ECE1371 Advanced Analog Circuits Lecture 5

Course Goals
Deepen understanding of CMOS analog circuit design through a top-down study of a modern analog system
The lectures will focus on Delta-Sigma ADCs, but you may do your project on another analog system.

ADVANCED
Richard Schreier richard.schreier@analog.com Trevor Caldwell trevor.caldwell@utoronto.ca

Develop circuit insight through brief peeks at some nifty little circuits
The circuit world is lled with many little gems that every competent designer ought to know.

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Date 2008-01-14 RS 2 2008-01-21 RS 3 2008-01-28 TC 4 2008-02-04 2008-02-11 RS 5 2008-02-18 2008-02-25 RS 6 2008-03-03 TC 7 2008-03-10 TC 8 2008-03-17 TC 9 2008-03-24 TC 10 2008-03-31 2008-04-07 TC 11 2008-04-14 RS 12

Lecture Example Design: Part 1 Example Design: Part 2 Pipeline and SAR ADCs ISSCC No Lecture Advanced Comparator & Flash ADC SC Circuits Amplier Design Amplier Design Noise in SC Circuits Matching & MM-Shaping Switching Regulator

Ref S&T 2-3, A J&M 14

Homework Matlab MOD2 Q-level sim Arch. Comp.

2008-01-07 RS 1 Introduction: MOD1 & MOD2

Highlights
(i.e. What you will learn today)
1 High-Order Modulation
NTF, SQNR, instability, H
,

S&T 9.1, J&M 10 Switch-level sim

S&T 4, 6.6, 9.4, B Toolbox; Proj. J&M 7 J&M 10

Reading Week No Lecture

2 Feedback, Feedforward and Generic Topologies

NTF selection

3 Toolbox
S&T C Project Report Q-level sim

Project Presentation

Demos: NTF synthesis and simulation Examples: Lowpass and Bandpass, MASH ABCD: State-space representation

4 Continuous-Time
Inherent anti-aliasing
5-3 ECE1371 5-4

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Review: MOD1 & MOD2

MOD1:
U
1 z1 Q

Review: SQNR vs. OSR

The in-band quantization noise power is: IQNP =

B 0

H (e j ) 2 S ee() d

STF (z ) = z 1 NTF (z ) = 1 z 1

MOD2:
U
z z1 1 z1 Q

2 2 e ------------ ( OSR ) 3 for MOD1 3 2 4 e ------------ ( OSR ) 5 for MOD2 5

STF (z ) = z 1 NTF (z ) = ( 1 z 1 ) 2
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9 dB/octave SQNR-OSR trade-off for MOD1; 15 dB/octave for MOD2

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1. MODN
N integrators
N1 non-delaying, 1 delaying 40 20

NTF Comparison
1 z 1

(dB) NTF(e j2 f)

z z 1

z z1 STF (z ) = z 1 NTF (z ) = ( 1 z 1 ) N

0 20 40 60 80

MOD1

MODNs NTF is the Nth power of MOD1s NTF

MO

100 -3 10

M
10

-2

M O D5
D

MO

D2

D3

10

-1

Normalized Frequency (f )
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Predicted Performance
In-band quantization noise power
0.5 OSR

Improving NTF Performance NTF Zero Optimization

Minimize the integral of NTF passband
2

IQNP =

0 0.5 OSR

NTF (e j 2 f ) 2 S ee(f ) df

over the

Normalize passband edge to 1 for ease of calculation:

2 df ( 2 f )2N 2 e

H (f )

Need to nd the ai which minimize the integral

2 ) 2 dx , 1 ( x 2 a 1 1

2N 2 = ------------------------------------------------------( 2 N + 1 ) ( OSR ) 2 N + 1 e Quantization noise drops as the (2N+1)th power of OSR (6N+3) dB/octave SQNR-OSR trade-off
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n = 2 n = 3 n = 4

1 a

a 1 fs/fB

1 1 x 2 ( x 2 1 1 ( x 2

2 ) 2 dx , a1

2 ) 2 ( x 2 a 2 ) 2 dx , a1 2

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Solutions Up to Order = 8
Order 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
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Topological Implication
Feedback around pairs integrators: 2 Delaying Integrators -g 1 z 1 1 z 1 z z 1 Non-delaying + Delaying Integrators (LDI Loop) -g 1 z1

Optimal Zero Placement Relative to fB 0

1 3

SQNR Improvement 0 dB 3.5 dB 8 dB 13 dB 18 dB 23 dB 28 dB 34 dB

5-11

0, 3 5
3 7 ( 3 7 ) 2 3 35

0, 5 9 ( 5 9 ) 2 5 21 [Y. Yang]
0.23862, 0.66121, 0.93247 0, 0.40585, 0.74153, 0.94911 0.18343, 0.52553, 0.79667, 0.96029

Poles are the roots of 1 2 1 + g ------------ = 0 z 1 i.e. z = 1 j g Not quite on the unit circle, but fairly close if g<<1.
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Poles are the roots of gz 1 + ------------------- = 0 ( z 1 )2 j i.e. z = e , cos = 1 g 2 Precisely on the unit circle, regardless of the value of g.
5-12

Problem: A High-Order Modulator Wants a Multi-bit Quantizer

E.g. MOD3 with an Innite Quantizer and Zero Input
7 5 3

Simulation of MOD3-1b
(MOD3 with a Binary Quantizer)
1

0 1 0 200 100

Long strings of +1/1

10 20 30 40

Quantizer input gets large, even if the input is small. 6 quantizer levels are used by a small input.
10 20 30 40

HUGE!

1 -1 -3 -5 -70

0 100 200 0 10 20 30 40

Sample Number Sample Number

MOD3-1b is unstable, even with zero input

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Solutions to the Stability Problem

Historical Order
1 Multi-bit quantization
Initially considered undesirable because we lose the inherent linearity of a 1-bit DAC.

Multi-bit Quantization
A modulator with NTF = H and STF = 1 is guaranteed to be stable if u < u max at all times, h(i ) where u max = nlev + 1 h 1 and h 1 = i =0 In MODN H (z ) = ( 1 z 1 ) N , so h(n) = { 1, a 1, a 2, a 3, ( 1 ) N a N , 0 } , a i > 0 and thus h 1 = H ( 1) = 2 N nlev = 2 N implies u max = nlev + 1 h
1

2 More general NTF (not pure differentiation)

Lower the NTF gain so that quantization error is amplied less. Unfortunately, reducing the NTF gain reduces the amount by which quantization noise is attenuated.

= 1

MODN is guaranteed to be stable with an N-bit quantizer if the input magnitude is less than /2 = 1. This result is quite conservative.

3 Multi-stage (MASH) architecture Combinations of the above are possible

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Similarly, nlev = 2 N + 1 guarantees that MODN is stable for inputs up to 50% of full-scale
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M-Step Symmetric Quantizer

= 2, (nlev = M + 1)
M odd: mid-rise M
e=vy
1

Inductive Proof of h 1 Criterion

Assume STF = 1 and ( n ) ( u (n) u max ) Assume e (i ) 1 for i < n .[Induction Hypothesis]
v

M even: mid-tread
v e=vy y

M
2

y (n) = u (n) + h(i ) e (n i ) i =1 u max + h(i ) = u max + h i =1 Then u max = nlev + 1 h y (n) nlev e (n) 1
1

u max + h(i ) e (n i ) i =1

M 1 M

M +1
v: odd integers from M to +M

M 1 M

M +1
v: even integers from M to +M

So by induction e (i ) 1 for all i > 0

No-overload range: y nlev e 2 = 1

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More General NTF

Instead of NTF (z ) = A(z ) B (z ) with B (z ) = z n , use a more general B (z )
Roots of B are the poles of the NTF and must be inside the unit circle.

The Lee Criterion for Stability in a 1-bit Modulator: H 2

[Wai Lee, 1987]
The measure of the gain of H is the maximum magnitude of H over frequency, aka the innitynorm of H: H max ( H (e j ) )
[ 0, 2 ]

Moving the poles away from z = 1 toward z = 0 makes the gain of the NTF approach unity.

Q: Is the Lee criterion necessary for stability?

No. MOD2 is stable (for DC inputs less than FS) but for MOD2 H = 4 .

Q: Is the Lee criterion sufcient to ensure stability?

No. There are lots of counter-examples, but H 1.5 often works.

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Simulated SQNR vs. H

5th-Order
SQNR (dB)
90 70 50

SQNR Limits 1-bit Modulation

N=8 N=7 N=6 N=5 N=4
140

N=3

NTFs, 1-b Quant., OSR = 32

Peak SQNR (dB) SQNR has a broad maximum cliff! H
120 100 80 60 40 20 0 1.75 2

N=2

N=1

1.25

1.5

1.75

umax (dBFS)

10

Stable input limit drops as H increases.

1 1.25 1.5

20 ECE1371

16

32

64

128

256

512

1024 5-22

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OSR

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SQNR Limits for 2-bit Modulators

N=8 N=7 N=6 N=5 140 N=4 N=3 N=2 120 100 80 60 40 20 0 4 8 16 32 64 128 256 512 1024 N=1

SQNR Limits for 3-bit Modulators

N=8 N=7 N=6 N=5 140 N=4 N=3 N=2 120 N=1 100 80 60 40 20 0 4 8 16 32 64 128 256 512 1024

Peak SQNR (dB)

Peak SQNR (dB)

OSR
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OSR
5-24

Example Waveforms
7 -order 17-level modulator, H
16

Example Waveforms

th

= 2

7 -order 17-level modulator, H

16

th

= 8

SQNR = 55 dB @ OSR = 8

SQNR = 105 dB @ OSR = 8

-16

50

100 5-25

-16

50

100

Time Step
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Time Step
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Simulated Spectra
0 20 40 120

SQNR Curves
100

SQNR = 105 dB @ OSR = 8 SQNR = 55 dB @ OSR = 8

peak SNR = 105dB @ OSR = 8

Stable input limit = ~0 dBFS

dBFS/NBW

60 80 100 120

SNR (dB)

80

60

peak SNR = 61dB @ OSR = 8

40

20 140 NBW = 1.8x104 160 0 ECE1371 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 5-27 0 120 100 80 60 40 20 0

Stable input limit = 6 dBFS

Normalized Frequency
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Input Level (dBFS)

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2. Feedback Topology
-g
U

Feedforward Topology
a1
V U

a2 I I -g I a3 Q
V

I a1 a2

I a3

N integrators precede the quantizer Feedback from the quantizer to the input of each integrator (via a DAC) Local feedback around pairs of integrators to control NTF zeros Multiple input feed-in branches are possible
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N integrators in a row Each integrator output is fed forward to the quantizer Local feedback around pairs of integrators to control NTF zeros Multiple input feed-in branches also possible
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Generic Single-Loop ADC

Linear Loop Filter + Nonlinear Quantizer: E U L0 L1 Y V

Feedback vs. Feedforward STF

Q N 1(z ) L 1(z ) = -------------D (z ) D (z ) 1 - = -------------------------------NTF (z ) = ---------------------1 L 1(z ) N 1(z ) D (z )
poles of LF are zeros of NTF

N 0(z ) L 0(z ) = -------------D (z )

L 0(z ) = L 1(z ) = L(z ) 1 1 - = -------------------NTF (z ) = ---------------------1 L 1(z ) 1 + L(z ) L(z ) STF (z ) = -------------------- =1 H (z ) 1 + L(z ) NTF (e j )
1

Y = L0 U + L1 V V = Y +E

V = STF U + NTF E , where 1 - & STF = L 0 NTF NTF = -------------1 L1 Inverse Relations: L1 = 1 1/NTF, L0 = STF / NTF
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N 0(z ) L 0(z ) - = -------------------------------STF (z ) = ---------------------1 L 1(z ) N 1(z ) D (z )

same poles as NTF zeros = zeros of L0 STF often has no zeros, only poles. ECE1371

NTF STF

NTF + 1 With extra feed-in to Q, G(z ) = 1.

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STF Comparison
10

Feedforward vs. Feedback

FF has relaxed dynamic range requirements
All stages except the last have attenuated signal components.

Feedforward Feedback

dB

0 10 20 30 40 0 0.25 0.5

FB has better STF and, in CT modulators, a better AAF

In a discrete-time modulator, the STF of FF can be made unity by adding a signal feedforward term to the input of the quantizer.

FB needs many DACs; FF needs a summation block

Can do partial summation before the last integrator.

Normalized Frequency (f /fs)

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FF timing can be tricky

Need to quantize u and feed it back in zero time.
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3. Toolbox
http://www.mathworks.com/matlabcentral/fileexchange

Toolbox Modulator Model

Modulator: L0 U
[ -M, +M ]

Search for delsig or Delta Sigma Toolbox

Specify OSR, lowpass/bandpass, no. of Q. levels. scaleABCD synthesizeNTF calculateTF stuffABCD NTF (and STF) available. realizeNTF Parameters for a specic topology. mapABCD ABCD: statespace description of the modulator.

L1

1 NTF = -------------1 L1 L0 STF = -------------1 L1 Loop lter can be specied by NTF or

[ -M, +M ] =2

by ABCD, a state-space representation

Quantizer:
M=1 1
2 2

M=2 2 v v y

M=3 3 1 y e v y e

predictSNR, simulateDSM, simulateSNR Time-domain simulation and SNR measurements. ECE1371 Also mapCtoD simulateESL designHBF Manual is delsig.pdf 5-35

1 e

-1 -3

Mid-tread quantizer; v: even integers [ M,+M ] ECE1371

Mid-rise quantizer; v: odd integers [ M,+M ] 5-36

NTF Synthesis
synthesizeNTF Not all NTFs are realizable
Causality requires h(0) = 1 , or, in the frequency domain, H () = 1 . Recall H (z ) = h(0) z 0 + h(1) z 1 +

Lowpass Example [dsdemo1]

5th-order NTF, all zeros at DC
Pole/Zero diagram:

Not all NTFs yield stable modulators

Rule of thumb for single-bit modulators: H [Lee].

< 1.5

Can optimize NTF zeros to minimize the meansquare value of H in the passband The NTF and STF share poles, and in some modulator topologies the STF zeros are not arbitrary
Restrict the NTF such that an all-pole STF is maximally at. (Almost the same as Butterworth poles.)
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OSR = 32; H = synthesizeNTF(5); plotPZ(H); f = linspace(0,0.5); z = exp(2i*pi*f); H_z = evalTF(H,z); plot(f,dbv(H_z)); g = rmsGain(H,0,0.5/OSR)

5-38

Lowpass NTF
Out-of-band gain = 1.5
0

Improved 5th-Order Lowpass NTF

Zeros optimized for OSR=32
optimization ag

dB
20

40

rms in-band gain = 47 dB

50

OSR = 32; H = synthesizeNTF(5,OSR,1); ...

40

60

60 0 1/64

Zeros spread across the band-of-interest to minimize the rms value of the NTF.
0.5

80 0

Normalized Frequency (f /fs)

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Improved NTF
0

Bandpass Example
OSR = 64; center frequency f0 = 1/6; H=synthesizeNTF(6,OSR,1,[],f0);... [] or NaN means use default value, i.e. Hinf = 1.5

dB
20

60

rms gain = 66 dB

40

70

60

80 0 1/64

80

Normalized Frequency (f /fs)

0.5

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Bandpass NTF and STF

all-pole STF with Butterworth poles 0 all-pole STF with same poles as toolbox NTF

Summary: NTF Selection

If OSR is high, consider using a single-bit modulator To improve SQNR,
Optimize zeros, Increase H , or Increase order.

dB
20

NTF

40

If SQNR is insufcient, must use a multi-bit design

Can turn all the above knobs to enhance performance. Normalized Frequency (f /fs)
0.5

60 0

Feedback DAC assumed to be ideal

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NTF-Based Simulation [dsdemo2]

order=5; OSR=32; ntf = synthesizeNTF(order,OSR,1); N=2^17; fbin=959; A=0.5; % 128K points input = A*sin(2*pi*fbin/N*[0:N-1]); output = simulateDSM(input,ntf); spec = fft(output.*ds_hann(N)/(N/4)); plot(dbv(spec(1:N/(2*OSR))));

Simulation Example Contd

u
1 0 1 0 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 0 NBW = 1.8x104 fs (8k-point FFT) 50 100

In mex form; 128K points in < 0.1 sec

0

Time (sample number) dBFS/NBW

0 1024 NBW=1.5 bins 2048 5-45

dBFS/NBW

50 100 150 200

FFT Bin Number (128K-point FFT)

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Normalized Frequency (f /fs)

0.5 5-46

SNR vs. Amplitude: simulateSNR

[snr amp] = simulateSNR(ntf,OSR); plot(amp,snr,'b-^'); 100

Bandpass Simulation Example

8th-order, f0 = fs/8
1

OSR=32
80 Peak SNR is 85 dB. Max. input is 3 dBFS.

SQNR (dB)

60 0 40

20 1 0 100 80 60 40 20 0 0 50 100

Input Amplitude (dBFS)

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Time (sample number)

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Example Bandpass Spectrum

0 -20

SQNR = 100 dB @ OSR = 64

ABCD: A State-Space Representation of the Loop Filter

2 inputs u (k ) v (k ) n linear combinations of n + 2 inputs n states
z 1 z 1 z 1 x 1(k ) x 2(k ) x 3(k )

x (k ) u (k ) v (k ) linear combination 1 output y (k )

dBFS/NBW

-40 -60 -80 -100 -120 NBW = 1.8x104 fs -140 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5

x (k )
nn n2

= C x (k ) + D u (k ) v (k ) 1n 12 n 2 n A B ABCD = 1 C D
5-50

Normalized Frequency (1fs )

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x (k + 1) = Ax (k ) + B u (k ) v (k )
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Ex.: Cascade of Integrators Feedback (CIFB) Topology

1 x ------------ 1 z 1 z 1 1 1 x ------------ 2 z 1
g1 Recall: NTF zeros = Loop Filters poles. Loop Filter poles determined by A matrix.

CIFB contd: ai Control NTF & STF Poles

1 x ------------ 1 z 1
a1 a2

1 x ------------ 3 z 1

1 x ------------ 2 z 1
a3

1 x ------------ 3 z 1

v x 1(k ) x 2(k ) x 3(k ) u (k ) v (k )

5-52

x 1(k + 1) x 2(k + 1) x 3(k + 1) y (k )

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1 = 1 0 0

0 1 1 0

0 g1 1 1

x 1(k ) x 2(k ) x 3(k ) u (k ) v (k )

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x 1(k + 1) x 2(k + 1) x 3(k + 1) y (k ) =

1 1 0 0

0 1 1 0

0 0 1 1

a 1 a 2 a 3 0

u
b1

bi Control STF Zeros

b2 b3 b4

ABCD and the Toolbox

simulateDSM simulates a modulator given an ABCD description of its loop lter realizeNTF gives (unscaled) coefcients for any of the supported topologies v stuffABCD produces an ABCD matrix given the coefcients for one of the supported topologies mapABCD performs the inverse operation. scaleABCD does dynamic range scaling on any ABCD matrix calculateTF calculates the NTF and STF from ABCD
Useful for checking implementation of new topologies.
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1 x ------------ 1 z 1
a1 a2

1 x ------------ 2 z 1
a3

1 x ------------ 3 z 1

x 1(k + 1) x 2(k + 1) x 3(k + 1) y (k )

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1 = 1 0 0

0 1 1 0

0 0 1 1

b 1 a 1 b 2 a 2 b 3 a 3 b4 0

x 1(k ) x 2(k ) x 3(k ) u (k ) v (k )

Cascade (MASH) Modulators

Put two (or more) modulators in series U
Loop Filter

z 1 ----------------- Use Two MOD2b: H (z ) = z 0.5

Example: 2-2 Cascade 2

0.25 z -1 1 z -1

V1
= U + H 1E 1

Digital Cancellation

U
V = V 1 H 1V 2 = U H 1H 2E 2

V1
3-input, 2-output linear system

0.5

E1
Loop Filter

V2
= E 1 + H 2E 2

0.25 z -1

1 z -1

V2

H1

The resulting NTF is the product of the individual NTFs

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1 8 ( z 1 ) 2 ( z 0.5 ) 2 8( z 1 )4 V = ----- V + ------------------------------------------------V 2 H (z ) = ------------------------ ( z 0.75 ) z3 1 z 3 ( z 0.75 )

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Example MASH Spectra

0

4. A Continuous-Time ADC
Sampler v v1 ContinuousTime Analog Input Loop Loop Filter Filter CK Coarse ADC Digital Out

SNR = 80 dB @ OSR = 32 SNR = 53 dB @ OSR = 32

PSD (dBFS/NBW)

50

Improved noise-shaping
100 40dB/decade

DAC Only ADC and DAC are clocked

5

80dB/decade 150 3 10 ECE1371 10 2 10

NBW = 4.5 10 1

Loop lter implemented with continuous-time circuitry Sampling occurs after the loop lter

Normalized Frequency (f /fs)

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Example: MOD1-CT
Block Diagram
uc

Inherent Anti-Aliasing
ADC with CT Loop Filter
C

Schematic
v uc
R

uc v

L 0 c (s ) L 1 c (s)

CK

Q
DAC

DAC
IDAC CK

Equivalent system with DT feedback path uc L 0 c (s) L 1(z ) NTF (z ) Q v STF = L 0 c (s) NTF (z )
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Note: Input is a simple resistor, not a switched capacitor

CT ADCs are easier to drive than DT ADCs
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1 z 1 Example: MOD1-CT STF = ---------------Recall z

s-plane

= es

MOD1-CT Frequency Responses

10 0 10

NTF = 1z1

dB

Zeros @ s = 2ki

STF =

1z1 s

20 30 40 50 0

Quant. Noise Notch

Inherent Anti-Aliasing

Pole-zero cancellation @s=0

Frequency (Hz)
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Inherent AAF Summary

STF = L 0 c(s) NTF (z )
STF contains the zeros of the NTF Any frequency which aliases to the passband is attenuated by at least as much as the quantization noise
Anti-alias performance tracks modulator order. Also true for MASH systems.

What You Learned Today

And what the homework should solidify
1 High-Order Modulation
NTF, SQNR, instability, H
,

2 Feedback, Feedforward and Generic Topologies

NTF selection

3 Toolbox
Demos: NTF synthesis and simulation Examples: Lowpass and Bandpass, MASH ABCD: State-space representation

The effective anti-alias lter is L 0 c (f ) STF ( f ) AAF (f ) = ----------------------------- = -------------------------STF (f alias) L 0 c (f alias)
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4 Continuous-Time
Inherent anti-aliasing
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Homework #5
1 0 1 1

1 Verify that with ABCD set to ABCD = 1 1 1 2

010 0

3 Construct the block diagram of a 4th-order single-loop 9-level ADC employing the CRFB topology that achieves SQNR > 100 dB at OSR = 32 and verify it.
Choose H such that the stable input range is maximized. Plot the SQNR-versus-amplitude curve and note the value of u max . Compare with the h 1 criterion. Realize your NTF with a CRFB-style modulator having a single input feed-in. Ensure STF(dc) = 1. Do dynamic range scaling for umax = 1 dBFS and state maxima less than unity. You may use the toolbox function scaleABCD. Plot the state maxima as functions of the input amplitude. Implement your block diagram with C/Matlab code and verify that your coded modulator behaves the same as your MATLAB modulator.
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simulateDSM is the same as your simulateMOD2 from Homework #1.

One simulation is sufcient, just be sure to compare the internal states as well as the bit-stream output.

2 Obtain an NTF for MOD2b using synthesizeNTF with H = 2.5 , OSR = 128 and opt=1.
Plot the NTFs poles and zeros as well as its frequency response. Include those of MOD2. Compare MOD2bs SQNR-vs.-input-amplitude curve with MOD2s using simulateSNR.
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4 Verify that the following is a continuous-time implementation of MOD2 uc 1

x 1c 1.5

vc

x 2c

Q
(clocked)

delay-free

DAC

1 z 1 2 Show that the STF is ----------------- s

It is sufcient to verify that the sampled pulse response of the loop lter is the same as MOD2s.

If this modulator is used at an oversampling ratio of 64, what is its minimum alias attenuation?

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