Quiz 8 Miksis and Bayliss

November 30, 2010

1. Problem 1 Consider the system x = f (x, y ) = y 1 y = g (x, y ) = x y Determine all critical points and their stability. Solution To nd the critical points set x = y = 0. Solve to nd that the critical points are (1, 1) and (1, 1). To determine the stability of these points, rst nd the Jacobian of the system. J (x, y ) =
f x g x f y g y 2

(1) (2)

0 1 2 x 1

(3)

Using (3) the linearized system about the points (1, 1) and (1, 1) are x y = 0 2 1 1 x y and x y = 0 2 1 1 x y (4)

The eigenvalues of the rst systemare = 1, 2 and are found by solving 2 + 2 = 0. The eigenvalues of 1 i 27 and are found by solving 2 + + 2 = 0 Therefore, (1, 1) is an unstable the second system are = 2 saddle point and (1, 1) is a stable spiral sink. 2. Problem 2 Consider a mechanical system given by the equation x + 4 x x2 = 0 x + 4 x 5x + x = 0
3 5

(Miksis) (Bayliss)

(5) (6)

Find and classify the critical points of the equivalent rst order system. If critical point analysis leads to a Jacobian with purely imaginary eigenvalues use an energy argument (i.e., nd the energy using the ODE) to distinguish between a center and a spiral. Solution Miksis The dierential equation (5) can be rewritten as a system of rst order ODEs. x =y y = x 4x = x(x 4) 1
2

(7) (8)

The critical points occur of the system occur at (0, 0) and (4, 0). As in problem 1, next nd the Jacobian. J (x, y ) = 0 2x 4 1 0

The linearized system about the points (0, 0) and (4, 0) are x y = 0 4 1 0 x y and x y = 0 4 1 0 x y

The eigenvalues of the system are = 2i and = 2. Since the point (0, 0) leads to a system with purely imaginary eigenvalues, need to use the energy argument. dy dy/dt x2 4x = = dx dx/dt y ydy + (4x x2 )dx = 0 1 2 1 y + 2 x2 x3 = E 2 3 (9) (10) (11) (12) Energy is constant since it does not depend on t. The energy equation denes closed trajectories around the point (0, 0). Therefore the point (0, 0) is a stable center and the point (4, 0) is an unstable saddle point. Solution Bayliss The dierential equation (6) can be rewritten as a system of rst order ODEs. x =y y = 5x 4x x = x(5x 4 x )
3 5 2 4

(13) (14)

The critical points occur of the system occur at (0, 0), (1, 0) and (2, 0). As in problem 1, next nd the Jacobian. 0 1 J (x, y ) = (15x2 4 5x4 ) 0 The linearized system about the critical points are x y x y x y = = = 0 4 0 6 1 0 1 0 x y 1 0 x y x y for point (0, 0) for point (1, 0) and (1, 0) for point (2, 0) and (2, 0) (15) (16) (17)

0 24

The eigenvalues of (15) are = 2i, the eigenvalues of (16) are = 6 and the eigenvalues of (17) are = 2i 6. For the purely imaginary eigenvalues, must use the energy argument to determine stability. dy/dt 5x3 4x x5 dy = = dx dx/dt y ydy + (4x + x5 5x3 )dx = 0 1 2 1 5 y + 2x2 + x6 x4 = E 2 6 4 (18) (19) (20) (21) Energy is constant since it does not depend on t. The energy equation denes closed trajectories around the points (0, 0) and (2, 0). Therefore the points (0, 0) and (2, 0) are stable centers and the points (1, 0) are unstable saddle points. 2