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Types of Heat Exchangers and LMTD Design Method
Types of Heat Exchangers and LMTD Design Method
Professor Jung-Yang San Mech. Engrg. Dept., National Chung Hsing University
Counter-flow Double-Tube Heat Exchanger
TEMA
(Tubular Exchanger
Manufacturers Association)
baffles
86 !
Baffle Cut
Helical Baffle
Single tube helical coil heat exchangers are suited for oil coolers, sump coolers and other high pressure, high temperature, low flow applications. Pressure ratings up to 345 bar and sample conditions up to 540C Compact and lightweight Highly resistant to thermal and pressure shock Standard 316 SUS construction with other exotic materials available
Twisted TubeTechnology
Tube Bundles
(tube bank heat exchanger)
baffles
NCHU
Spacing = 2 ~ 5 mm ; Operating temperature < 900C Sheet thickness = 0.1 mm ; k (pp-sheets) = 0.12 W/m-K
Core: 300 x 300 x 150 mm (pp) Hot air inlet temperature = 30C Cold air inlet temperature = 15C
Channel dimensions: 100 x 70 m, 200 x 100 m, 200 x 200 m Specific inner surface up to 30,000 m2 m-3 Heat exchange coefficient up to 20,000 W/mK Pressure resistance > 100 bar Leak rate (Helium) 10-8 mbar (l s)-1 Temperature resistance: up to 850C Material: Stainless (DIN 1.4301, 1.4435), Hastelloy,
Outer dimensions:
80 x 80 x 25 mm 115 x 115 x 35 mm 200 x 200 x 45 mm
Connectors:
Swagelok 8 mm Swagelok 18 mm Swagelok 25 mm
Specific inner surface up to 30.000 mm-3 Heat exchange coefficient up to 20.000 W/mK Pressure resistance > 100 bar Leak rate (Helium) 10-8 mbar (l s)-1 Temperature resistance: up to 850C Material: Stainless (DIN 1.4301, 1.4435), Hastelloy,
The main element at the production site, i.e. the micro reactor, is made from a nickel alloy and is 65 cm long and 290 kg in weight. The possible throughput is 1700 kg/h of liquid reactants. The heat released by the chemical reaction, approx. 100 kW is transferred within the reactor to again several ten thousands of micro channels at the cooling passage.
A micro heat exchanger of only 8 cm3 in size is working in a plant for coffee production. Purpose: Cooling of liquid CO2 .
Micro drill
Micro cutter
2 m
Micro Fabrication
The fabrication of metallic micro structured devices starts with processing of metallic foils. Precision turning () and milling () are applied therefore and together with partners micro etching () and micro embossing () are carried out. The micro structured metal plates are then stacked between two base plates and diffusion bonded under a well defined press capacity and temperature in vacuum. By this procedure a microstructured body is yielded, which comprises of thousands of microchannels. Materials which can not be diffusion bonded can be joined by laser welding or soldering. However, these technologies are under development. The joined micro structured body gets welded into a housing with tubes or fittings by electron beam welding, vacuum tight and pressure resistant.
Packed-Bed Regenerator
Rotary Regenerator
Selection of Heat Exchangers The proper selection depends on several factors: heat transfer rate cost (maintenance and power) pumping power size and weight type materials miscellaneous (leak-tight, safety and reliability, quietness)
Tube with Internal Fins and Tube with Internal Roughened Surface
Extrusion
Fin Height : 1.422 (mm) Outside Diameter : 19.00 (mm) Wall thickness : 1.32 (mm) Copper-Nickel Alloys
Corrugated Tubes
(NCHU) -
2 mm
outlet rotameter Tw4 Tw3 Tw2 Tw1 Tai ,Pi surge tank
Tao ,Po
electric inverter
heater
Correlation of Nu
International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer Vol. 49, 2006, pp. 2965-2971 JCR (Mechanical Engineering) : 7/106
Correlation of f
Correlation Results
(1)
f = 0.0018(e / d )e
0.26( p / d )
(Re)e
1.44 x104 Re
f = 0.132(e / d )
2.55
0.26( p / d )
(Re)e
1.44 x104 Re
Performance Map
LMTD
:
h c ph dTh Q = m c c pc dTc Q = m
Q d Th = m h c ph dT = Q c c c pc m
= U (T T ) dA Q h c s
d (Th Tc ) Th Tc
1 1 = UdAs + m c c pc h c ph m
1 2
ln(
1 1 + ) = UAs m c m c h ph c pc
:
1
Q = (m h c ph )(Th ,in Th ,out ) = (m c c pc )(Tc ,out Tc ,in )
(m h c ph ) 1 (m c c pc )
= =
ln(
(Th ,out
(Th ,out Tc ,out ) (Th ,in Tc ,in ) Q = (UAs )[ ] Th ,out Tc ,out ln( ) Th ,in Tc ,in
UA T Q s lm
where
Tlm
T1
z Counter-flow arrangement
T2
2 Tc,in
Th,in
dAs Tc,out
Th,out
Counterflow arrangement
:
1 2:
h c ph dTh Q = m c c pc dTc Q = m
Q dTh = mh c ph dT = Q c c c pc m
(i)
= U (T T ) dA Q h c s
(ii)
(ii) (i)
d (Th Tc ) Th Tc
1 1 = UdAs m c c pc h c ph m
1 2
:
Q = (m h c ph )(Th ,in Th ,out ) = (m c c pc )(Tc ,out Tc ,in )
1 (m h c ph ) 1 (m c c pc )
= =
ln(
(Th ,in Th ,out ) (Tc ,out Tc ,in ) ) = (UAs )[ ] Q Q (Th ,out Tc ,in ) (Th ,in Tc ,out ) = (UAs )[ ] Q
(Th ,out Tc ,in ) (Th ,in Tc ,out ) T T1 ] = (UAs )[ 2 ] Q = (UAs )[ T2 Th ,out Tc ,in ln( ) ln( ) T1 Th ,in Tc ,out
Tlm :
Tlm
UA T Q s lm