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Computations of Deflections (Deformations: Beams Frames and Trusses)
Computations of Deflections (Deformations: Beams Frames and Trusses)
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Castigliano's Theorems I and II , Method of Least Work & The Force Method Summary of lectures 20-24
Introduction:
The method is named after the person (Alberto Castigliano, an Italian engineer) who first introduced the method in 1873-1879. The method is based on the concept of real works (external work W e and internal strain energy U). For a given structure the under load and when equilibrium equations are satisfied and if the change of geometry is compatible with the support conditions, the total change in W e is equal to the total change in U. This is often written mathematically as We = U or We U = 0 or (We U) = 0 where: We = [ We / i ] i and U = [ U / i ] i For arbitrary change in the deformed shape by i, and since the work for any force F i is We = Fi i, then [ We / i ] i = Fi i. It is then seen that [ U / i - Fi] i = 0 But since i is not equal to zero for a deformable body, the quantity in the bracket is set to zero. This gives the first theorem of Catigliano as U / i - Fi = 0 or U / i = Fi (1) Equation 1 is valuable to solving statically indeterminate problems. For change in the deformed shape by arbitrary force change Fi, and since the work for any force Fi is We = i Fi, then [ We* / Fi ] Fi = i Fi . It is then seen that [ U* / Fi - i] Fi = 0 But since Fi is not equal to zero for a deformable body, the quantity in the bracket is set to zero. This gives the first theorem of Catigliano as U / Fi - i = 0 or U* / Fi = i (2) Equation 2 credited to Engesser in 1889, and is often referred to as the complimentary strain energy theorem. Castigliano's second theorem is based on equation 2. Equation 1 and 2 are both valid for elastic and inelastic structure. It is noted that Equation 2 is valuable in solving for the deflections at any point and in any direction (even if there is no force applied at the point) of statically indeterminate force
Castiglianos Theorem I: based on equation 1 given above. Castiglianos Theorem II: based on equation 2 for linearly elastic structures, the theorem is
mathematically stated as (3) where U is the sum of all strain energies of a given structure (as described in the following section).
U / Fi = i
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Example 1:
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Note:
the sum is equal to zero for statically indeterminate structures for two reasons as follows, 1) For a rigid
support the deformations (i and i) are both zero, and 2) For a an internal force in a deformable (like a beam with a truss member) displacements will add to zero from the two parts of the structure each others when the expression
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[ U* / Fi] =
is used. It is to be noted that for beams, frames and trusses the use of several segments to express the M(x) and N(x) require an orderly procedure which is best achieved by using a tabular form as shown above.
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