PHYSICAL REVIEW A 84, 032109 (2011)

Dirac oscillator interacting with a topological defect

J. Carvalho
Unidade Acad emica de Tecnologia de Alimentos, CCTA, Universidade Federal de Campina Grande, Pereiros, 58840-000,
Pombal, Paraba, Brazil
C. Furtado and F. Moraes
Departamento de Fsica, CCEN, Universidade Federal da Paraba, Cidade Universit aria, 58051-970 Jo ao Pessoa, Paraba, Brazil
(Received 11 April 2011; published 14 September 2011)
In this work we study the interaction problem of a Dirac oscillator with gravitational elds produced by
topological defects. The energy levels of the relativistic oscillator in the cosmic string and in the cosmic dislocation
space-times are sensible to curvature and torsion associated to these defects and are important evidence of the
inuence of the topology on this system. In the presence of a localized magnetic eld the energy levels acquire
a term associated with the Aharonov-Bohm effect. We obtain the eigenfunctions and eigenvalues and see that in
the nonrelativistic limit some results known in standard quantum mechanics are reached.
DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevA.84.032109 PACS number(s): 03.65.Ge, 03.65.Pm, 04.62.+v
I. INTRODUCTION
A relativistic generalization of the harmonic oscillator is
far from being a trivial topic and is certainly not unique.
Such a generalization depends on the choice of a denition
for the harmonic oscillator. The study of a relativistic electron
in the presence of a quadratic potential was investigated by
Nikolsky [1] and Postpska [2]. They obtained a Dirac equation
for a quadratic potential that results in a quartic equation in
the eigenvalues problem with no bound state solutions. They
have demonstrated that in the nonrelativistic limit the discrete
energy levels correspond in this oscillator to resonances [3].
In 1967, It o et al. [4] investigated a problem of the spin-1/2
particle in which the momentum p has the coupling
p p im

x, (1)
where m and w are the mass and oscillator frequency,
respectively, is the standard matrix appearing in relativistic
quantum mechanics, and x is the position of the particle.
Cook [5] demonstrated that this problem exhibits certain
peculiar accidental degeneracies. Moshinsky and Szczepaniak
[6] revived this problemand coined the termDirac oscillator.
They did so due to the fact that in the nonrelativistic limit it
becomes a harmonic oscillator [6] with a very strong spin-orbit
coupling. In their study they obtained the eigenvalues and
eigenstates for this problem. Recently, the Dirac oscillator
was studied in a series of physical contexts: its covariance
properties were studied in [7], in the point of view of Lie
algebra in [8], hidden supersymmetry [7,911], using the shape
invariant method [12], conformal invariance properties [13], in
the presence of external magnetic elds, and in the presence of
Aharonov-Bohm ux [1417]. Furthermore, Dirac oscillator
seems to be related to superconductor systems, the quantum
Hall effect [17], and the Ramsey interferometry effect [18].
The study of the inuence of topological defects in the
relativistic and nonrelativistic quantum dynamics is a topic
well investigated in recent years. In nonrelativistic quantum
mechanics a series of problems have been investigated:
scattering of particles by topological defects [19], bound states
of electrons and holes to a disclination [20,21], Landau levels
in the presence of topological defects [2224], and so on. The
harmonic oscillator interacting with topological defects was
investigated by two of us in [25]. In the relativistic point of
view, the quantum dynamics in the presence of topological
defects was investigated in various physical contexts: the
relativistic Hydrogen atom [26], space-times with topological
defects, quantum dynamics of a single particle in the presence
of a series of potentials [27], and scattering of particles [28,29].
The aim in the present article is to investigate the Dirac
oscillator in the background produced by topological defects
such as cosmic strings. In this sense, our contribution lls a
lack on the physical properties of particles interacting with
gravitational elds due to topological defects.
In this contribution, we solve the Dirac equation for the
Dirac oscillator in the background space-times of a cosmic
string, of a magnetic cosmic string, and of a cosmic dislocation.
Finally, to corroborate our results, a nonrelativistic study is
made for comparison with the known results in the literature.
II. DIRAC OSCILLATOR IN THE COSMIC STRING
BACKGROUND
In this section, we proceed to solve the Dirac oscillator in the
cosmic string background whose signature is (, +, +,+).
The cosmic string background is described by the following
metric written in cylindrical coordinates (t,,,z):
ds
2
= dt
2
+d
2
+
2

2
d
2
+dz
2
, (2)
with the following range on variables < (t,z) < , 0
< , and 0 2. The parameter is the decit angle
associated with the conical geometry obeying = 1 4and
is the linear mass density of the string in natural units.
The equation to be solved is the Dirac equation in the
background described by Eq. (2), which written in covariant
form is
[i

(x)

(x)

(x) m](t,x) = 0. (3)

Notice that this equation, when compared to the Dirac equation
in at space-time, has an extra

(x)

(x) termthat takes into

account the correction introduced by the conical geometry
of the defect. The matrices

(x) are the generalized Dirac

matrices for the background given by Eq. (2). They satisfy
032109-1 1050-2947/2011/84(3)/032109(6) 2011 American Physical Society
J. CARVALHO, C. FURTADO, AND F. MORAES PHYSICAL REVIEW A 84, 032109 (2011)
the anticommutation relation

= 2g

and are
written in terms of the standard Dirac matrices
a
(x) in
Minkowski space-time as

(x) = e

a
(x)
a
. (4)
The tetrad components e
a

(x) obey the relation

e
a

(x)e
b

(x)
ab
= 2g

, (5)
where (,) = (0,1,2,3) are tensor indices and (a,b) =
(0,1,2,3) are tetrad indices. We consider the following choice
for the tetrad inverse in the cosmic string space-time
e

a
(x) =

1 0 0 0
0 cos sin 0
0
sin

cos

0
0 0 0 1

. (6)
In this representation the Diracs matrices,

(x), obey the

relations

0
=
t
,
3
=
z
,
1
=

= cos
1
+sin
2
,
(7)

2
=

= sin
1
+cos
2
.
The correction introduced by the geometry,

(x)

(x)
appearing in Eq. (3), can be calculated with the help of the
following one-form basis
e
0
= dt, e
3
= dz, e
1
= cos d sin d,
(8)
e
2
= sin d + cos d.
Using the Maurer-Cartan structure equation de
a
+w
a
b
e
b
=
0, we nd the following nonnull components of the spin
connection to be w
1 2
= w
2 1
= (1 )d. Therefore, the
spin connection matrix
ab
= w
ab
dx

is given by

ab
(x) =

0 0 0 0
0 0 1 0
0 (1 ) 0 0
0 0 0 0

. (9)
Hence, we can calculate the spinorial connection using

(x) =
i
2
w
ab

ab
2
with
ab
=
i
2
[
a
,
b
]. Using this infor-
mation and the results (7) and (9), we obtain that the curvature
correction is

(x)

(x) =
1
2

. (10)
In this point, we can solve the Dirac oscillator problem in the
cosmic string background. To include the Dirac oscillator term
imw into Eq. (3) we proceed with the following change in
the radial momentum component

+mw. There-
fore, Eq. (3), with the help of Eqs. (7) and (10) transforms
into
_
i
t

t
+i

1
2
+mw
_
+i

+i
z

z
m
_
= 0, (11)
This is the quantum equation for the Dirac oscillator of mass
m and frequency w in the background space-time described
by Eq. (2). A solution can be constructed assuming temporal
independence and rotational symmetry of the background
around z axis. For the positive energy solution we can choose
the following ansatz
= e
iEt +i(l+1/2
3
/2)+ikz
_
()
()
_
. (12)
In this way, Eq. (13) transforms into
_

2
E +i

+
1
2
+mw
_

l +1/2

z
k m
__

_
= 0, (13)
where we use the property

3
= i

imposed by relation (7). With the help of Eq. (7) we write the terms

in the following
way

= cos
_
0
1

1
0
_
+sin
_
0
2

2
0
_
;

= cos
_
0
1

1
0
_
+sin
_
0
2

2
0
_
;
(14)
=
_
0
0
_
;

= sin
_
0
1

1
0
_
+cos
_
0
2

2
0
_
;
z
=
_
0
3

3
0
_
.
With these matrices Eq. (13) can be written as the two coupled equations below
(E m) +
__
i(cos
1
+sin
2
)
_

+
1
2
mw
_

(sin
1
+cos
2
) k
3
__
= 0,
(15)
(E +m)+
__
i(cos
1
+sin
2
)
_

+
1
2
+mw
_

(sin
1
+cos
2
) k
3
__
= 0.
032109-2
DIRAC OSCILLATOR INTERACTING WITH A . . . PHYSICAL REVIEW A 84, 032109 (2011)
We can multiply the rst equation of Eq. (15) by (E +m) and using the second equation we obtain
(E
2
m
2
)
_
i(cos
1
+sin
2
)
_

+
1
2
mw
_

(sin
1
+cos
2
) k
3
_

_
i(cos
1
+sin
2
)
_

+
1
2
+mw
_

(sin
1
+cos
2
) k
3
_
= 0. (16)
An analog equation for can be written as
(E
2
m
2
)
_
i(cos
1
+sin
2
)
_

+
1
2
+mw
_

(sin
1
+cos
2
) k
3
_

_
i(cos
1
+sin
2
)
_

+
1
2
mw
_

(sin
1
+cos
2
) k
3
_
= 0. (17)
After simple algebraic manipulations we arrive at

() +

()

2
_
1
4
+i
1

2
+
2
_
m
2
w
2

2
()
+ (E
2
m
2
+mw k
2
)() 2mw[i
1

2
+ik( cos
1

3
+ sin
2

3
)]() = 0. (18)
The third term in this expression can be written as a perfect
square. To the last term, we use the denition of the scalar
product

S

L in cylindrical coordinates. We get then
[i
1

2
+ik( cos
1

3
+ sin
2

3
)] =

L.
(19)
As

S =

2
the above term becomes
[i
1

2
+ik( cos
1

3
+ sin
2

3
)] = 2

S

L.
(20)
We can simplify our problem by assuming a tridimensional
planar system in which the term

S

L has an eigenvalue (l +
1/2)/2. With this we can write Eq. (18) in a compact form
d
2

d
2
+
1

d
d

_
1

2
_
l +1/2

1
2
_
2
+m
2
w
2

_
= 0,
(21)
with the term given by
= E
2
m
2
+2mw
_
l +1/2

+
1
2
_
k
2
. (22)
An analog equation can be found for . In summary, we have
the set of two decoupled differential equations to solve
_
d
2
d
2
+
1

d
d

2
+m
2
w
2

___

_
= 0,
(23)
with

=
l +1/2

1
2
,
(24)
e

= E
2
m
2
+2mw
_
l +1/2

1
2
_
k
2
.
The aim now is to solve Eq. (23). The equation for the
component can be transformed by the variable change
= mw
2
resulting in

() +
1

()
_

2
+
4
2
+
1
4

4mw
_
() = 0, (25)
with
+
= (l +1/2)/ +1/2. The requirements of niteness
at the origin and at innity are obtained by studying the
appropriate limits. This leads us to the following ansatz
() =
|
+
|
2
e

2
F(). (26)
With this, Eq. (25) is transformed into the equation
F

() + (|
+
| +1 )F

()

_
|
+
|
2
+
1
2

4mw
_
F() = 0, (27)
which is of the conuent hypergeometric function type
F

() +(c +1 )F

() aF() = 0. To obtain normal-

ized solutions to this equation we require that the polynomial
series terminates. This requirement is satised by equating the
independent term to a negative integer or zero (i.e, a = n).
By simple manipulation we nd the following energy levels:
E
2
= m
2
+4mw
_
n +

l +1/2(1 )
2

_
l +1/2(1 )
2
_
+
1 s
2
_
+k
2
, (28)
with n = 0,1,2, . . . , l = 0,1,2, . . . , and s = 1. The
eigenfunctions to our problem are described by
= e
iEt +i(l+1/2
3
/2)+ikz
_
()
()
_
, (29)
with the up (+) and down () spinor components written in
terms of hypergeometric conuent functions as below
_
()
()
_
= (mw)
|

|
2

|
e

mw
2
2
F
_
n, |

| +1, mw
2
_
.
(30)
032109-3
J. CARVALHO, C. FURTADO, AND F. MORAES PHYSICAL REVIEW A 84, 032109 (2011)
Note that taking the limit 1 into Eq. (28) leads to
the energy levels of the particle in at space added by its
rest energy. Moreover, for integer values of , the innite
degeneracy of the eigenvalues is present, in accordance with
the degenerate states of the nonrelativistic case. For noninteger
values the degeneracies are absent.
III. DIRAC OSCILLATOR IN THE MAGNETIC COSMIC
STRING BACKGROUND
In this section, the Dirac equation in the background of a
cosmic string with an internal magnetic eld will be solved.
We choose the magnetic vector potential to be

A

= i

B
2
e

.
This choice gives a ux tube coinciding with the cosmic string
and the z axis. We assume that the Hamiltonian is minimally
coupled to this magnetic eld. In this eld conguration, the
Dirac oscillator coupled to the cosmic string background obeys
_
i
t

t
+i

1
2
+mw
_
+i

+i
e
B
2
_
+i
z

z
m
_ _

_
= 0.
(31)
Using Eq. (12) the above equation transforms into
_

2
E +i

+
1
2
+mw
_

l +1/2 +e
B
/2

z
k m
_ _

_
= 0.
(32)
With Eq. (14), we obtain
_
d
2
d
2
+
1

d
d

_
a
2

2
+
2

___

_
= 0, (33)
with = mw. Now, the terms a

and

assume the form

a

=
l +1/2 +e
B
/2

1
2
,

= E
2
m
2
k
2
(34)
+2mw
_
l +1/2 +e
B
/2

1
2
_
.
In this way the angular termis added to the Aharonov-Bohm
contribution e
B
/2. A mathematical procedure to solve the
equation for the component begins with the substitution
=
2
. At the origin and at innity, normalized solutions
are found by choosing
() =
|a
+
|
2
e

2
F(), (35)
and a
+
= (l +1/2 +e
B
/2)/ +1/2. By direct substitu-
tion of this equation into Eq. (33) we get
F

() +(|a
+
| +1 )F

()

_
|a
+
|
2
+
1
2

4m
_
F() = 0, (36)
which is, again, a conuent hypergeometric equation similar
to the one in the previous section. Here the angular momentum
part is added by the magnetic ux contribution e
B
/2.
Normalized solutions to this equation are guaranteed by
imposing that the last termshould assume only negative integer
or zero values. This results in
|a
+
|
2
+
1
2

4mw
= n. (37)
This procedure allows us to determine the energy eigenvalues
associated with the Dirac oscillator as
E
2
= m
2
+4mw
_
n +

l
AB
+1/2(1 )
2

_
l
AB
+1/2(1 )
2
_
+
1 s
2
_
+k
2
, (38)
with l
AB
= l +e
B
/2 and which has two contributions.
The rst is related to the nonlocal or topological features
of the background space-times ascribed by the parameter,
although the background space-time is locally at. The second
features the electromagnetic contribution to these levels, even
though the magnetic eld is restricted to the symmetry axis
of the string, a forbidden region to our particle. We can
summarize these observations as a gravitational analog of the
well-known electromagnetic Aharonov-Bohm effect. More-
over, the analysis has important consequences: Information
on the background space-time or on the electromagnetic
elds present can be found by a critical analysis of the
eigenvalues and eigenfunctions. From this problem of Dirac
particles interacting with a conical singularity we can obtain
the Minkowski space-time result taking the limit 1.
Independent of , assuming integer or noninteger values, the
degenerate states of the energy levels are absent, unlike the
previous case. To nalize this section, we see that in the limit
of weak magnetic eld
B
0 the results of the previous
section are reached.
IV. DIRAC OSCILLATOR IN COSMIC DISLOCATION
SPACE-TIME
From now on we proceed to consider the Dirac oscillator
in a cosmic dislocation space-time. This geometry was found
by Galtsov and Letelier [30] as
ds
2
= dt
2
+d
2
+
2

2
d
2
+(dz +J
z
d)
2
, (39)
in cylindrical coordinates, with 0 and 0 2. The
parameter J
z
is related to the torsion source and = 1 4,
where is the linear mass density of the string, as before.
We observe that, when J
z
= 0, the metric of the cosmic string
space-time is recovered. Therefore, we are adding a torsion
source, represented by J
z
, to our cosmic string. Observe that
this metric is locally at, as it is easily seen by the coordinate
change t T, = ,z Z = z +J
z
.
To write the Dirac equation in this background, let us
consider the following inverse tetrad:
e

a
(x) =

1 0 0 0
0 cos sin 0
0
sin

cos

0
0
J
z
sin

J
z
cos

. (40)
032109-4
DIRAC OSCILLATOR INTERACTING WITH A . . . PHYSICAL REVIEW A 84, 032109 (2011)
The Dirac matrices

(x) (4) assume the form

0
=
t
,
1
=

,
2
=

,
3
=
z

J
z

,
(41)
where again,

= sin
1
+cos
2
,

= cos
1
+
sin
2
. The Dirac equation in the cosmic dislocation space-
time, with the Dirac oscillator and with a magnetic eld ux

B
, along its symmetry axis, becomes
_
i
t

t
+i

+mw +
1
2
_
+i

J
z

z
+i
e
B
2
_
+i
z

z
m
_
(t, r) = 0.
(42)
Using the ansatz (12) and the relation (14) added to the
properties of the Pauli matrix, Eq. (42) becomes
_
d
2
d
2
+
1

d
d

2
+m
2
w
2

___

_
= 0,
(43)
with

=
l +1/2 kJ
z
+e
B
/2

1
2
,
(44)

= E
2
m
2
+2mw[(l +1/2
+e/2 kJ
z
)/ 1/2] k
2
.
To the wave equation we input the change of variables
= mw
2
, and the result is
d
2

d
2
+
1

d
2

2
+
4
2
+
1
4

4mw
_
= 0, (45)
with
+
= (l +1/2 +e
B
/2 kJ
z
)/ +1/2. By study-
ing the asymptotic limits of Eq. (45), we assume a solution of
the type
() =
|
+
|
2
e

2
R(). (46)
Substituting the above ansatz into Eq. (45) that equation
transforms into a conuent hypergeometric equation for
R(n,|
+
| +1,mw
2
), with the following eigenvalues
E
2
= m
2
+4mw
_
n +

l
eff
+1/2(1 )
2

_
l
eff
+1/2(1 )
2
_
+
1 s
2
_
+k
2
, (47)
with l
eff
= l +e
B
/2 kJ
z
. In this way an analog equa-
tion to the eigenfunction (12) can be constructed with
the help of the hypergeometric series. Comparatively to
the results in Sec. II, the spinor for the Dirac oscil-
lator on the cosmic dislocation space-time assumes the
form
_
()
()
_
= (mw)
|

|
2

|
e

mw
2
2
F(n, |

| +1, mw
2
).
(48)
Again we observe a Landau structure in the above energy
levels. Comparatively to the previous cases, the energy levels
now have a torsional contribution, besides the curvature
and electromagnetic parts. For J
z
= 0, all previous results
are recovered. Contrary to the nonrelativistic case [25], the
degeneracy of the Landau levels is not removed by choosing
integer. The results (47) and (48) yield all the previously
obtained results in the appropriate limits. Notice that torsion
as well as magnetic ux give rise to an effective angular
momentum.
V. NONRELATIVISTIC LIMIT
To analyze the nonrelativistic limit we assume E = m+
such that m and Eq. (43) assumes the form
=
_

1
2m
_
d
2
d
2
+
1

d
d

2
k
2
_
+
1
2
m
2

2
2

S

L
_
. (49)
We note that this equation is the Schr odinger equation in the
dispiration background space-time with an harmonic oscillator
term and the spin-orbit interaction. To analyze the nonrela-
tivistic limit of the energy, we write Eq. (47) in the appropriate
form
E = m
_
1 +
4
m
_
n + +
1 s
2
_
+
k
2
m
2
, (50)
with
=
|l +e
B
/2 kJ
z
+1/2(1 )|
2

[l +e
B
/2 kJ
z
+1/2(1 )]
2
. (51)
Using the Taylor expansion up to second order in the energy
expression results in
m+
k
2
2m
+2
_
n + +
1 s
2
_

2
2
m
_
n + +
1 s
2
_
2
. (52)
The rst two terms in this expression are, respectively, the rest
energy added to the kinetic energy of the particle along the
string, the second term is the energy of the nonrelativistic
harmonic oscillator, and the last one is associated to the
relativistic correction term.
VI. CONCLUSION
Line defects like the cosmic string and its variations
(magnetic cosmic string and cosmic dislocation) even though
they correspond to locally at geometries and have global
properties that affect quantum systems like the harmonic
oscillator. The analysis of the emission spectra of spacebound
atomic species from a region where there is gravitational
lensing is an indication of a cosmic string [31] and might
give further evidence for the presence of the defect. In this
article we analyzed the energy spectrum of one of the possible
relativistic generalizations of the harmonic oscillator in the
032109-5
J. CARVALHO, C. FURTADO, AND F. MORAES PHYSICAL REVIEW A 84, 032109 (2011)
background space-times of the cosmic string, the magnetic
cosmic string, and the cosmic dislocation. In all cases we
recover the known nonrelativistic limits. The eigenvalues
and eigenfunctions found depend explicitly on the nonlocal
parameters of the space-time in consideration even though it
is locally at. This result may be thought of as a variation
on the well-known electromagnetic Aharonov-Bohm effect.
Also, differently from the case of Minkowski space-time, the
presence of the defects breaks the degeneracy of the energy
levels for noninteger values of the parameter .
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
We thank CAPES/PROCAD, NANOBIOTEC/CAPES,
INCT-FCx, and CNPq for nancial support.
[1] K. Nik olski, Z. Phys. 62, 677 (1930).
[2] I. Posepska, Acta Phys. Pol. 4, 269 (1935).
[3] J. Karwoski and G. Pestka, Theor. Chem. Acc. 118, 519 (2007).
[4] D. Ito, K. Mori, and E. Carrieri, Nuovo Cimento A 51, 1119
(1967).
[5] P. A. Cook, Lett. Nuovo Cimento 1, 419 (1971).
[6] M. Moshinsky and A. Szczepaniak, J. Phys. A: Math. Gen 22,
L817 (1989).
[7] M. Moreno and A. Zanttella, J. Phys. A : Math. Gen. 22, L821
(1989).
[8] C. Quesne and M. Moshinsky, J. Phys. A: Math. Gen. 23, 2263
(1990).
[9] J. Bentez, R. P. Martnez y Romero, H. N. N u nez-Y epez, and
A. L. Salas-Brito, Phys. Rev. Lett. 64, 1643 (1990); 65, 2085
(1990).
[10] J. Beckers and N. Debergh, Phys. Rev. D 42, 1255 (1990).
[11] C. Quesne, Int. J. Mod. Phys. A 6, 1567 (1991).
[12] C. Quesne and V. M. Tkachuk, J. Phys A: Math. Gen. 38, 1747
(2005).
[13] R. P. Martnez y Romero and A. L. Salas Brito, J. Math. Phys.
33, 1831 (1992).
[14] L. Gonzalez-Diaz and V. M. Villalba, Phys. Lett. A 352, 202
(2006).
[15] V. M. Villalba and Clara Rojas, Int. J. Mod. Phys. A 21, 313
(2006).
[16] C. Rojas and V. M. Villalba, Mod. Phys. Lett. A20, 2245 (2005).
[17] N. Ferkous and A. Bounames, Phys. Lett. A 325, 21 (2004).
[18] A. Bermudez, M. A. Martin-Delgado, and A. Luis, Phys. Rev.
A 77, 033832 (2008).
[19] C. Furtado, F. Moraes, and V. B. Bezerra, Phys. Lett. A 289, 160
(2001).
[20] C. A. de Lima Ribeiro, C. Furtado, and F. Moraes, Europhys.
Lett. A 62, 306 (2003).
[21] C. Furtado and F. Moraes, Phys. Lett. A 188, 394 (1994).
[22] C. Furtado and F. Moraes, Phys. Lett. A 195, 90 (1994).
[23] C. Furtado and F. Moraes, Europhys. Lett. 45, 179 (1999).
[24] G. de A. Marques, C. Furtado, V. B. Bezerra, and F. Moraes,
J. Phys. A: Math. Gen. 31, 5945 (2001).
[25] C. Furtado and F. Moraes, J. Phys. A: Math. Gen. 33, 5513
(2000).
[26] G. A. Marques and V. B. Bezerra, Phys. Rev. D 66, 105011
(2002).
[27] G. A. Marques and V. B. Bezerra, Classical Quantum Gravity
19, 985 (2002).
[28] S. Deser and R. Jackiw, Commun. Math. Phys. 118, 495
(1988).
[29] P. de Sousa Gerbert and R. Jackiw, Commun. Math. Phys. 124,
229 (1989).
[30] D. V. Galtsov and P. S. Letelier, Phys. Rev. D 47, 4273 (1993).
[31] M. Sazhin et al., Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 343, 353 (2003).
032109-6