Using which language oracle is developed?

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

"C" ofcourse!!!

Database Running Slow

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Remove unnecessary joins,� too much normalization can effect query to perform
slow, excess use of cursors, indexes, procedures or temporary tables may effect on
query to perform slow

Is there any syntactical diff bet Oracle 9i & 10g

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

In 9i we does not have the facility to brign the table that is been dropped, but
in 10g we have something like flashback

In oracle 10g we have new datatype called binary double and binary float. 10 g
also has collection api, which allows us to use procedures and funtion with
collections. In Oracle 10g external procedures can also be called

Oracle 9i Tools and Utilities

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Utility cannot uninstall it is an inbuilt

Tool can uninstall

View - Base Tables

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

View does not occupy memory, but Oracle keeps view code in its dictionary (you can
check in user_views, for example).View just stores the query defination and not
the data.
If you delete the base table, the view becomes INVALID.
In order to make it valid again, you have to ether build the deleted table again,
or create anotehr view with the same name and structure as deleted table, or
create synonym with the same name as deleted table, which will point to the table
with the same structure

Catch The Error

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Catch The Error

SQL>DECLARE
2 dayofweek VARCHAR2(200);
3 BEGIN
4 SELECT TO_CHAR(sysdate,'Day') INTO dayofweek FROM DUAL ;
5
6 IF dayofweek = 'Tuesday'
7 THEN
8 DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('Aloha!!! Today Is Tuesday');
9 ELSE
10 DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('Today is '||to_char(sysdate,'Day'));
11 END IF;
12 END;
13 /
SELECT TO_CHAR(sysdate,'Day') INTO dayofweek FROM DUAL returns

"Name of day padded with blanks to length of 9 characters"

IF 'Tuesday ' = 'Tuesday' is not ture

You have to use the� TRIM before TO_CHAR as given below

SELECT TRIM(TO_CHAR(sysdate,'Day')) INTO dayofweek FROM DUAL� returns.

Oracle Dbms Pipe Commands

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

dbms_pipe is a IPC methodology which allows processes to communicate with each

other using pipes.

The important functions/procedures in this package are

(1) CREATE_PIPE to create a new pipe

==> dbms_pipe.create_pipe(pipename) where pipename can be Oracle supplied or user
defined as below

dbms_pipe.create_pipe(dbms_pipe.unique_session_name) -- Creates a PIPE based on

your unique Session ID

To send data prepare the data using dbms_pipe.pack_message(mesg_buf) where

mesg_buf can be varchar2

At the other end of the pipe you can receive the data using
dbms_pipe.receive_message function

How many ways you can delete the table records ?

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

To delete the records in a table , there are 2 ways .

1.Using the delete statement
2.using the truncate statement .
To delete the entire table drop statement is used .

Deleting a record from a table :

use the following statement.
delete from table_name
where column_name = some_value; .
The above statement deletes a single record at a time.

To delete all the records in a table the following statement is used.

delete * from table_name;

coming to the truncate statement , its like a delete statement without a where
clause. the syntax is
Truncate table table_name.
It also removes all the records in the table.
In case of delete * from table_name and truncate table table_name all the records
in the table is deleted but the table structure and its columns , constraints ,
indexes remain the same .

To remove the table from the database,use the drop table statement.
drop table table_name;

What is difference between TRUNCATE & DELETE

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
The Main Difference Between DELETE & TRUNCATE Are :-

[1] DELETE - is a DML Command & TRUNCATE - is a DDL Command

[2] After DELETE - can rollback the Records & After TRUNATE - cannot rollback the
records

[3] In DELETE Command you can give the conditions in WHERE Clause & In TRUNCATE
you cannot give conditions

[4] After using DELETE Command The memory will be occupied till the user does not
give ROLLBACK or COMMIT & After using TRUNCATE Command The memory realeased
immediately

: What are the data types allowed in a table

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

binary Bigint bit Char datetime

decimal Float image Int Money
nchar Ntext nvarchar Numeric Real
smalldatetime smallint smallmoney sql_variant sysname
text timestamp tinyint varbinary varchar
uniqueidentifier
these are the data types used in sql table

What are the types of SQL statement

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

select - data retrieval

insert, update, delete, merge - DML

Create, alter, drop, rename, truncate - DDL

Commit, rollback, savepoint - transaction control

grant, revoke - DCL

What is ON DELETE CASCADE

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

ON DELETE CASCADE option permits deletions of referenced key values in the parent
table and automatically deletes dependent rows in the child table to maintain
referential integrity.

For example:
CREATE TABLE project (
Project_Id varchar2(3)
constraint project_id_pk PRIMARY KEY,
Project_name varchar2(100))

CREATE TABLE employee (

Project_Id varchar2(3),
Project(Project_Id),
employee_code varchar2(3),
employee_name varchar2(25),
salary Number(7,2),
job_title varchar2(100),
constraint employee_projid_fk
FOREIGN KEY (Project_Id) REFERENCES Project(Project_Id)
ON DELETE CASCADE)

How do I display row number with records

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Select ROWNUM, col1, col2 from tablename;

OR
select rownum, table_name.* from table_name;

Display the records between two range I know the nvl function only allows the same
data type(ie. number or char or date Nvl(comm, 0)), if commission is null then the
text �Not Applicable� want to display, instead of blank space. How do I write the
que
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

SELECT NVL (To_Char(comm), 'Not Applicable') FROM emp

OR
select ename,decode(nvl(comm,0),0,'Not Applicable',comm) from scott.emp;

What is a transaction
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

A collection of DML statements that form a

logical unit of work is called a transaction

whatever you do before executing a commit or rollback is called as a transaction.

What is a join
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Join is a condition to retrive the data from a single or multiple table. Basiclly
we can access the date from multiple table in two ways

1. with join

Inner Join
Left outer Join
Right outer Join
Full Join
2. without join
Cross Join

What is the sub-query- In and Exists

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

"In" is used to find in a range of values.

Eg: select empno, ename from employee where department in

("SALES","ACCOUNTS","FINANCE","HR");

Records from every department are fetched. Checks department whether in SALES or
in ACCOUNTS or in FINANCE or in HR.

Exists just checks for the condition and returns true or false.

Eg: select empno, ename from employee where exists(sal>0);

What is correlated sub-query

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

A correlated sub-query is a subquery that references the value/s from the main
query.
example :
SELECT colA
, colB
FROM tableA
WHERE colB < ( SELECT max(colX)
FROM tableB
WHERE tableB.colY = tableA.colA)
Oracle executes correlated subquery for each record from of main query .. hence
these types of queries have greater impact on performance and must be avoided

when a sub query executes for each row its called a corelated sub query, in other
words when a sub query takes the input from outer query for executation then
execute and passes the result to outer query then outer query executes.

EXAMPLE :
Select deptno, ename, sal from emp a

where sal> (select avg(sal) from emp b where a.deptno =b.deptno)

order by deptno;

What is a corelated subquery

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

1.IF THE OUTPUT OF AN OUTER QUERY ACTS AS A INPUT TO THE INNER QUERY THEN THAT
QUERY IS KNOW AS CORELATED SUB QUERY.

2.WHEN A QUERY IS ASSOCIATED WITH ALLIAS NAME THEN THAT QUERY IS KNOWN AS
CORELATED SUBQUERY

What is a Non- corelated subquery

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Non corelated subquery, where the subquery has been executed once for the entire
parent statement.

Subquery vs Join
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

The main difference betwen subquery and join is

subquery is faster when we have to retrieve data from large number of
tables.Because it becomes tedious to join more tables.
join is faster to retrieve data from database when we have less number of tables

Explain CONNECT BY PRIOR

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

The start with .. connect by clause can be used to select data that has a
hierarchical relationship (usually some sort of parent->child (boss->employee or
thing->parts).

SELECT last_name, employee_id, manager_id, LEVEL

FROM employees
START WITH employee_id = 100
CONNECT BY PRIOR employee_id = manager_id;

Difference between SUBSTR and INSTR

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
INSTR function finds the numeric starting position of a string within a string.

As eg.

Select INSTR('Mississippi','i',3,3) test1,

INSTR('Mississippi','i',1,3) test2,

INSTR('Mississippi','i',-2,3) test3

from dual;

Its output would be like this

Test1 Test2 Test3

___________________________________________
11 8 2

SUBSTR function returns the section of thte specified string, specified by numeric
character positions.

As eg.
Select SUBSTR('The Three Musketeers',1,3) from dual;

will return 'The'.

Explain UNION, MINUS, UNION ALL and INTERSECT

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
UNION - the values of the first query are returned with the values of the second
query eliminating duplicates.
MINUS - the values of the first query are returned with duplicates values of the
second query removed from the first query.
UNION ALL - the values of both queries are returned including all duplicates
INTERSECT - only the duplicate values are returned from both queries.

Example
abcde
cdefg

union - abcdefg
Minus - ab
Intersect - cde
union all - abcdecdefg

What is ROWID
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Rowid is the physical address for each record in the database and it is a fixed-
length binary data.

ROWID is the psedo columns indicate the stored location of the data physically in
the database.

The format of the rowid is:

BBBBBBB.RRRR.FFFFF

where:

BBBBBBB is the block in the database file;

RRRR is the row in the block;

FFFFF is the database file.

ROWID is a pseudo column attached to each row of a table. It is 18 character long,

blockno, rownumber are the components of ROWID. Latest Answer : rowid is a unique
value assigned by system automatically when ever a insert statement gets
successful.rowid contains the address of data file,data block, object id,
rownumber

What are the more common pseudo-columns

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

common pseudo-columns-

Rownm,Rowid,Level,Currval,Nextval,sysdate,user,uid

What is difference between CHAR and VARCHAR2 ...

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

FOR ORACLE 9I AND ABOVE.

CHAR CAN HAVE UPTO 2000 BUT FIX ( IT WILL TAKE 2000 Byies even used only 4 char)
varchar2 can have upto 4000 and variable size

CHAR pads blank spaces to the maximum length. VARCHAR2 does not pad blank spaces.

How many LONG columns are allowed in a table

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Only one column can have LONG data type. And that column cannot be used in WHERE
clause or in ORDER BY clause. Also we cannot add primary key constraint to that
column only not to the whole table, that means we will give primary key to any
column in the table except the column having the long data type. If we give, we
get the error ORA-02269: key column cannot be of LONG datatype.

What is the fastest way of accessing a row in a ta...

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

by using the index and rowid & constraints

What are the pre-requisites to modify datatype of a column and to add a column
with NOT NULL constraint

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
to modify the datatype of a column that should be empty, but if increasing the
width then it can be done even it holds the value.

to add then not null column the table must be empty if not then add the column as
nullable then modify that that column as not null.

Where the integrity constraints are stored in data dictionary

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Constraints are found under the USER_CONSTRAINTS and user_cons_columns table.

How to drop the column in a table

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

You could drop column of a table by follwing command. And it works with all the
version of oracle.

SQL> Alter table <table name> drop column <column name>;

How ever instead of dropping a column you could make it unused. And at the end of
month or week you could drop all the unused columns. This is due to avoid some
risks.

To make a column unused you could have following command:

SQL> Alter table <table name> set unused column <column name>;

To drop unused columns you could use the following command:

SQL> Alter table <table name> drop unused columns;

You could also drop all the unused columns of a schema as well.

Generally rollback cant be followed are implemented along with these DDL
statements. The commit statement automatically involves.

How will you activate/deactivate integrity constraints...

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Alter table <tablename> modify constraint < constraintname> disable/enable

example

alter table CONTACT_US modify constraint CONTACT_US_UK disable;

What is an integrity constraint

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

An integrity constraint is a rule that restricts the values in a database. There

are 5 types:
A NOT NULL constraint prohibits a database value from being null.
A unique constraint prohibits multiple rows from having the same value in the same
column or combination of columns but allows some values to be null.
A primary key constraint combines a NOT NULL constraint and a unique constraint in
a single declaration. That is, it prohibits multiple rows from having the same
value in the same column or combination of columns and prohibits values from being
null.
A foreign key constraint requires values in one table to match values in another
table.
A check constraint requires a value in the database to comply with a specified
condition.

What is a join ? Explain the different types of jo...

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

As posted in earlier answer joins are used to fetch columns from more than one
table by using a column which is present in both the tables.

Joins are of two types:

1. Inner Join� - Matching column is given based on which joining the two tables
occurs. all the rows which have a matching value of the column selected will be
extracted. This is just like Intersection in sets. First find out all the matching
values for the column selected for inner join, then return all the rows for this
matching values.

2. Outer Join - Outer join is again divided into 3 types:

i Left Outer Join

ii Right Outer Join
iii Full Outer Join

In Left Outer join, unmatched column values for the first table are also
extracted.

In right outer join, unmatched column values for the second table and matched
column values for both the tables are extracted.
In full join, all the columns irrespective of matches are extracted.

What is referential integrity constraint

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

It refers to the integrity between master and detail table. If the information
from the master table is deleted then the corresponding record from the detail
table should also get deleted as this information has no meaning without master
table

A foreign key means the values in one table must also appear in another table. The
foreign key in the child table will generally reference a primary key in the
parent table.The referencing table is called the child table & referenced table is
called the parent table.

What is the Subquery ?

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

A subquery is a SELECT statement that is embedded in a clause of another SQL

statement, Called the parent statement.

The subquery (inner query) returns a value that is used by the parent statement.
Using a nested subquery is equivalent to performing two sequential queries and
using the result of the inner query as the search value in the outer query(main
query).

What is the usage of SAVEPOINTS

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

By utilizing savepoints, you are able to rollback to a given point in your

processing. An example of this would be:
...
COMMIT;

INSERT
UPDATE
SAVEPOINT A

DELETE
UPDATE
INSERT
SAVEPOINT B

INSERT
INSERT
DELETE
SAVEPOINT C

ROLLBACK TO SAVEPOINT B

I only lost the two inserts and delete. Had I not placed savepoints in my
processing and used a rollback, I would have lost my entire transaction back to
the last good commit.

SAVEPOINTS are used to subdivide a transaction into smaller parts. It enables

rolling back part of a transaction. Maximum of five save points are allowed.
Oracle Forms :
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Note: While creating a stored procedure, you may receive an error similar to the
following:

ORA-01031: insufficient privileges

This indicates the DBA has not granted you the authorization to create stored
procedures. Please contact your DBA to obtain this authorization.
To see if the procedure compiled correctly, look in view USER_ERRORS as follows:

SQL> SELECT * FROM user_errors;

no rows selected

If the message no rows selected appears, then no errors were found in the trigger.

Another alternative is to use the SQL*Plus command called show errors. After
submitting a trigger or a stored procedure, any errors found during compilation
can be displayed using the show errors command.

In some versions of SQL*Plus, the show errors command will not work due to a lack
of buffer memory on the client computer. An error message may appear as in the
following

example: SQL> CREATE PROCEDURE test AS

2 BEGIN
3 SELECT SYSDATE INTO :temp FROM dual;
4 END;
5 /

Warning: Procedure created with compilation errors.

SQL> show errors

buffer overflow. Use SET command to reduce ARRAYSIZE or increase MAXDATA.
No errors.

If the buffer overflow message appears, set the ARRAYSIZE variable to a lower
number such as 2 with the following command:

SQL> SET ARRAYSIZE 2

Then use the show errors command as described: SQL> show errors
Errors for PROCEDURE TEST:

LINE/COL ERROR
-------- --------------------------------------------
3/23 PLS-00049: bad bind variable 'TEMP'
To see what stored procedures you have created, query the USER_SOURCE view in the
data dictionary.

The only major difference between the stored procedure created in the database
schema through SQL*Plus and the procedure created in Oracle Forms is the way the
header is formatted. Creating a stored procedure uses the following syntax:

CREATE PROCEDURE OTHER_DEPARTMENT_MEMBERS

(IN_EMPLOYEE_SSN IN NUMBER,
OUT_COUNT_OTHER_MEMBERS OUT NUMBER) AS

Contrast this with the procedure done in Oracle Forms:

PROCEDURE OTHER_DEPARTMENT_MEMBERS
(IN_EMPLOYEE_SSN IN NUMBER,
OUT_COUNT_OTHER_MEMBERS OUT NUMBER) IS

SEQUENCE:
------------------------------------------------------

CREATE SEQUENCE department_seq

INCREMENT BY 1
START WITH 1
MAXVALUE 99999
NOCYCLE;

The next step is to assign the next value of the sequence to the DNUMBER item in
the DEPARTMENT data block. A trigger to do this would be created at the block
level and should execute before any new record is inserted into the database. A
PRE-INSERT trigger on the DEPARTMENT data block would be used for this example:

BEGIN
-- Get the next value for DNUMBER from the
-- department_seq sequence.
SELECT department_seq.nextval
INTO :department.dnumber
FROM dual;
END;

Checking constraints
------------------------------------------------------

For example, in an EMPLOYEE data entry form, we may want to enforce a constraint
that no employee can act as their own supervisor. Thus for any record, SSN may not
equal SUPERSSN. To implement such a constraint, add the SUPERSSN item to the
EMPLOYEE form (or simply create a new form from scratch using the wizard that
includes both SSN and SUPERSSN columns) and then create a WHEN-VALIDATE-ITEM
trigger on the SUPERSSN item in the EMPLOYEE data block:

BEGIN
IF (:SUPERSSN = :SSN) THEN
MESSAGE('Employees may not supervise themselves!');
RAISE FORM_TRIGGER_FAILURE;
END IF;
END;
The FORM_TRIGGER_FAILURE will cause the execution of the item validation to be
halted and the user will have to change the SUPERSSN before moving on to another
item.

To set up an Alert:
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Use the Object Navigator to display the Alerts area. Pull down the Navigator menu
and choose Create. Click on the default name that is given for the new alert
(something like ALERT4) and rename it: SUPERVISOR_ALERT
Bring up the Property Palette for this Alert and fill in the following properties:
Title: Supervisor Alert Message
Message: Employees may not supervise themselves!
Alert Style: STOP
Button 1 Label: OK
Leave the Button 2 Label and the Button 3 Label blank
Default Alert button: Button 1
Leave all of the other properties with their defaults and close the Property
palette.
Change the above WHEN-VALIDATE-ITEM trigger on the SUPERSSN item in the EMPLOYEE
data block to:
DECLARE
return_alert NUMBER;
BEGIN
IF (:SUPERSSN = :SSN) THEN
return_alert := SHOW_ALERT ('SUPERVISOR_ALERT');
RAISE FORM_TRIGGER_FAILURE;
END IF;
END;

The SHOW_ALERT procedure calls up the specified alert and obtains the return value
(based on the button the user clicks on) to assign to a local variable called
return_alert.

In the form on when_button_pressed trigger, I've put the following code to call a
report in a form:-

DECLARE
v_url varchar2(200);
v_url2 varchar2(2000);

repid REPORT_OBJECT;
v_rep VARCHAR2(100);
rep_status VARCHAR2(50);

BEGIN
repid := find_report_object('DUMMY');
v_rep := RUN_REPORT_OBJECT(repid);
rep_status := REPORT_OBJECT_STATUS(v_rep);

WHILE rep_status in ('RUNNING','OPENING_REPORT','ENQUEUED')

LOOP
rep_status := report_object_status(v_rep);
END LOOP;
IF rep_status = 'FINISHED' THEN
WEB.SHOW_DOCUMENT('http://reportserver)_IP:Port/reports/rwservlet/getjobid'||
substr(v_rep,instr(v_rep,'_',-1)+1),'_blank');
ELSE
message('Error when running report');
END IF;
END;

Implicit Cursor attributes

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

SQL%FOUND,SQL%NOT FOUND, SQL%IS OPEN, SQL%ROW COUNT

SQL%ISOPEN exists. Oracle always evaluates this to FALSE as PL/SQL closes implicit
cursors immediately after they are executed

To view installed Oracle version information

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

From the SQL> prompt, type the following:

select * from v$version;

What is difference between CHAR and VARCHAR2

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

char is a fixed length charater data type.

varchar is a variable length length character data type.

A varchar2 datatype, when stored in a database table, uses only the space
allocated to it. If you have a varchar2(1999) and put 50 bytes in the table, we
will use 52 bytes (leading length byte).

A char datatype, when stored in a database table, always uses the maximum length
and is blank padded. If you have char(1999) and put 50 bytes into it, it will
consume 2001 bytes (leading length field is present on char's as well).

In the database -- a CHAR is a VARCHAR that is blank padded to its maximum

length.

Display the number value in Words

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

select to_char(to_date(123, 'j' ),'jsp') from dual;

eg:

SQL> select to_char(to_date(123,'j'),'jsp') from dual;

TO_CHAR(TO_DATE(123,'J')
------------------------
one hundred twenty-three

This is using ' julian' functionHere 'j' used as a format in to_date function
return the number in julian year.Whereas the 'jsp' used in to_char made the julian
year spelled out.i.e. j-julian year and sp-spelling so it is ' jsp'. there is some
limitations we cac use this only in numbers from 1 -5373484.I think we cannot
retrive numbers in words using a single querry other than julian
option....ie,within the range 1 -5373484. but we can create a function for this
conversion ...If any one knows another way of conversion using querry other than
julian plz send me...

What is the maximum SIZE allowed for each type

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

VARCHAR2: Max Size=4000 bytes

CHAR: Max Size=2000 bytes
NUMBER(p,s): The precision p can range from 1 to 38.
The scale s can range from -84 to 127
DATE: from January 1, 4712 BC to December 31, 9999 AD.

What is the maximum number of triggers, can apply to a single table

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Insert/Update/Delete :- 3
Before/After:- 2
Row Level/Statement Level:-2

Hence 3*2*2 =12

there can be n number of trigger can have in a table . type of trigger may be 12

Which date function returns number value

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

months_between(date1,date2) returns the number value

no other date functions return number value

Any three PL/SQL Exceptions

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

TOO_MANY_ROWS

NO_DATA_FOUND

INVALID_CURSORS

CURSOR_ALREADY_OPEN

WHEN_OTHERS

What are PL/SQL Cursor Exceptions

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Cursor_already_open, Invalid_cursor

Explicit Cursor attributes

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

%IS OPEN,%FOUND,%NOT FOUND,%ROW COUNT

Other way to replace query result null value with a text

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

NVL or Decode

What is the output of SIGN function

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

SIGN (a): Returns 1 if a is positive ,-1 if a is less than 0 and 0 if a is 0

What is meant by Scrollable cursor

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

A scrollable cursor, however, can move forward and backward, and can seek any
desired record in the cursor. Such operations are common in applications that
present results sets in scrolling windows. With a scrollable cursor, application
developers do not need to create and manage their own buffer for the records.

With scrollable cursors, you can move directly to the rows you want without having
to FETCH every other row returned by the cursor.
the rows of a table can be fetched many times
Sequence is repeated each time FETCH statement is issued

What are the different tablespaces in database

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

A tablespace is a collection of one or more datafiles.all database objects are

stored in tablespaces.

diff types of tablespaces:-

1)system tablespace.

2)temp tablespace.

3)tools tablespace

4)users tablespace.

5)rollback tablespace.

6)data and index tablespace.

what is Ref cursor when we use ref cursor and

advantage of ref cursor
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

The scope of cursor is limited to a block/ programme. here block/ programme means
upto a end of procedure/function and only one fixed query can be attached to that
cursor.

where as the scope of ref cursor is global. Generally ref cursor is used with
package so diffrent internal procedure/function of that package can use this ref
cursor with diffrent query. so one cursor can have multiple query.
Normally in cursors, query is defined at the time the cursor is created.
but in some cases, the query we need to use for a cursor is unknown until run-
time. Oracle uses ref-cursors and cursor variables to satisfy this requirement

How to drop the index

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Drop Index Indexname

Where the integrity constraints are stored in Data Dictionary?

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
user_constraints, dba_constraints, all_constraints

How will you a activate/deactivate integrity constraints...

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

alter table <tablename> modify constraint <constraintname> disable/enable

If an unique key constraint on DATE column is created, will it validate the rows
that are inserted with SYSDATE ?
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

It won't, Because SYSDATE format contains time attached with it.

What is a database link

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

scott@8i> create database link ora8idev

2 connect to scott
3 identified by tiger
4 using 'ora8idev'
5 /

Database link created.

scott@8i> select * from dual@ora8idev;

D
-
X

scott@8i>

How to access the current value and next value from a sequence
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

I would like to give you a small example to use the sequence.currval and
sequence.nextval

create sequence seq_name

start with 1

minvalue 1
maxvalue 999

increment by 1

nocycle

insert into table_name (sno,name) values (seqname.nextval,'abc');

select seqname.currval from dual

You can find the last number used in the session for your sequence from the below
mentioned query

select last_number from user_sequences where sequence_name = <your_sequence_name>

What is CYCLE/NO CYCLE in a Sequence

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

When you create a sequence with CYCLE option, you are saying that when the
sequence reaches its MAXVALUE, it will start over at the MINVALUE. This is not
wise if using the sequence for primary key creation.

When you create a sequence with NOCYCLE option, you are saying that when the
sequence reaches its MAXVALUE, it will NOT start over at the MINVALUE. This option
is safest if using the sequence for primary key creation. When the sequence
reaches its MAXVALUE an oracle error is thrown.

Because CYCLE/NOCYCLE value is optional, When no option is defined, the default

value will NOCYCLE.

What are the advantages of VIEW

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

The advantages of View are:

security: only selected column from a table made available to view.

Complaxity: write a complex query and assign this query to a view so next time no
need to write that complex query.

Faster: view refers to a query which is already parsed , so again it does not go
to that stage

efficient: while writing trigger a condition may arise, trigger makes the table
in mutating state, so use of views in this sanirio makes it easy.

Can a view be updated/inserted/deleted

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Yes a view can be updated/inserted/deleted only if it is based on single base

table means it should be a simple view.

while if a view is based upon more than two tables then it is a complex view and
DML operations can be performed using instead of triggers.

How do you control the constraints in forms ?

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
We control the constraints in forms while selecting primary key 'yes' in property
palett.

If a view on a single base table is manipulated will the changes be reflected on

the base table
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

yes

How do I eliminate the duplicate rows

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

DELETE from TableName WHERE rowid NOT IN ( SELECT MIN(rowid) FROM TableName GROUP
BY ColumnName );

OR

Using distinct.

OR use unique ( select unique * from table_name; )

How do I display row number with records

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

SELECT ROWNUM,table_name.* FROM table_name;

What is the use of TNSNAME.ORA and LISTENER.ORA files

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

tnsnames.ora is used to connect to the remote db. To get the connection

listener.ora should be configured at the server and it should be up and running

listener is used to get the client server communication. U can access ur server
only if the listerner is ON

IS 'define' a valid SQL statement?

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Hi,

DEFINE is a command of SQL * PLUS Tool.

This is only valid in SQL * PLUS.

With DEFINE command, user can define the session variables.

Ex: SQL> DEFINE pi=22/7

SQL> select &pi from dual;

Output:- 3.14285714

what is Snapshot in oracle 9i and what is difference between them...

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
A snapshot is a table that contains the
results of a query of one or more tables or views, often located on
a remote database.

A snapshot is a read-only copy of a master table located on a remote node.

Snapshots can be queried, but not updated; only the master table can be updated.
Snapshots are periodically refreshed to reflect changes made to the master table.

what is ALTER TABLE?HOW WE USE IT TO ADD A New column...

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Alter table is DDL language which is allow us to edit table schema. The syntax is
following: alter table <tablename> <add/subtract/modify> <column_name>
<datatype(length)>;

A table has following layout ; CITY, NAME , SEX

List all the employees who have atleast one person reporting to them
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

select empid,empname from employees a where EXISTS (select manager_id from

employees where empid=a.empid)

List the employee details if and only if more than 10 employees are presently in
department 10
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
SELECT * FROM Empl WHERE Dpt IN (SELECT CASE
WHEN COUNT(Dpt) > 10 THEN Dpt
ELSE NULL
END
FROM Empl GROUP BY Dpt);

How do you write a query to get the count of Male, count of female in a given city
XXX.Query result should be in a single row with count of male , count of female as
columns
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
select count(decode(sex,'M',1)) Males,count(decode(sex,'F',1)) Females from
<table_name> group by city

what is the function of 'force' in view?

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

force in view is used to create the view even if there is no existence of the base
tables and not to replace a view. As two views can not be created with same name.

Actually one more thing important is that u can create view without the defination
of table With force option. it will be create but the status of the view will be
invalid

Force view is created only when you want to create a view for which base table
doesnt exist. As it will only create view but could not be used because it will be
in invalid mode.

It will come in valid mode only when you will create respective base table and
recompile the view.

For example:
Suppose we try to create a view vw_emp on a non existing table emp.

SQL> Create View vw_emp as Select empid, empname from emp;

This command will give an error ORA-000942.

However if we use the FORCE option, it will create the view.However trying to
access the view gives an error,because the table 'emp' doesnt exist.

SQL> Create FORCE VIEW vw_emp as select empid,empname from emp;

It will give a warning: View created with compilation error.

What is the condition to be follwed for the natural join ...

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

While performing Natural Join please ensure that the name of the common column of
both the tables are identical and their data types are also the same.

Example
select e.empno,d.deptno from emp e,dept d where e.dept_no = d.deptno;

how to decrypt the password on oracle 8/8i in system/scott user?

what is the query fired to see the password?
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

DBMS_OBFUSCATION_TOOLKIT package provides the encryption of password.

even DBA can not come to know what is the password, ofcouse he can reset the new
password.

difference between view and table

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Difference between a view and a base relation: -

Views:
1. This is one type of relation which is not a part of the physical
database.
2. It has no direct or physical relation with the database.
3. Views can be used to provide security mechanism.
4. Modification through a view (e.g. insert, update, delete) generally
not permitted

Base Relation:
1. A base relation is a relation that is not a derived relation.
2. While it can manipulate the conceptual or physical relations stored
in the data.
3. It does not provide security.
4. Modification may be done with a base relation.

Difference between a View and Materialized View

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

ANS:
view: View is a logical or virtual memory which is based on select query

and the simple view is the view in which we can not make DML command if the

view is created by multiple tables.

Materialize veiw: It works faster than simple, Its works as snap shot and used for
security purposes and we can make DML command in materialize view
these views contain the data itself .Reason being it is easier/faster to access
the data of the remote schema.The main purpose of Materialized view is to do
calculations and display data from multiple tables using joins .

HOw to get /select the nth row from the table ?

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

nth salary

select salary from table_name a where &n=(select count(distinct salary) from

table_name b where a.salary<=b.salary);

n salaries

select salary from table_name a where &n>=(select count(distinct salary) from

table_name b where a.salary<=b.salary);

Find out nth highest salary from emp table

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

SELECT ename,sal FROM emp s

WHERE (n-1)=

(SELECT count(*) FROM emp e

WHERE e.sal>s.sal)

This will return you the right result

To Display Odd/ Even number of records

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Odd number of records:

select * from emp where (rowid,1) in (select rowid, mod(rownum,2) from emp);
1
3
5
Even number of records:
select * from emp where (rowid,0) in (select rowid, mod(rownum,2) from emp)
2
4
6

How can we order the column of day (mon to sun)such that monday comes first then
tues and so no.Suppose we have retrieved day out of hiredate column..........
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

hi divya! its simple. Note down the query.

select to_char(hiredate,'day') from emp order by to_char(hiredate-1,'d')then u'll
get d result as u like

how many types of data base triggers are there, what is cascading
how many types of queries are there
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Triggers

Basicaly only two type trigger are: Database trigger and Applicaton trigger

database trigger: on table (before, after , update, insert, delete, row level,
statement level) 2 * 3 * 2 = 12 triggers

Application trigger/system triggers ( after logon, before logoff, after startup,

before shutdown, on error, on ddl ) so 12 + 6

queries: subquery, inline query, co-related querry

cascading is used where primary/foreign key relation:

by using cascade we can delete child record or can be set to null or default
values

To display the all employee name with end of �S� without using like operator ?

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

select employee_name from employees where substr(employee_name,-1,1)='S';

What is the basic difference between primary key and (unique key along with Not
NULL).
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
For storing null values, a primary key on a column gurantees that the column must
contain a value for a given row, but a unique key only guarantees that a column
should be unique

A table can have only one primary key only... but the same table can have any
number of primary keys...

We can define Primary key on only one column in a table.

But for Unique key there is no limit. we can define as many columns as we want.

Simple Note : primary key = unique + not null + the only one PK column in the
table + index on the PK column Created index enchances the queries on the PK
column.

How can we use of select query to get the current date and time?

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
select to_char(current_date,'dd-mon-rr hh:mi:ss') from dual;

what are the number datatypes allowed in a table?

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
scalar data type,
boolean data type,
referential data type,
lob large objects

these are the datatypes allowed in database.

Disable Restricted Session

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Alter system disable restricted session;

hi how to place different column in on column

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

CREATE OR REPLACE TYPE address AS OBJECT (

add1 varchar2(25),
add2 varchar2(25),
add3 varchar3(25)
);

CREATE TABLE customer (cust_id NUMBER(10),Cust_name varchar2(25),addre

address);

set describe depth all;

desc customer;

INSERT INTO customer(cust_id, cust_name addre)VALUES(1, �Ramesh�, address('Plot

No.25', 'Sidharth Colony, �Hyderabad'));

INSERT INTO customer(cust_id, cust_name addre)VALUES(2, �Suresh�, address('Plot

No.42', 'Sri Ram Nagar, �Bangalore'));

SELECT * FROM customer;

-- selective select

SELECT *FROM customer p WHERE p.addre.add3 = 'Hyderabad';

Create a report for the HR department that displays employee last names,
department numbers, and all the employees who work in the same department as a
given employee. Give each column an appropriate label.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

The query can be in the form

SELECT EMP_NAME, DEPT

FROM EMP
WHERE DEPT = (SELECT DEPT FROM EMP WHERE EMP_NAME='ABC');

What are HINTS in ORACLE?

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

HINTS are nothing but the comments used in a SQL statement to pass instructions
to the Oracle optimizer
What is the different between Stand Alone Procedure and Package?
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Procedure is a named PL/SQL block tht is stored in the database.

Package is a collection of functions and procedures stored within the database.
Pkg consists of 2 parts
1. Specification - declares types,functions,procedures,exceptions,cursors
2. Body - implements the specification
Whenevr a func/proc is referenced from the pkg thn the entire pkg is loaded in the
memory so tht whn a diff func from the same pkg is referenced thn its already
there in the memory

What is Bitmapped indexes?2. What is b-tree index?

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

B-Tree indexes are usually associated with the index that stores a list of ROWIDs
for each key.While Bitmap is also organized as B tree , but the leaf node stores a
bitmap for each value instead of a list of ROWIDs. B tree can be used for OLTP
while bitmap is used for data warehousing system.

What is the difference between cold backup and hot backup...

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Cold Backup- We can take the Backup while DB(eg. Oracle) is down.
Hot Backup-We can take the Backup while DB(eg. Oracle) is running.

Cold backup is a physical backup. During a cold backup the database is closed and
not available to users. All files of the database are copied (image copy). The
datafiles do not change during the copy so the database is in sync upon restore.
Used when:Service level allows for some down time for backup

Hot backup is a physical backup. In a hot backup the database remains open and
available to users. All files of the database are copied (image copy). There may
be changes to the database as the copy is made and so all log files of changes
being made during the backup must be saved too. Upon a restore, the changes in
the log files are reapplied to bring the database in sync.
Used when:A full backup of a database is needed
Service level allows no down time for the backup

explaint the nvl2 function

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Sybtax:- - nvl2(expr1,expr2,expr3)In nvl2 if expr1 evaluates to NULL then expr3 is

returned and if it evaluates to some value it returns expr2.for e.g select
nvl2(commission_pct,'SAL+COMM','SAL') from employees;if commission_pct is having
null value then SAL will be displayed else SAL+COMM.

What is the Life of an SQL Statement?

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Once parsed, the SQL statement is available in the memory till the session is
valid.

What is the difference between Instance and a Database...

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Instance is the memory structures and background processes used to interact with
Database.
Instance = SGA + Background Process

Database is the physical files used to store information. the 3 types of physical
files are: Datafiles, Control File and Redo-Log fileS(minimum 2).

If the application is running very slow? At what points you need to go about the
database in order to improve the performance?
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

First of all check the process running on that server...if the idle process is 0,
look if there are any run away processes taking most of the CPU and find exactly
what it is doing... you can find the server process by typing the below command in
solaries/AIX servers.

hi!!!
I want to know that..is there any special way to login into oracle SQL*PLUS Editor
directly..Rather than every time u have enter user,password,host string...what
should i do with login.sql script.. i Put it in /Bin directory..but not working..

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

create a SQL PLUS shortcut, select the short cut, right click and select
properties options.

u will see the TARGET option over there, type in the user/password@schema at the
end of the text

target :- C:oracleora92binsqlplusw.exe user/password@schema

type of the text which bold in this mail.

let me know if this work for u. or any doubts

how many columns can be in the group by clause

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

When you mention a column name in GROUP BY Cluase you must mention the same in
SELECT statement

Difference between nested query,sub query and nested query?

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

query inside the query is nested query.

it is also called as sub query.

Correlated subquery runs once for each row selected by the outer query. It
contains a reference to a value from the row selected by the outer query.

Nested subquery runs only once for the entire nesting (outer) query. It does not
contain any reference to the outer query row.

Select from table without using column name

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
we must follow 2 steps.

1. to find out column name using table name.

2. Then we can take corresponding column name from above results.

Ex:
Select column_name from all_tab_columns where table_name='countries';

The Output will be:

COLUMN_NAME
-------------------------
COUNTRY_ID
COUNTRY_NAME
REGION_ID

Then we wil use column names what u need from above list;

What is PL/SQL ?
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

hii
pl/sql is procedural language extenction to structure query language.
which includes object oriented programming techniques such as encapsulation,
function overloading, information hiding (all but inheritance), and so, brings
state-of-the-art programming to the Oracle database server and a variety of Oracle
tools.

SQL - to execute a single querry @ a time.

PL\SQL - to execute multiple lines of querry with advanced features of object
oriented technique.

What is the basic structure of PL/SQL ?...

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

A PL/SQL block has three parts:

a declarative part,

an executable part,

and an exception-handling part.

First comes the declarative part, in which items can

be declared. Once declared, items can be manipulated in the executable part.

Exceptions raised during execution can be dealt with in the exception-handling

part.

The components of a PL/SQL are Declare,Begin , Exception , End.

What are the datatypes a available in PL/SQL ?

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Some scalar data types such as NUMBER, VARCHAR2, DATE, CHAR, LONG, BOOLEAN.
Some composite data types such as RECORD & TABLE.

What are % TYPE and % ROWTYPE ? What are the advantages of using these over
datatypes?
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

% TYPE provides the data type of a variable or a database column to that

variable.

% ROWTYPE provides the record type that represents a entire row of a table or
view or columns selected in the cursor.

The advantages are : I. Need not know about variable's data type
ii. If the database definition of a column in a table changes, the data type
of a variable changes accordingly.

What is difference between % ROWTYPE and TYPE RECORD ?

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
TYPE RECORD is a composite datatype. It consits of multiple pieces of information,
called fields. TYPE RECORD fields can be defined by the user. Eg:

DECLARE
TYPE extra_book_info_t
IS RECORD (
title books.title%TYPE,
is_bestseller BOOLEAN
);

first_book extra_book_info_t;

here, 'title' is the data type defined in books table. We can declare a RECORD
based on this type.

basically the %rowtype is used in case of fetching the values of the cursor
irrespective of how many columns in it and also the data types associated with the
tables column.for eg.

declare

cursor c_example is select * from emp;

v_emp emp%rowtype;

begin

for v_emp in c_example loop

statements

......

end loop;

end;
What is PL/SQL table ?
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Objects of type TABLE are called "PL/SQL tables", which are modeled as (but
not the same as) database tables, PL/SQL tables use a primary PL/SQL tables can
have one column and a primary key.

Example for PL/SQL table:

==================

In the below block "typlsql" and "ty_plsql2" are PL/SQL tables

declare
type ty_plsql is record ( empno number, ename varchar2(50));
TYPE ty_plsql2 is table of ty_plsql;
ty_plsql1 ty_plsql2;
j number;
cursor c is select empno,ename from emp;
begin
ty_plsql1:=ty_plsql2(NULL,NULL);
for i in c loop
j:=1;
ty_plsql1(j).empno := i.empno;
ty_plsql1(j).ename := i.ename;
dbms_output.put_line('Print the value : '||' No '|| ty_plsql1(j).empno ||' Name
'|| ty_plsql1(j).ename);
j:=j+1;
end loop;
end;

can we insert a record in dual?

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Dual is a default table it contains one row, one column. But we can create table
like dual and insert records in that table

create table dual(name varchar2(20));

insert into dual values('Rushi');
commit;
Select * from dual;
It will show Rushi

select sysdate from dual;

This will show result from default dual table

What is a cursor ? Why Cursor is requir...

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Cursor is a named private SQL area also called as context area from where
information can be accessed. Cursors are required to process rows individually
for queries returning multiple rows. there are three types of cursors
1. Static Cursor
* Implicit Cursor
* Explicit Cursor
2. Dynamic Cursor
3. Reference Cursor

Cursor is a handler or pointer to Oracle Context Area.Context area is a memory

space used for processing of sql statements.

Explain the two type of Cursors ?

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Implicit cursor: implicit cursor is a type of cursor which is automatically

maintained by the Oracle server itself.implicit cursor returns only one row.

Explicit cursors:- In explicit cursor you can explicitly assign a name to

process information stored in private sql areas. This process involves four
steps

I. Declaring a cursor :- Involves assign a name to cursor and associating a query

with it..
II. Open the cursor :- Executes the query and identify the result set.
III. Fetch the cursor :- gets the result set and Loops through to process them
IV. Close the cursor :- Releases the cursor

What are the PL/SQL Statements used in cursor processing ?

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

DECLARE CURSOR cursor name, OPEN cursor name, FETCH cursor name INTO or
Record types, CLOSE cursor name.

Replace and Translate

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Translate:

It is used to replace charecter by charecter

Ex:

Select translate('ashok','xp','sk')
from dual;

result: ashok

Replace:

It is used to replace word by word

Ex:
select replace('tech world','Tech','technology')
from dual;

result: technology world

Table Level Constraint & Column Level Constraint

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Table Level Constraint

CREATE TABLE supplier_item ( supp_no INTEGER NOT NULL, item_no INTEGER NOT NULL,
qty INTEGER NOT NULL DEFAULT 0, PRIMARY KEY (supp_no, item_no) ) ;

In the above example you can see that the table is already created and in the end
of the statement we provide the Primary key constraint, So its like creating table
and end of the statement we defind the constraint. The Supp_no and item no are
primary key defined at last.. That is what Table level constraint is.

And the normally when we are creating the table beside eack column we can mention
the constraint indivisually called the column level constraint

Example of Column level constraint

CREATE TABLE supplier_item ( supp_no INTEGER NOT NULL PRIMARY KEY, item_no INTEGER
NOT NULL, qty INTEGER NOT NULL DEFAULT 0 ;

What are the cursor attributes used in PL/SQL ?

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

%Found - Returns TRUE if the Last fetch returns a Row otherwise FALSE.

%NotFound - Returns TRUE if the last fetch doesn't return any row otherwise FALSE.

%Rowcount - Returns number of rows returned so far from the active set.

%Isopen - Returns TRUE if the cursor is open otherwise FALSE.

These attributes are proceeded with SQL for Implicit Cursors and with Cursor name
for Explicit Cursors.

Note:
%Isopen - Returns TRUE if the cursor is open otherwise FALSE. Its always returns
FALSE incase of implicit cursor. Because after executing the DML statement Oracle
Server automatically close the cursor.

How to add new column in the existing table at our desired location?
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Syntax : - Alter Table <table_name> ADD Column (<column_name1>

<data_type1>[size1], <column_name2> <data_type2>[size2], ...);

Example : - Alter Table Employee ADD Column (Address2 Varchar2(28),Phone2

Number(6));

What is the maximum size of a form ?

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
255 character width and 255 characters Length.

SET Operator
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

SET operators are used to combine similar type of data from two or more tables.
The no of columns and their data type must be same in all the queries. The column
names from the first query will appear in the result.
UNION - It returns rows of first query + rows of second query minus
duplicate rows
UNION ALL - It returns rows from both the queries including duplicate rows.
MINUS - Rows that are unique for the first query will be retrieved
INTERSECT - common rows from both the queries will be retrieved.

Join is used to select columns from two or more tables.

What is a cursor for loop ?

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

The for loop in cursors are used to make less statements to write cursor.

if u are opening a cursor normally using the open cursor ,then

open cursor_name;
fetch cursor_name into variable loop
exit when cursor_name%notfound ;
end loop;
close cursor

in the above statement u have to explicitly open and close the cursor, and also
write exit statement to end the cursor loop

if we write the same using for loop then compare the statements.

for varible in cursor_name loop

statements
end loop;

the above for loop does not need a open and close explicitly since those are
involved in the for loop itself.

and also never require the loop to explicitly end using any condition, since it
ends the loop if there are no more rows in the memory.

What is a deadlock?
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Dead lock is a unique situation in multiuser system that causes two or more users
to wait indefinately for a locked resource. First user needs a resource locked by
the second user and second user needs the resource locked by the first user.To
avoid deadlocks avoid using exclusive locks. if using , commit the data
frequently to release locks.

What is SQL Tuning?

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

SQL tuning is the process of ensuring that the SQL statements that an application
will issue will run in the fastest possible time

How to get the row values as comma separated by a query

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
SELECT ENAME ||','||JOB||','||SAL FROM EMP;

Question is been asked in the interview., I have table Department with details
like
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

DeptId Dname Dlocation

10 Finance Del
20 Sales Mum
30 Marketing Blore

The output should be in this format

10 20 30
Finance Sales Marketing
Del Mum Blore

The query I need in SQL not using any transformation.

Can anyone help me out in this ?

using decode function u can do that easily....

let me give u an example of 2 rows n 2 column

x y
1 a
2 b

select decode(y,a,1,b,a) x,decode(y,a,2,b,b) y from table;

result will be like this

x y
1 2
a b

The WHERE CURRENT OF Clause

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

PL/SQL provides the WHERE CURRENT OF clause for both UPDATE and DELETE statements
inside a cursor in order to allow you to easily make changes to the most recently
fetched row of data.

If we give WHERE condition, the whole table have to be searched for the condition
to be fulfilled for the updation to be done. But if we write 'WHERE CURRENT OF'
the updation is done in the current record of the table without scanning the whole
table.

The general format for the WHERE CURRENT OF clause is as follows:

UPDATE table_name
SET set_clause
WHERE CURRENT OF cursor_name;

DELETE
FROM table_name
WHERE CURRENT OF cursor_name;

Example:
DECLARE
CURSOR fall_jobs_cur IS SELECT ... same as before ... ;
job_rec fall_jobs_cur%ROWTYPE;
BEGIN
OPEN fall_jobs_cur;
LOOP
FETCH fall_jobs_cur INTO job_rec;

IF fall_jobs_cur%NOTFOUND
THEN
EXIT;

ELSIF job_rec.do_it_yourself_flag = 'YOUCANDOIT'

THEN
UPDATE winterize SET responsible = 'STEVEN'
WHERE CURRENT OF fall_jobs_cur;
COMMIT;
EXIT;
END IF;
END LOOP;
CLOSE fall_jobs_cur;
END;

Oracle Insert statement execution ... OR What is the Hirerachy of SQL ??

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

The execution flow of sql statement is internally done by means of internal

cursor.
these are steps followed in executing the statement
Parse
bind
execute
fetch
close cursor....

What is a database trigger ? Name some usages of database trigger ?

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

A database trigger is a named pl/sql block associated with a table and fires
automatically when an event occurs or something happens.

Data auditing , Implementing complex business rules, security are main uses of
database triggers.

why order by clause maintains column number values instead of column names ?
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

The column numbers are used so that you can do the order by without keying in all
the column names in the order by clause.

select empno, ename from emp order by empno; -- qry 1

could be replaced by

select empno, ename from emp order by 1; -- qry 2

If you wanted to change the order as may be order by ename asc, that would have
required doing...

select empno, ename from emp order by ename; -- qry 3

instead of just changing the qry to ...

select empno, ename from emp order by 2; -- qry 4

Is it possible to use Transaction control statements inside triggers???...

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Autonomous Transaction is a feature of oracle 8i which maintains the state of

its transactions and save it , to affect with the commit or rollback of the
surrounding transactions.

Here is the simple example to understand this :-

ora816 SamSQL :> declare

2Procedure InsertInTest_Table_B
3 is
4 BEGIN
5 INSERT into Test_Table_B(x) values (1);
6 Commit;
7 END ;
8 BEGIN
9 INSERT INTO Test_Table_A(x) values (123);
10 InsertInTest_Table_B;
11 Rollback;
12 END;
13 / PL/SQL procedure successfully completed.

ora816 SamSQL :> Select * from Test_Table_A; X---------- 123

ora816 SamSQL :> Select * from Test_Table_B; X---------- 1

Notice in above pl/sql COMMIT at line no 6 , commits the transaction at

line-no 5 and line-no 9. The Rollback at line-no 11 actually did nothing.
Commit/ROLLBACK at nested transactions will commit/rollback all other DML
transaction before that. PRAGMA AUTONOMOUS_TRANSACTION override this behavior.
Let us the see the following example with PRAGMA AUTONOMOUS_TRANSACTION.

ora816 SamSQL :> declare

2 Procedure InsertInTest_Table_B
3 is
4 PRAGMA AUTONOMOUS_TRANSACTION;
5 BEGIN
6 INSERT into Test_Table_B(x) values (1);
7 Commit;
8 END ;
9 BEGIN
10 INSERT INTO Test_Table_A(x) values (123);
11 InsertInTest_Table_B;
12 Rollback;
13 END;
14 /PL/SQL procedure successfully completed.

ora816 SamSQL :> Select * from Test_Table_A;no rows selected

ora816 SamSQL :> Select * from Test_Table_B; X---------- 1

Can you use a reference cursor as an input parameter in a procedure with out
declaring it explicitly?
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Oh sorry.

You can not declare . Here is the example

PROCEDURE test_ref (emp_cur IN my_refcursor) IS
emp_rec emp%ROWTYPE;
BEGIN
LOOP
FETCH emp_cur INTO emp_rec;
EXIT WHEN emp_cur%NOTFOUND;
dbms_output.put_line(emp_rec.ename ||' is a ' || emp_rec.job);
END LOOP;
END;

It will throw error

PLS-00201: identifier 'MY_REFCURSOR' must be declared

But you can pass it as sys_refcursor without getting any error.

CREATE OR REPLACE PROCEDURE test_ref (emp_cur IN sys_refcursor) IS

emp_rec emp%ROWTYPE;
BEGIN
LOOP
FETCH emp_cur INTO emp_rec;
EXIT WHEN emp_cur%NOTFOUND;
dbms_output.put_line(emp_rec.ename ||' is a ' || emp_rec.job);
END LOOP;
END;

What are two virtual tables available during database trigger execution ?
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

OLD and NEW are two virtual tables available during database trigger execution.

UPDATE statement has access to both old and new values.

INSERT statement has access only to new values. Old values are NULL for insert
statement.

DELETE satement has access only to old values. New values are NULL for delete
statement.

Write the order of precedence for validation of a column in a table ?

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

create table a ( b number, c number check (c >100) );

create or replace trigger t1

before insert on a
begin
dbms_output.put_line('this is before insert trigger');
end;

create or replace trigger t2

after insert on a
begin
dbms_output.put_line('this is after insert trigger');
end;

insert into a values (1,99);

/
this is before insert trigger

insert into a values (1,99)

*
ERROR at line 1:
ORA-02290: check constraint (XXINV.SYS_C00106711) violated

insert into a values (1,199);

/
this is before insert trigger
this is after insert trigger

1 row created.

So, if it is before insert trigger then the trigger will run first before the
constriants in the table. if it is after insert trigger , contraints are checked
first and then trigger will run.

What is an Exception ? What are types ?...

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Exception is nothing but error in the PL/SQL program. If any error occured in the
PL/SQL program that terminates from the program. To handle that exceptions we are
using exception handling part in the PL/SQL
There are three types of exceptions
1. predefined
Examples
NO_DATA_FOUND
TOO_MANY_ROWS
INVALID_CURSOR
ZERO_DIVIDE
INVALID_CURSOR

2. non-predefined
Examples
Declare within the declarative section and allow allow Oracle server to
raise implicitly
o SQLCODE � Returns the numeric value for the seeor code
 o SQLERRM � Returns the message associated with error number

DECLARE -- PRAGMA EXCEPTION_INIT (exception, error_number)

RAISE � WHEN EXCEPTION_NAME THEN �

3. user defined
IF confidition the
RAISE EXCEPTION or RAISE_APPLICATION_ERROR

Predefined exceptions are defined by the system we have some predefined exception
names to handle some exceptions
non-predefined exceptions are also raised by the system only but we dont have any
predefined names we have to trap the exceptions with error code defined by the
system
User defined exceptions are defined by the user. He has to declare the exception,
he has to raise the exception.

What is Pragma EXECPTION_INIT ? Explain the usage ?

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
The PRAGMA EXECPTION_INIT tells the complier to associate an exception with an
oracle error. To get an error message of a specific oracle error.

It should be declare at the DECLARE section.

e.g. PRAGMA EXCEPTION_INIT (exception name, oracle error number)

example

declare
salary number;
FOUND_NOTHING exception;
Pragma exception_init(FOUND_NOTHING ,100);

begin

select sal in to salaryfrom emp where ename ='ANURAG';

dbms_output.put_line(salary);

exception
WHEN FOUND_NOTHING THEN
dbms_output.put_line(SQLERRM);
end;

Display the emploee records who joins the department before their manager?
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

select t.empno,t.hiredate,t.mgr,t1.empno,t1.hiredate
from emp t,emp t1
where t.mgr=t1.empno
and t.hiredate < t1.hiredate

What is Raise_application_error ?
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Raise_application_error is used to create your own error messages which can be

more descriptive than named exceptions.
Syntax is:-

Raise_application_error (error_number,error_messages);

where error_number is between -20000 to -20999..

How many bites does varchar2(30) needs ?

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

The varchar2(30) will take 30 bites. Because the size is specified as 30. if you
entered a data of only 20 chars the remaining 10 will be transformed to the other
field or row. By this the wastage of the disk space can be minimised.

What are the return values of functions SQLCODE and SQLERRM ?

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

SQLCODE returns the latest code of the error that has occurred.
SQLERRM returns the relevant error message of the SQLCODE.

Dispaly employee records who gets more salary than the average salary in their
department?
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

select * from employe where salary > ( select avg(salary) from dept) where
dept.deptno = employe.deptno);

what is data structure

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

The way the data maintained in the collection of tables can be explained by the
data structure. The structure of database will show on which conditions the
database will be maintained with out inconsistancy.

Where the Pre_defined_exceptions are stored ?

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

PL/SQL declares predefined exceptions in the STANDARD package.

Write a query to display employee records having same salary?

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

select a.empno,a.ename,a.sal from scott.emp a where a.sal in

(select sal from scott.emp group by sal having count(*)>1)

OR

select distinct e.name,e.salary from employe e, employe a where e.salary =

a.salary and e.name != a.name;

NAME SALARY
---------- ----------
MANI 10000
SELVAM 10000
SURAJ 10000
KAMAL 20000
RAMESH 20000
SARA 20000

6 rows selected.

What is a stored procedure ?

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

A procedure is a named PL/SQL block that can accept parameters (sometimes referred
to as arguments), and be invoked. Generally speaking, you use a procedure to
perform an action. A procedure has a header, a declaration section, an executable
section, and an optional exceptionhandling section.

A procedure can be compiled and stored in the database as a schema object.

What is one time procedure

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

One time only procedure is executed only once when the package is first invoked
within the user session. The key word END is not used at the end of the one time
only procedure.

How do you view the last record added to a table?

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

select * from test where rowid = ( select max(rowid) from test);

Difference between functions and procedures

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Function is mainly used in the case where it must return a value. Where as a
procedure may or may not return a value or may return more than one value using
the OUT parameter.

2. Function can be called from SQL statements where as procedure can not be called
from the sql statements

3. Functions are normally used for computations where as procedures are normally
used for executing business logic.

4. You can have DML (insert,update, delete) statements in a function. But, you
cannot call such a function in a SQL query.

5.� Function returns 1 value only. Procedure can return multiple values (max
1024).

Why is insert faster than delete?

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Deletion is slow becoz searching has to be done b4 deleting .. but insertion can b
done just like tat

create a matrix query to display the job, the salary for that job based on
department number and the total salary for that job, for departments 20,50,80, and
90,giving each column and appropriate heading.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
select department,job,sum(salary) from emp where

department in(20,50,80,9) group by rollup(department,job)

Note :
ROLLUP enables a SELECT statement to calculate multiple levels of subtotals across
a specified group of dimensions. It also calculates a grand total. ROLLUP is a
simple extension to the GROUP BY clause, so its syntax is extremely easy to use.
The ROLLUP extension is highly efficient, adding minimal overhead to a query.

write a query to display the no.of people with the same job
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

SELECT job,COUNT(*) FROM emp GROUP BY job;

What are advantages fo Stored Procedures /

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Extensibility,Modularity, Reusability, Maintainability and one time

compilation.

How to give select privilege on all the objects owned by an user(say user1) to
another user say(user2) using a single sql statement?
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

You can try this command

GRANT SELECT ON ALL TO USER2

Create a query that display the last name,hire date and the day of the week on
which the employee started. Label the column DAY. Order the results by the day of
the week starting with Monday.LAST_NAME HIRE_DATE DAYGrant 24-MAY-99
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

select last_name,hire_date, to_char(hire_date,'DAY') as DAY from emp order by

to_char(hire_date-1,'d');

What are the modes of parameters that can be passed to a procedure ?

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

IN,OUT,IN-OUT parameters

i want to try create the database from my script w...

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

CREATE DATABASE testdb DATAFILE 'testdb_system' SIZE 10M LOGFILE GROUP 1

('testdb_log1a', 'testdb_log1b') SIZE 400K, GROUP 2 ('testdb_log2a',
'testdb_log2b') SIZE 400K;

To run script
SQl> @ C:script.txt

How do you control the constraints in forms ?

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Select the use constraint property is ON Block definition screen.
OR
we control the constraints in forms while selecting primary key 'YES' in property
palette.

What are the two parts of a procedure ?

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Procedure Specification and Procedure Body.

explain the differences between cost-based optimizer and Rule-based optimizer ?

Why DB2, Sybase is cost based and SQL, Oracle are Rule Based Optimisers ?

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

A long time ago, the only optimizer in the Oracle database was the Rule-Based
Optimizer (RBO). Basically, the RBO used a set of rules to determine how to
execute a query. If an index was available on a table, the RBO rules said to
always use the index. There are some cases where the use of an index slowed down a
query. For example, assume someone put an index on the GENDER column, which holds
one of two values, MALE and FEMALE. Then someone issues the following query:
SELECT * FROM emp WHERE gender='FEMALE'; If the above query returned approximately
50% of the rows, then using an index would actually slow things down. It would be
faster to read the entire table and throw away all rows that have MALE values.
Experts in Oracle query optimization have come to a rule of thumb that says if the
number of rows returned is more than 5-10% of the total table volume, using an
index would slow things down. The RBO would always use an index if present because
its rules said to.

It became obvious that the RBO, armed with its set of discrete rules, did not
always make great decisions. The biggest problem with the RBO was that it did not
take the data distribution into account. So the Cost-Based Optimizer (CBO) was
born. The CBO uses statistics about the table, its indexes and the data
distribution to make better informed decisions. Using our previous example, assume
that the company has employees that are 95% female and 5% male. If you query for
females, then you do not want to use the index. If you query for males, then you
would like to use the index. The CBO has information at hand to help make these
kind of determinations that were not available in the old RBO.

Give the structure of the procedure ?

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Create or replace procedure proc_name (optional parameters)
as

begin

executable statements;

exception handling

end;
end proc_name;

Can we create two blocks with the same name in form 3.0 ?
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
No.

Explain how procedures and functions are called ???...

Function is called as part of an expression.

sal := calculate_sal ('a822');
procedure is called as a PL/SQL statement
calculate_bonus ('A822');

What is Overloading of procedures ?

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Overloading procs are 2 or more procs with the same name but different arguments.

Arguments needs to be different by class it self. ie char and Varchar2 are from
same class.

What are the main advantages of packages ???

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Package is a schema object that groups logically related PL/SQL types, items and
subprograms. Basically contains two parts namely specification and body.

1- Since packages has specification and body separate so, whenever any ddl is run
and if any proc/func(inside pack) is dependent on that, only body gets invalidated
and not the spec. So any other proc/func dependent on package does not gets
invalidated.

2- Whenever any func/proc from package is called, whole package is loaded into
memory and hence all objects of pack is availaible in memory which means faster
execution if any is called. And since we put all related proc/func in one package
this feature is useful as we may need to run most of the objects.

3- we can declare global variables in the packag

what is the difference between rownum,rowid

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Rownum is just the serial No of your output while Rowid is automatically generated
unique id of a row an it is generated at the time of insertion of row.

Rownum is numeric and rowid is 16 bit hexadecimal no.

What are two parts of package ?

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

The two parts of package are PACKAGE SPECIFICATION & PACKAGE BODY.

Package Specification contains declarations that are global to the packages and
local to the schema.
Package Body contains actual procedures and local declaration of the
procedures and cursor declarations.

What is difference between a Cursor declared in a procedure and Cursor declared in

a package specification ?
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
A cursor declared in a package specification is global and can be accessed by
other procedures or procedures in a package.
A cursor declared in a procedure is local to the procedure that can not be
accessed by other procedures.

How packaged procedures and functions are called from the following?
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
a. PACKAGE NAME.PROCEDURE NAME (parameters);
variable := PACKAGE NAME.FUNCTION NAME (arguments);

b.
BEGIN
PACKAGE NAME.PROCEDURE NAME (parameters)
variable := PACKAGE NAME.FUNCTION NAME(arguments);
END;
END EXEC;
c. EXECUTE PACKAGE NAME.PROCEDURE
VARIABLE g_salary NUMBER

EXECUTE :g_salary := get_sal(117)

What is a Trigger ?
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

A piece of logic that is executed at or triggered by a SQL *forms event.

Can we create sequence to a View??

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Sequence is used to generate numbers which can be stored in tables. View does not
have data of its own and is generally used to query data. So sequence can not be
created to a view.

Name the tables where characteristics of Package, procedure and functions

are stored
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

The Data dictionary tables/ Views where the characteristics of subprograms and
Packages are stored are mentioned below

a) USER_OBJECTS, ALL_OBJECTS, DBA_OBJECTS

b) USER_SOURCE, ALL_SOURCE, DBA_SOURCE

c) USER_DEPENCENCIES

d) USER_ERRORS, ALL_ERRORS, DBA_ERRORS

There are how many maximum no of colimns in atable in oracle?There are how many
maximum no of canvases in a form in forms6i an forms9i?
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

A table contains maximum 1000 columns

What is Data Concarency and Consistency?

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Data Concarency => Means that many users can access data at the same time.

Data Consistency => M How consistent is the view of the data between and within
multiple sessions, transactions or statements

What is the data type of the column of Dual table?...

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

DataType of the Column of Dual table is Varchar2(1)

What is difference between varchar and varchar2

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

both are same varchar is ANSI standardvarchar2 is Oracle

Pro *C
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

The Pro* c/C++ precompiler takes the SQL statement that embeded in C/C++ code
convert into standard C/C++ code . when succefully precompile this code ,the
result is a C or C++ programe that we compile and used to build the application
that access the Oracle Application

What is the difference between "NULL in C" and "NU...

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

The NULL in C treated as Zero or void. but in SQL NULL but in orcale it means if
no data available at this column and it can't manuplated

What are the types of TRIGGERS ?

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

trigger in Forms are totaly differ from trigger in oracle.

Forms trigger: base on 1. mouse navigation 2. key navigation 3. Transactional

4. others
other 3 levels of triggers
1)formlevel 2)block level 3) item level

What is the output of the following pl/sql block ?

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

declare
v_empno emp.empno%type;
begin
select empno into v_empno from emp where empno = 10;
exception
when others then
dbms_output.put_line ( 'no data found');
when no_data_found then
dbms_output.put_line ( 'ther is no data found ');
end;

when others then

*
ERROR at line 6:
ORA-06550: line 6, column 2:
PLS-00370: OTHERS handler must be last among the exception handlers of a block
ORA-06550: line 0, column 0:
PL/SQL: Compilation unit analysis terminated

When Others is always handeled at the very end of all handeled exceptions. In this
others should be in the last means after No_data_Found.

what is normalization? what is the advantage of normalization (briefly)

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Normalization is the process of removing redundant data from your tables in order
to improve storage efficiency, data integrity and scalability

What are the privileges that view does not have as compared to normal table?
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

We can't� select� next value and current value� from views.

What are the different types of key triggers ?

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Key-function
Key-others
Key-startup
key-next
key-help
all triggers has "key" word comes under key triggers

How to see the existing constraints in a table?

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

by using the command user_constraints

how do you generate prime numbers in sql not in p...

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

to generate prime numbers

select decode(n,2,n,decode(mod(n,2),1,n,0)) primes from prime_test;

What is REF Cursor?

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

ref cusor is a dynamic type of cursor which is used to provide Reusability of

cursor.
CURSOR IN WHICH QUERY CAN BE CHANGED AT RUNTIME
It is dynamic Cursor.
They are two types

1) Strong- Return type

2) weak- No Return type

1.strong ref cursor:

This has a return type defined.

2. weak ref cursor.

 this doesnt have a return type

1. Describe the difference between a procedure, function and anonymous pl/sql

block.

Level: Low

Expected answer : Candidate should mention use of DECLARE statement, a function

must return a value while a procedure doesn?t have to.

2. What is a mutating table error and how can you get around it?

Level: Intermediate

Expected answer: This happens with triggers. It occurs because the trigger is
trying to update a row it is currently using. The usual fix involves either use of
views or temporary tables so the database is selecting from one while updating the
other.

3. Describe the use of %ROWTYPE and %TYPE in PL/SQL

Level: Low

Expected answer: %ROWTYPE allows you to associate a variable with an entire table
row. The %TYPE associates a variable with a single column type.

4. What packages (if any) has Oracle provided for use by developers?

Level: Intermediate to high

Expected answer: Oracle provides the DBMS_ series of packages. There are many
which developers should be aware of such as DBMS_SQL, DBMS_PIPE, DBMS_TRANSACTION,
DBMS_LOCK, DBMS_ALERT, DBMS_OUTPUT, DBMS_JOB, DBMS_UTILITY, DBMS_DDL, UTL_FILE. If
they can mention a few of these and describe how they used them, even better. If
they include the SQL routines provided by Oracle, great, but not really what was
asked.

5. Describe the use of PL/SQL tables

Level: Intermediate

Expected answer: PL/SQL tables are scalar arrays that can be referenced by a
binary integer. They can be used to hold values for use in later queries or
calculations. In Oracle 8 they will be able to be of the %ROWTYPE designation, or
RECORD.

6. When is a declare statement needed ?

Level: Low

The DECLARE statement is used in PL/SQL anonymous blocks such as with stand alone,
non-stored PL/SQL procedures. It must come first in a PL/SQL stand alone file if
it is used.

7. In what order should a open/fetch/loop set of commands in a PL/SQL block be

implemented if you use the %NOTFOUND cursor variable in the exit when statement?
Why?

Level: Intermediate

Expected answer: OPEN then FETCH then LOOP followed by the exit when. If not
specified in this order will result in the final return being done twice because
of the way the %NOTFOUND is handled by PL/SQL.

8. What are SQLCODE and SQLERRM and why are they important for PL/SQL developers?

Level: Intermediate

Expected answer: SQLCODE returns the value of the error number for the last error
encountered. The SQLERRM returns the actual error message for the last error
encountered. They can be used in exception handling to report, or, store in an
error log table, the error that occurred in the code. These are especially useful
for the WHEN OTHERS exception.

9. How can you find within a PL/SQL block, if a cursor is open?

Level: Low

Expected answer: Use the %ISOPEN cursor status variable.

10. How can you generate debugging output from PL/SQL?

Level:Intermediate to high

Expected answer: Use the DBMS_OUTPUT package. Another possible method is to just
use the SHOW ERROR command, but this only shows errors. The DBMS_OUTPUT package
can be used to show intermediate results from loops and the status of variables as
the procedure is executed. The new package UTL_FILE can also be used.

11. What are the types of triggers?

Level:Intermediate to high

Expected Answer: There are 12 types of triggers in PL/SQL that consist of

combinations of the BEFORE, AFTER, ROW, TABLE, INSERT, UPDATE, DELETE and ALL key
words:

BEFORE ALL ROW INSERT

AFTER ALL ROW INSERT

BEFORE INSERT

AFTER INSERT etc.