Code No: 07A81701

R07

Set No. 2

IV B.Tech II Semester Examinations,APRIL 2011 OPTICAL COMMUNICATIONS Electronics And Telematics Time: 3 hours Max Marks: 80 Answer any FIVE Questions All Questions carry equal marks

1. (a) List out and elaborate the desirable features of a photo detector to be suitable for a ber optic receiver. (b) Using necessary equations describe photo current generation and carrier multiplication processes in an Avalanche Photo Diode detector. [8+8] 2. (a) Sketch the radiation patterns from a surface emitting LED in both axial and perpendicular planes with reference to active emitting region. Support the sketches with corresponding mathematical expressions. (b) Derive an expression for power coupling from a large surface emitting LED into a smaller step-index ber. [8+8] 3. (a) The dierence in the eective refractive indices (nx -ny ) for the two orthogonaly polarized modes in conventional single mode bers are in the range 9.3 107 < nx -ny < 1.1 105 . Determine the corresponding range for the beat lengths of the bers when they are operating at a transmission wavelength of 1.3 m. Hence obtain the range of modal bire fringence for the bers. (b) Explain what is meant by the cut o wavelength of a mode. Compute the cut o wavelength of rst few modes of a step index optical ber. [8+8] 4. (a) Explain the signicance of material and Modal dispersion induced parameters in rise-time budget analysis of an optical link. (b) A 100 Mbps NRZ Data transmission system uses a GaAlAs laser diode having 1.6nm spectral width. The transmission distance is 6 Km over a graded-index ber having 600 MHz-Km bandwidth-distance product. Calculate the system rise time if there is no mode mixing in the 7Km length of the ber with mode mixing factor, q=1. The rise times of source with its drive circuitry and detector along with associated receiver electronics are 15ns and 15ns respectively. Material dispersion factor, Dmat is given as 0.07ns/nm-Km. [8+8] 5. (a) Explain in detail the acceptance angle with reference to ray theory transmission. (b) Calculate the number of modes at 820 nm and 1.3 m in a graded index ber having a parabolic index prole (=2), a 25m core radius, n1 = 1.48 and n2 = 1.46. How does this compare to a step index ber? [8+8] 6. (a) An optical ber has a core refractive index of 1.5. Two lengths of the ber with smooth and perpendicular (to the core axes) end faces are butted together. 1

Code No: 07A81701

R07

Set No. 2

Assuming the ber axes are perfectly aligned, calculate the optical loss in decibels at the joint (due to fresnel reection) when there is a small air gap between the ber end faces. (b) Write short notes on Fusion splices. [8+8]

7. (a) Enumerate the necessity of line coding of signals before transmission over optical bers? (b) Dierentiate between Source coding, channel coding and Line coding? (c) Describe a method to measure chromatic dispersion in optical bers?[4+6+6]
n1 1 8. (a) Calculate the material dispersion at 0 =1550 nm dd m2 at 2 = 4.2 10 0 =1550nm. Spectral spread of the source is 20 nm.
2

(b) In the pulse broadening measurements, the input pulse width is 300 ps. The output pulse width is about 12 ns. The ber length is 2.4 km. Assuming the pulse shape and ber impulse response are Gaussian. Calculate the pulse broadening in ns km1 and the bandwidth length product. [8+8]

Code No: 07A81701

R07

Set No. 4

IV B.Tech II Semester Examinations,APRIL 2011 OPTICAL COMMUNICATIONS Electronics And Telematics Time: 3 hours Max Marks: 80 Answer any FIVE Questions All Questions carry equal marks

1. (a) What are reasons for the signal to get distorted as it travels along a ber? (b) Suggest methods to minimize signal distortion in optical bers. 2. Write brief notes on the following : (a) Attenuation measurements for optical bers. (b) Wavelength division multiplexing for optical communication system. [8+8] [8+8]

3. (a) Compute the V-number and no. of modes supported by a ber with n1 = 1.55, n2 = 1.50; core radius is 25 m and operating wavelength is 1300 nm. (b) Compare single mode and multimode bers. [8+8]

4. (a) Discuss about materials used for light sources of optical communication. (b) FWHM power spectral width LEDs become wider at longer wavelengths. Justify this statement. [8+8] 5. (a) (a) Discuss eect to of determine mode mixing factor on allowed modal dispersion calculating Describe a the procedure the maximum NRZ or RZfor data rate on a given fiber opticallowable link. the maximum transmission data rate in a ber optic link. (b) Estimate the maximum NRZ data rate allowed for transmission for an 8 Km (b) The rise times for various components of intensity modulated ber optic link optical fiber system operating at 850nm wavelength is specified below. are listed below. Determine if these specications support a 5 Km repeaterSource rise time = 8ns less ber optic link with 6 MHz optical bandwidth: [8+8] Inter-modal dispersion rise-time = 5ns/Km Risetime of LED transmitter electronics = 10ns Intra modal pulse broadening = 1ns/Km Inter rise-time modal dispersion induced = = 8ns/Km Detector 6ns. [10+6] Intra modal dispersion induced = 2ns/Km Risetime of Detector and receiver electronics = 3ns 6. (a) Write expression for power coupled into a step index ber from an LED source. (b) An LED with circular emission region of diameter 100m and an axial radiance of 100 W / cm2 - Sr at 100mA drive current is coupled into a step index ber of 50 m diameter and of 0.22 numerical aperture. Compute the power coupled into this step index ber. Compute the %dierence in coupled power if the radius of the ber is: i. Halved. ii. Doubled. 7. (a) Write short notes on Plastic Optical Fibers. [4+12]

Code No: 07A81701

R07

Set No. 4

(b) Find the radius of curvature R at which the number of modes decreases by 50 percent in a graded index ber take = 2, n2 = 1.5, = 0.01, a = 25 m, = 1.3 m. [8+8] 8. (a) Discuss if a quantity such as minimum incident photon energy is specied for proper operation of a photodiode. (b) A PIN diode generates one electron-hole pair for three incident photons at 850nm wavelength. Calculate: i. The quantum eciency of the device if the entire photo generated electrons are collected at the detector terminals. ii. Minimum possible band gap energy of the detector material. [6+10]

Code No: 07A81701

R07

Set No. 1

IV B.Tech II Semester Examinations,APRIL 2011 OPTICAL COMMUNICATIONS Electronics And Telematics Time: 3 hours Max Marks: 80 Answer any FIVE Questions All Questions carry equal marks

1. (a) Describe lensing mechanisms to improve coupling eciency between a source and a ber. (b) Derive an expression for power coupled from a Lambertian surface emitting LED into a smaller step-index ber. [8+8] 2. (a) Write notes on broadening of pulse due to ber dispersion. (b) An LED operating at 850 nm has a spectral width of 45 nm. What is the pulse spreading in ns / km due to material dispersion? [8+8] 3. (a) Briey explain the historical development of optical ber communication. (b) Discuss the various applications of optical ber communication. [10+6]

4. (a) Derive the expression for critical radius of curvature for single mode and multi mode bers. (b) Explain light propagation conditions in single mode bers with neat gures. [8+8] 5. (a) Describe a procedure to determine the maximum allowed NRZ or RZ data rate on a given ber optic link. (b) Estimate the maximum NRZ data rate allowed for transmission over an 8 Km optical ber link operating at 850nm wavelength specied below: [10+6] Source rise time Inter-modal dispersion rise-time Intra modal pulse broadening Detector rise-time = = = = 8ns 5ns/Km 1ns/Km 6ns.

6. (a) Describe phase shift method for measurement of chromatic dispersion in optical bers with the help of suitable schematics. (b) Calculate Full width at Half Maximum(FWHM), 3-dB electrical and optical bandwidths of an optical ber whose output response is Gaussian in shape with RMS pulse width given as: i. 2ns ii. 0.5ns. [8+8]

7. (a) Explain the working of fabry perot resonator cavity laser diode with a neat gure. 5

Code No: 07A81701

R07

Set No. 1

(b) A Ga As injection laser has an optical cavity of length 250 m. At normal operating temperature the gain factor is 21 103 A cm3 and the loss coecient / cm is 10. Determine the threshold current density and hence the threshold current for the device. It may be assumed that the cleaved mirrors are uncoated and that the current is restricted to the optical cavity. The refractive index of Ga As may be taken as 3.6. [8+8] 8. (a) Dene responsivity of an APD. List out the drawbacks of a Germanium APD for use in digital ber optic links. (b) An APD with a multiplication factor of 20 operates at a wavelength of 1550 nm. Calculate the quantum eciency and the output photo current from the device if the responsivity due to primary photo detection is 0.6 A/W when 1011 photons per second are incident on the device. Use the necessary physical constants listed. [8+8] 8 Speed of light in vacuum =3 10 m/s Electron charge =1.602 1019 C Plancks constant =6.6256 1034 J-S.

Code No: 07A81701

R07

Set No. 3

IV B.Tech II Semester Examinations,APRIL 2011 OPTICAL COMMUNICATIONS Electronics And Telematics Time: 3 hours Max Marks: 80 Answer any FIVE Questions All Questions carry equal marks

1. (a) List out the dierences between intra modal and inter modal dispersion. (b) Explain about tapered sleeve ber optic connectors. [8+8]

2. (a) Describe eye pattern technique to assess the performance of digital ber optic link. (b) Explain in detail the operational principle, key features and benets of WDM scheme in optical links. [8+8] 3. (a) Describe important specications of a semiconductor photo diode to be suitable for ber optic communications. (b) Compute the range of quantum eciency of an InGaAs PIN diode in the wavelength range between 1200 nm and 1600 nm if the responsivity of the diode is specied to be more than 0.6 A/W in the required wavelength region. Use the necessary physical constants listed. [8+8] 8 Speed of light in vacuum =3 10 m/s Electron charge =1.602 1019 C Plancks constant =6.6256 1034 J-S Boltzmans constant =1.38 1023 J/K Band gap energy of InGaAs = 0.73 eV at 300K 4. (a) Describe all the factors giving rise to losses while coupling optical power between any two devices of a ber optic link. (b) What is a pig-tailed device? List out the advantages and disadvantages of pig-tailing either a ber optic source or a ber optic detector. (c) Write expressions for power coupling from an LED into a step index ber for larger and smaller active area relative to the area of the ber. [5+5+6] 5. (a) Briey explain about the optical ber construction details and show a gure for transmission of light rays and discuss about the refractive index distribution with a graph. (b) A ber with parameters n1 = 1.46, n2 = 1.455 and a = 3 m has to be used as single mode ber in a communication system. Determine a suitable operating wavelength. [8+8] 6. (a) Analyse the conditions for a ber optic link to be categorized as dispersion limited. 7

Code No: 07A81701

R07

Set No. 3

(b) A 90 Mbps NRZ Data transmission system uses a GaAlAs laser diode having 2nm spectral width. The transmission distance is 7 Km over a graded -index ber having 800 MHz-Km bandwidth-distance product. Calculate the system rise time if there is no mode mixing in the 7Km length of the ber such that mode mixing factor, q = 1. The rise times of source with its drive circuitry and detector along with associated receiver electronics are 12ns and 15ns respectively. Material dispersion factor, Dmat is given as 0.08ns/nm-Km. [8+8] 7. (a) Distinguish between Rayleigh scattering and Mie scattering. (b) A 15 km optical ber link uses ber with a loss of 1.5 dB km1 . The ber is jointed every kilometer with connectors which give an attenuation of 0.8 dB each. Determine the minimum mean optical power which must be launched in to the ber in order to maintain a mean optical power level of 0.3 w at the detector. [8+8] 8. (a) A Ga Al As laser diode has a 600 m cavity length has an eective absorption coecient of 15cm1 . For coated facts, the reectiveness are 0.30 at each end. What is the optical gain at the lasing threshold. (b) If one end of the laser is coated with a dielectric reector so that its reectivity is now 80%. What is the optical gain at the lasing threshold? (c) If the internal quantum eciency is 0.6, what is external quantum eciency in case (a) and (b). [16]