SPPM 1013

[TELECOMMUNICATION AND NERWORKING]

INTRODUCTION In order to complete this semester subject which contributes three credit hours, one of the subjects is Telecommunication and Networking. This course will expose the students to the technologies and devices for computer networking and internet access and applications. It will cover fundamentals of data communications, telecommunication facilities and network topology. Students will be introduced to the internet technology and its application, and also social and ethical issues related to web resources. At the end of the course students should be able to demonstrate their understandings by using internet application for teaching and learning, able to evaluate web resources, awareness of ethical, social and legal issues related to web resources. Students also should be able to use various internet applications for teaching and learning. Regards to our assignment which required us to report on the critical analysis of a networking set up of an either organisation/school/department. Our group has chosen Computer Lab of Faculty of Education, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia. In this assessment we has interviewed one of the technician who responsible o the lab, Mr.Zulkifli. In here, we have to use all the knowledge that has given by Dr.Nurbiha Shukor to accomplish this assignment and come out with a report. Date of submission for this assignment on 16th April 2013.

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INTRODUCTION TO NETWORK TOPOLOGY Network topology is the arrangement of the various elements (links, nodes, etc.) of a computer or biological network. Essentially, it is the topological structure of a network, and may be depicted physically or logically. Physical topology refers to the placement of the network's various components, including device location and cable installation, while logical topology shows how data flows within a network, regardless of its physical design. Distances between nodes, physical interconnections, transmission rates, and/or signal types may differ between two networks, yet their topologies may be identical. A good example is a local area network (LAN): Any given node in the LAN has one or more physical links to other devices in the network; graphically mapping these links results in a geometric shape that can be used to describe the physical topology of the network. Conversely, mapping the data flow between the components determines the logical topology of the network. Network topology is divide into four types which is bus network, mesh network, ring network and star network. Bus Network Topology In local area networks where bus topology is used, each node is connected to a single cable. Each computer or server is connected to the single bus cable. A signal from the source travels in both directions to all machines connected on the bus cable until it finds the intended recipient. If the machine address does not match the intended address for the data, the machine ignores the data. Alternatively, if the data matches the machine address, the data is accepted. Since the bus topology consists of only one wire, it is rather inexpensive to implement when compared to other topologies. However, the low cost of implementing the technology is offset by the high cost of managing the network. Additionally, since only one cable is utilized, it can be the single point of failure. If the network cable is terminated on both ends and when without termination data transfer stop and when cable breaks, the entire network will be down. Star Network Topology In local area networks with a star topology, each network host is connected to a central hub with a point-to-point connection. In Star topology every node (computer workstation or any other peripheral) is connected to central node called hub or switch. The switch is the server and the peripherals are the clients. The network does not necessarily have
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to resemble a star to be classified as a star network, but all of the nodes on the network must be connected to one central device. All traffic that traverses the network passes through the central hub. The hub acts as a single repeater. The star topology is considered the easiest topology to design and implement. An advantage of the star topology is the simplicity of adding additional nodes. The primary disadvantage of the star topology is that the hub represents a single point of failure. Ring Network Topology A network topology that is set up in a circular fashion in which data travels around the ring in one direction and each device on the right acts as a repeater to keep the signal strong as it travels. Each device incorporates a receiver for the incoming signal and a transmitter to send the data on to the next device in the ring. The network is dependent on the ability of the signal to travel around the ring. When a device sends data, it must travel through each device on the ring until it reaches its destination. Every node is a critical link. Mesh Network Topology Mesh networking (topology) is a type of networking where each node must not only capture and disseminate its own data, but also serve as a relay for other nodes, that is, it must collaborate to propagate the data in the network. A mesh network can be designed using a flooding technique or a routing technique. When using a routing technique, the message is propagated along a path, by hopping from node to node until the destination is reached. To ensure all its paths' availability, a routing network must allow for continuous connections and reconfiguration around broken or blocked paths, using self-healing algorithms. A mesh network whose nodes are all connected to each other is a fully connected network. Mesh networks can be seen as one type of ad hoc network. Mobile ad hoc networks (MANET) and mesh networks are therefore closely related, but MANET also have to deal with the problems introduced by the mobility of the nodes.

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METHOD OF FINDINGS Several methods that we using in this assignment are: 1. Interview -We have interview one of the technician in-charge, Mr.Zulkifli. -He have explains to us how the networking set-up at the Computer Lab of Faculty of Education 2. Observation - Through observation we have captured some pictures as our guide to do the report. - The pictures also use as the attachment in the report findings - From the pictures and the observation also we can figure out how the real set up was based on Mr.Zulkiflis explanation.

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RESULTS AND FINDINGS Name of School/Organisation/Department Computer Lab, Faculty of Education, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia Networking Layout/Diagram Refer to Attachment Networking Topology Network topology that used in this computer lab is star topology. All the components of network are connected to the central device called hub which may be a hub, a router or a switch. In this computer lab, the central device is switch. The switch controls all the computer internet access. The switch has marked by number of each computer to make it easy to control. Those marking are called marky system. The star topology is considered the easiest topology to design and implement. An advantage of the star topology is the simplicity of adding additional nodes. The primary disadvantage of the star topology is that the hub represents a single point of failure. All the data on the star topology passes through the central device before reaching the intended destination. Hub acts as a junction to connect different nodes present in Star Network, and at the same time it manages and controls whole of the network. Depending on which central device is used, hub can act as repeater or signal booster. Central device can also communicate with other hubs of different network. Unshielded Twisted Pair (UTP) Ethernet cable is used to connect workstations to central node.

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Devices Used Among the devices used in this computer lab are computer that contain desktop, monitor, keyboard, mouse and speaker. The other devices that used are switches, hub, server and power box. The switch is a telecommunication device that receives a message from any device connected to it and then transmits the message only to the device for which the message was meant. In this lab, the switches act as the port which will connect to the PC. This makes the switch a more intelligent device than a hub (which receives a message and then transmits it to all the other devices on its network). The network switch plays an integral part in most modern Ethernet local area networks (LANs). Then, the function of a hub is to allow communications between devices so that data can be transmitted from one computer to another. It is a piece of hardware and is most often used in a small LAN (Local Area Network) setting, where there is little likelihood of traffic conflicts.

A hub is usually the easiest and cheapest way of connecting a few computers so that they can share communication resources like the Internet. A server is a physical computer (a computer hardware system) dedicated to run one or more services (as a host), to serve the needs of the users of other computers on a network. Depending on the computing service that it offers it could be a database server, file server, mail server, print server, web server, gaming server, or some other kind of server. A network server is a computer designed to process requests and deliver data to other (client) computers over a local network or the Internet. Network servers typically are configured with additional processing, memory and storage capacity to handle the load of servicing clients. Common types of network servers include web servers, proxy servers, FTP servers and online game servers. Power box is function as a power backup for the network to function. A hard disk drive (HDD) is a data storage device used for storing and retrieving digital information using rapidly rotating discs (platters) coated with magnetic material. An HDD retains its data even when powered off. Data is read in a random-access manner, meaning individual blocks of data can be stored or retrieved in any order rather than just sequentially. An HDD consists of one or more rigid ("hard") rapidly rotating discs (platters) with magnetic heads arranged on a moving actuator arm to read and write data to the surfaces.

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Personal Computer known as PC is a microcomputer designed for individual uses, as by a person in an office or at home or school, for suchapplications as word processing, data management, financial analysis, or computer games. In the server room they are four PC which one act as the server controller and three of them act as software controller. While for students they are about 60s PC provided. Networking Software For networking software; Server: Microsoft Server 2003 Windows Server 2003 Web is meant for building and hosting Web applications, Web pages, and XML web services. It is designed to be used primarily as an IIS 6.0 Web server[8] and provides a platform for developing and deploying XML Web services and applications that use ASP.NET technology, a key part of the .NET Framework. Terminal Services is not included on Web Edition. However, Remote Desktop for Administration is available. Only 10 concurrent file-sharing connections are allowed at any moment. It is not possible to install Microsoft SQL Server and Microsoft Exchange software in this edition without installing Service Pack 1. Despite supporting XML Web services and ASP.NET, UDDI cannot be deployed on Windows Server 2003 Web. The .NET Framework version 2.0 is not included with Windows Server 2003 Web, but can be installed as a separate update from Windows Update. Computer: Windows XP Professional Windows XP Professional, designed for business and power users. XP Professional contains advanced features that the average home user would not use. However, these features are not necessarily missing from XP Home. They are simply disabled, but are there and can become functional. These releases were made available at retail outlets that sell computer software, and were preinstalled on computers sold by major computer manufacturers.

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Transmission Medium COAXIAL CABLES Computer Lab for Faculty of Education is using cables. They are using coaxial cables. Coaxial cable is a type of cable that has an inner conductor surrounded by a tubular insulating layer, surrounded by a tubular conducting shield. Many coaxial cables also have an insulating outer sheath or jacket. The term coaxial comes from the inner conductor and the outer shield sharing a geometric axis. Coaxial cable is used as a transmission line for radio frequency signals. Its applications include feed lines connecting radio transmitters and receivers with their antennas, computer network (Internet) connections, and distributing cable television signals. One advantage of coax over other types of radio transmission line is that in an ideal coaxial cable the electromagnetic field carrying the signal exists only in the space between the inner and outer conductors. This allows coaxial cable runs to be installed next to metal objects such as gutters without the power losses that occur in other types of transmission lines. Coaxial cable also provides protection of the signal from external electromagnetic interference. OPTICAL FIBRE Optical fibre is widely used in fibre-optic communications,, which permits transmission over longer distances and at higher bandwidths (data rates) than other forms of communication. Fibres are used instead of metal wires because signals travel along them with less loss and are also immune to electromagnetic interference. Fibres are also used for illumination, and are wrapped in bundles so that they may be used to carry images, thus allowing viewing in confined spaces. Specially designed fibres are used for a variety of other applications, including sensors and fibre lasers. FULL - DUPLEX TRANSMISSION Full-duplex transmission refers to the transmission of data in two directions simultaneously. For example, a telephone is a full-duplex device because both parties can talk at once. In contrast, a walkie-talkie is a half-duplex device because only one party can transmit at a time. Most modems have a switch that lets you choose between full-duplex and half-duplex modes. The choice depends on which communications program you are running. In full-duplex mode, data you transmit does not appear on your screen until it has been received and sent back by the other party. This enables you to validate that the data has been
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accurately transmitted. If your display screen shows two of each character, it probably means that your modem is set to half-duplex mode when it should be in full-duplex mode.

Access to the Internet At first, the main controller of UTM network internet, CICT, transmit data by using fibre optic cable .Then, at the server of the computer lab, CICT have provided 1 cable split into 2 cables transmitter(Tx) and receiver(Rx). The cables act in Full-Duplex Transmission which the users can receive internet signal and upload at the same time. WAN network from CICT is converted to LAN network after the data reach at the server using switches device. Next, the data transmit by using coaxial cable trough hub. The hub has 24 ports which each port belong to each computer.

Hub received data from server and by using star network topology. The data transmitted and receive by personal computer at the lab activity by using Unshielded Twisted Pair(UTP).

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Safety Measures Room temperature Among the most important safety precautions are ensure the room temperature of server room are 0 C. he room has provided with air conditioner automatic system which allow the room temperature to maintain at 0 C whenever it going too cold or too hot. If the room reached over the given temperature, the system will down. The access to internet either getting slower or being barred. If the system down, the windows of the server room should be open to let the ventilation flows. Besides, at the server also has completed with cooling system to avoid to much heat absorbed and cause the system down. Cisco 2960 Catalyst Series According to Mr.Zulkifli, Cisco is used to filter the illegal websites from being explores by users. Its act as safety precaution so that users no able to browse the illegal websites. ETC The server is prohibited to shut down immediately. This can cause broke down to the system. If the system have disturbed, first thing to check is the server. If the personal computer in large quantity, the connection from server can be looping before transmit to the PC to reduce the messy condition. he fibre optic cable is districted to bend 0 because it can broke down and cannot be use indeed the cost is too high.

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Attachment

The layout diagram for Computer Lab,Faculty of Education, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia.

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The cables connected to the hub, switches and server.

The PC that controlled the server.

Cooling system at the hub.

The automatic systems air-condition.

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The Cisco System

Fibre Optic Cables.

Hard Disk that store data.

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