Account of the Origin and Progress of the Militia, and a Brief Sketch of the old Royal Scots. By Major R. C. Dudgeon, Adjutant 3rd Battalion The Royal

ELIOT.

Impressions of Theophrastus Such.

cheaper Edition. Crown Svo,
5s.

By George
3s. 6d., cloth.

Eliot.

New and

Adam

Bede.

Illustrated Edition.
Floss.

The Mill on the

Silas
tion.

Illustrated Edition.

3s. 6d., cloth.

3s.,

Scenes of Clerical Life.

Illustrated Edition.

cloth.

Marner

The Weaver

of Raveloe.

Illustrated Edi3s. 6d., cloth.

2S. 6d., cloth.

Felix Holt, the Radical.

Illustrated Edition.
3s. 6d., cloth.

Romola.

With

Vignette.

Middlemarch.

Daniel Deronda.

Crown 8vo, 7s. 6d. Crown 8vo, 7s. 6d.

WILLIAM BLACKWOOD AND SONS.

ELIOT.
Works of George Eliot (Cabinet Edition). Complete and Uniform Edition, handsomely printed in a new type, 20 volumes, crown 8vo, price j 5. The Volumes are also sold separately, price 5s. each, viz. : Romola. 2 vols. Silas Marner, The Lilted Veil, Brother Jacob, i voL Adara Bade. 2 vols. Scenes of Clerical Life. 2 vols.- The Mill on the Floss. 2 vols. Felix Holt 2 vols. Middlemarch. 3 vols. Daniel Deronda. 3 vols. The Spanish Gypsy, i vol. Jubal, and other Poems, Old and Xew. i vol. Theophrastus Such, i vol.

The Spanish Gypsy.

The Legend
Xew
Edition.

Crown

8vo,

5s.

of Jubal,

and other Poems, Old and New.

Fcap. 8vo,

5s., cloth.

Wise, Witty, and Tender Sayings, in Prose and Verse.

Selected from the Works
of

George Eliot.

Fifth Edition.

Fcap. 8vo,

6s.

Eliot Birthday Book. Printed on fine paper, with red border, and handsomely bound in cloth, gilt. Fcap. 8vo, cloth, 3s. 6d. And in French morocco or Russia, 5s.

The George

ESSAYS ON SOCIAL SUBJECTS.

the

Saturday Re^^ew.'
8vo, 6s. each.

A New

Edition.

First

Originally published in and Second Series. 2 vols,

crown

EWALD.
5S.

The Crown and

Commons.

Lords, and

or, Queen, Ministers, its Advisers By Alexaudeb Chables Ewald, F.S.A. Crown 8vo,
;

FAITHS OF THE WORLD, The. A Concise History of the Great Religious Systems of the World. By various Authors. Being the St Complete in one volume, crown 8vo, 5s. GUes' Lectures Second Series. FARRER. A Tour in Greece in 1880. By Richard Ridley
Farrer.

With Twenty- seven full-page

21s.

Illustrations

by Lord Windsor.

Royal 8vo, with a Map,

FERRIER.

Philosophical
3 vols,

Works

of the late

James

F. Ferrier,

B.A. Oxon., Professor of Moral Philosophy and Political Economy, St Andrews. Kew Edition. Edited by Sir Alex. Gra>t, Bart., D.C.L., and Professor

LusHiNGToN.

crown 8vo,

34s. 6d.

Institutes of Metaphysic.

Third Edition.

los. 6d.

Lectures on the Early Greek Philosophy.

los. 6d.

Third Edition.

Philosophical Remains, including the Lectures on Early

Greek Philosophy.
2 vols., 24s.

FISH

AND

FISHERIES.

Selection from the Prize Essays of

Edited by )avid
Illustrations.

the International Fi^helies Exhibition, Edinburgh, 18S2.

Herbert, M.A.

With Maps and

8vo, 7s. 6d.

FLINT.

The Philosophy of History in Europe.

Vol.

I.,

contain-

ing the History of that Philosophy in France and Germany. By Robert Flimt, D.D., LL.D., Professor of Divinity, University of Edinburgh. 8vo, iss.

Theism.
Crown

Being the Baird Lecture

for 1876.

Third Edition.

8vo, 73. 6d.

Anti-Theistic Theories. Being the Baird Lecture for 1877. Second Edition. Crown 8vo, los. 6d.

FORBES.

The Campaign
12s.

sonal Narrative.

of Garibaldi in the Two Sicilies By Charles Stuart Forbes, Commander, R.N.

Per-

Post 8vo,

with Portraits,

10

LIST OF BOOKS PUBLISHED BY

Edited

FOKEIGN CLASSICS FOR ENGLISH READERS.

by Mrs Oliphant.
Price
2s. 6d.

Now published
Dante.
Pascal.

By Clifton W. Collins, M.A. By the Editor. By Henry M.

By
By

the Editor.

Saint Simon.
Sir E.

Voltaire.

Bv Major-General
Principal Tulloch.

B.

Cerva:stes.
Trollope.

Hamley, K.C.M.G.

CoRNEiLLE AND Racine.

Petrarch. By Henry Reeve, C.B. Goethe. By A. Hayward, Q.C. M0L1RE. By the Editor and F. Tarver,

Madame de
eray.

Svign.

By Miss Thack-

MA.
Montaigne. M.A.
Rabelais.
In.

By Rev. W.

L.

Collins,

La Fontaine, and other French Fabulists. By Rev. W. L. Collins, M.A. Schiller. By James Sinie, M. A., Author
of Lessins his Life and Writings.' Tasro. By E. J. Hasell.
' :

By Walter Besant, M.A. Calderon. By E. J. Hasell.

Rousseau. By Henry Grey Graham. ireiMrationJjBOPARDi, by the Editor. Alfred de Musset, by C. F. Oliphant.

FRANZOS.
ZO.S.

The Jews

of Barnow.

Translated by M.

W. Macdowall.

Stories by Crown 8vo,

Karl Emil Fran6s.

GALT.

Annals of the Parish. By John Galt, Fcap. 8vo, 2S. The Provost. Fcap. 8vo, 2S. Sir Andrew Wylie. Fcap. 8vo, 2s. The Entail or, The Laird of Grippy. Fcap. 8vo, 2s.
;

GENERAL ASSEMBLY OF THE CHURCH OF SCOTLAND.

Family Prayers.
Authorised by the General Assembly of
4s. 6d.

A New Edition, crown 8vo, in large type, the Church of Scotland. Another Edition, crown 8vo, 2s.
Prayers for Social and Family Worship.

For the Use of

Soldiers, Sailors, Colonists, and Sojourners in India, and other Persons, at home and abroad, who are deprived of the ordinary services of a Christian Ministry. Cheap Edition, is. 6d.

The

lished for

HjTnns for Public Worship. PubScottish Hymnal. Use in Churches by Authority of the General Assembly. Various
;

2. Longjirimer type, : i. Large type, for milpit use, cloth, 3s. 6d. calf, 6s. Bourgeois cloth, red edges, is. 6d. ; French morocco, 2s. 6d. 3. 4. Minion type, limp cloth, tyiie, cloth, red edges, is. ; French morocco, 2s. 6. Chil6d. ; French morocco, is. 6d. 5. School Edition, in paper cover, 2d. No. 2, bound with the Psalms and Paradren's Hymnal, paper cover, id. phrases, cloth, 3s. ; French morocco, 4s. 6d. ; calf, 7s. 6d. No. 3, bound with French morocco, 3s. the Psalms and Paraphrases, cloth, 2s.

sizes viz.

The

Scottish
;

Hymnal, with Music.

Selected

by

the

Com-

mittees on Hymns and on Psalmody. The harmonies arranged by W. H. Monk. Cloth, IS. 6d. French morocco, 3s. 6d. The same in the Tonic Sol-fa Notation, IS. 6d. and 3s. 6d.

The

Scottish

Hymnal, with Fixed Tune

for each

Hymn.

Longprimer type,

3s. 6d.

GERARD.

Reata: What's in a

Name?
6s.

By

E.

D. Gerard.
Edition, com-

New Edition. Beggar

In one volume, crown Svo,

my

Neighbour.

Novel.

New
'

plete in one volume, crown Svo, 6s

GLEIG.

The

Subaltern.

By

G. R. Gleig, M.A., late Chaplain-

General of Her Majesty's Forres. Originally published in Blackwood's MagaLibrary Edition. Revised and Corrected, with a New Preface. Crown zine.'
8vo, 7s. 6d.

GOETHE'S FAUST.
dore Martin, K.C.B.
3S. 6d.

Translated into English Verse by Sir

Second Edition, post 8vo,
6s.

Theofcap.,

Cheap Edition,

GOETHE. Poems
Aytoun and
Sir

and Ballads of Goethe. Translated by Professor Theodore Martin, K.C.B. Third Edition, fcap. 8vo, 6s.
'

GORDON GUMMING.

At Home in Fiji. By C. F. Gordon Cpmming, Author of From the Hebrides to the Himalayas.' Fourth Edition, complete in one volume post 8vo. With Illustrations aiid Map. 7s. 6d.

Lady's Cruise in a French Man-of-War.

In one volume, 8vo.
Missions.

New and
12s. 6d.

Cheaper Edition.

With

Illustrations
:

and Map.

Fire-Fountains.
and the History of two vols. 8vo, 25s.
its

The Kincidom

of Hawaii Its Volcanoes, With Map and numerous Illustrations. In

GRANT.

Bush-Life in Queensland.
In one volume crown 8vo,
6s.

By A.
of

C.

Grant.

New
A

Edition.

HAMERTON.
HAMILTON.
,

Wenderholme

Story of Lancashire and York'A

Painter's Camp.'

shire Life. By Philip Gilbert New Edition. Crown Svo, 6s.

Hamerton, Author

Lectures on Metaphysics.

By Sir William Hamil-

Toy, Bart. Professor of Losic and Metaphvsics in the University of Edinburgh. Edited by the Rev. H. L. Mansel, B.D.. LL.D., Dean of St Paul's ; and John Veitch, M.A., Professor of Logic and Rhetoric, Glasgow. Sixth Edition. 2
vols. 8vo, 24s.

Lectures on Logic.
2 vols., 24S.

Edited by the Same.

Third Edition.

Discussions on Philosophy and Literature, Education and

University Reform.

Third Edition, 'Svo,

21s.

Bart., Professor of Logic and Metaphysics in the University of Edinburgh. By Professor Veitch of the
University of Glasgow.
Svo, with Portrait, i8s.
:

Memoir

of Sir

William Hamilton,

Sir William

Hamilton

The Man and

his Philosophj'.
Institution,

Lectures Delivered before the Edinburgh Philosophical January and February 1883. By the Saie. Crown 8vo, 2s.

Two

HAMILTON.

Annals of the Peninsular Campaigns.

Edited by F. Hardman. Campaigns, 12s.
Svo, i6s.

By

Captain
Maps
to

Thomas Hamilton.
illustrate the

Atlas of

HAMLEY.

The Operations
Sir
4to,
:

Major - General

of War Explained and Illustrated. By Edward Brice Hamley, K.C.M.G. Fourth Edition,
with numerous Illustrations,
30s.

revised throughout.

Thomas
8vo.
2S. 6d.

Carlyle
of the

An
drawn

Essay.

Second Edition.

Crown

The Story
Camp.

Campaign
in

With

Illustrations

of Sebastopol. Camp by the Author.

Written in the
Svo, 21s.

On

Outposts.
2s.

Second Edition.
;

8vo, 2s.

Wellington's Career
Cro^vn Svo,

Military and Political

Summary.

Lady Lee's Widowhood. Crown 8vo, 2S. 6d. Our Poor Relations. A Philozoic Essay.
trations, chiefly

With
Crown

Illus-

by Ernest

Griset.

Crown

Svo, cloth gilt, 3s. 6d.

?

HAMLEY.
W.
G.

GuHty, or Not Guilty

Hamlet,
late of the

Tale.

By Major-General
Svo, 3s. 6d.

Royal Engineers.
:

New

Edition.

The House
Second Edition.

of

Lys

One Book
17s.

of its History.

Tale.

2 vols,

crown Svo.

Traseaden Hall. "When George the Third was King." New and Cheaper Editiop, crown 8vo, 6s.

12

LIST OF BOOKS PUBLISHED BY

or, Practical Instructions in Riding, Driving, and the General Care and Management of Horses. By 'Magekta.' Ninth Edition, with 6 Engraving's, 4s. 6d.
;

HANDY HORSE-BOOK

By the Same.

Our Domesticated Dogs

their

Treatment

in reference to

Food,

Diseases, Habits. Punishment, Accomplishments.

Crown

8vo, 2s. 6d.

HARBORD.
gation.

Definitions and Diagrams in Astronomy and NaviBy the Rev. J. B. Harbord, M.A., Assistant Director of Education,
is.

Admiralty,

Short Sermons for Hospitals and Sick Seamen.

cloth, 4S. 6d.

Fcap. 8vo,

HARDMAN. Scenes and Adventures in Central America. by Frederick Hardman. Crown 8vo. 6s.
HASELL.
Bible Partings.

Edited
8vo.

By

E. J. Hasell.

Crown

[in the Press.

HAY.

of the Right Rev. Dr George Hay, Bishop of Ediiburgh. Edited under the Suiiervision of the Right Rev. Bishop Strain. Witi Memoir and Portrait of the Author. 5 vols, crown 8vo, bound in extra

The Works
1,
IS.

c.lotn,

Or, sold separately

viz.

The Sincere Christian Instructed in the Faith of Christ from the Written Word. The Devout Christian Instructed in the Law of Christ from the Written Word. 2 vols.. 8s. The Pious Christian Instructed in the Nature and Practice of the
2 vols., 8s.

Principal Exercises of Piety,

vol

43.

HEATLEY.
Giii'ie for

The Horse-Owner's Safeguard.

every

Handy Medical
Treati.se for

Man who owns

a Horse

By

G. S.

Heatley, M.R.C, V.S.

Crown
every

Svo, ss.

The Stock-Owner's Guide.

Man who owns an Ox
or a Cow.

Handy Medical
8vo, 4s. 6d.

Crown

HEMANS.
tions.
7S. 6d.

The

Poetical

Works

of

Mrs Hemans.
Steel,

Copyright Edi-

One Volume, royal 8vo, 5s. The Same, with Illustrations engraved on
Six Volumes in Three, fcap.,
12s. 6d.

bound

in cloth, gilt edges,

Select Poems of Mrs Hemans.

Fcap., cloth, gilt edges,

3s.

HOLE.

Book about Roses

How

to

Grow and Show Them.

By

the Rev. Canon Hole. With coloured Frontispiece by the Hon. Seventh Edition, revised. Crown 8vo, 7s. 6d.

Mrs Francklin.

HOME PRAYERS.
HOMER.
fcap., 12S.

By Ministers of the Church of Scotland and Members of the Church Service Society. Second Edition. Fcap. 8vo, 3s.
The Odyssey.
Tran.slated into English Verse in the By Philip Stanhope Worsley. Third Edition, 2 vols,

Sjienserian Stanza.

The Iliad. Translated by P. S. CoNiNGTON. 2 vols, crown Svo, 21S.

Worsley and

Professor

HOSACK. Marv

Queen

of Scots

and Her Accusers.

Containing a

Varietv of Doi'imients never before riublished. By John Hosack, Barristerat-Law. A New and Enlartred Edition, with a Photograph from the Bust on the Tomb in Westminster Abbey. 2 vols. 8vo, 1. is.

INDEX GEOGRAPHICUS

Being a

List, alphabetically arranged,

of the Principal Places on the Globe, with the Countries and Snbdivisions of the Countries in which they are situated, and their Latitudes and Longitudes. Applicable to all Modem Atlases and Maps. Imperial 8vo, pp. 676, 21s.

'

WILLIAM BLACKWOOD AND SONS.

JAMIESON.
crown 8vo,
to

13

The
17s.

Laird's Secret.

By

J.

H. Jamieson.

In 2 vols.

JEAN JAMBON.

Our Trip to Blunderland ; or, Grand Excursion Bluudertown and Back. By Jean Jambon. With Sixty Illustrations designed by Charles Doyle, engraved by Dalziel. Fourth Thousand. Handsoiiiely bound in cloth, gilt edges, 6s. 6d. Cheap Edition, cloth, 3s. 6d. In boards, 2s. 6d.
Scots Musical
;

JOHNSON. The
of Six

Museum.

Consisting of upwards

Hundred Songs, with proper Basses for the Pianoforte. Originally published by James Johnson and now accompanied with Copious Notes and Illustrations of tlie Lyric Poetry and Music of Scotland, by the late William Stenhouse; with additional Notes and Illustrations, by David Laing and C. K. Shabpe. vols. 8vo, Roxburghe binding, ;2, 12s. 6d. 4

JOHNSTON.

The Chemistry
;

of

Common
;

Life.

By

Professor

J. F. W. Johnston. New Edition, Revised, and brought down to date. By Arthur Herbert Chorch, M.A. Oxon. Author of 'Food: its Sources, Constituents, and Uses The Jjaboratory Guide for Agricultural Students 'Plain Words about Water,' &c Illustrated with Maps and 102 Engravings
' ' ;

on Wood.

Complete

in

one volume, crown 8vo, pp. 618,

7s. 6d.

Elements of Agricultural Chemistry and Geology.

teenth
Edition,
Revi.sed,

and brought down to

&c.

Cameron, M.D., F.R.C.S.I.,

entirely

Fcap. 8vo,

6s.

date. 6d.

ThirBy Charles A.

Catechism of Agricultural Chemistry and Geology. New Edition, revised and enlarged, by Charles A. Cameron,
,

An
M.D.,

F.R.C.S.I.

&c.

Eighty-first

Thousand, with numerous Illustrations,

:

is.

JOHNSTON.

in Scotland, 1528. the Author, 5s.

Patrick Hamilton a Tragedy of the Reformation By J. P. Johnston. Crown 8vo, with Two Etchings by

KEITH ELPHINSTONE.
of the

Memoir
of Ovid.
,

of the

Honourable George

Keith Elphinstone, K.B., Viscount Keith of Stonehaven Maxischal, Admiral Red. 5ee Alexander Allardyce, at page 4.

KING.

The Metamorphoses

Translated in English Blank

Verse.

By Henry King, M.A

Fellow of

Wadham

the Inner Temple, Barrister-at-Law.

Crown

College, Oxford, 8vo, los. 6d.

and of

KINGLAKE.

History of the Invasion of the Crimea.

By A. W.
The

Kinglake. Cabinet Edition. Seven Volumes, crown 8vo, at 6s. each. Volumes respectively contain : I. The Origin of the War between the Czar and the Sultan. II. Russia Met and Invaded. With 4 Maps and Plans. Ill The B.ttle of the Alma With 14 Ma|is and Plans. IV. Sebastopol at Bay. With 10 Maps and Plans. V. The Battle of Balaclava. With 10 Maps and Plans. VI. The Battle of Inkerman. With 11 Maps and Plans. VII. Winter Troubles. With Map.

History of the Invasion of the Crimea.

Troubles.

Vol. VI. Winter

Demy

8vo, with a

Map,

163.

Eothen.
of the
'

A New Edition, uniform

6s.

with the Cabinet Edition

History of the Crimean War,' price

KNOLLYS.

of Field-Artillery. Designed for the Use of Infantry and Cavalry Officers. By Henry Knollys,^ Captain Royal Artillery; Author of 'From Sedan to Saarbruck,' Editor of 'Incidents in the Sepoy War,' &c. With Engravings. Crown 8vo, 7s. 6d.

The Elements

LAVERGNE. The
land.

Rural Economy of England, Scotland, and Ire"Translated from the French.

By Leonce de Lavergne. by a Scottish Farmer. 8vo, 12s.

With Notes

14

LIST OF BOOKS PUBLISHED BY

Lectures on the History of the Church of Scotland, from the
Reformation to the Revolution Settlement. By the late Very Rev. John Lee, LL.D., Principal of the University of Edinburgh. With Notes and Appendices from the Author's Papers. Edited by the Rev. William Lee, D.D.
D.I).,
2 vols. 8vo, 2is.

LEE.

LEE-HAMILTON.
Hamilton.

Poems and
8vo, 6s.

Transcripts.

By Eugene LeeBy
J. M. Lees, In i vol. 8vo.
[In the Press.

Crown

LEES.

Handbook

of Sheriff Court Styles.

Sherift'-

M.A., LL.B., Advocate,

Substitute of Lanarkshire.

LEWES.
ings.

The Physiology
2 vols., I2S.

of

Common
By

Life.

By George H.
numerous Engrav-

Lewes, Author of 'Sea-side

Studies,' &c.

Illustrated with

LOCKHART.
hart.

Doubles and Quits.

Illustrations.
:

Laurence
Crown

W. M. LockBvo, 6s.

With Twelve

Third Edition.

Fair to See

a Novel.
:

Seventh Edition, crown 8vo,

6s.

Mine

is

Thine

a Novel.

Seventh Edition, crown 8vo,

:

6s.

LORIMER.

The

Institutes of

of Jurisprudence as Professor of Public Law and of the Law of Nature and Nations in the University of Edinburgh. New Edition, revised throughout, and much enlarged. Bvo, iSs.

Treatise of the Principles determined by Nature. By James Lorimer, Regius

Law

The

Institutes of the

Law

of Nations.

Jural Relation of Separate Political Communities. In price i6s. Volume II. in preparation.

2 vols.

Treatise of the 8vo. Volume I.,

LYON.

History of the Rise and Pid-ivs^ <,f Fiv,.,nasiiry in ScotBy David Murray Lvon, Si-'T' ii\ 1-1 tlir <'.i:'\ri I.i'l'jc nf Sr^.ii.ind. In small quarto. Illustrated with inin-i i.;i- I'm i.j; - oi Ijniiin,! .Mmilirrs of the Craft, and Facsimiles of Ancient Chai 1-1.1 und oUiLr Cuii(ju.s UuLUuiLiits. 1, IIS. 6d.
land.
: :

MACDOWALL.
M'COMBIE.
Tillyfour.

The Jews

of

Barnow.

See

Franzos,

at

page

10.

Cattle and Cattle-Breeders.

By William M'Combie,

A New

and Cheaper Edition,

2s. 6d., cloth.

MACRAE.
M'CRIE.
tion.

Handbook of Deer - Stalking. By Alexander Macrae, late Forester to Lord Henry Bentinck. With Introduction by Horatio Ross, Esq. Fcap. 8vo, with two Photographs from Life. 3s. 6d.

Works
Four

vols,

of the Rev. Thomas M'Crie, D.D. crown 8vo, 24s.

Uniform Edi-

Life of
Life of

John Knox.

Containing Illustrations of the HisCrown

8vo, 6s.

tory of the Reformation in Scotland.

Another Edition,

3s. 6d.

Andrew

Melville.
8vo, 6s.

Containing Illustrations of the

in the Sixteenth

Ecclesiastical

and Literary History of Scotland

and Seven-

teenth Centuries.

Crown

History of the Progress and Suppres.?ion of the Reformation in Italy in the Sixteenth Century.

Crown
Crown
'

8vo, 4s.

History of the Progress and Suppression of the Reformation in Spain in the Sixteenth Century.
8vo, 3s. 6d.

Sermons, and Review of the Tales of

8vo, 6s.

My Landlord.' Crown
5s.

Lectures on the Book of Esther.

Fcap. 8vo,

WILLIAM BLACKWOOD AND SONS.

M'INTOSH.
The Book
of the Garden.

15

By Charles M'Intosh,

formerly Curator of the Royal Gardens of his Majesty the King of the Bel.icians, and lately of those of his Grace the Duke of Buccleuch, K.G., at Dalkeith Palace. Two large vols, royal 8vo, embellished with 1350 Engravings. ^, 7s. 6d. VoL I. On the Formation of Gardens and Construction of Garden Edifices. 776 pages, and 1073 Engravings, ^2, los. Yol. II. Practical Gardening. 868 pages, and 279 Engravings, z, 173. 6d.

LIACKAY.
ical,

Manual of Modern Geography ; Mathematical, Physand Political. By the Rev. Alexander Mackay, LL D F.R.G.S. New and Greatly Improved Edition. Crown 8vo, pp. 688. 7s. 6d.
,

Elements of Modern Geography.

to the jiresent time.

49th Thousand, revised

Crown

8vo, pp. 300, 3s.

The Intermediate Geography.

diate

Intended as an Interme'

Book between the Author's

'

Outlines of Geography,' and

2s.

Elements of
re-

Geography.'

Ninth Edition, crown 8vo, pp. 224, Outlines of Modern Geography.

i8mo, pp.
112, is.

147th

Thousand,

vised to the present time.

First Steps in Geography..

56.

82d Thousand.

i8mo, pp. Geography.

Sewed, 4d.

cloth, 6d.

Elements

of

Physiography

and

Physical

With Express Reference to the Instructions recently issued by the Science and Art Depaitmenr. 19th Thousand. Cro'svn 8vo, is. 6d.

Facts and Dates

or,

the Leading: Events in Sacred and

Profane History, and the Principal Facts in the various Physical Sciences. The Memory being aided throughout by a Simple and Natural Method. For Schools and Private Reference. New Edition, thoroughly Revised. Crown
Svo,
3s. 6d.

MACKENZIE.

Studies in

Roman Law. With Comparative Views

of the Laws of France, England, and Scotland. By Lord Mackexzie, one of the Judges of the Court of Session in Scotland. Fifth Edition, Edited by John Kirkpatrick, Esq., M.A. Cantab.; Dr Jur. Heidelb. ; LL.B., Edin. Advocate. 8vo, 12s.

MANNERS.

Notes of an Irish Tour in 1846. Manners, M.P., G.C.B. New Edition. Crown Svo, 2s.
Impressions of Bad-Homhurg.

By Lord John
d."

Comprising a Short AcBy

count of the Women's Associations of Germany under the Red Cross. Lady John Mann-ers. Crovvn 8vo, is. 6d.

MARMOENE.
MARSHALL.

The Story
French
5s.

is

told
Life.

by Adolphus Segrave, the

Crown
8vo, 6s.

youngest of three Brothers.

Thii-d Edition.

Home

By Frederic Marshall.
the Earliest Period to the

Second Edition.

MARSHMAN.
MARTIN.
K.C.B.

History of India.

From
;

Close of the India Company's Government with an Ejiitome of Subsequent Events. By John Clark Marshiian, C.S.I. Abridged from the Author's larger work. Second Edition, revised. Crown 8vo, with Map, 6s. 6d.

Goethe's Faust.

Translated by Sir
6s.

Theodore Martin,
3s. 6d.

Second Edition, crown 8vo,

Cheap Edition,

Translated into English Terse, of Horace. with Life and Notes. In 2 vols, crown 8vo, printed on hand-made paper, 21s. Poems and Ballads of Heinrich Heine. Done into English Verse. Second Edition. Printed on pnpier verge, crown 8vo, 8s.
Catullus.
7S. 6d.

The Works

With

Life

and Notes.

Second Edition, post 8vo,

The Vita Nuova

Notes.

of Dante. Second Edition, crown 8vo, 5s.

With an Introduction and

MARTIN.
Notes.

Aladdin
:

Dramatic Poem,
5S.

By Adam OehlenWith

SCHLAEGER.

Fcap. 8V0,

Correggio

A
3s.

Tragedy.
:

By Oehlenschlaeger.

Fcap. 8vo,

King Rene's Daughter

Henrik Hertz,
J.

Danish Lyrical Drama.

Bell.

By By
With

Second Edition,

fcap., 2s. 6d.

MEIKLEJOHN. An
MICHEL.

Old Educational Reformer Dr

M. D. Meiklejohn, M.A., Professor of the Tlieory, History, and Practice of Education in tlie University of St Andrews. Crown 8vo, 3s. 6d.

Critical Inquiry into the Scottish Language.

the view of Illustratint; the Rise and Progress of Civilisation in Scotland. By FrancisqueMichel, FS.A. Lond. and Scot., Correspondant de I'lnstitutde France, &c. In One handsome Quarto Volume, piinted on hand-made paper, and appropriately bound in Eoxburghe style. Price 66s.

MICHIE.

The Larch Being a Practical Treatise on its Culture and General Manageinfnt By Christopher Young Michie, Forester, Cullen House. Crown 8vo, with Illustrations. 7s. 6d.
:

MINTO.
and

Manual
:

of English

Prose Literature, Biographical

Critical designed mainly to show Characteristics of Style. By W. Minto, A., Professor of Logic in the University of Aberdeen. Second Edition, revised. Crown 8vo, 7s. 6d.

Characteristics of English Poets, from Chaucer to Shirley. Crown 8vo, 9s.

MITCHELL.
MOIR.

Biographies of Eminent Soldiers of the last Four

Centuries By Major-General John Mitchell, Author of 'Life of Wallenstein.' With a Memoir of the Author. 8vo, qs.

Poetical Works of D. M. Moir (Delta). With Memoir by Thomas Aird, and Portrait. Second Edition, 2 vols. fcap. 8vo, 12s. Domestic Verses. New Edition, fcap. 8vo, cloth gilt, 4s. 6d. Lectures on the Poetical Literature of the Past Half-Century.

Third Edition, fcap. 8vo,

5s.

Life

of Mansie

Wauch, Tailor
Modern
Crown

in

Illustrations on Steel, by the late George Cruikshank. Another Edition, fcap. 8vo, is. 6d.

Dalkeith. Crown

With
8vo,
3s. 6d.

MOMERIE.
By

Defects of

Christianity,

and other Sermons.

the Rev. A. W. Momerie, M.A.,

Sc, Professor of Logic and Metaphysics

in King's College,

London.

8vo, 5s.

The
Religion.

Basis of Religion. Crown 8vo, 2s 6d.

Being an Examination of Natural

MONTAGUE.
'

Campaigning

in

South Africa.

Reminiscences of

an Officer in 1879. By Captain W. E. Montague, 94th Regiment, Author of Claude Meadowleigh,' &c. 8vo, los. 6d.

MONTALEMBERT.
Monks
Oliphant.

Count de Montalembert's History of the

Translated by Mrs

of the West. From St Benedict to St Bernard. 7 vols. 8vo, 1, 17s. 6d.

Memoir

of

Count de Montalembert.

Chapter of ReEdward

cent French History. By Mrs Oliphant, Author of the 'Life of Irving,' &c. 2 vols, crown 8vo, ,z, 4s.

MORE THAN
MURDOCH.

By M. P. Crown 8vo, 7s. 6d. Manual of the Law of Insolvency and Bankruptcy
;

KIN.

Law of Insolvency, Notour Bankruptcy, Trust-deeds, Cessios, and Sequestrations; and the Winding-up of Joint-Stock Companies in Scotland with Annotations on the various Insolvency and Bankruptcy 'Statutes and with Forms of Procedure
Coiiipi)sition- contracts.
;

Com|irehending a Summary of the

applicable to these Subjects. By James Murdoch, Member of the Faculty of Procurators in Glasgow. Fourth Edition, Revised and Enlarged, 8vo, ,\.

WILLIAM BLACKWOOD AND SONS.

17

MY

TRIVIAL LIFE
no Plot
in Particular.

NEAVES. A
Philology.

MISFORTUNE: A Gossip with By A Plain Woman 3 vols, post 8vo, 25s. 6d. Glance at some of the Principles of Comparative
As
illustrated in the Latin and Anglican Crown 8vo, is. 6d.

AND

Forms of Speech.

By

the Hon. Lord Neaves.

tributor to 'Maga.'

Songs and Verses, Social and

Scientific.

By an Old Conof
'

Fifth Edition, fcap. 8vo, 4s.

The Greek Anthology.

sics for

Being VoL
8vo, 2s. 6d.

XX.

Ancient Clas-

English Readers.'

Crown

NICHOLSON.

of Students. With a General Introduction on the Principles of Zoolo y. By Henry AlLEYNE Nicholson, M.D., U.Sc F L.S., F.G.S Regius Professor of Natural History in the University of Aberdeen. Sixth Edition, revised and enlarged. Crown 8vo, pp. 816, with 394 Engravings on Wood, 14s.
of Zoology, for the
,
,

Manual

Use

Text-Book of Zoology,
tion, enlarged.

for the

Use of Schools.
Wood,
6s.

Third Edi-

Crown

8vo, with 188 Engravings on

Introductory Text-Book of Zoology, for the Use of Junior

Classes.

Fifth Edition, revised

and enlarged, with 156 Engravings,

;

3s.

Outlines of Natural History, for Beginners

tions of a Progressive Series of Zoological

being Descrip-

Types.

Third Edition, with

Engravings,

is.

Od.

A
2,
2S.

Manual

of Palaeontology,

for

the

Use of Students.

With a General Introduction on tlie Principles of Palseontologj'. Second Edition. Revised and greatly enlarged. 2 vols. 8vo, with 722 Engravings,

of the Earth. An Outline of the Crown 8vo, with numerous Engravings, los. 6d. On the "Tabulate Corals" of the Palseozoic Period, with

The Ancient Life-History

Principles and Leading Facts of Palseontological Science.

Critical Descriptions of Illustrative Species. Illustrated with 15 Lithograph Plates and numerous Engravings. Super-royal 8vo, 21s.

On
and

the Structure and Affinities of the

Genus Monticulipora

Illusits Sub-Genera, with Critical Descriptions of Illustrative Species. Supertrated with numerous Engravings on wood and lithographed Plates. royal 8vo, i8s.

Synopsis of the Classification of the Animal Kingdom.

In one volume 8vo, with 106 Illustrations,
6s.

NICHOLSON.
By the
Crown
late

Communion with Heaven, and

Maxwell Nicholson,
Sixth Edition.

other

Sermons.

D.D., Minister of St Stephen's, Edinburgh.

8vo, 5s. 6d.

Rest in Jesus.

Fcap. 8vo,
'

4s. 6d.

OLIPHANT.

With Excursions in the of Gilead. Lebanon. By Laurence Oliphant, Author of Lord Elgin's Mission to China and Japan,' &c. With lUustiations and Maps. Demy 8vo, 21s. The Land of Khemi. Post 8vo, with Illustrations, los. 6d.
The Land
Altiora Peto.

With
I

Illustrations.

In 4 Monthly Parts,
Political.

at Five Shillings.

Part

to be published in May.
;

Traits
los. 6d.

and Travesties

Social
of

and

Post 8vo,

Piccadilly:

Fragment

Contemporary Biography. With

Fifth Edition,
'4s.

Eight Illustrations by Richard Doyle. in paper cover, 2s. 6d.

6d.

Cheap Edition,

OLIPHANT. The
25s. 6d.

Ladies Lindores.
of Valentine
;

By Mrs Oliphant.
his Brother.

3 vols.,

The Story

and

5s., cloth.

18

LIST OF BOOKS PUBLISHED BY

Katie Stewart.
Chaiiel.
2S. 6d.

OLIPHANT.
Salem

2S. 6d., cloth.

The Perpetual Curate.

Miss Marjoribanks.

2s. 6d., cloth.

2S. 6d., cloth.

The Rector, and the Doctor's Family, is. 6d., cloth. John A Love Story. 2S. 6d., cloth. OSBORN. Narratives of Voyage and Adventure. By Admiral
:

iSnERARD OsBORN, C.B.

3 vols. ci'own 8vo, 12S.

03SIAN.

The Poems
Fell Oswald.

Literal Translation into English,

Poems.

With a of Ossian in the Original Gaelic. and a Dissertation on the Autlienticity of the By the Rev. Archiuald Clerk. 2 vols, imperial 8vo, 1, iis. 6d.
and Fjord
;

OSWALD. By
By
E. J.

or,

Scenes and Studies in Iceland.

7s.

Post 8vo, with Illustrations.

6d

PAGE.

Introductory Text-Book of Geology.

,

By David Page,

LL. D. Professor of Geology in tlie Durliam University of Pliysical Science, Newcastle. With Engravings on Wood and Glossarial Index. Eleventh
Edition, 2S. 6d.

Advanced Text-Book
trial.

of Geology, Descriptive and IndusWith Engravings, and Glossary of Scientific Terms. Sixth Edition, re-

vised and enlarged, 7s. 6d.

in

Geology for General Readers. Series of Popular Geology and Pateontology. Third Edition, enlarged, 6s.
Chips and Chapters.

Sketches

Book

for

Amateurs and Young

Geologists.

5s.

Economic Geology
and Manufactures.

or, Geology in its relation to the Arts With Engravings, and Coloured Map of the Britisli Islands.
;

Crown

Svo, 7S. 6d.

Introductory Text-Book of Physical Geography.

Sketch-Maps and Illustrations.
Professor of Geology and Mineralogy in the ham, nth Edition, zs. 6d.

With

Edited by Charles Lapworth. F.G.S., &c., Mason Science College, Birming-

Advanced Text-Book
tion,

Revised and Im]3roved.

of Physical Geography. With Engravings. 5s.

:

Third Edi-

PAGET.

Paradoxes and Puzzles

Historical, Judicial,

and Literary.
Barris-

Now for the first time published in Collected Form. ter-at-Law. Svo, 12s.

By John Paget,
Fcap., cloth,

PATON.

Spindrift.

By

Sir J.

Noel Baton.
5s.

5s.

Poems by a

Painter.

Fcap., cloth,

PATTERSON.
Patterson.

Essays in History and Art.

Svo, 12s.

By

R.

Hogarth

The

New

Golden Age, and Influence of the Precious Metals

2 vols. Svo, 31s. 6d.

upon the World.

PAUL.
Bar.

History of the Royal

Company

of Archers, the Queen's

Body-Guard

for Scotland. By James Balfour Paul, Advocate of the Scottish Crown 4to, with Portraits and other Illustrations. z, 2s.

PAUL.

Analysis and Critical Interpretation of the

Hebrew Text

of

the Book of Genesis. Preceded by a Hebrew Grammar, and Dissertations on tlie Genuineness of the Pentateucli, and on the Structure of the Hebrew Language. By the Rev. William Paul, A.M. 8vo, i8s.

PETTIGREW.
Management.
ings.

The Handy Book

By
A. Pettigrew.
Svo, 3s. 6d.

of Bees, and their Profitable Fourth Edition, Enlarged, with Engrav-

Crown

WILLIAM BLACKWOOD AND SONS.

PHILLIMORE.
Crown

19

Uncle

Z.

By Greville Philllmore, Rector

Svo,
7s.

of

Henley-on-Thames.

Crown
;

6d.

Only a Black Box

8vo, 7s. 6d.

Or,

Passage in the Life of a Curate.

PHILOSOPHICAL CLASSICS FOR ENGLISH READERS.

1. 2.
3. 4.

5. 6.
7.

Companion Series t- A-i > nt and Foreign Classics for English Readers. 1. I.L.D., Professor of Moral Philosophy, UniEdited by Willi 1:1 Tersity of St AU'ii' 'u 8 vo volumes, with portraits, price 3s. 6d. Descartes. By Pn.f. -^n. M li. ii'y, Dublin. Butler. By the Rev. W. Lucas Collins, M.A., Honorary Canon of Peterborough. Berkeley. By Professor A. Campbell Eraser, Edinburgh. FicHTE. By Profe.ssor Adamson, Owens College, Manchester. Kant. By William Wallace, M.A., LL.D., Merton College, Oxford.
^

Hamiltox. By Professor Veiteh, Glassrow. Hegel. By Professor Edward Caird, Glasgow.

POLLOK. The
A.M.
8d.

Course of Time
fcaji.

Poem.

By Robert Pollok,

by

8vo, cloth gilt, 2s. 6d. The Cottage Edition, 32mo, sewed, cloth, gilt edges, is. 6d. Another Edition, witli Illustrations Birket Foster and others, icap., gilt cloth, 3s. 6d., or with edges gilt, 4s.

Small

The Same,

PORT ROYAL LOGIC.

POST-MORTEM.

Translated from the French

with Intro-

duction, Notes, and Appendix. By Thomas Spencer Baynes, LKD., ProEighth Edition, i2mo, 4s. fessor in the University of St Andrews.

Third Edition,

is.

By THE

SA3IE

Author.

The Autobiography
25s. 6d.

of

Thomas

Allen.

3 vols,

post 8vo,

POTTS AND DARNELL.

Aditus FacUiores

An

easy Latin Con-

struing Book, with Complete Vocabnlary. Bv A. W. Piitt.s, M.A., LL.D., Head-Master of the Fettes College, Edinburgh, and sometime Fellow of St John's College, Cambridge; and the Rev. C. Darnell, M.A., Head-Master of Cargilfield Preparatoiy School, Edinburgh, and late Scholar of Pembroke and Downing Colleges, Cambridge. Seventh Edition, fcap. 8vo, 3s. 6d.

Aditus Faciliores Graeci.

with Complete Vocabulary.

An easy Greek Construing Book,

3s.

Third Edition, fcap. 8vo,

PRINGLE.

The Live-Stock

of the

Farm.

By Robert

0. Pringle.
[In
fJic

Third Edition, crown 8vo.

Chronological Table and Index.

Press.

PUBLIC GENERAL STATUTES AFFECTING SCOTLAND,

fi-om 1707 to 1847,
^^"ith

3 vols, large 8vo,

3,

3S.

PUBLIC GENERAL STATUTES AFFECTING SCOTLAND,

COLLECTIOX
By
Lieut. -Col.

OF.

Published Annually with General Index.

RAMSAY. Rough
REID.

Recollections of Military Service and Society. Balcarres D. Wardlaw Rajisat. Two vols, post Svo, 21s.

Handy Manual of German Literature. By M. F. Reid. For Schools, CivU Service Comijetitions, and University Local Examinations.
Fcap. 8vo,
3s.

RIMMER.

By Alfred of Prince Albert. Rimmer, Author of ''^Our Old Country Towns,' &c. Beautifully Illustrated with Tinted Plates and numerous Engravings on Wood. One voliune 8vo, 21s.
The Early Homes
son.

ROBERTSON.

Fcap. 8vo.

Orellana, and other Poems. Printed on hand-made paper,

Hills.
Fcap. 8vo,
3s. 6d.

By
os".

J.

Logie Robert-

Our Holiday Among the

Logie Robertson.

By James and Jaxet

20

LIST OF BOOKS PUBLISHED BY

Sonnets.

ROSSLYN.
RUSSELL.
RUSTOVV.

By

the

Earl op Eosslyn.

Crown

8vo.

[In the Fnss.

The Haigs

of Bemersyde.

Family History.
21s.

By

John Russell.

Large octavo, with illustrations.

The War for the Rhine Frontier, 1870: Its Political and Military History. By Col. W. Rustow. Translated from the German, liy John Lavland "Xeedham, Lieutenant R.M. Artillery. 3 vols. 8vo, with Maps and Plans, 1, iis. 6d.
Matthew Dale, Farmer.
post 8vo, 17S.

SANDERS.
2 vols,

By Mrs Sanders (A. L. 0. S.)

Play.

SCHETKY.

Ninety Years of

Work and

Sketches from the

Public and Private Career of John Christian Schistky, late Marine Painter in Ordinary to the Queen. By his Daughter. Crown 8vo, 7s. 6d

SCOTCH LOCH FISHING. By

interleaved with blank pages,
4s.

"Black Palmer."

Crown

8vo,

SELLAR.

By Manual of the Education Acts for Scotland. Alexander Craig Sella r, Advocate. Seventh Edition, greatly enlarged, and revised to the present time. 8vo, 15s.

SELLER AND STEPHENS.

Physiology at the Farm ; in Aid of Rearing and Feeding the Live Stock. By William Seller, M.D., F.R.S.E., Fl-Uow of the Royal College of Physicians, Edinburgh, formerly Lecturer on Materia Medica and Dietetics and Henry Stephens, F.R.S.E., Author of The Book of the Farm,' &c. Post 8vo, with Engravings, i6s.
; '

SETON. Memoir of Alexander Seton,

George Seton, M. A. Oxon. Author Scotland,' &c. Crown 4to, 21s.
;

Earl of Dunfermline, Seventh

'

President of the Court of Session, and Lord Chancellor of Scotland. By of the Law and Practice of Heraldry in

SHADWELL.
36s.

The

Life of Colin Campbell,

Lord Clyde.

Illus-

trated by Extracts from his Diary and Correspondence. By LieuteiiantGeneral Shadwell, C.B. 2 vols. 8vo. With Portrait, Maps, and Plans.

SIM.
SI ME.

Margaret Sim's Cookery. With an Introduction by L. B. Walford, Author of Mr Smith A Part of His Life,' &c. Crown 8vo, 5s.
' :

King Capital

By William
:

Sime.

2 vols, post Svo, 17s.

SIMPSON.

Dogs of other Days

Nelson and Puck.

4s.

By EvE

Blantyre Simpson. Fcap.

8vo, with Illustrations,

6d.

SMITH.

Tlie Pastor as Preacher; or. Preaching in connection Work in the P.irish and the Study being Lectures delivered at the Universities of Edinburgh, Aberdeen, and Glast;ow. By Henry Wallis Smith, D.D., Minister of Kiiknewton and EastCalder; one of the Lecturers on Pastoral Theology appointed by the General Assembly of the Church of Scotland. Crown 8vo, 5s.
with
;

SMITH.

Italian Irrigation
;

Report on the Agricultural Canals

of Piedmont and Loinbardy, addressed to the Hon. the Directors of the East India Company with an Appendix, containing a Sketch of the Irrigation System of Northern and Central India. By Lieut. -Col. R. Baird Smith, F.G S., Captain, Bengal Engineers. Second Edition. 2 vols. 8vo, with Atlas in foUo,

SMITH.

Thorndale
Gravenhur.st

or,

The

Conflict of Opinions.

By William
Edition.

Smith, Author of 'A Discourse on Ethics,' &c.

8vo, los. 6d.
;

A New
and

Crown

or, Thoughts on Good Edition, with Memoir of the Author. Crown 8vo, 8s.

Evil.

Second

Discourse on Ethics of the School of Paley.

Svo, 4s.

WILLIAM BLACKWOOD AND SONS.

SMITH.
Dramas,
i.

21

Sir

William Crichton.

2.

Athelwold.

3.

Guidone.

24mo, boards,

3s.

SOUTHEY. The
SPEKE.
J.

Birthday, and other Poems.

Fcap.,

Second Edition,

5s.

Chapters on Churchyards.

2s. 6d.

What led to the Discovery of the Nile Source. Banning Speke, Captain H.M. Indian Army. Svo, with Maps,
Africa by Captain

By John
&c., 14s.

Journal of the Discovery of the Source of the Nile. By H. Speke, Captain H.M. Indian Army. With a Map of Eastern Equatorial
;

Captain Grant

Speke numerous illustrations, chiefly from Drawings by and Portraits, engraved on Steel, of Captains Speke and
;

Grant.

8vo, 21s.

SPROTT.
or,

The Worship and

Offices of the

Church of Scotland

the Celebration of Public Worship, the Administration of the Sacraments,

and other Divine Offices, according to the Order of the Church of Scotland. By George W. Speott, D.D., Minister of North Berwick. Crown 8vo, 6s.

STARFORTH.
of Designs.
tion,

Villa Residences and Farm Architecture Series By John Starforth, Architect. 102 Eagravings. Second Edi:

medium

4to,

2,

17s. 6d.

STATISTICAL ACCOUNT OF SCOTLAND.

Index, 15 vols. 8vo,
;Ci6, i6s.

Complete, with

Each County sold

separately, with Title, Index, and Map, neatly bound in cloth, forming a very valuable Manual to the Landowner, the Tenant, the Manufacturer, the Naturalist, the Tourist, &c.

STEPHENS.

The Book

of the

Farm

detailing the Labours of the

Farmer, Farm-Steward, Ploughman, Shepherd, Hed^^er, Farm-Labourer, FieldWorker, and Cattleman. By Henry Stephens, F. R.S.E. Illustrated with Portraits of Animals painted from the life; and with 557 Engravings on Wood, representing the principal Field Operations, Implements, and Animals treated A New and Revised Edition, the third, in great part Reof in the Work. written. 2 vols, large 8vo, 2, los.

The Book
Construction.
gravings.

of Farm-Buildings

their

Arrangement

and

By Henry Stephens, F.R.SE., Author

'

Farm;' and Robert Scott Bi'rn.

Large 8vo, unifonn with

of 'The Book of the Illustrated with 1045 Plates and EnThe Book of the Farm,' &c. \, iis. 6d.

The Book

of

Farm Implements and Machines.

Henry
Stephens.

By

Slight and R, Scott Burn, Engineers. Edited by 8vo, uniform with 'The Book of the Farm,' ;2, 2s.

J. Large

Catechism of Practical Agriculture.

STEWART.
V.S.

to Purchasers of Horses. Authorof 'Stable Economy.' 2s. 6d.

Advice

With Engravings, is. By John Stewart,

the

Stable

Economy.

A
:

Treatise on

Management
M.
17s.

of

Horses in relation to Stabling, Grooming, Feeding, Watering, and Working. Seventh Edition, fcap. 8vo, 6s. 6d.

STIRLING.
The
post 8vo,

Missing Proofs
'

Stirling, Author of

By a Pembrokeshire Tale. The Grahams of Invermoy.' 2 vols, crown Svo,

Son
;

C,

Minister's
25s. 6d.

or.

Home

with Honours.

3 vols.

STOR^LONTH.

Etymological and Pronouncing Dictionary of the

English Language. Including a very Copious Selection of Scientific Terms. For Use in Schools and Colleges, and as a Book of General Reference. By the Rev. James Stormonth. The Pronunciation carefully Revised by the Rev. Seventh Edition, Revised throughout, containP. H. Phelp, M.A. Cantab. ing many words not to be found in any other Dictionary. Crown 8vo, pp.
8cK>.

7s. 6d.

LIST OF BOOKS PUBLISHED BY

STORMONTH.
Bnok.

The School

Etymolo.^'ical Dictionary

and Word-

Combining the advantages of an ordinary jironouncing School Dictionary and an Etymological Spelling-book. Fcap. 8vo, pp. 254. 2s.

STORY.

By W. W. Graffiti D'ltalia. Roma.' Second Edition, fcap. 8vo, 7s. 6d.

Nero
;

Story, Author of
6s.

'

Roba

di

Historical Play.

Fcap. 8vo,

Vallombrosa.

Post 8vo,

5 s.

STRICKLAND.
A.
48-

Lives of the Queens of Scotland, and English

Princesses connected with the Regal Succession of Great Britain. By Agnes Strickland. With Portraits and Historical Vignettes. 8 vols, post 8vo,

STURGIS.
New

John -

Edition,

a - Dream.=!. crown Svo, 3s. 6d.

Tale.

By Julian Sturgis.
8vo, 7s. 6d.

Little Comedies,

Old and New.

of

Crown

Dick's Wandering.

3 vols., post 8vo, 25s. 6d.

SUTHERLAND.

Handbook

Hardy Herbaceous and Alpine

ContMi"!/ P"^iriptions, in Plain
1

Flowers, for general Garden Decoration.

-m V linMv Perennial and Language, of'upwards of iocx> Species of Orit 1. -, Rockwork, and Alpine Plants, adapted to all classes of FlPi(i|iagation and Waters; alnng with Concise and Plain Instrurti^n. imi \u By William Sutherland, Gardener to tlie Karl of Minto formerly Culture. Manager of the Herbaceous Department at Kew. Crown 8vo, 7s. 6d.
:
,

;i

TAYLOR.

Destruction and Reconstruction

Personal Experi-

ences of the Late War in the United States. By Richard Taylor, LieutenantGeneral in the Confederate Army. 8vo, los. 6d.

TAYLOR. The
Daughter.

Story of Life. By the late Colonel Meadows Taylor, Author of 'The Confessions of a Thug,' &c. &c. Edited by his New and cheaper Edition, being the Fourth. Crown 8vo, 6s.

My

THOLUCK.
German

Hours of Christian Devotion.

,

Translated from the

of A. Tholuck, D. D. Professor of Theology in the University of Halle. With a Preface written for this Translathe Rev. Robert Menzies, D. D. Second Edition, crown 8vo, 7s. 6d. tion by the Author.

By

THOMSON. Handy

Book

of the Flower-Garden

being Practical

Directions for the Propagation, Culture, and Arrangement of Plants in FlowerGardens all the yearroin:! Fi-lir.ir-!-- :iil iln^sps nf Gardens, from the largest M' ['lius, illustrative of the various to the smallest. With !
' '
:

systems of Grouping ill his Grace the Duke ot L; 8vo, 7S. 6d.

'

I'

ISv 1>
,

wn. Thomson, Gardener

Tliird Edition,

to

III

iMi^

11,

K.ii

,11

Inuniiaiing.

crown

The Handy Book

of Fruit-Culture

under Glass

being a

series of Elaborate Practical Treatises on the Cultivation and Forcing of Pines, Vines, Peaches, Figs, Melons, Strawberries, and Cucumbers. With Engravings of Hothouses, &c., most suitable for the Cultivation and Forcing of these Second Edition. Crown 8vo, with Engravings, 7s. 6d. Fruits.

THOMSON. A
vine.

Practical Treatise on the Cultivation of the GrapeVineyards.

By William Thomson, Tweed

Ninth Edition, 8vo,

5s.

TOM CRINGLE'S
Crown

LOG.

A New

Edition,
2s.

with Illustrations.

8vo, cloth gilt, 5s.

Cheap Edition,

TRAILL.

Recaptured Rhymes.

Being a Batch of Political and

By H.
D. Traill.

other Fugitives arrested and brought to Book.

Svo, 5s.

Crown

TRANSACTIONS OF THE HIGHLAND AND AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY OF SCOTLAND.

Published annually, price
5s.

WILLIAM BLACKWOOD AND SONS.

TKOLLOPE. The Fixed
fcap. 8vo, 12s.

23

Period.

By Anthony Trollope.

2 vols.,

TULLOCH.

Eational Theology and Christian Philosophy in Eng;

land in the Seventeenth Centiiry. By John Tulloch, D.D., Principal of St Mary's College in the University of St Andrews and one of her Majesty's Chaplains in Ordinary in Scotland. Second Edition. 2 vols. 8vo, 28s.

The Christian Doctrine

for 1S76.

of Sin

bein" the Croall Lecture

to

Crown Svo,

6s.

Theism.

The Witness

of

Eeason and Nature

an All-

Wise and Beneficent Creator.

Svo, los. 6d.

TYTLER. The Wonder-Seeker;

By
Edition.

or, The History of Charles Douglas. M. Eraser Tytler, Author of Tales of the Great and Brave,' &c. A New
'

Fcap.,

3s. 6d.

VIRGIL.

The ^neid
Smith
3s. 6d.

of Virgil.

Translated in EngHsh Blank

2 vols. fcap. 8vo,

Verse ty G. K. Rickakds, M.A., and Lord Ravensworth.

WALFORD. Mr
Cheap Edition,

Part of his Life.

By
6s.

L. B.

Walford.

PauHne.
Cousins.

Fifth Edition.

Cro\vn 8vo,

Fourth Edition.

Crown

8vo, 6s.

Troublesome Daughters.

Third Edition.
Svo,
7s. 6d.

Crown

8vo, 6s.

Dick Netherby.
8vo, cloth, 18s.

Crown
:

WARREN'S (SAMUEL) WORKS.

Or separately

People's Edition, 4 vols, crown

Illustrated,

Diary of a Late Physician.

3s. 6d. 5 s.

crown Svo,

7s. 6d.

Ten Thousand A- Year.

Now and
Essays
:

Then.

The Lily and the

4s. 6d.

Bee.

Intellectual

and Moral

Development of the Present Age.

Critical, Imaginative,

and

Juridical.

5s.

WARREN.
Notes.

The Five Books

By
Rev.

of the

Psalms.

With Marginal
;

Samuel

L.

Warren, Rector

of Esher, Surrey

late Fellow,

Dean, and Divinity Lecturer,

Wadham
;

College, Oxford.

Crown

Svo, 5s.

WATSON.

Christ's Authority and other Sermons. By the late Archibald Watson, D.D., Minister of the Parish of Dundee, and one of Her Majesty's Chaplains for Scotland. With Introduction by the Very Rev. Principal Caird, Glasgow. Crown Svo, 7s. 6d.

WELLINGTON.

Wellington Prize Essays on "the System of Field

Manceuvres best adapted lor enabling our Troops to meet a Continental Army. Edited by Major-General Sir Edward Beuce Hailev, K.C.M.G. Svo, 12s. 6d.

WESTMINSTER ASSEMBLY.

Minutes of the Westminster As-

sembly, while engaged in preparing their Directory for Church Government, Confession of Faith, and Catechisms (November 1644 to March 1649). Printed from Transcripts of the Originals procured by the General Assembly of the Church of Scotland. Edited by the Rev. Alex. T. Mitchell, D.D., Professor of Ecclesiastical History in the University of St Andrews, and the Rev. John Struthers, LL:D., Minister of Prestonpans. With a Historical and Critical Introduction by Professor Mitchell. 8vo, 15s.

24

LIST OF BOOKS, ETC.

The Eighteen Chrifitian Centuries. By the Eev. James White, Author of 'The History of France.' Seventh Edition, postSvo, with
Index,
6s.

WHITE.

History of France, from the Earliest Times,

sand, post 8vo, with Index, 6s.

Sixth Thou-

"WHITE.
dale.

Kintyre and KnapArchteological Sketches in Scotland By Captain T. P. White, R.E., of the Ordnance Survey. With numer2 vols, folio, ^4, 4s.

ous Illustrations. 2, 2S.

Vol.

I.,

KintjTe, sold separately,

WILLS AND GREENE.

WILSON.
Works
Professor Ferrier.

Drawing-room Dramas
Crown

for Children.

By

W. G. Wills and the Hon. Mrs Greene.

8vo, 6s.

of Professor Wilson. Edited 12 vols, crown 8vo, ,2., 8s.

by

his Son-in-Law,

Christopher in his Sporting-Jacket.

Isle of

2 vols., 8s.
4s.

Palms, City of the Plague, and other Poems.

Lights and Shadows of Scottish Life, and other Tales.

Essays, Critical and Imaginative.

4s.

vols., i6s. vols., 14s.

The Noctes Ambrosianae.

Complete, 4

of the Noctes Ambrosianae. By Christopher North. Edited by John Skelton, Advocate. With a Portrait of Professor Wilson and of the Ettrick Shepherd, engraved on Steel. Crown 8vo, 7s. 6d.

The Comedy

Homer and

his Translators,

and the Greek Drama.

Crown

WINGATE.
Fcap. 8vo,

Annie Weir, and other Poems.

5s.

By David Wingate.

Lily Neil.

A Poem.
The

Crown

8vo, 4s. 6d.

WORDSWORTH.
Andrews.

Historical Plays of Shakespeare. With Introductions and Notes. By Charlbb Wordsworth, D.C.L., Bishop of S.
3 vols,

post 8vo, each price

7s. 6d.

A Discourse
tures,

on Scottish Church History.

From

the Refor-

mation to the Present Time. With Prefatory Remarks on the St Giles' Lecand Appendix of Notes and References. Crown 8vo, cloth, 2s. 6d.

WORSLEY.

Poems and

WoRSLF.T, M.A. Fcap. 8vo, 6s.

Edited by

Translations. By Philip Stanhope Edward Wobslet. Second Edition, enlarged.

WYLDE.

Dreamer.

By Katharine Wylde.

In 3

vols.,

post Svo, 25s. 6d.

YOUNG. Songs of Beranger done into English Verse. By William Young. New Edition, revised. Fcap. 8vo, 4s. 6d.
YULE.
Fortification for the Use of Officers in the Army, and Readers of Military History. By Col. Yule, Bengal Engineers. 8vo, with
:

numerous

Illustrations, los. 6d.

jV.V. ,

.^l^v